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{{Short description|Ringed centaur in the outer Solar System}}
{{ Minor Planet |
{{Redirect|Chariklo|either of the Ancient Greek nymphs|Chariclo}}
| name=10199 Chariklo
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
| discoverer=[[Jim Scotti]], [[Spacewatch]]
{{Infobox planet
| discovery_date=[[February 15]], [[1997]]
| minorplanet = yes
| designations={{mp|1997 CU|26}}
| name = 10199 Chariklo
| category=[[Centaur (planetoid)|Centaur]]
| symbol = [[File:Chariklo symbol (bold).svg|24px]]
| epoch=[[November 25]], [[2005]] ([[Julian day|JD]] 2453700.0)
| background = #C7FF8F
| semimajor=15.87[[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| image = 10199 Chariklo.jpg
| perihelion=13.08 AU
| image_scale =
| aphelion=18.66 AU
| caption = [[Hubble Space Telescope]] image of Chariklo taken in 2015
| eccentricity=0.1758
| discovery_ref = <ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="MPC-Chariklo" />
| period=23087.2 [[day|d]] (~63 [[year]]s)
| discoverer = [[Spacewatch]] {{small|([[James V. Scotti|J. Scotti]])}}
| inclination=23.374 [[degree (angle)|°]]
| discovery_site = [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak Obs.]]
| asc_node=300.451 °
| discovered = 15 February 1997
| arg_peri=242.361 °
| mpc_name = (10199) Chariklo
| mean_anomaly=10.6 °
| alt_names = {{mp|1997 CU|26}}
| speed=?
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ær|ə|k|l|oʊ}}<ref>Noah Webster (1884) ''A Practical Dictionary of the English Language''</ref>
| dimensions=~275 km [http://berlinadmin.dlr.de/SGF/acm2002/abstracts/pshort/16-11p.pdf]
| adjective = Charikloan, Charikloian {{IPAc-en|k|ær|ə|ˈ|k|l|oʊ|(|i|)|ə|n}}
| radius=?
| named_after = [[Chariclo|Χαρικλώ]] ''Khariklō''<br />{{small|(Ancient Greek nymph)}}<ref name="springer" />
| mass=?
| mp_category = [[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="lcdb" />{{·}}[[Distant minor planet|distant]]<ref name="MPC-Chariklo" />
| density=?
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata" />
| gravity=?
| epoch = 4 September 2017 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458000.5)
| escape_velocity=?
| uncertainty = 1
| rotation=?
| observation_arc = 26.51 yr (9,684 days)
| spectral_class=?
| earliest_precovery_date = 5 November 1988
| abs_mag=6.412
| aphelion = 18.545 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| albedo=0.055
| perihelion = 13.099 AU
| temperature=?
| time_periastron = {{ublist|25 June 2066<ref name="Horizons2066"/>|17 December 2003 (previous)}}
|}}
| semimajor = 15.822 AU
| eccentricity = 0.1721
| period = 62.93 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (22,987 days)
| mean_anomaly = 77.670[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.0157|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 23.382°
| asc_node = 300.42°
| arg_peri = 242.90°
| jupiter_moid = 8.1850 AU
| tisserand = 3.4820
| satellites = (2) [[rings of Chariklo]]{{·}}{{small|(undiscovered embedded or [[shepherd moon]]s?)}}<ref name="Braga-Ribas-2014" />
| mean_diameter = {{val|248|18}} km<ref name="Fornasier-2013" /><br />254 km<ref name="Braga-Ribas-2014" /><br />{{small|(296x264x204 km)}}<ref name=Leiva-2017 /><br />{{small|(287.6x270.4x198.2 km)}}<ref name=Morgado/>
| rotation = {{val|7.004|0.036|ul=h}}<ref name="lcdb" />
| albedo = {{val|0.045|0.010}}<br />{{val|0.10|0.02}}<ref name="Stansberry-2005" /><br />{{val|0.035|0.010}}<ref name="Fornasier-2013" /><br />{{val|0.042|0.005}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />0.057 {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="lcdb" />
| spectral_type = [[SMASS classification|SMASS]] = [[D-type asteroid|D]]<ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}[[D-type asteroid|D]]<ref name="lcdb" /><br />[[Distant object spectral type|BR]] {{small|(G-mode)}}<ref name="Perna-2010" /><ref name="Belskaya-2015" /><ref name=johnston /><br /><small>[[Asteroid color indices|B−V]] = 0.84<ref name=johnston /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|V−R]] = {{val|0.50|0.03}}<ref name=johnston /><br />[[Asteroid color indices|B−R]] = 1.34<ref name=johnston /><br />V−I = {{val|1.02|0.02}}<ref name=johnston /><br />R−J = 0.99<ref name=johnston /><br />V−J = {{val|1.49|0.07}}<ref name=johnston /><br />J−H = 0.49<ref name=johnston /><br />V−H = {{val|1.98|0.08}}<ref name=johnston /></small>
| magnitude = 18.3<ref name="AstDys"/>
| abs_magnitude = {{val|6.569|0.015}} {{small|(R)}}<ref name="Peixinho-2012" />{{·}}6.6<ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}6.65<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Davies-1998b" />{{·}}6.75<ref name="Romanishin-1999" />{{·}}6.76<ref name="Peixinho-2001" /><ref name="Romanishin-2005" />{{·}}{{val|7.07|0.04}}<ref name="Perna-2010" />{{·}}{{val|7.08|0.04}}<ref name="Belskaya-2010b" />{{·}}{{val|7.03|0.10}}<ref name="lcdb" />{{·}}{{val|7.40|0.25}}<ref name="Fornasier-2013" />
}}


'''10199 Chariklo''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ær|ə|k|l|oʊ}} is the largest confirmed [[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]], a class of [[minor planet]] in the outer [[Solar System]]. It orbits the Sun between [[Saturn]] and [[Uranus]], [[list of Uranus-crossing minor planets|grazing the orbit of Uranus]]. On 26 March 2014, astronomers announced the discovery of two [[planetary ring|rings]] (nicknamed [[Oyapock|Oiapoque]] and [[Chuí Stream|Chuí]] after the rivers that define Brazil's borders)<ref name="CBC" /> around Chariklo by observing a stellar [[occultation]],<ref name="eso1410" /><ref name="natgeo ring" /> making it the first minor planet known to have rings.<ref name="spacedaily-rings" /><ref name = "Sokol2017">{{cite web | url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/2121755-the-upstart-asteroid-who-showed-rings-are-for-everybody/ | title = The upstart asteroid who showed rings are for everybody | last = Sokol | first = J. | date = 2017-02-20 | website = [[New Scientist]] | access-date = 2017-02-22}}</ref>
'''10199 Chariklo''' is a large [[minor planet]] that orbits between [[Saturn (planet)|Saturn]] and [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]]. It is the largest known member of the [[Centaur (planetoid)|centaur]] family of minor planets. Cariklo was discovered by Jim Scotti of the [[Spacewatch]] program on February 15, 1997 and was given the temporary designation of 1997 CU26.


A photometric study[http://aanda.u-strasbg.fr:2002/papers/aa/full/2001/20/aah2535/aah2535.html] in 2001 was unable to find a definate period of rotation. Infrared observations [http://berlinadmin.dlr.de/SGF/acm2002/abstracts/pshort/16-11p.pdf] of Cariklo give a diameter in the range of 300 [[kilometer]]s, and find evidence for absorbtion by [[water]] [[ice]].
A photometric study in 2001 was unable to find a definite period of rotation.<ref name="photometry" /> Infrared observations of Chariklo indicate the presence of water ice,<ref name="infrared" /> which may in fact be located in its rings.<ref name="Braga-Ribas-2014" />


==Discovery and naming==
It was named after the nymph [[Chariclo]], the wife of [[Chiron]] and the daughter of [[Apollo]].
Chariklo was discovered by [[James V. Scotti]] of the [[Spacewatch]] program on February 15, 1997. Chariklo is named after the [[nymph]] [[Chariclo]] (''{{lang|grc|Χαρικλώ}}''), the wife of [[Chiron]] and the daughter of [[Apollo]].<ref name="MPC-Chariklo" /><ref name="springer" />


A symbol derived from that for [[2060 Chiron]], [[file:Chariklo symbol.svg|x14px]], was devised in the late 1990s by German astrologer Robert von Heeren. It replaces Chiron's K with a C for Chariklo.<ref name=chironcomment>{{cite web |id=L2/21-225 |title=Comment on U+26B7 CHIRON |date=26 August 2021 |first1=Kirk |last1=Miller |first2=Zane |last2=Stein |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21225-chiron-comment.pdf}}</ref>
{{centaurTNO-stub}}
==See also==
[[Centaur (planetoid)]]
[[Minor planet]]
[[Solar system]]


== Size and shape==
==External links==
Chariklo is currently the largest known [[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]], with a volume-equivalent diameter of about 250&nbsp;km.<ref name=Morgado/> Its shape is probably elongated, with dimensions of 287.6 × 270.4 × 198.2&nbsp;km.<ref name=Morgado/> {{mpl|(523727) 2014 NW|65}} is likely to be the second largest with {{convert|225|km|abbr=on}} and [[2060 Chiron]] is likely to be the third largest with {{convert|220|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Fornasier-2013" />
*[http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/cgi-bin/astdys/astibo?objects:Chariklo;main AstDys] orbital elements
*[http://aanda.u-strasbg.fr:2002/papers/aa/full/2001/20/aah2535/aah2535.html abstract] of scientific paper describing possible rotation periods.
*[http://berlinadmin.dlr.de/SGF/acm2002/abstracts/pshort/16-11p.pdf abstract] discussing size and composition


== Orbit ==
{{Footer TransNeptunian}}
Centaurs originated in the [[Kuiper belt]] and are in dynamically unstable orbits that will lead to ejection from the Solar System, an [[Impact event|impact]] with a planet or the Sun, or transition into a short-period [[comet]].<ref name="Sheppard2000" />
{{MinorPlanets_Footer}}
{{Footer_SolarSystem}}


The orbit of Chariklo is more stable than those of [[7066 Nessus|Nessus]], [[2060 Chiron|Chiron]], and [[5145 Pholus|Pholus]]. Chariklo lies within 0.09&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]] of the 4:3 [[Orbital resonance|resonance]] of Uranus and is estimated to have a relatively long orbital half-life of about 10.3&nbsp;[[Myr]].<ref name="Horner2004a" /> Orbital simulations of twenty clones of Chariklo suggest that Chariklo will not start to regularly come within 3&nbsp;AU (450&nbsp;Gm) of Uranus for about thirty thousand years.<ref name="CharikloClones" />
[[Category:Centaurs (minor planets)|Chariklo]]

[[Category:Astronomy]]
During the [[Apsis|perihelic]] [[Opposition (planets)|opposition]]s of 2003–04, Chariklo had an [[apparent magnitude]] of +17.7.<ref name="AstDys2003" /> {{As of|2014}}, Chariklo was 14.8 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] from the Sun.<ref name=AstDys />
[[File:Animation of Chariklo orbit.gif|thumb|<br />{{legend2| yellow| Sun}}{{·}}{{legend2| OrangeRed| Jupiter}}{{·}}{{legend2| Gold|Saturn }}{{·}}{{legend2| Lime| Uranus }}{{·}}{{legend2| Magenta| 10199 Chariklo }}|center|350x350px]]

== Rings ==
{{main|Rings of Chariklo}}

A stellar [[occultation]] in 2013<ref name="Braga-Ribas-2014" /><ref name="CBC" /> revealed that Chariklo has two [[planetary ring|ring]]s with radii 386 and 400&nbsp;km and widths of about 6.9&nbsp;km and 0.12&nbsp;km respectively.<ref name=Morgado/> The rings are approximately 14&nbsp;km apart.<ref name=Morgado/> This makes Chariklo the smallest known object to have rings. These rings are consistent with an edge-on orientation in 2008, which can explain Chariklo's dimming before 2008 and brightening since. Nonetheless, the elongated shape of Chariklo explains most of the brightness variability resulting in darker rings than previously determined.<ref name="Leiva-2017" /> Furthermore, the rings can explain the gradual disappearance of the water-ice features in Chariklo's spectrum before 2008 and their reappearance thereafter if the water ice is in Chariklo's rings.<ref name="Braga-Ribas-2014" /><ref name="eso1410" /><ref name="nature_news" />
[[File:Centaur 10199 Chariklo (NIRCam Occultation Light Curve) (01GQJ8KESB02G5QGRBZ64AFFAF).png|center|thumb|435x435px|An infographic showing the apparent brightness measurement during Chariklo's occultation]]

The existence of a ring system around a minor planet was unexpected because it had been thought that rings could only be stable around much more massive bodies. Ring systems around minor bodies had not previously been discovered despite the search for them through direct imaging and stellar occultation techniques.<ref name="Braga-Ribas-2014" /> Chariklo's rings should disperse over a period of at most a few million years, so either they are very young, or they are actively contained by [[shepherd moon]]s with a mass comparable to that of the rings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sickafoose |first1=Amanda A.|last2=Lewis |first2=Mark C.|date=February 6, 2024 |title=Numerical Simulations of (10199) Chariklo's Rings with a Resonant Perturber |journal=The Planetary Science Journal |volume=5 |issue=32 |page=32 |doi=10.3847/PSJ/ad151c |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Braga-Ribas-2014" /><ref name="eso1410" /><ref name=nature_news /> However, other research suggests that Chariklo's elongated shape combined with its fast rotation can clear material in an equatorial disk through [[Lindblad resonance]]s and explain the survival and location of the rings, a mechanism valid also for the ring of [[Haumea]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sicardy|first1=B.|last2=Leiva|first2=R.|last3=Renner|first3=S.|last4=Roques|first4=F.|last5=El Moutamid|first5=M.|last6=Santos-Sanz|first6=P.|last7=Desmars|first7=J.|date=2018-11-19|title=Ring dynamics around non-axisymmetric bodies with application to Chariklo and Haumea|journal=Nature Astronomy|volume=3|issue=2|pages=146–153|language=En|doi=10.1038/s41550-018-0616-8|issn=2397-3366|arxiv=1811.09437|s2cid=119236027}}</ref>

The team nicknamed the rings [[Oiapoque River|Oiapoque]] (the inner, more substantial ring) and [[Chuí Stream|Chuí]] (the outer ring), after the two rivers that form the northern and southern coastal borders of Brazil. A request for formal names will be submitted to the [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]] at a later date.<ref name="eso1410" />

It has been confirmed that [[2060 Chiron]] may have [[Rings of Chiron|a similar pair of rings]].<ref name="Ortiz2015" />

== Exploration ==
{{Main|Camilla (spacecraft)}}

[[Camilla (spacecraft)|''Camilla'']] is a mission concept published in June 2018 that would launch a robotic probe to perform a single [[Planetary flyby|flyby]] of Chariklo and drop off a {{cvt|100|kg|abbr=on}} impactor made of [[tungsten]] to excavate a crater approximately {{cvt|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep for remote compositional analysis during the flyby.<ref name='Camilla concept 2018'>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.pss.2018.07.008 | url = https://authors.library.caltech.edu/88051/1/1-s2.0-S0032063318301533-main.pdf | volume=164 | title=Camilla: A centaur reconnaissance and impact mission concept | year=2018 | journal=Planetary and Space Science | pages=184–193 | last1 = Howell | first1 = Samuel M. | last2 = Chou | first2 = Luoth | last3 = Thompson | first3 = Michelle | last4 = Bouchard | first4 = Michael C. | last5 = Cusson | first5 = Sarah | last6 = Marcus | first6 = Matthew L. | last7 = Smith | first7 = Harrison B. | last8 = Bhattaru | first8 = Srinivasa | last9 = Blalock | first9 = John J. | last10 = Brueshaber | first10 = Shawn | last11 = Eggl | first11 = Siegfried | last12 = Jawin | first12 = Erica R. | last13 = Miller | first13 = Kelly | last14 = Rizzo | first14 = Maxime | last15 = Steakley | first15 = Kathryn | last16 = Thomas | first16 = Nancy H. | last17 = Trent | first17 = Kimberly R. | last18 = Ugelow | first18 = Melissa | last19 = Budney | first19 = Charles J. | last20 = Mitchell | first20 = Karl L. | last21 = Lowes | first21 = Leslie| bibcode = 2018P&SS..164..184H | s2cid = 126013385 }}</ref> The mission would be designed to fit under the cost cap of NASA{{'s}} [[New Frontiers program]], although it has not been formally proposed to compete for funding. The spacecraft would be launched in September 2026, using one gravity assist from Venus in February 2027 and Earth in December 2027 and 2029 to accelerate it out toward Jupiter.

== See also ==
* {{Section link|List of centaurs (small Solar System bodies)|10199}}
* [[2060 Chiron]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

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<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
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|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
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<ref name=johnston>{{cite web|url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-10199.html|title=(10199) Chariklo and ring system|website=www.johnstonsarchive.net}}</ref>

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<ref name=AstDys>{{cite web
|title=AstDys (10199) Chariklo Ephemerides
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<ref name="natgeo ring">{{cite news
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327015839/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140326%2Drings%2Dasteroid%2Dcomet%2Dchariklo%2Dcentaur%2Dplanet%2Dscience%2Dspace/
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|publisher=[[JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System|JPL Horizons]]
|type=Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive
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[http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ (Solex 10)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220235836/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ |date=2008-12-20 }}. Accessed 2009-05-10.</ref>

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<ref name="CNN">{{cite web
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Not in use-->

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}} <!-- end of reflist -->

== External links ==
{{Commons category|10199 Chariklo}}
* 37th DPS: [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107062601/http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v37n3/dps2005/446.htm Albedos, Diameters (and a Density) of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects]
* [http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-3881/120/5/2687/200138.fg1.html Chariklo Photo] (February 1999)
* Chariklo's [https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221110/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Chariklo.gif orbit] between Saturn and Uranus.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221111/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Char.txt Demonstration of how centaur 10199 Chariklo is currently controlled by Uranus] (Solex 10)
* {{AstDys|10199}}
* {{JPL small body}}

{{Minor planets navigator |10198 Pinelli |number=10199 |PageName=10199 Chariklo |10200 Quadri}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Solar System}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chariklo}}
[[Category:Centaurs (small Solar System bodies)]]
[[Category:Discoveries by James V. Scotti]]
[[Category:Discoveries by the Spacewatch project|010199]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:D-type asteroids (SMASS)|010199]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1997|19970215]]
[[Category:Possible dwarf planets|010199]]
[[Category:Solar System]]

Latest revision as of 16:51, 24 December 2024

"Chariklo" redirects here. For either of the Ancient Greek nymphs, see Chariclo.

10199 Chariklo
Hubble Space Telescope image of Chariklo taken in 2015
Discovery[1][2]
Discovered bySpacewatch (J. Scotti)
Discovery siteKitt Peak Obs.
Discovery date15 February 1997
Designations
(10199) Chariklo
Pronunciation/ˈkærəkloʊ/[3]
Named after
Χαρικλώ Khariklō
(Ancient Greek nymph)[4]
1997 CU26
centaur[1][5] · distant[2]
AdjectivesCharikloan, Charikloian /kærəˈkloʊ(i)ən/
Symbol
Orbital characteristics[1]
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 1
Observation arc26.51 yr (9,684 days)
Earliest precovery date5 November 1988
Aphelion18.545 AU
Perihelion13.099 AU
15.822 AU
Eccentricity0.1721
62.93 yr (22,987 days)
77.670°
0° 0m 56.52s / day
Inclination23.382°
300.42°
  • 25 June 2066[6]
  • 17 December 2003 (previous)
242.90°
Known satellites(2) rings of Chariklo · (undiscovered embedded or shepherd moons?)[7]
Jupiter MOID8.1850 AU
TJupiter3.4820
Physical characteristics
248±18 km[8]
254 km[7]
(296x264x204 km)[9]
(287.6x270.4x198.2 km)[10]
7.004±0.036 h[5]
0.045±0.010
0.10±0.02[11]
0.035±0.010[8]
0.042±0.005[5]
0.057 (assumed)[5]
SMASS = D[1] · D[5]
BR (G-mode)[12][13][14]
B−V = 0.84[14]
V−R = 0.50±0.03[14]
B−R = 1.34[14]
V−I = 1.02±0.02[14]
R−J = 0.99[14]
V−J = 1.49±0.07[14]
J−H = 0.49[14]
V−H = 1.98±0.08[14]
18.3[15]
6.569±0.015 (R)[16] · 6.6[1] · 6.65[5][17] · 6.75[18] · 6.76[19][20] · 7.07±0.04[12] · 7.08±0.04[21] · 7.03±0.10[5] · 7.40±0.25[8]

10199 Chariklo /ˈkærəkloʊ/ is the largest confirmed centaur, a class of minor planet in the outer Solar System. It orbits the Sun between Saturn and Uranus, grazing the orbit of Uranus. On 26 March 2014, astronomers announced the discovery of two rings (nicknamed Oiapoque and Chuí after the rivers that define Brazil's borders)[22] around Chariklo by observing a stellar occultation,[23][24] making it the first minor planet known to have rings.[25][26]

A photometric study in 2001 was unable to find a definite period of rotation.[27] Infrared observations of Chariklo indicate the presence of water ice,[28] which may in fact be located in its rings.[7]

Discovery and naming

[edit]

Chariklo was discovered by James V. Scotti of the Spacewatch program on February 15, 1997. Chariklo is named after the nymph Chariclo (Χαρικλώ), the wife of Chiron and the daughter of Apollo.[2][4]

A symbol derived from that for 2060 Chiron, , was devised in the late 1990s by German astrologer Robert von Heeren. It replaces Chiron's K with a C for Chariklo.[29]

Size and shape

[edit]

Chariklo is currently the largest known centaur, with a volume-equivalent diameter of about 250 km.[10] Its shape is probably elongated, with dimensions of 287.6 × 270.4 × 198.2 km.[10] (523727) 2014 NW65 is likely to be the second largest with 225 km (140 mi) and 2060 Chiron is likely to be the third largest with 220 km (140 mi).[8]

Orbit

[edit]

Centaurs originated in the Kuiper belt and are in dynamically unstable orbits that will lead to ejection from the Solar System, an impact with a planet or the Sun, or transition into a short-period comet.[30]

The orbit of Chariklo is more stable than those of Nessus, Chiron, and Pholus. Chariklo lies within 0.09 AU of the 4:3 resonance of Uranus and is estimated to have a relatively long orbital half-life of about 10.3 Myr.[31] Orbital simulations of twenty clones of Chariklo suggest that Chariklo will not start to regularly come within 3 AU (450 Gm) of Uranus for about thirty thousand years.[32]

During the perihelic oppositions of 2003–04, Chariklo had an apparent magnitude of +17.7.[33] As of 2014, Chariklo was 14.8 AU from the Sun.[15]


   Sun ·    Jupiter ·   Saturn  ·    Uranus  ·    10199 Chariklo

Rings

[edit]
Main article: Rings of Chariklo

A stellar occultation in 2013[7][22] revealed that Chariklo has two rings with radii 386 and 400 km and widths of about 6.9 km and 0.12 km respectively.[10] The rings are approximately 14 km apart.[10] This makes Chariklo the smallest known object to have rings. These rings are consistent with an edge-on orientation in 2008, which can explain Chariklo's dimming before 2008 and brightening since. Nonetheless, the elongated shape of Chariklo explains most of the brightness variability resulting in darker rings than previously determined.[9] Furthermore, the rings can explain the gradual disappearance of the water-ice features in Chariklo's spectrum before 2008 and their reappearance thereafter if the water ice is in Chariklo's rings.[7][23][34]

An infographic showing the apparent brightness measurement during Chariklo's occultation

The existence of a ring system around a minor planet was unexpected because it had been thought that rings could only be stable around much more massive bodies. Ring systems around minor bodies had not previously been discovered despite the search for them through direct imaging and stellar occultation techniques.[7] Chariklo's rings should disperse over a period of at most a few million years, so either they are very young, or they are actively contained by shepherd moons with a mass comparable to that of the rings.[35][7][23][34] However, other research suggests that Chariklo's elongated shape combined with its fast rotation can clear material in an equatorial disk through Lindblad resonances and explain the survival and location of the rings, a mechanism valid also for the ring of Haumea.[36]

The team nicknamed the rings Oiapoque (the inner, more substantial ring) and Chuí (the outer ring), after the two rivers that form the northern and southern coastal borders of Brazil. A request for formal names will be submitted to the IAU at a later date.[23]

It has been confirmed that 2060 Chiron may have a similar pair of rings.[37]

Exploration

[edit]
Main article: Camilla (spacecraft)

Camilla is a mission concept published in June 2018 that would launch a robotic probe to perform a single flyby of Chariklo and drop off a 100 kg (220 lb) impactor made of tungsten to excavate a crater approximately 10 m (33 ft) deep for remote compositional analysis during the flyby.[38] The mission would be designed to fit under the cost cap of NASA's New Frontiers program, although it has not been formally proposed to compete for funding. The spacecraft would be launched in September 2026, using one gravity assist from Venus in February 2027 and Earth in December 2027 and 2029 to accelerate it out toward Jupiter.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 10199 Chariklo (1997 CU26)" (2015-05-12 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  2. ^ a b c "10199 Chariklo (1997 CU26)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  3. ^ Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
  4. ^ a b Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(10199) Chariklo". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 725. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_7876. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "LCDB Data for (10199) Chariklo". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  6. ^ "Horizons Batch for 10199 Chariklo (1997 CU26) on 2066-Jun-25" (Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive). JPL Horizons. Retrieved 25 June 2022. (JPL#41 Soln.date: 2022-Jun-09)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Braga-Ribas, F.; Sicardy, B.; Ortiz, J. L.; Snodgrass, C.; Roques, F.; Vieira-Martins, R.; et al. (April 2014). "A ring system detected around the Centaur (10199) Chariklo". Nature. 508 (7494): 72–75. arXiv:1409.7259. Bibcode:2014Natur.508...72B. doi:10.1038/nature13155. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24670644. S2CID 4467484.
  8. ^ a b c d Fornasier, S.; Lellouch, E.; Müller, T.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Panuzzo, P.; Kiss, C.; et al. (July 2013). "TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. VIII. Combined Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of nine bright targets at 70–500 μm". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 555: 22. arXiv:1305.0449. Bibcode:2013A&A...555A..15F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321329. S2CID 119261700.
  9. ^ a b Leiva, R.; Sicardy, B.; Camargo, J.I.B (August 2017). "Size and shape of Chariklo from multi-epoch stellar occultations". The Astronomical Journal. 154 (4): 159. arXiv:1708.08934. Bibcode:2017AJ....154..159L. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa8956. S2CID 54032928.
  10. ^ a b c d e Morgado, B. E.; et al. (2021). "Refined physical parameters for Chariklo's body and rings from stellar occultations observed between 2013 and 2020". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 652: A141. arXiv:2107.07904. Bibcode:2021A&A...652A.141M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141543. S2CID 236034389.
  11. ^ Stansberry, J. A.; Cruikshank, D. P.; Grundy, W. G.; Margot, J. L.; Emery, J. P.; Fernandez, Y. R.; et al. (August 2005). "Albedos, Diameters (and a Density) of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects". American Astronomical Society. 37: 737. Bibcode:2005DPS....37.5205S.
  12. ^ a b Perna, D.; Barucci, M. A.; Fornasier, S.; DeMeo, F. E.; Alvarez-Candal, A.; Merlin, F.; et al. (February 2010). "Colors and taxonomy of Centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 510: A53. arXiv:0912.2621. Bibcode:2010A&A...510A..53P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913654. S2CID 55619450.
  13. ^ Belskaya, Irina N.; Barucci, Maria A.; Fulchignoni, Marcello; Dovgopol, Anatolij N. (April 2015). "Updated taxonomy of trans-neptunian objects and centaurs: Influence of albedo". Icarus. 250: 482–491. Bibcode:2015Icar..250..482B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.12.004.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i "(10199) Chariklo and ring system". www.johnstonsarchive.net.
  15. ^ a b "AstDys (10199) Chariklo Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
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