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{{Short description|Theatre in Tel Aviv, Israel}}
[[Image:Habima2.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Habima Theatre, 2005]]
{{Expand Hebrew|topic=cult|date=February 2023}}
⚫
'''Habima National Theatre''' ({{lang-he|הבימה - התיאטרון הלאומי}}, lit. "The Stage"), located in [[Tel Aviv]], is [[Israel]]'s [[List of national theatres|national theatre]] and one of the first [[Hebrew language]] theatres.
{{Infobox theatre
|name = Habima Theatre
| native_name = תיאטרון הבימה
| native_name_lang = Hebrew
|logo_image = File:HabimaLogo.svg
|image = PikiWiki Israel 14066 Habimaquot; Theatre.JPG
|image_size = 250px
|caption = Habima Theatre, 2011
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_map_caption =
|address = [[Habima Square]]
|city = [[Tel Aviv]]
|country = [[Israel]]
|architect = [[Oskar Kaufmann]], [[Eugene Stolzer]]
|owner =
|capacity = Rovina Theatre: 930 seats<br/>Meskin Theatre: 320 seats<br/>Bertonov Theatre: 220 seats<br/>Blanche Rapaport Theatre: 170 seats
|type = [[List of national theatres|National theatre]]
|opened = {{Start date and age|1912}}
|yearsactive =
|rebuilt =
|closed =
|othernames =
|publictransit =
|currentuse =
|website = [https://www.habima.co.il habima.co.il]
}}

⚫
The '''Habima Theatre''' ({{langx|he|תיאטרון הבימה}} ''Te'atron HaBima'', lit. "The Stage Theatre") is the [[List of national theatres|national theatre]] of [[Israel]] and one of the first [[Hebrew language]] theatres. It is located in [[Habima Square]] in the center of [[Tel Aviv]].


==History==
==History==
[[File:HANA ROVINA THE DYBBUK 1920.jpg|thumb|150px|Hana Rovina as Leah'le in ''The Dybbuk'']]
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 4058 Habima Theater.jpg|thumb|150px|Historic building, c.1950]]
⚫
[[File:HANA ROVINA THE DYBBUK 1920.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Hanna Rovina]] as Leah in [[S. Ansky]]'s ''[[The Dybbuk]]'' (performed by Habima in the Hebrew-language translation by [[Hayyim Nahman Bialik]]).]]
⚫
Habima was founded by Nahum Zemach in [[Moscow]] soon after the [[1905 revolution]]. Because its performances were in [[Hebrew]] and it dealt with issues of the Jewish people, it met with persecution by the [[Czarist]] government. Beginning in 1918, it operated under the auspices of the [[Moscow Art Theatre]], which some consider its true beginning. It encountered difficulties under the Soviet government as well after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]].<ref>[http://www.museumoffamilyhistory.com/habima-01.htm "Habima in New York: The Origin and Early History of the Habima"], Museum of Family History, accessed 6 Sep 2010</ref> [[Konstantin Stanislavsky|Stanislavski]] arranged for the mainly Jewish Polish actors to be trained by [[Yevgeny Vakhtangov]]. The [[People's Commissar]] of Nationalities Affairs, [[Joseph Stalin]], also authorized the theatre's creation.


⚫
Habima was founded as an amateur troup by Nahum Lazarevich Tsemakh (Hebrew: Naḥum Tsemaḥ; 1887–1939) in [[Białystok]] (then in [[Grodno Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]) in 1912. [[Menahem Gnessin]] was one of its cofounders and early actors.<ref name="Encycl-Judaica">{{cite EJ|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0008_0_08098.html |title=Habimah|access-date=2018-06-18}}</ref> Because its performances were in [[Hebrew]], invoked the Jewish folk tradition, and dealt with issues of the Jewish people, soon it was banned by Russian authorities, and the theatre troupe was forced to become a travelling one. Beginning in 1918, the theatre operated under the auspices of the [[Moscow Art Theatre]], which some consider its actual beginning. It encountered difficulties under the Soviet government as well, after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]].<ref>[http://www.museumoffamilyhistory.com/habima-01.htm "Habima in New York: The Origin and Early History of the Habima"], Museum of Family History, accessed 6 Sep 2010</ref> [[Konstantin Stanislavsky]] arranged for the mainly Jewish Polish actors to be trained by [[Yevgeny Vakhtangov]]. The [[People's Commissar]] for Nationalities Affairs, [[Joseph Stalin]], also authorized the theatre's creation. However, the [[Yevsektsiya]] attempted to use its influence to cut off state funds to Habima, branding it counter-revolutionary.<ref name=Shindler>{{cite book|last1=Shindler|first1=Colin|title=Israel and the European Left|date=2012|publisher=Continuum|location=New York|page=33}}</ref>
In 1926, the theatre left the [[Soviet Union]] to tour abroad, including in the United States. Zemach and some actors stayed in [[New York]], where their productions had met with success. Their productions included plays from the Jewish folk tradition, and they were performed in Hebrew. The company split up, with some members choosing to stay in New York.


===International tour===
Other members of the theatre took the company to [[British Mandate in Palestine|Mandate Palestine]] in 1928.<ref name="commentarymagazine.com">[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/habimah-in-new-york-br-em-a-great-theater-enters-a-new-period-em--616 Heinz Politzer, "Habimah in New York: A Great Theater Enters a New Period"], ''Commentary Magazine'', Aug 1948, accessed 6 Sep 2010</ref> At that time the Habima Players invited director [[Aleksei Dikiy]] from the Moscow Art Theatre to help them. Dikiy directed two successful plays for Habima: one was ''Der Oytser'' (The Treasure), a play in [[Yiddish]] by [[Sholom Aleichem]], which premiered on December 29, 1928. The second was ''The Crown'', a play by David Calderon that premiered on May 23, 1929 in Tel Aviv. With the success of Dikiy's directorship in the season of 1928/29, Habima gained reputation as a national Jewish theatre with a permanent repertoire and stage in Tel Aviv.
In 1926, the theatre left the [[Soviet Union]] to tour abroad, in countries including Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States.<ref name="Ivanov">Ivanov, Vladislav (August&nbsp;10, 2010). “[http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Habimah Habimah]”. ''[[The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe|YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe]]''. yivoencyclopedia.org. Translated from Russian by I. Michael Aronson; revised by Alice Nakhimovsky and Michael C. Steinlauf. Retrieved 2018-06-05.</ref> Their productions met with great success.<ref name="Ivanov"/> In 1927, the company split up, with Zemach and some of the actors choosing to stay in the U.S.<ref name="Ivanov"/>


===Lodz Impact===
⚫
The image of actress [[Hana Rovina]] starring as Leah'le in the historical Habima production of [[S. Ansky]]'s ''[[The Dybbuk]]'' (performed by Habima in the Hebrew-language translation by [[Hayyim Nahman Bialik]]) is a cultural icon that to many represents Jewish and Israeli theatre.
The theatre staff visited the city of Lodz, and the pre-war photographer and artist [[Mendel Grossman]], photographed the actors and actresses from the wings of the stage. His life was changed as a result of the visit of the theatre.<ref name="SAT">{{cite book|last1=Grossman|first1=Mendel |last2=Meron|first2=Peter |title=With a Camera in the Ghetto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb9tAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Schocken Books |isbn=9780805236453 }}</ref>


===Establishment in Palestine===
⚫
In 1945, the company built a theate in Tel Aviv, which it occupied before completion.<ref name="commentarymagazine.com"/> Habima has been officially considered the national theatre of Israel since 1958, the year in which it received the [[Israel Prize]] for theatre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webcitation.org/5mqejxurH |title=Israel Prize recipients in 1958 (in Hebrew)|publisher=Israel Prize Official Site |archiveurl=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashyag/Tashkab_Tashyag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashyah |archivedate=17 January 2010 by WebCite}}</ref> This was the first year in which the Prize was awarded to an organization. In the 21st century, Habima employs 80 actors, and another 120 staff members work at the complex.
[[File:Bima12night.jpg|thumb|250px|Habima stages ''[[Twelfth Night]]'', [[Neues Schauspielhaus]], 15 September 1930. First professional performance of Shakespeare in Hebrew.]]


Other members of the theatre took the company to [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate Palestine]] in 1928.<ref name="commentarymagazine.com">Politzer, Heinz (August 1948). "[https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/heinz-politzer/habimah-in-new-yorka-great-theater-enters-a-new-period/ Habimah in New York: A Great Theater Enters a New Period] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509134244/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/heinz-politzer/habimah-in-new-yorka-great-theater-enters-a-new-period/ |date=2021-05-09 }}". ''Commentary Magazine''. Retrieved 2017-03-06.</ref> In the 1928–29 season there, the Habima Players presented two plays, both under the direction of [[Aleksei Dikiy]], from the Moscow Art Theatre.<ref name="Encycl-Judaica"/> The first production, ''Ha-otsar'' (The Treasure), a translation of [[Sholem Aleichem]]'s [[Yiddish]] play ''Der Oytser'', premiered on December 29, 1928.<ref name="Encycl-Judaica"/> The second production, which premiered on May 23, 1929, in Tel Aviv, was ''Keter David'' (David's Crown), an adaptation by Hebrew writer [[Yitzhak Lamdan|Isaac Lamdan]]<ref>Sullivan, Henry W. (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mcC0hgK8FI0C&pg=PA476 Calderón in the German Lands and the Low Countries: His Reception and Influence, 1654-1980]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;476, footnote 17. Sullivan notes that Lamdan worked from the German translation by [[Johann Diederich Gries]].</ref> of ''The Hair of Absalom'' (''Los cabellos de Absalón''), by the 17th-century Spanish dramatist [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca|Calderón]].<ref>Rokem, Freddie (1996). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=v_tXKyDG5j4C&pg=PA72 Hebrew Theater from 1888 to 1948]", in: Linda Ben-Zvi (Ed.). ''Theater in Israel''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN |0472106074}}. pp.&nbsp;51-84; here: p.&nbsp;72. "The production of ''David's Crown'', produced in Tel Aviv in 1929, during Habima's first visit there, was a very radical adaptation of Calderón de la Barca's ''Hair of Absalom''."</ref>
==Building renovations==

[[Image:PikiWiki Israel 9167 HaBima Theater.JPG|thumb|250px|Habima under renovation, 2010]]
In 1930 the company traveled to Berlin, Germany, where it produced Shakespeare's ''Twelfth Night'', directed by [[Michael Chekhov]], and [[Karl Gutzkow]]'s ''Uriel Acosta'', under the direction of [[Alexis Granowsky|Alexander Granovski]].<ref name="Encycl-Judaica"/>
The theatre is currently undergoing renovations from the foundations up, with designs by architect [[Ram Karmi]].<ref>Zipi Shohat, [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/778347.html "A new stage for Habima"], ''Haaretz''</ref> More than NIS 100 million has been invested in the vast makeover, which has added 500 square meters of floor space and three new rehearsal rooms. The building's four auditoriums have been completely rebuilt.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/habima-architect-tells-critics-kiss-my-ass-1.318315 Habima architect tells critics: 'Kiss my ass' ]</ref>

The company finally settled in Palestine in 1931.<ref name="Encycl-Judaica"/> In 1945, it built a theatre in Tel Aviv, which it occupied before completion.<ref name="commentarymagazine.com"/>
[[File:Hanna Rovina (997009453629205171).jpg|thumb|[[Hanna Rovina]] in [[Mirele Efros]] costume by [[Yitzhak Frenkel]]]]

===National Theatre of Israel===
⚫
Habima has been officially considered the national theatre of Israel since 1958, the year in which it received the [[Israel Prize]] for theatre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashyag/Tashkab_Tashyag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashyah |title=Israel Prize recipients in 1958 (in Hebrew) |publisher=Israel Prize Official Site |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208115723/http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashyag/Tashkab_Tashyag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashyah |archive-date=February 8, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was the first year in which the Prize was awarded to an organization. In the 21st century, Habima employs 80 actors, and another 120 staff members work at the complex.

==Restoration==
<!-- [[Image:RubinaHabima2011.jpg|thumb|150px|Rovina Hall]] -->
In January 2012, the theatre reopened after four and a half years of renovations.<ref name="haaretz.com">Shohat, Zipi (November&nbsp;21, 2011). "[http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/curtain-rises-over-tel-aviv-s-newly-renovated-habima-theater-1.396685 Curtain Rises over Tel Aviv's Newly Renovated Habima Theater]". ''[[Haaretz]]''. haaretz.com. Retrieved 2017-03-06.</ref> Architect [[Ram Karmi]] was commissioned to redesign the historic building.<ref>{{cite web |first=Zipi |last=Shohat |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/778347.html |title=A New Stage for Habima |publisher= Haaretz. haaretz.com |date=October 24, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226144009/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/778347.html |archive-date=2007-12-26 |access-date=2017-03-06}}</ref> More than NIS 100 million was invested in the makeover, which has added 500 square meters of floor space and three new rehearsal rooms. The building's four auditoriums were completely rebuilt.<ref>"[http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/habima-architect-tells-critics-kiss-my-ass-1.318315 Habima Architect Tells Critics: 'Kiss My Ass' ]" (October&nbsp;11, 2010). ''Haaretz''. haaretz.com. Retrieved 2017-03-06.</ref> Each is a different size and color: Rovina is blue and seats 930 people; Meskin is lavender and seats 320; Bertonov (also known as Bamartef) is green and seats 220; and Habima 4 (formerly known as Heineken) is wood panelled and seats 170.<ref name="haaretz.com"/>


==Other theaters==
==Other theaters==
* [[Solomon Stramer]]'s [[Yiddish theater]] troupe in [[Cluj-Napoca|Cluj]], [[Transylvania]], [[Romania]] in the 1920s was also called ''Habimah.''
* [[Solomon Stramer]]'s [[Yiddish theater]] troupe in [[Cluj-Napoca|Cluj]], [[Transylvania]], [[Romania]] in the 1920s was also called ''Habimah.''

==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of Israel Prize recipients]]
*[[List of Israel Prize recipients]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* Levy, Emanuel. The Habima, 1917-1977: A Study of Cultural Nationalism. Columbia University Press, 1979.
[[Image:Habima New Building.JPG|250px|right|thumb|Habima New Building in Tel Aviv]]

== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Habima National Theatre}}
*[http://www.habima.co.il/ Official site]
*[http://www.habima.co.il/ Official site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140203022654/http://www.habima.co.il/vf/ib_items/1199/historyEn.pdf The tale of habima]


{{coord|32|4|21.68|N|34|46|44.27|E|region:IL_type:landmark|display=title}}
{{coord|32.0728|34.779|format=dms|region:IL_type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Jewish theatre}}{{Tourism in Tel Aviv}}{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Theatres and concert halls in Israel]]
[[Category:Theatres in Tel Aviv]]
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[[Category:Israel Prize in theatre recipients]]
[[Category:Israel Prize recipients that are organizations]]
[[Category:Theatre companies in Israel]]
[[Category:Theatre companies in Israel]]
[[Category:National theatres]]
[[Category:National theatres]]
[[Category:Jewish theatres]]
[[Category:Jewish theatres]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1918]]
[[Category:Israel Prize in theatre recipients]]
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[[Category:Israel Prize recipients that are organizations]]

[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1918]]
[[cs:Ha-Bima]]
[[Category:1918 establishments in British-administered Palestine]]
[[de:Habimah]]
[[Category:Culture in Tel Aviv]]
[[fr:Habima]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tel Aviv]]
[[he:הבימה]]
[[it:Teatro Habimah]]
[[lb:Habima-Theater]]
[[ja:ハビマー]]
[[pl:Habima]]
[[pt:Teatro Habima]]
[[ru:Габима]]
[[uk:Габіма]]

Latest revision as of 07:49, 25 October 2024

Habima Theatre
תיאטרון הבימה
Habima Theatre, 2011
Map
AddressHabima Square
Tel Aviv
Israel
TypeNational theatre
CapacityRovina Theatre: 930 seats
Meskin Theatre: 320 seats
Bertonov Theatre: 220 seats
Blanche Rapaport Theatre: 170 seats
Construction
Opened1912; 113 years ago (1912)
ArchitectOskar Kaufmann, Eugene Stolzer
Website
habima.co.il

The Habima Theatre (Hebrew: תיאטרון הבימה Te'atron HaBima, lit. "The Stage Theatre") is the national theatre of Israel and one of the first Hebrew language theatres. It is located in Habima Square in the center of Tel Aviv.

History

[edit]
Historic building, c.1950
Hanna Rovina as Leah in S. Ansky's The Dybbuk (performed by Habima in the Hebrew-language translation by Hayyim Nahman Bialik).

Habima was founded as an amateur troup by Nahum Lazarevich Tsemakh (Hebrew: Naḥum Tsemaḥ; 1887–1939) in Białystok (then in Grodno Governorate, Russian Empire) in 1912. Menahem Gnessin was one of its cofounders and early actors.[1] Because its performances were in Hebrew, invoked the Jewish folk tradition, and dealt with issues of the Jewish people, soon it was banned by Russian authorities, and the theatre troupe was forced to become a travelling one. Beginning in 1918, the theatre operated under the auspices of the Moscow Art Theatre, which some consider its actual beginning. It encountered difficulties under the Soviet government as well, after the Russian Revolution.[2] Konstantin Stanislavsky arranged for the mainly Jewish Polish actors to be trained by Yevgeny Vakhtangov. The People's Commissar for Nationalities Affairs, Joseph Stalin, also authorized the theatre's creation. However, the Yevsektsiya attempted to use its influence to cut off state funds to Habima, branding it counter-revolutionary.[3]

International tour

[edit]

In 1926, the theatre left the Soviet Union to tour abroad, in countries including Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States.[4] Their productions met with great success.[4] In 1927, the company split up, with Zemach and some of the actors choosing to stay in the U.S.[4]

Lodz Impact

[edit]

The theatre staff visited the city of Lodz, and the pre-war photographer and artist Mendel Grossman, photographed the actors and actresses from the wings of the stage. His life was changed as a result of the visit of the theatre.[5]

Establishment in Palestine

[edit]
Habima stages Twelfth Night, Neues Schauspielhaus, 15 September 1930. First professional performance of Shakespeare in Hebrew.

Other members of the theatre took the company to Mandate Palestine in 1928.[6] In the 1928–29 season there, the Habima Players presented two plays, both under the direction of Aleksei Dikiy, from the Moscow Art Theatre.[1] The first production, Ha-otsar (The Treasure), a translation of Sholem Aleichem's Yiddish play Der Oytser, premiered on December 29, 1928.[1] The second production, which premiered on May 23, 1929, in Tel Aviv, was Keter David (David's Crown), an adaptation by Hebrew writer Isaac Lamdan[7] of The Hair of Absalom (Los cabellos de Absalón), by the 17th-century Spanish dramatist Calderón.[8]

In 1930 the company traveled to Berlin, Germany, where it produced Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, directed by Michael Chekhov, and Karl Gutzkow's Uriel Acosta, under the direction of Alexander Granovski.[1]

The company finally settled in Palestine in 1931.[1] In 1945, it built a theatre in Tel Aviv, which it occupied before completion.[6]

Hanna Rovina in Mirele Efros costume by Yitzhak Frenkel

National Theatre of Israel

[edit]

Habima has been officially considered the national theatre of Israel since 1958, the year in which it received the Israel Prize for theatre.[9] This was the first year in which the Prize was awarded to an organization. In the 21st century, Habima employs 80 actors, and another 120 staff members work at the complex.

Restoration

[edit]

In January 2012, the theatre reopened after four and a half years of renovations.[10] Architect Ram Karmi was commissioned to redesign the historic building.[11] More than NIS 100 million was invested in the makeover, which has added 500 square meters of floor space and three new rehearsal rooms. The building's four auditoriums were completely rebuilt.[12] Each is a different size and color: Rovina is blue and seats 930 people; Meskin is lavender and seats 320; Bertonov (also known as Bamartef) is green and seats 220; and Habima 4 (formerly known as Heineken) is wood panelled and seats 170.[10]

Other theaters

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred, eds. (2007). "Habimah". Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4.
  2. ^ "Habima in New York: The Origin and Early History of the Habima", Museum of Family History, accessed 6 Sep 2010
  3. ^ Shindler, Colin (2012). Israel and the European Left. New York: Continuum. p. 33.
  4. ^ a b c Ivanov, Vladislav (August 10, 2010). “Habimah”. YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. yivoencyclopedia.org. Translated from Russian by I. Michael Aronson; revised by Alice Nakhimovsky and Michael C. Steinlauf. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
  5. ^ Grossman, Mendel; Meron, Peter (1977). With a Camera in the Ghetto. Schocken Books. ISBN 9780805236453.
  6. ^ a b Politzer, Heinz (August 1948). "Habimah in New York: A Great Theater Enters a New Period Archived 2021-05-09 at the Wayback Machine". Commentary Magazine. Retrieved 2017-03-06.
  7. ^ Sullivan, Henry W. (2009). Calderón in the German Lands and the Low Countries: His Reception and Influence, 1654-1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 476, footnote 17. Sullivan notes that Lamdan worked from the German translation by Johann Diederich Gries.
  8. ^ Rokem, Freddie (1996). "Hebrew Theater from 1888 to 1948", in: Linda Ben-Zvi (Ed.). Theater in Israel. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472106074. pp. 51-84; here: p. 72. "The production of David's Crown, produced in Tel Aviv in 1929, during Habima's first visit there, was a very radical adaptation of Calderón de la Barca's Hair of Absalom."
  9. ^ "Israel Prize recipients in 1958 (in Hebrew)". Israel Prize Official Site. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012.
  10. ^ a b Shohat, Zipi (November 21, 2011). "Curtain Rises over Tel Aviv's Newly Renovated Habima Theater". Haaretz. haaretz.com. Retrieved 2017-03-06.
  11. ^ Shohat, Zipi (October 24, 2006). "A New Stage for Habima". Haaretz. haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-26. Retrieved 2017-03-06.
  12. ^ "Habima Architect Tells Critics: 'Kiss My Ass' " (October 11, 2010). Haaretz. haaretz.com. Retrieved 2017-03-06.
  • Levy, Emanuel. The Habima, 1917-1977: A Study of Cultural Nationalism. Columbia University Press, 1979.
[edit]
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