Friday the 13th: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Unlucky day in popular superstition}} |
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{{About|the superstition|the horror film franchise|Friday the 13th (franchise){{!}}''Friday the 13th'' (franchise)|other uses|Friday the 13th (disambiguation)}} |
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[[File:Freitag der 13. im Kalender.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Friday the 13th in the [[calendar]]]] |
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{{Redirect|Paraskevidekatriaphobia|the television episode|Paraskevidekatriaphobia (Inside No. 9){{!}}"Paraskevidekatriaphobia" (''Inside No. 9'')}} |
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{{pp-semi-indef}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}} |
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[[File:Freitag der 13. im Kalender.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Friday the 13th marked on a calendar]] |
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'''Friday the 13th''' is considered an unlucky day in [[Western culture|Western]] [[superstition]]. It occurs when the 13th day of the month in the [[Gregorian calendar]] falls on a [[Friday]], which happens at least once every year but can occur up to three times in the same year. For example, 2015 had a Friday the 13th in February, March, and November, which will happen again in 2026. Leap years that begin on Sunday (i.e. that follow [[Dominical Letter]] AG) such as 2012 and 2040, also have three Friday the 13ths in January, April, and July. 2017 through 2020 had two Friday the 13ths, as did 2023; 2016, 2021, and 2022 had just one Friday the 13th, as will 2025, 2027, and 2028; 2024 will have two Friday the 13ths.<ref name=Fri-13-months-days-TaD> |
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{{cite web |
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|title=Months and years having Friday the 13th |
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|website=Time and Date (timeanddate.com) |
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|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/weekday-friday-13 |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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A month has a Friday the 13th if and only if it begins on a Sunday. |
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'''Friday the 13th''' occurs when the thirteenth day of a month falls on a Friday, which [[superstition]] holds to be a day of [[bad luck]]. In the [[Gregorian calendar]], this day occurs at least once, but at most three times a year. Any month's 13th day will fall on a Friday if the month starts on a Sunday. |
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==Phobia== |
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The fear of Friday the 13th is called ''friggatriskaidekaphobia'' (''[[Frigg]]a'' being the name of the Norse goddess for whom "Friday" is named and [[triskaidekaphobia]] meaning fear of the number thirteen), or ''paraskevidekatriaphobia''<ref>Alternative spellings include paraskevodekatriaphobia.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/luck/friday13.asp |title=Snopes.com |publisher=Snopes.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-13}}</ref> a concatenation of the [[Greek language|Greek]] words ''Paraskeví'' (Παρασκευή, meaning "Friday"), and ''dekatreís'' (δεκατρείς, meaning "thirteen") attached to ''phobía'' (φοβία, from phóbos, φόβος, meaning "fear"). The latter word was derived in 1911{{Citation needed|date=August 2010|reason=triskadekaphobia appears to have come from 1911, but not either of the others}} and first appeared in a mainstream source in 1953.<ref name=mathworld>{{cite web |url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Triskaidekaphobia.html |title=Triskaidekaphobia on MathWorld |accessdate=2010-08-14 |author=Weisstein, Eric W |publisher=[[MathWorld]]}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Rossini by Grevedon.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]] by [[Henri Grevedon]]]] |
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According to folklorists, there is no written evidence for a "Friday the 13th" superstition before the 19th century.<ref name=Lachenmeyer/><ref name=NatGeo/><ref name=western>{{cite journal |author=Clar, Mimi |journal=Western Folklore |year=1957 |title=Friday the 13th |pages=62–63}}</ref> The earliest known documented reference in English occurs in [[Henry Sutherland Edwards]]' 1869 biography of [[Gioachino Rossini]]: |
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<blockquote>''[[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]] was surrounded to the last by admiring and affectionate friends; Why Friday the 13th Is Unlucky''</blockquote> Consequently, several theories have been proposed about the origin of the Friday the 13th superstition. |
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=== Unluckiness of 13 === |
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One theory states that it is a modern amalgamation of two older superstitions: that {{num|thirteen}} is an unlucky number and that [[Friday]] is an unlucky day. |
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{{main|Triskaidekaphobia}} |
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* In [[numerology]], the number twelve is considered the number of completeness, as reflected in the twelve months of the year, twelve hours of the [[clock]], twelve [[Israelites|tribes of Israel]], [[twelve Apostles]] of [[Jesus]], twelve [[Twelve Olympians|gods of Olympus]], etc., whereas the number thirteen was considered irregular, transgressing this completeness. There is also a superstition, thought by some to derive from the [[Last Supper]] or a [[Norse mythology|Norse myth]], that having thirteen people seated at a table will result in the death of one of the diners. |
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One source mentioned for the unlucky reputation of the number 13 is a [[Norse mythology|Norse myth]] about twelve gods having a dinner party in [[Valhalla]]. The trickster god [[Loki]], who was not invited, arrived as the thirteenth guest, and arranged for [[Höðr]], the god of darkness, to shoot [[Balder]], the god of joy and gladness, with a mistletoe-tipped arrow. Balder died, triggering much suffering in the world, which caused the number 13 to be considered unlucky.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/5/110513-friday-the-13th-superstitions-triskaidekaphobia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009112626/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/5/110513-friday-the-13th-superstitions-triskaidekaphobia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2019 |title=Friday the 13th Superstitions Rooted in Bible and More |website=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/52696/why-friday-13th-considered-unlucky |title=Why is Friday the 13th Considered Unlucky? |journal=[[Mental Floss]]|date=13 July 2018 }}</ref> |
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* [[Friday]] has been considered an unlucky day at least since the 14th century's ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'',<ref name="mathworld"/> and many other professions have regarded Friday as an unlucky day to undertake journeys or begin new projects. [[Black Friday]] has been associated with stock market crashes and other disasters since the 1800s.<ref name=western/><ref name=Snopes>{{cite web |url= http://www.snopes.com/luck/friday13.asp |title=Friday the 13th |accessdate=2007-03-26 |work=snopes.com}}</ref> It has also been suggested that Friday has been considered an unlucky day because, according to [[Christian]] [[Bible|scripture]] and tradition, Jesus was [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucified]] on a Friday.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leokum |first=Arkady |title=The Big Book of Tell Me Why |publisher=Dorset Pr |date=June 1993 |url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/0880293179 |isbn=0880293179}}</ref> |
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==== Christian associations ==== |
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A theory by author Charles Panati, one of the leading authorities on the subject of "Origins," maintains that the superstition can be traced back to ancient myth: |
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[[File:Última Cena - Da Vinci 5.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)|The Last Supper]]'' by Leonardo da Vinci]] |
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<blockquote>''The actual origin of the superstition, though, appears also to be a tale in Norse mythology. Friday is named for Frigga, the free-spirited goddess of love and fertility. When Norse and Germanic tribes converted to Christianity, Frigga was banished in shame to a mountaintop and labeled a witch. It was believed that every Friday, the spiteful goddess convened a meeting with eleven other witches, plus the devil — a gathering of thirteen — and plotted ill turns of fate for the coming week. For many centuries in Scandinavia, Friday was known as "Witches' Sabbath."''<ref>Charles Panati, ''Panati's Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things, 1987, p. 13.</ref></blockquote> |
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The superstition seems to relate to various things, like the story of [[Jesus]]'s [[Last Supper]] and [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]] in which there were thirteen individuals present in the [[Upper Room]] on the thirteenth of [[Nisan]] [[Maundy Thursday]], the night before his death on [[Good Friday]].{{efn|name=DellaContrada-2004-02-09-UBuff-quote| |
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There were 13 people at the [[upper room|table]] (at the [[Last Supper]]) and the 13th was [[Jesus]]. The Last Supper was on a [[Maundy Thursday|Thursday]], and the next day was [[Good Friday|Friday]], the day of [[crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]]. When '13' and Friday come together, it's a double whammy.<ref name=DellaContrada-2004-02-09-UBuff> |
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{{cite web |
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|last=Della Contrada |first=John |
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|date=9 February 2004 |
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|title=Fear of "Friday the 13th may likely have originated from Jesus' last supper and crucifixion", says U.B. anthropologist |
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|url=http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2004/02/6576.html |
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|access-date=13 July 2014 |
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|place=Buffalo, NY |
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|publisher=[[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York|U. Buffalo / SUNY]] |
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}} |
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</ref>}}{{efn|name=Hartston-2007-quote| |
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In Christian tradition, fear of Friday the 13th stems from the day of the Crucifixion (Friday) and the number at the {{grey|[table at the]}} Last Supper (13 {{grey|[men]}}). Despite these origins, the Friday the 13th superstition dates back only to the Middle Ages.<ref name=Hartston-2007> |
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{{cite book |
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|last=Hartston |first=Willam |author-link=William Hartston |
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|year=2007 |
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|title=Encyclopedia of Useless Information |
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|publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc. |
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|isbn=978-1402248382 |
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|page=365 |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vyse |first=Stuart |date=13 October 2017 |title=Why we fear Friday the 13th |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/05/12/health/why-we-fear-friday-13th/index.html|author-link=Stuart Vyse |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414081425/https://www.cnn.com/2016/05/12/health/why-we-fear-friday-13th/index.html |archive-date=14 April 2021}}</ref> |
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=== In conjunction with Friday === |
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Another theory about the origin of this superstition traces to the arrest of the legendary [[Knights Templar]]. |
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While there is evidence of both Friday<ref>[[Friday]] has been considered an unlucky day to undertake journeys or begin new projects at least since the 14th century, as witnessed by Chaucer's ''[[The Canterbury Tales|Canterbury Tales]]'' {{cite encyclopedia| last1=Opie | first1=Iona | last2=Tatem | first2=Moira|dictionary=A Dictionary of Superstitions | title=FRIDAY an unlucky day | publisher=Oxford Reference |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192829160.001.0001/acref-9780192829160-e-627|isbn=9780192829160|date=2003}}</ref> and the number 13<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last1=Opie | first1=Iona | last2=Tatem | first2=Moira|dictionary=A Dictionary of Superstitions | title=THIRTEEN unlucky number | publisher=Oxford Reference |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192829160.001.0001/acref-9780192829160-e-1438|isbn=9780192829160|date=2003}}</ref> being considered unlucky, there is no record of the two items being referred to as especially unlucky in conjunction before the 19th century.<ref name=Lachenmeyer-2004> |
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{{cite book |
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|first=Nathaniel |last=Lachenmeyer |
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|year=2004 |
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|title=13: The Story of the World's Most Popular Superstition |
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|chapter=5 |
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|publisher=Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated |
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|isbn=9780452284968 |
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDXJ1s0YNAgC |
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}} |
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</ref><ref> |
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{{cite journal |
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|last=Clar |first=Mimi |author-link=Mimi Clar Melnick |
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|year=1957 |
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|title=Friday the 13th |
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|journal=Western Folklore |
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|volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=62–63 |
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|doi=10.2307/1497075 |jstor=1497075 |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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'''The Knights Templar''' |
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The Knights Templar were a monastic military order founded in [[Jerusalem]], in the year 1118. Their original mission was to guide and protect Christian pilgrims along the path from Europe to Jerusalem during the [[Crusades]]. Through this mission, the Templars developed a banking system to protect the finances of the traveling pilgrims, eventually expanding this banking system throughout their holdings in Europe. Over time, France's [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]] amassed a substantial debt to the Knights Templar, due to their years of service to the crown. He had nearly depleted his money, from France's [[Philip IV of France#War with the English|ongoing battles with England]]. In the Knights' rise to power, King Phillip became envious of them, so he set his sights on their famed fortunes. Philip devised a plan to arrest all the Knights in a single day, and charge them with crimes so heinous that no person or group would dare come to their defense. The charges against them were religious in nature, and backed by the [[papacy]] of the [[Holy See|Vatican]] and [[Pope Clement V]]. His plan was swift and carefully crafted, so as not to alert the Templars in advance. |
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[[File:Upaleni templari-Filip IV.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Knights Templar]] and [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]]]] |
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Some cite the [[History of the Knights Templar#Fall|arrest of the]] [[Knights Templar]] on Friday, October 13, 1307, by officers of King Philip IV of France as the origin of the Friday the 13th superstition, but it is agreed the origins remain murky.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-10 |title=Friday the 13th - Origins, History & Superstition |url=https://www.history.com/topics/folklore/friday-the-13th |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> |
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King Phillip's orders were sent a month in advance to the King's Men and other Bailiffs, with instructions not to open the orders until dawn of Friday, October 13, 1307. The charges against the Templars were of the highest accusations of [[Christian_heresy|heresy]]: that the Knights Templar had asked members to spit on the cross and to step on it, to deny Christ, to perform homosexual acts, and so on. The king's orders were to engage and arrest every Templar in France. All Templar outposts, homes, wineries, mills, and castles were to be taken in the name of the King of France and Pope Clement V. The nationwide arrest was widely successful, with medieval torture tactics used to obtain confessions from the Knights. This act against the Templar Order is now viewed as one of the most unlucky days in History - Friday the 13th. |
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==== 19th century ==== |
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Following their arrest and confessions, King Phillip attempted to further disgrace the Templars in a public manner. At a large event in front of the [[Notre Dame Cathedral]], he would have Templar Grand Master [[Jacques De Molay]] publicly admit to guilt of heresy. Instead, the incarcerated grandmaster took to the forum and apologized to the people - and to the Knights Templar - for his weakness, and for the signing of forced confessions. He rescinded his original confession, and testified to the public that he, his men, and all Knights Templar were innocent, despite their forced confessions. An embarrassed King Phillip was so enraged by the old man's actions as to have him burned at the stake, along with his second-in-command. De Molay's dying last words were to curse King Phillip and Pope Clement V, declaring that by year's end, each would meet his demise. Both men died that year, thus adding to the superstition of the Friday the 13th, and to the notion of the Templars' powers. ''<ref name=Lachenmeyer>[http://books.google.com/books?id=CpndkCK23dwC Nathaniel Lachenmeyer, ''13: The Story of the World's Most Popular Superstition''] ch. 5 (2004).</ref></blockquote> |
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[[File:Rossini by Grevedon.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Gioachino Rossini]] by Henri Grevedon]] |
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In France, Friday 13th might have been associated with misfortune as early as the first half of the 19th century. A character in the 1834 play ''Les Finesses des Gribouilles'' states, "I was born on a Friday, December 13th, 1813 from which come all of my misfortunes".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2017/01/whos-afraid-of-friday-the-thirteenth/ | title=Who's Afraid of Friday the Thirteenth? | Folklife Today | date=12 January 2017 }}</ref> |
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An early documented reference in English occurs in [[Henry Sutherland Edwards|H. S. Edwards']] biography of [[Gioachino Rossini]], who died on Friday 13th of November 1868: |
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The connection between the Friday the 13th superstition and the [[Knights Templar]] was popularized in the 2003 novel ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]''. However, some experts think that it is a relatively recent correlation and is a modern-day invention.<ref name=mathworld/><ref name=Snopes>{{cite web |url= http://www.snopes.com/luck/friday13.asp |title=Friday the 13th |accessdate=2007-03-26 |work=snopes.com}}</ref><ref name=why>{{cite web|url=http://urbanlegends.about.com/cs/historical/a/friday_the_13th_4.htm |title=Why Friday the 13th Is Unlucky |publisher=Urbanlegends.about.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-13}}</ref> For example, records of the superstition are rarely found before the 20th century, when it became extremely common. One author, noting that references are all but nonexistent before 1907 but frequently seen thereafter, has argued that its popularity derives from the publication that year of [[Thomas W. Lawson (businessman)|Thomas W. Lawson]]'s popular novel ''Friday, the Thirteenth'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Thomas W. Lawson |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12345/12345-h/12345-h.htm |title=Thomas W. Lawson, ''Friday, the Thirteenth'' (1907) |publisher=Gutenberg.org |date= |accessdate=2011-05-13}}</ref> in which an unscrupulous [[broker]] takes advantage of the superstition to create a [[Wall Street]] panic on a Friday the 13th.<ref name=Lachenmeyer/> |
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:"Rossini was surrounded to the last by admiring friends; and if it be true that, like so many Italians, he regarded Fridays as an unlucky day and thirteen as an unlucky number, it is remarkable that on Friday 13th of November he passed away."<ref> |
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{{cite book |
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|first=H. S. |last=Edwards |author-link=Henry Sutherland Edwards |
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|year=1869 |
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|title=The Life of Rossini |
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|publisher=Blackett |
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|page=340 |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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==== Dissemination ==== |
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In Spanish-speaking countries, instead of Friday, Tuesday the 13th is considered a day of bad luck, commonly referred to as 'Martes y trece' (Literally translates to: Tuesday and thirteen).<ref name="Falcón">Rafael Falcón, Christine Yoder Falcón [http://books.google.com/books?id=os7DMzXq1rcC&pg=PA64&dq=Tuesday+the+13th+is+considered+bad+luck&cd=3#v=onepage&q=Tuesday%20the%2013th%20is%20considered%20bad%20luck&f=false ''Salsa: a taste of Hispanic culture''], p. 64, Praeger (1998), ISBN 0275961214</ref> The [[Fall of Constantinople]], when the city fell to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], marks the end of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. It happened on Tuesday, May 29, 1453. That is why the Greeks also consider Tuesday to be an unlucky day. <ref name="Falcón"/> |
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It is possible that the publication in 1907 of [[Thomas W. Lawson (businessman)|T. W. Lawson]]'s popular novel ''Friday, the Thirteenth'',<ref> |
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{{cite book |
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|first=T. W. |last=Lawson |author-link=Thomas W. Lawson (businessman) |
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|year=1907 |
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|title=Friday, the Thirteenth |
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|magazine=[[Everybody's Magazine]] |
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|edition=original magazine serialization |
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|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12345/12345-h/12345-h.htm |via=[[Gutenberg.org]] |
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|access-date=13 May 2011 |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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contributed to popularizing the superstition. In the novel, an unscrupulous [[broker]] takes advantage of the superstition to create a [[Wall Street]] panic on a Friday the 13th.<ref name=Lachenmeyer-2004/> |
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== Similar dates == |
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==Social impact== |
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Similar dates are prevalent in many cultures, although it is unclear whether these similarities are in any way historically connected or only coincidental. |
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According to the ''Stress Management Center and Phobia Institute'' in [[Asheville, North Carolina]], an estimated 17 to 21 million people in the [[United States]] are affected by a fear of this day. Some people are so paralyzed by fear that they avoid their normal routines in doing business, taking flights or even getting out of bed. "It's been estimated that [[United States dollar|[US]$]]800 or $900 million is lost in business on this day".<ref name="NatGeo">{{cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0212_040212_friday13.html |title=Friday the 13th Phobia Rooted in Ancient History |accessdate= 2008-10-29 |date=2004-08-12 |author=Roach, John |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> Despite this, representatives for both [[Delta Airlines|Delta]] and [[Continental Airlines]] say that their airlines do not suffer from any noticeable drop in travel on those Fridays.<ref>Josh Sens, "[http://www.viamagazine.com/top_stories/articles/lucky_1304.asp Some Don't Count on lucky]", ''Via Magazine'', January 2004.</ref> |
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=== Tuesday the 13th in Hispanic and Greek culture === |
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===Rate of accidents=== |
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In [[List of countries where Spanish is an official language|Hispanic countries]], instead of Friday, Tuesday the 13th (''martes trece'') is considered a day of bad luck.<ref name=Falcón-Falcón-1998> |
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There are conflicting studies about the risk of accidents on Friday the 13th. The [[Dutch Centre for Insurance Statistics]] (CVS) on June 12, 2008, stated that "fewer accidents and reports of fire and theft occur when the 13th of the month falls on a Friday than on other Fridays, because people are preventatively more careful or just stay home. Statistically speaking, driving is slightly safer on Friday the 13th, at least in the [[Netherlands]]; in the last two years, Dutch insurers received reports of an average 7,800 traffic accidents each Friday; but the average figure when the 13th fell on a Friday was just 7,500.<ref>[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/2008/06/13/friday-13th-is-no-longer-unlucky-89520-20605817/ Mirror.co.uk], "Friday 13th is no longer unlucky".</ref><ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUKL1268660720080613 Dutch study shows Friday 13th not more unlucky], [[Reuters.com]]</ref> However, a 1993 study in the ''[[British Medical Journal]]'' that compared the ratio of traffic accidents between Friday the 6th and Friday the 13th stated that there is a significant increase in traffic-related accidents on Friday the 13th.<ref name=mathworld/><ref>{{cite journal |author=T.J. Scanlon, R.N. Luben, F.X. Scanlon, N. Singleton |title=Is Friday the 13th bad for your health? |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |issue=307 |year=1993 |pages=1584–1586}}</ref> There are indications that there are more accidents on Fridays than average weekdays (irrespective of the date) probably because of alcohol consumption. Therefore it is less relevant for this purpose to compare Friday the 13th with any other 13th day of another month. |
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{{cite book |
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|last1=Falcón |first1=Rafael |
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|last2=Falcón |first2=Christine Yoder |
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|year=1998 |
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|title=Salsa: A taste of Hispanic culture |
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|page=64 |
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|publisher=Praeger |
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|isbn=0-275-96121-4 |
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=os7DMzXq1rcC&pg=PA64 |
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|via=Google Books |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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The Greeks also consider Tuesday (and especially the 13th) an unlucky day.<ref name=Chrysopoulos-2015-10-13> |
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==Occurrence== |
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{{cite web |
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<table border=0><tr><td valign=top> |
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|last1=Chrysopoulos |first1=Philip |
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The following months have a Friday the 13th: |
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|date=13 October 2015 |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|title=Why superstitious Greeks fear Tuesday the 13th |
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|- |
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|website=Greek Reporter |
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! Month !! Years !! [[Dominical letter|Dominical<br />letter]] |
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|url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2015/10/13/why-superstitious-greeks-fear-tuesday-the-13th/ |
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|- |
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|access-date=31 October 2016 |
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| January || 1978, 1984, 1989, 1995, 2006, 2012, 2017, 2023 || style="text-align:center" |A, AG |
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}} |
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|- |
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</ref> Tuesday is considered dominated by the influence of [[Ares]], the god of war (or [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] equivalent). The fall of Constantinople to the [[Fourth Crusade]] occurred on [[Siege of Constantinople (1204)|Tuesday 13 April 1204]], and the [[Fall of Constantinople]] to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] happened on Tuesday 29 May 1453, events that strengthen the superstition about Tuesday. In addition, in [[Greek language|Greek]] the name of the day is '''Triti''' (''Τρίτη'') meaning the third (day of the week), adding weight to the superstition, since bad luck is said to "come in threes".<ref name=Chrysopoulos-2015-10-13/> |
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| February || 1976, 1981, 1987, 1998, 2004, 2009, 2015, 2026 || style="text-align:center" |D, DC |
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|- |
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| March || 1981, 1987, 1992, 1998, 2009, 2015, 2020, 2026 || style="text-align:center" |D, ED |
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|- |
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| April || 1973, 1979, 1984, 1990, 2001, 2007, 2012, 2018 || style="text-align:center" |G, AG |
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|- |
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| May || 1977, 1983, 1988, 1994, 2005, 2011, 2016, 2022 || style="text-align:center" |B, CB |
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|- |
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| June || 1975, 1980, 1986, 1997, 2003, 2008, 2014, 2025 || style="text-align:center" |E, FE |
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|- |
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| July || 1973, 1979, 1984, 1990, 2001, 2007, 2012, 2018 || style="text-align:center" |G, AG |
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|- |
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| August || 1971, 1976, 1982, 1993, 1999, 2004, 2010, 2021, 2027 || style="text-align:center" |C, DC |
|||
|- |
|||
| September || 1974, 1985, 1991, 1996, 2002, 2013, 2019, 2024 || style="text-align:center" |F, GF |
|||
|- |
|||
| October || 1972, 1978, 1989, 1995, 2000, 2006, 2017, 2023, 2028 || style="text-align:center" |A, BA |
|||
|- |
|||
| November || 1981, 1987, 1992, 1998, 2009, 2015, 2020, 2026 || style="text-align:center" |D, ED |
|||
|- |
|||
| December || 1974, 1985, 1991, 1996, 2002, 2013, 2019, 2024 || style="text-align:center" |F, GF |
|||
|} |
|||
There is a Tuesday the 13th in months that begin on a Thursday. |
|||
</td><td valign=top> |
|||
The following years have Fridays the 13th in these months: |
|||
=== Friday the 17th in Italy=== |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
[[File:Alitalia-17.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|An [[Alitalia]] airplane without the row 17]] |
|||
|- |
|||
In Italian popular culture, Friday the 17th (and not the 13th) is considered a bad luck day.<ref> |
|||
! Year !! Months !! [[Dominical letter|Dominical<br />letter]] |
|||
{{cite news |
|||
|- |
|||
|first=Carlo |last=Grande |
|||
| 2001 || April, July || [[Common year starting on Monday|G]] |
|||
|date=17 February 2012 |
|||
|- |
|||
|title=Venerdì 17 porta davvero sfortuna? |
|||
| 2002 || September, December || [[Common year starting on Tuesday|F]] |
|||
|newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|url=http://www3.lastampa.it/domande-risposte/articolo/lstp/442871/ |
|||
| 2003 || June || [[Common year starting on Wednesday|E]] |
|||
|access-date=31 March 2012 |url-status=dead |language=it |
|||
|- |
|||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818234142/http://www3.lastampa.it/domande-risposte/articolo/lstp/442871/ |
|||
| 2004 || February, August || [[Leap year starting on Thursday|DC]] |
|||
|archive-date=18 August 2012 |
|||
|- |
|||
}} |
|||
| 2005 || May || [[Common year starting on Saturday|B]] |
|||
</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
The origin of this belief could be traced in the writing of the number 17, in [[Roman numerals]]: XVII. By shuffling the digits of the number one can get the [[Latin]] ''[[wikt:vixi|vīxī]]'' ("I have lived", implying death at present), an omen of bad luck.<ref> |
|||
| 2006 || January, October || [[Common year starting on Sunday|A]] |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
|- |
|||
|title=Bad omen for Italy as their unlucky number comes up |
|||
| 2007 || April, July || [[Common year starting on Monday|G]] |
|||
|author=Nick Harris |
|||
|- |
|||
|date=15 November 2007 |
|||
| 2008 || June || [[Leap year starting on Tuesday|FE]] |
|||
|website=[[The Independent]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/bad-omen-for-italy-as-their-unlucky-number-comes-up-400380.html |
|||
| 2009 || February, March, November || [[Common year starting on Thursday|D]] |
|||
|access-date=15 February 2015 |
|||
|- |
|||
}} |
|||
| 2010 || August || [[Common year starting on Friday|C]] |
|||
</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
In fact, in Italy, 13 is generally considered a lucky number,<ref> |
|||
| 2011 || May || [[Common year starting on Saturday|B]] |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
|- |
|||
|title=Venerdì 13 porta (s)fortuna? Non in Italia |
|||
| 2012 || January, April, July || [[Leap year starting on Sunday|AG]] |
|||
|website=cafebabel.com |
|||
|- |
|||
|url=http://www.cafebabel.it/article/24987/venerdi-13-17-fortuna-sfortuna-italia.html |
|||
| 2013 || September, December || [[Common year starting on Tuesday|F]] |
|||
|access-date=31 March 2012 |url-status=dead |language=it |
|||
|- |
|||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608183526/http://www.cafebabel.it/article/24987/venerdi-13-17-fortuna-sfortuna-italia.html |
|||
| 2014 || June || [[Common year starting on Wednesday|E]] |
|||
|archive-date=8 June 2013 |
|||
|- |
|||
}}</ref> although some people may consider 13 an unlucky number as well due to Americanization. |
|||
| 2015 || February, March, November || [[Common year starting on Thursday|D]] |
|||
|- |
|||
The 2000 parody film ''[[Shriek if You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth]]'' was released in Italy with the title ''Shriek – Hai impegni per venerdì 17?'' ("''Shriek – Do You Have Something to Do on Friday the 17th?''").{{cn|date=September 2024}} |
|||
| 2016 || May || [[Leap year starting on Friday|CB]] |
|||
|- |
|||
== Social influence== |
|||
| 2017 || January, October || [[Common year starting on Sunday|A]] |
|||
According to the Stress Management Center and Phobia Institute in [[Asheville, North Carolina]], an estimated 17–21 million people in the United States are affected by a fear of this day, making it the most feared day and date in history. Some people are so paralyzed by fear that they avoid their normal routines in doing business, taking flights or even getting out of bed. It has been estimated that [[United States dollar|US$]] 800–900 million is lost in business on this day.<ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
{{cite news |
|||
| 2018 || April, July || [[Common year starting on Monday|G]] |
|||
|author=Roach, John |
|||
|- |
|||
|date=12 August 2004 |
|||
| 2019 || September, December || [[Common year starting on Tuesday|F]] |
|||
|title=Friday the 13th phobia rooted in ancient history |
|||
|- |
|||
|website=National Geographic News |
|||
| 2020 || March, November || [[Leap year starting on Wednesday|ED]] |
|||
|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0212_040212_friday13.html |
|||
|- |
|||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603014858/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0212_040212_friday13.html |
|||
| 2021 || August || [[Common year starting on Friday|C]] |
|||
|url-status=dead |
|||
|- |
|||
|archive-date=3 June 2004 |
|||
| 2022 || May || [[Common year starting on Saturday|B]] |
|||
|access-date=29 October 2008 |
|||
|- |
|||
}} |
|||
| 2023 || January, October || [[Common year starting on Sunday|A]] |
|||
</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
Despite this, representatives for both [[Delta Air Lines]] and [[Continental Airlines]] (the latter now merged into United Airlines) have stated that their airlines do not suffer from any noticeable drop in travel on those Fridays.<ref> |
|||
| 2024 || September, December || [[Leap year starting on Monday|GF]] |
|||
{{cite magazine |
|||
|- |
|||
|first=Josh |last=Sens |
|||
| 2025 || June || [[Common year starting on Wednesday|E]] |
|||
|date=January–February 2004 |
|||
|- |
|||
|title=Friday the 13th: Lucky or unlucky |
|||
| 2026 || February, March, November || [[Common year starting on Thursday|D]] |
|||
|magazine=Via Magazine |
|||
|- |
|||
|publisher=[[American Automobile Association]] |
|||
| 2027 || August || [[Common year starting on Friday|C]] |
|||
|url=http://www.viamagazine.com/travel-tips/friday-13th-lucky-or-unlucky |
|||
|- |
|||
|url-status=dead |access-date=2021-08-13 |
|||
| 2028 || October || [[Leap year starting on Saturday|BA]] |
|||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816035352/http://www.viamagazine.com/travel-tips/friday-13th-lucky-or-unlucky |
|||
|} |
|||
|archive-date=2010-08-16 |
|||
</td></tr></table> |
|||
|quote=When the 13th of the month falls on a Friday, do you join the 21 million Americans who suffer paraskevidekatriaphobia? |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
In [[Finland]], a consortium of governmental and nongovernmental organizations led by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health promotes the [[National Accident Day (Finland)|National Accident Day]] (''kansallinen tapaturmapäivä'') to raise awareness about automotive safety, which always falls on a Friday the 13th.<ref>{{cite web |
|||
|date=27 Jun 2013 |
|||
|title=Tapaturmapäivä 13.9.2013: erityisteemana työpaikkojen turvallisuustyö |
|||
|language=fi |
|||
|trans-title=Accident day 13 Sep 2013: Special workplace safety work |
|||
|website=tyosuojelu.fi |
|||
|url=http://www.tyosuojelu.fi/fi/ajankohtaista/5757 |
|||
|access-date=2014-04-28 |url-status=dead |
|||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045702/http://www.tyosuojelu.fi/fi/ajankohtaista/5757 |
|||
|archive-date=29 April 2014 |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
The event is coordinated by the [[Finnish Red Cross]] and has been held since 1995.<ref> |
|||
{{Cite web |
|||
|title=Mikä on Tapaturmapäivä? |
|||
|website=www.kotitapaturma.fi |
|||
|date=30 March 2016 |
|||
|url=http://www.kotitapaturma.fi/mika-on-tapaturmapaiva/ |
|||
|access-date=2018-01-09 |language=fi |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
=== Rate of accidents === |
|||
This sequence give here for 2001–2028, follows a 28 year cycle from March 1, 1900 to February 28, 2100. The months with a Friday the 13th are determined by the [[Dominical letter]] (G, F, GF, etc.) of the year. Every month that begins on a Sunday will contain a Friday the 13th, and there is at least one Friday the 13th in every calendar year. |
|||
A study by Scanlon, Luben, Scanlon, & Singleton (1993)<ref name=Scanlon-Luben-Scanlon-Singleton-1993> |
|||
{{cite journal |
|||
|last1=Scanlon |first1=T.J. |last2=Luben |first2=R.N. |
|||
|last3=Scanlon |first3=F.L. |last4=Singleton |first4=N. |
|||
|date=1993-12-18 |
|||
|title=Is Friday the 13th bad for your health? |
|||
|journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |
|||
|volume=307 |issue=6919 |pages=1584–1586 |
|||
|language=en |doi=10.1136/bmj.307.6919.1584 |
|||
|issn=0959-8138 |pmid=8292946 |pmc=1697765 |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
attracted attention from popular science literature,{{efn|name=Melina-2012-01-13-quote| |
|||
For starters, a 1993 study published in the [[British Medical Journal]] indicates otherwise: Researchers analyzed the traffic flow and number of injuries from car accidents on the southern section of London's [[M25 motorway]] during the five months that the 13th fell on a Friday between 1990 and 1992. They compared these numbers to data collected on Friday the 6th of the same months, and found that although there are consistently fewer vehicles on the road during the 13th – possibly as a result of superstitious people choosing not to drive that day, the researchers proposed – "the risk of hospital admission as a result of a transport accident may be increased by as much as 52 percent" on the 13th.<ref name=Melina-2012-01-13> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
|last=Melina |first=Remy |
|||
|date=13 January 2012 |
|||
|title=Statistically speaking, is Friday the 13th really unlucky? |
|||
|website=[[Live Science]] |language=en |
|||
|url=https://www.livescience.com/17900-statistically-speaking-friday-13th-unlucky.html |access-date=13 April 2018 |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
}}{{efn|name=Gawande-1998-03-20-quote| |
|||
The study compared hospital admissions for traffic accidents on a Friday the 13th with those on a Friday the 6th in a community outside London. Despite a lower highway traffic volume on the 13th than on the 6th, admissions for traffic accident victims increased 52 percent on the 13th.<ref name=Gawande-1998-03-20> |
|||
{{cite magazine |
|||
|author=Gawande, A. |author-link=Atul Gawande |
|||
|date=20 March 1998 |
|||
|title=When a full moon and a lunar eclipse collide with Friday the 13th, do more accidents really happen? |
|||
|magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |lang=en |
|||
|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/1998/03/er_and_the_triple_hex.html |
|||
|access-date=13 April 2018 |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
}} |
|||
as it concluded that "the risk of hospital admission as a result of a transport accident ''may'' be increased by as much as 52 percent on the 13th";<ref name=Scanlon-Luben-Scanlon-Singleton-1993/>{{rp|page=1584}} |
|||
however, the authors clearly state that "the numbers of admissions from accidents are too small to allow meaningful analysis".<ref name=Scanlon-Luben-Scanlon-Singleton-1993/>{{rp|page=1586}} |
|||
Subsequent studies have disproved any correlation between Friday the 13th and the rate of accidents.<ref> |
|||
{{cite journal |
|||
|last1=Lo |first1=Bruce M. |
|||
|last2=Visintainer |first2=Catherine M. |
|||
|last3=Best |first3=Heidi A. |
|||
|last4=Beydoun |first4=Hind A. |
|||
|date=July 2012 |
|||
|title=Answering the myth: Use of emergency services on Friday the 13th |
|||
|journal=[[The American Journal of Emergency Medicine]] |
|||
|volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=886–889 |
|||
|doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2011.06.008 |pmid=21855260 |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref><ref> |
|||
{{Cite journal |
|||
|first1=Jochen |last1=Schuld |first2=Jan E. |last2=Slotta |
|||
|first3=Simone |last3=Schuld |first4=Otto |last4=Kollmar |
|||
|first5=Martin K. |last5=Schilling |first6=Sven |last6=Richter |
|||
|date=2011-09-01 |
|||
|title=Popular belief meets surgical reality: Impact of Lunar phases, Friday the 13th, and Zodiac signs on emergency operations and intraoperative blood loss |
|||
|journal=[[World Journal of Surgery]] |
|||
|volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1945–1949 |
|||
|language=en |doi=10.1007/s00268-011-1166-8 |
|||
|pmid=21713579|s2cid=23787395 |issn=0364-2313 |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
On 12 June 2008 the Dutch Centre for Insurance Statistics stated to the contrary, that "fewer accidents and reports of fire and theft occur when the 13th of the month falls on a Friday than on other Fridays, because people are preventatively more careful or just stay home. Statistically speaking, driving is slightly safer on Friday the 13th, at least in the [[Netherlands]]; in the last two years, Dutch insurers received reports of an average 7,800 traffic accidents each Friday; but the average figure when the 13th fell on a Friday was just 7,500."<ref> |
|||
The longest period that can occur without a Friday the 13th is fourteen months, either from July to September the following common year (e.g. between 2001–2002, 2012–13, and 2018-2019), or from August to October the following leap year (e.g. between 2027–28). |
|||
{{cite news |
|||
|title=Friday 13th is no longer unlucky |
|||
|orig-year=13 Jun 2008 |date=4 Feb 2012 |
|||
|website=Mirror (mirror.co.uk) |
|||
|publisher=[[Daily Mirror]] |
|||
|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/friday-13th-is-no-longer-unlucky-313210 |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref><ref> |
|||
{{cite news |
|||
|work=[[Reuters]] |
|||
|date=2008-06-13 |
|||
|title=Friday 13th not more unlucky, Dutch study shows |
|||
|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUKL1268660720080613 |
|||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206053052/http://uk.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUKL1268660720080613 |
|||
|url-status=dead |
|||
|archive-date=6 December 2008 |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
== Occurrence == |
|||
<table border=0><tr><td valign=top> |
|||
Patterns for non-leap years: |
|||
=== Distribution === |
|||
{| class=wikitable |
|||
Each 400 year [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] [[Solar cycle (calendar)|solar cycle]] contains 146,097 days (with 97 [[leap year|leap days]]) or exactly 20,871 weeks. Each cycle contains the same pattern of days of the week and therefore the same pattern of Fridays that are on the 13th. The 13th day of the month is very slightly more likely to be a Friday than any other day of the week.<ref>{{cite news |author=Bodin, Magnus |date=13 November 1998 |title=About the date+day distribution along the epoch |website=x42 |url=http://x42.com/datelab/daydist.shtml |access-date=30 January 2014}} |
|||
|- |
|||
</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=B.H. |last1=Brown |first2=Raphael |last2=Robinson |name-list-style=amp |year=1933 |title=Solution to problem E36 |journal=[[American Mathematical Monthly]] |volume=40 |issue=10 |page=607|doi=10.2307/2301694 |jstor=2301694 }} |
|||
! First month occurring !! Second month !! Third month |
|||
</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Meeus |first=J. |author-link=Jean Meeus |year=2007 |title=Mathematical Astronomy Morsels IV |page=367}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|January||October|| |
|||
:{| class=wikitable style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |
|||
|- |
|||
|+ Distribution of the 13th day per weekday over 4,800 months (400 years) |
|||
|February||March||November |
|||
|- style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center" |
|||
|- |
|||
! Day of the week |
|||
|April||July|| |
|||
! Monday || Tuesday || Wednesday || Thursday || Friday || Saturday || Sunday |
|||
|- |
|||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|May|||| |
|||
! Occurrences |
|||
|- |
|||
| 685 || 685 || 687 || 684 || '''688''' || 684 || 687 |
|||
|June|||| |
|||
|- |
|||
|August|||| |
|||
|- |
|||
|September||December|| |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
Any month that starts on a Sunday contains a Friday the 13th, and there is at least one Friday the 13th in every calendar year. |
|||
</td><td valign=top> |
|||
The months with a Friday the 13th are determined by the [[Dominical letter]] (G, F, GF, etc.) of the year. Years which begin on the same day of the week and are of the same type (i.e. [[common year]] or [[leap year]]), will have a Friday the 13th in the same months. |
|||
Patterns for leap years: |
|||
{| class=wikitable |
|||
This sequence, given here for 1900–2099, follows a 28-year cycle from 1 March 1900 to 28 February 2100: |
|||
|- |
|||
! First month occurring !! Second month !! Third month |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |
|||
|- |
|||
|+ Months with the 13th on a Friday for years from 1900 through 2100 |
|||
|January||April||July |
|||
|- style="vertical-align:center;" |
|||
|- |
|||
! Years during which a Friday the 13th<br/>occurs in the month to the right<br/>(current and subsequent year are marked in bold) |
|||
|February||August|| |
|||
! {{small|Month with<br/>its 13th on<br/>a Friday}} |
|||
|- |
|||
! {{small|Year length<br/>and weekday of<br/>January the 1st}} |
|||
|March||November|| |
|||
! {{small|Year's<br/>[[Dominical letter|dominical<br/>letter]]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|May|||| |
|||
|style="text-align:left;"| {{grey|'''20th-century:'''}} 1905, 1911, 1922, 1928, 1933, 1939, 1950, 1956, 1961, 1967, 1978, 1984, 1989, 1995;<br/>{{grey|'''21st-century:'''}} 2006, 2012, 2017, 2023, 2034, 2040, 2045, 2051, 2062, 2068, 2073, 2079, 2090, 2096 |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''January''' |
|||
|June|||| |
|||
| [[Common year starting on Sunday|365: Sunday]]<br/>[[Leap year starting on Sunday|366: Sunday]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| '''A'''<br/>'''A'''G |
|||
|September||December|| |
|||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|- |
|||
|style="text-align:left;"| {{grey|'''20th-century:'''}} 1903, 1914, 1920, 1925, 1931, 1942, 1948, 1953, 1959, 1970, 1976, 1981, 1987, 1998;<br/>{{grey|'''21st-century:'''}} 2004, 2009, 2015, 2026, 2032, 2037, 2043, 2054, 2060, 2065, 2071, 2082, 2088, 2093, 2099 |
|||
|October|||| |
|||
| '''February''' |
|||
| [[Common year starting on Thursday|365: Thursday]]<br/>[[Leap year starting on Thursday|366: Thursday]] |
|||
| '''D'''<br/>'''D'''C |
|||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|style="text-align:left;"| {{grey|'''20th-century:'''}} 1903, 1908, 1914, 1925, 1931, 1936, 1942, 1953, 1959, 1964, 1970, 1981, 1987, 1992; 1998;<br/>{{grey|'''21st-century:'''}} 2009, 2015, 2020, 2026, 2037, 2043, 2048, 2054, 2065, 2071, 2076, 2082, 2093, 2099 |
|||
| '''March''' |
|||
| [[Common year starting on Thursday|365: Thursday]]<br/>[[Leap year starting on Wednesday|366: Wednesday]] |
|||
| '''D'''<br/>E'''D''' |
|||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|style="text-align:left;"| {{grey|'''20th-century:'''}} 1900, 1906, 1917, 1923, 1928, 1934, 1945, 1951, 1956, 1962, 1973, 1979, 1984; 1990;<br/>{{grey|'''21st-century:'''}} 2001, 2007, 2012, 2018, 2029, 2035, 2040, 2046, 2057, 2063, 2068, 2074, 2085, 2091, 2096 |
|||
| '''April''' |
|||
| [[Common year starting on Monday|365: Monday]]<br/>[[Leap year starting on Sunday|366: Sunday]] |
|||
| '''G'''<br/>A'''G''' |
|||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|style="text-align:left;"| {{grey|'''20th-century:'''}} 1904, 1910, 1921, 1927, 1932, 1938, 1949, 1955, 1960, 1966, 1977, 1983, 1988, 1994;<br/>{{grey|'''21st-century:'''}} 2005, 2011, 2016, 2022, 2033, 2039, 2044, 2050, 2061, 2067, 2072, 2078, 2089, 2095 |
|||
| '''May''' |
|||
| [[Common year starting on Saturday|365: Saturday]]<br/>[[Leap year starting on Friday|366: Friday]] |
|||
| '''B'''<br/>C'''B''' |
|||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|style="text-align:left;"| {{grey|'''20th-century:'''}} 1902, 1913, 1919, 1924, 1930, 1941, 1947, 1952, 1958, 1969, 1975, 1980, 1986, 1997;<br/>{{grey|'''21st-century:'''}} 2003, 2008, 2014, 2025, 2031, 2036, 2042, 2053, 2059, 2064, 2070, 2081, 2087, 2092, 2098 |
|||
| '''June''' |
|||
| [[Common year starting on Wednesday|365: Wednesday]]<br/>[[Leap year starting on Tuesday|366: Tuesday]] |
|||
| '''E'''<br/>F'''E''' |
|||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|style="text-align:left;"| {{grey|'''20th-century:'''}} 1900, 1906, 1917, 1923, 1928, 1934, 1945, 1951, 1956, 1962, 1973, 1979, 1984, 1990;<br/>{{grey|'''21st-century:'''}} 2001, 2007, 2012, 2018, 2029, 2035, 2040, 2046, 2057, 2063, 2068, 2074, 2085, 2091, 2096 |
|||
| '''July''' |
|||
| [[Common year starting on Monday|365: Monday]]<br/>[[Leap year starting on Sunday|366: Sunday]] |
|||
| '''G'''<br/>A'''G''' |
|||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|style="text-align:left;"| {{grey|'''20th-century:'''}} 1909, 1915, 1920, 1926, 1937, 1943, 1948, 1954, 1965, 1971, 1976, 1982, 1993, 1999;<br/>{{grey|'''21st-century:'''}} 2004, 2010, 2021, 2027, 2032, 2038, 2049, 2055, 2060, 2066, 2077, 2083, 2088, 2094, 2100 |
|||
| '''August''' |
|||
| [[Common year starting on Friday|365: Friday]]<br/>[[Leap year starting on Thursday|366: Thursday]] |
|||
| '''C'''<br/>D'''C''' |
|||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|style="text-align:left;"| {{grey|'''20th-century:'''}} 1901, 1907, 1912, 1918, 1929, 1935, 1940, 1946, 1957, 1963, 1968, 1974, 1985, 1991, 1996;<br/>{{grey|'''21st-century:'''}} 2002, 2013, 2019, '''2024''', 2030, 2041, 2047, 2052, 2058, 2069, 2075, 2080, 2086, 2097 |
|||
| '''September''' |
|||
| [[Common year starting on Tuesday|365: Tuesday]]<br/>[[Leap year starting on Monday|366: Monday]] |
|||
| '''F'''<br/>G'''F''' |
|||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|style="text-align:left;"| {{grey|'''20th-century:'''}} 1905, 1911, 1916, 1922, 1933, 1939, 1944, 1950, 1961, 1967, 1972, 1978, 1989, 1995, 2000;<br/>{{grey|'''21st-century:'''}} 2006, 2017, 2023, 2028, 2034, 2045, 2051, 2056, 2062, 2073, 2079, 2084, 2090 |
|||
| '''October''' |
|||
| [[Common year starting on Sunday|365: Sunday]]<br/>[[Leap year starting on Saturday|366: Saturday]] |
|||
| '''A'''<br/>B'''A''' |
|||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|style="text-align:left;"| {{grey|'''20th-century:'''}} 1903, 1908, 1914, 1925, 1931, 1936, 1942, 1953, 1959, 1964, 1970, 1981, 1987, 1992, 1998;<br/>{{grey|'''21st-century:'''}} 2009, 2015, 2020, 2026, 2037, 2043, 2048, 2054, 2065, 2071, 2076, 2082, 2093, 2099 |
|||
| '''November''' |
|||
| [[Common year starting on Thursday|365: Thursday]] <br/> [[Leap year starting on Wednesday|366: Wednesday]] |
|||
|style="text-align:center"| '''D''' <br/>E'''D''' |
|||
|- style="text-align:center;" |
|||
|style="text-align:left;"| {{grey|'''20th-century:'''}} 1901, 1907, 1912, 1918, 1929, 1935, 1940, 1946, 1957, 1963, 1968, 1974, 1985, 1991, 1996;<br/>{{grey|'''21st-century:'''}} 2002, 2013, 2019, '''2024''', 2030, 2041, 2047, 2052, 2058, 2069, 2075, 2080, 2086, 2097 |
|||
| '''December''' |
|||
| [[Common year starting on Tuesday|365: Tuesday]]<br/>[[Leap year starting on Monday|366: Monday]] |
|||
| '''F'''<br/>G'''F''' |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
</td></tr></table> |
|||
=== Frequency === |
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Each [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] 400-year cycle contains 146,097 days (365 × 400 = 146,000 normal days plus 97 [[leap year|leap days]]), 146,097 / 7 = 20,871 weeks, and 400 × 12 = 4,800 months. Thus, each cycle contains the same pattern of days of the week (and thus the same pattern of Fridays the 13th), but no day of the month up to the 28th can occur the same number of times on each day of the week (because 4,800 is not divisible by 7). The 13th day of the month is slightly more likely to be a Friday than any other day of the week.<ref>B.H. Brown, "Solution to Problem E36", ''American Mathematical Monthly'', vol. 40, issue 10 (1933), p. 607; [[Jean Meeus]], ''Mathematical Astronomy Morsels IV'', 2007, p. 367.</ref> On average, there is a Friday the 13th once every 212.35 (212 and 241/688) days. |
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Although there is always at least one Friday the 13th per [[calendar year]], it can be as long as 14 months between two Friday the 13ths.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Solomon |last=Golomb |date=September 2007 |title=Solutions to 'Calendar oddities' |department=Golomb's Gambits |magazine=Johns Hopkins Magazine |volume=59 |issue=4 |url=http://pages.jh.edu/jhumag/0907web/golomb2.html}}</ref> The longest period that occurs without a Friday the 13th is 14 months, either from July to September the following year being a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] [[Dominical letter|(F)]] (e.g. 2001–02, 2012–13 and 2018–19), or from August to October the following year being a [[leap year starting on Saturday]] [[Dominical letter|(BA)]] (e.g. 1999–2000 and 2027–28). The shortest period that occurs with a Friday the 13th is just one month, from February to March in a [[common year starting on Thursday]] [[Dominical letter|(D)]] (e.g. 2009, 2015 and 2026). |
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On average, there is a Friday the 13th once every 212.35 days. Friday the 13ths occurs with an average frequency of 1.7218 per year or about 3477 since the year 1 CE. |
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The distribution of the 13th day over the 4,800 months is as follows: |
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{| class=wikitable |
|||
==== Frequency within a single year ==== |
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|- |
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There can be no more than three Friday the 13ths in a single calendar year; either in February, March, and November in a [[common year starting on Thursday]] (such as 2009, 2015, or 2026) [[Dominical letter|(D)]], or January, April, and July in a [[leap year starting on Sunday]] (such as 1984, 2012, or 2040) [[Dominical letter|(AG)]].<ref name=Kher-13Facts-TaD>{{cite web |first=Aparna |last=Kher |title=13 Facts about Friday the 13th |website=Time and Date (timeanddate.com) |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/13-things-friday-13.html}}</ref> |
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In the 2000s, there were three Friday the 13ths in 2009, and two Friday the 13ths in 2001, 2002, 2006, and 2007. In the 2010s, there were three Friday the 13ths in 2012 and 2015, and two in 2013, 2017, 2018, and 2019.<ref name=Fri-13-months-days-TaD/> In the 2020s, there were two Friday the 13ths in 2020 and 2023. There will also be three Friday the 13ths in 2026, and two in 2024 and 2029.<ref name=Fri-13-months-days-TaD/> The remaining years all have at least one Friday the 13th.<ref name=Fri-13-months-days-TaD/> |
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For the details see the table below; this table is for the Gregorian calendar and {{red|Jan}}/{{red|Feb}} for {{red|leap years}}: |
|||
:{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |
|||
! Day of the week !! Number of occurrences |
|||
|- style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center" |
|||
! Year<br/>[[modular arithmetic|modulo]] 28 || {{red|1600 2000}} || 1700 2100 || 1800 2200 || 1900 2300 || Year<br/>[[modular arithmatic|modulo]] 28 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{red|00}} 06 {{figure space}}{{figure space}} 17 23 || Jan Oct || {{red|Feb}} Aug || Jun || {{red|Jan}} Apr Jul || {{red|00}} 06 {{figure space}}{{figure space}} 17 23 |
|||
|Sunday||687 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| 01 07 {{red|12}} 18 {{figure space}}{{figure space}} || {{red|Jan}} Apr Jul || May || Feb Mar Nov || Sep Dec || 01 07 {{red|12}} 18 {{figure space}}{{figure space}} |
|||
|Monday||685 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| 02 {{figure space}}{{figure space}} 13 19 {{red|24}} || Sep Dec || Jan Oct || {{red|Feb}} Aug || Jun || 02 {{figure space}}{{figure space}} 13 19 {{red|24}} |
|||
|Tuesday||685 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| 03 {{red|08}} 14 {{figure space}}{{figure space}} 25 || Jun || {{red|Jan}} Apr Jul || May || Feb Mar Nov || 03 {{red|08}} 14 {{figure space}}{{figure space}} 25 |
|||
|Wednesday||687 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{figure space}}{{figure space}} 09 15 {{red|20}} 26 || Feb Mar Nov || Sep Dec || Jan Oct || {{red|Feb}} Aug || {{figure space}}{{figure space}} 09 15 {{red|20}} 26 |
|||
|Thursday||684 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{red|04}} 10 {{figure space}}{{figure space}} 21 27 || {{red|Feb}} Aug || Jun || {{red|Jan}} Apr Jul || May || {{red|04}} 10 {{figure space}}{{figure space}} 21 27 |
|||
|'''Friday'''||'''688''' |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| 05 11 {{red|16}} 22 {{figure space}}{{figure space}} || May || Feb Mar Nov || Sep Dec || Jan Oct || 05 11 {{red|16}} 22 {{figure space}}{{figure space}} |
|||
|Saturday||684 |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
==See also== |
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==Planned events on Fridays the 13th== |
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* [[13 (number)]] |
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{{refimprove|date=November 2009}} |
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* [[Solar cycle (calendar)]] |
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[[Image:Fridaythe13thseries.jpg|thumb|On October 5, 2004, Paramount released a box set of the first eight ''[[Friday the 13th (franchise)|Friday the 13th]]'' films, which includes new interviews with the cast and crew, as well as four new commentaries.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mike Bracken|url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/559/559845p3.html|title=Friday The 13th: From Crystal Lake to Manhattan Ultimate DVD Collection|date=2004-10-25|publisher=IGN|accessdate=2009-04-03}}</ref>]] |
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* [[St. Brice's Day massacre]] |
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* [[Tycho Brahe days]] |
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==Footnotes== |
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<!--Please provide references which confirm that the events were indeed intentionally scheduled so--> |
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{{notelist}} |
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Some events are intentionally scheduled for Friday the 13th for dramatic effect. They include: |
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* ''[[Resident Evil 5]]'' was released in the UK and US on Friday, March 13, 2009. |
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* [[SAW - The Ride]] at [[Thorpe Park]], [[UK]] was opened on March 13, 2009. Coincidentally the ride was marred by "teething problems" for the first few days after it was opened<ref>{{cite web|author=March 13, 2009 10:38 AM |url=http://newslite.tv/2009/03/13/friday-13th-unlucky-for-saw-ro.html |title=Newslite.tv |publisher=Newslite.tv |date=2009-03-13 |accessdate=2011-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thorpeparkmania.co.uk/news/16-03-2009/Main-Season-Begins |title=Thorpeparkmania.co.uk |publisher=Thorpeparkmania.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-05-13}}</ref> |
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* [[Black Sabbath]]'s eponymous [[Black Sabbath (album)|debut album]] was released in the UK on Friday, February 13, 1970. |
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* The [[2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|Opening ceremony]] of the [[2004 Summer Olympics|Athens Olympic Games]] took place on Friday, August 13, 2004. |
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* The [[The End (A Series of Unfortunate Events)|13th book]] in ''[[A Series of Unfortunate Events]]'' was released on Friday, October 13, 2006 by [[Lemony Snicket]], also known as novelist [[Daniel Handler]]. |
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* Four of the twelve films in the ''[[Friday the 13th (franchise)|Friday the 13th]]'' series, including the [[Friday the 13th (2009 film)|most recent]] (reboot of the series), were released on a Friday the 13th. The sequel to the reboot is planned to be released on Friday, September 13, 2013, however the release date is unknown at this point, due to slow development and companies putting the film on hold. Although a script for the sequel has recently been completed, development is still unknown. |
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* [[Joss Whedon]]'s show ''[[Dollhouse (TV show)|Dollhouse]]'' aired its pilot on February 13, 2009. |
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* Every Friday the 13th thousands of bikers ride to the small town of [[Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario#Port Dover|Port Dover, Ontario, Canada]]. |
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* Boston Lee Day is celebrated every Friday the 13th. Participants gather to enjoy the Boston Lee Drink for which this day is named.<ref name="ktiesandhats.org">[http://kitesandhats.org/articles-by-category-secret-menu-65/28-holy-order-of-kites-and-hats-general/34-boston-lee-day Holy Order Of Kites And Hats]{{dead link|date=May 2011}}</ref> |
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* The popular Browser-based RPGs [[Dragonfable]], [[AdventureQuest]], [[MechQuest]], [[AQWorlds]] and [[WarpForce]] has an undead war every Friday the 13th. |
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* [[Voltaire (musician)|Voltaire]] the goth musician performs live on AQWorlds each Friday 13th on [[AQWorlds]] |
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* The 2009 film ''[[2012 (film)|2012]]'' was released on Friday November 13, 2009. |
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* Stuntman [[Sam Patch]] scheduled a 125-foot jump into the [[Genesee River]], USA on Friday, November 13, 1829, his largest jump to date. The jump killed him.<ref name="RochesterHistoryPatch">{{cite journal |last= Rosenberg-Naparsteck |first=Ruth |year=1991 |month=Summer |title=The Real Simon Pure Sam Patch |journal=Rochester History |volume=LII |issue=3 |publisher=Rochester Public Library |issn=0035-7413 |url= http://www.libraryweb.org/~rochhist/v53_1991/v53i3.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=January 6, 2008}}</ref> |
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* The [[Colgate University]] community celebrates Colgate Day every Friday the 13th by donning Colgate gear and rolling out a number of events across the United States to honor Colgate's historical thirteen men with thirteen dollars and thirteen prayers who founded the University in 1819. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colgateconnect.org/s/801/template.aspx?sid=801&gid=1&pgid=1291 |title=Colgate Day 2010 |publisher=Colgate Connect |date= |accessdate=2011-05-13}}</ref> |
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* The online publication [[TidBITS]] has named Friday the 13th as "International Verify Your Backups Day" as a way of encouraging people to verify that they can restore data from their backups on what would be the most inauspicious day to lose data. <ref>{{cite web|last=Engst |first=Adam C. |url=http://tidbits.com/article/10071 |title=TidBITS Safe Computing: International Verify Your Backups Day |publisher=Tidbits.com |date=2009-11-13 |accessdate=2011-05-13}}</ref> |
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==Events on Friday the 13th== |
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[[File:Unix time (Epoch) 1234567890 - KDE-Xterm-Lynx-Firefox-Xclock-GVim-Eye of Gnome - 1.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Screen capture]] of a [[Linux|GNU/Linux machine]] running [[KDE]] with various applications showing a countdown of the [[UNIX time]] to the 1234567890 moment.]] |
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Due to the large number of events that happen in the world, a similar list could be compiled for any combination of day of the month and day of the week. Events that have been notable for being linked to the concept of Friday the 13th include: |
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* The renowned rapper [[Tupac Amaru Shakur]] was pronounced dead on Friday, September 13, 1996. |
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* [[Hurricane Charley]] made landfall in south Florida on Friday, August 13, 2004. |
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* The "[[Lake Storm "Aphid"|Friday the 13th Storm]]" struck [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[New York]] on Friday, October 13, 2006. |
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* The [[Uphaar Cinema fire]] on Friday, June 13, 1997. |
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* The asteroid [[99942 Apophis]] will make a close encounter with Earth, closer than the orbits of communication satellites, on Friday, April 13, 2029.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGuire |first=Bill |title=Global Catastrophes: A Very Short Introduction |year=2005 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location=US |page=5 |isbn=0192804936 |quote=...the recently discovered asteroid, Apophis..., which will pass within the orbits of our communication satellites on 13 April 2029}}</ref> |
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* The [[Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571|Andes Plane Crash of 1972]] occurred on Friday, October 13, 1972. |
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*[[Unix time]] reached 1,234,567,890 seconds on Friday, February 13, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|author=Vivek Gite |url=http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/february-13th-unix-time-will-reach-1234567890.html |title=Cyberciti.biz |publisher=Cyberciti.biz |date= |accessdate=2011-05-13}}</ref> |
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* A London Underground Engineering train on the [[Northern Line]] became uncoupled and went on a 13 minute journey southbound from Archway, finally stopping at [[Warren Street tube station]]. The train in front has been forced to skip several stations and been diverted to the city branch on August 13, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-10964766 |title=BBC.co.uk |publisher=BBC.co.uk |date=2010-08-13 |accessdate=2011-05-13}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
||
{{ |
{{reflist|25em}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
||
{{Wiktionary| paraskavedekatriaphobia}} |
{{Wiktionary| paraskavedekatriaphobia}} |
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{{Wikiquote}} |
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* [http://www.viamagazine.com/top_stories/articles/lucky_1304.asp Some don't count on Lucky 13] - Via Magazine |
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* [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/36602/a-bad-luck-guide-to-friday-the-13th A Bad-Luck Guide to Friday the 13th] - image slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]'' |
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* [http://robslink.com/SAS/democd42/friday13.htm Robslink.com] - Calendar Showing Friday 13s |
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* {{cite magazine |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Friday The 13th}} |
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|first=Josh |last=Sens |
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[[Category:Phobias]] |
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|date=January–February 2004 |
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[[Category:Luck]] |
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|title=Friday the 13th: Lucky or unlucky |
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[[Category:Friday]] |
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|magazine=Via Magazine |
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|publisher=[[American Automobile Association]] |
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|url=http://www.viamagazine.com/travel-tips/friday-13th-lucky-or-unlucky |
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|url-status=dead |access-date=2021-08-13 |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816035352/http://www.viamagazine.com/travel-tips/friday-13th-lucky-or-unlucky |
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|archive-date=2010-08-16 |
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|quote=When the 13th of the month falls on a Friday, do you join the 21 million Americans who suffer paraskevidekatriaphobia? |
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}} |
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* {{cite web |
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[[ar:الجمعة الثالث عشر]] |
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|title=13 years of Friday the 13th! |
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[[be-x-old:Пятніца 13]] |
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|website=Robslink.com |
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[[bg:Петък 13-и]] |
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|url=http://robslink.com/SAS/democd42/friday13.htm |
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[[cs:Pátek třináctého]] |
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}} — multi-year calendar with Fri 13s marked |
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[[da:Fredag den 13.]] |
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[[de:Freitag, der 13.]] |
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* {{cite web |
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[[el:Παρασκευή και 13]] |
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|first=Larry |last=Williams |
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[[es:Viernes 13]] |
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|date=13 August 2010 |
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[[eo:Vendredo la 13-a]] |
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|title=Friday the 13th |
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[[fa:جمعه سیزدهم]] |
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|website=dailyspeculations.com |
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[[fr:Vendredi treize]] |
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|url=http://www.dailyspeculations.com/wordpress/?p=5122 |
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[[ko:13일의 금요일]] |
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}} — article examines [[S&P 500|S&P 500]] index performance on Fri 13s |
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[[id:Jumat-13]] |
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[[he:יום שישי ה-13]] |
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* {{cite web |
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[[lv:Paraskevidekatriafobija]] |
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|author=asxiq [user name] |
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[[lb:Paraskavedekatriaphobie]] |
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|date=12 January 2012 |
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[[mk:Петок тринаесетти]] |
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|title=Friday the 13th performance on "All Ords" index |
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[[nl:Vrijdag de dertiende]] |
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|website=asxiq – all stats and no friction (asxiq.com) |
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[[ja:13日の金曜日]] |
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|type=blog |
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[[no:Fredag den 13.]] |
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|url=http://asxiq.com/blog/all-ords-and-paraskevidekatriaphobia/ |
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[[nn:Fredag den 13.]] |
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|url-status=usurped |access-date=2021-08-13 |
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[[pl:Piątek trzynastego (przesąd)]] |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054339/http://asxiq.com/blog/all-ords-and-paraskevidekatriaphobia/ |
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[[pt:Sexta-Feira 13]] |
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|archive-date=2012-01-18 |
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[[ru:Пятница, 13]] |
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|quote=PS: For those suffering from ''friggatriskaidekaphobia'', hey, tomorrow is Saturday. |
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[[sq:E premtja e zezë]] |
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}} — examines [[All Ordinaries Index]] ("All Ords") for 1 Jan 1985 – 12 Jan 1985 |
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[[sk:Piatok trinásteho]] |
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[[sl:Petek trinajstega]] |
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{{Superstitions}} |
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[[fi:Perjantai 13.]] |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[sv:Fredagen den 13]] |
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[[uk:П'ятниця 13-го]] |
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[[ |
[[Category:Friday the 13th| ]] |
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[[Category:Luck]] |
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[[zh:13號星期五]] |
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[[Category:Superstitions about numbers]] |
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[[Category:Superstitions of Europe]] |
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[[Category:Superstitions of the Americas]] |
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[[Category:Triskaidekaphobia]] |
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[[Category:Unofficial observances]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:50, 4 December 2024
Friday the 13th is considered an unlucky day in Western superstition. It occurs when the 13th day of the month in the Gregorian calendar falls on a Friday, which happens at least once every year but can occur up to three times in the same year. For example, 2015 had a Friday the 13th in February, March, and November, which will happen again in 2026. Leap years that begin on Sunday (i.e. that follow Dominical Letter AG) such as 2012 and 2040, also have three Friday the 13ths in January, April, and July. 2017 through 2020 had two Friday the 13ths, as did 2023; 2016, 2021, and 2022 had just one Friday the 13th, as will 2025, 2027, and 2028; 2024 will have two Friday the 13ths.[1]
A month has a Friday the 13th if and only if it begins on a Sunday.
History
Unluckiness of 13
One source mentioned for the unlucky reputation of the number 13 is a Norse myth about twelve gods having a dinner party in Valhalla. The trickster god Loki, who was not invited, arrived as the thirteenth guest, and arranged for Höðr, the god of darkness, to shoot Balder, the god of joy and gladness, with a mistletoe-tipped arrow. Balder died, triggering much suffering in the world, which caused the number 13 to be considered unlucky.[2][3]
Christian associations
The superstition seems to relate to various things, like the story of Jesus's Last Supper and crucifixion in which there were thirteen individuals present in the Upper Room on the thirteenth of Nisan Maundy Thursday, the night before his death on Good Friday.[a][b][6]
In conjunction with Friday
While there is evidence of both Friday[7] and the number 13[8] being considered unlucky, there is no record of the two items being referred to as especially unlucky in conjunction before the 19th century.[9][10]
The Knights Templar
Some cite the arrest of the Knights Templar on Friday, October 13, 1307, by officers of King Philip IV of France as the origin of the Friday the 13th superstition, but it is agreed the origins remain murky.[11]
19th century
In France, Friday 13th might have been associated with misfortune as early as the first half of the 19th century. A character in the 1834 play Les Finesses des Gribouilles states, "I was born on a Friday, December 13th, 1813 from which come all of my misfortunes".[12]
An early documented reference in English occurs in H. S. Edwards' biography of Gioachino Rossini, who died on Friday 13th of November 1868:
- "Rossini was surrounded to the last by admiring friends; and if it be true that, like so many Italians, he regarded Fridays as an unlucky day and thirteen as an unlucky number, it is remarkable that on Friday 13th of November he passed away."[13]
Dissemination
It is possible that the publication in 1907 of T. W. Lawson's popular novel Friday, the Thirteenth,[14] contributed to popularizing the superstition. In the novel, an unscrupulous broker takes advantage of the superstition to create a Wall Street panic on a Friday the 13th.[9]
Similar dates
Similar dates are prevalent in many cultures, although it is unclear whether these similarities are in any way historically connected or only coincidental.
Tuesday the 13th in Hispanic and Greek culture
In Hispanic countries, instead of Friday, Tuesday the 13th (martes trece) is considered a day of bad luck.[15]
The Greeks also consider Tuesday (and especially the 13th) an unlucky day.[16] Tuesday is considered dominated by the influence of Ares, the god of war (or Mars, the Roman equivalent). The fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade occurred on Tuesday 13 April 1204, and the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans happened on Tuesday 29 May 1453, events that strengthen the superstition about Tuesday. In addition, in Greek the name of the day is Triti (Τρίτη) meaning the third (day of the week), adding weight to the superstition, since bad luck is said to "come in threes".[16]
There is a Tuesday the 13th in months that begin on a Thursday.
Friday the 17th in Italy
In Italian popular culture, Friday the 17th (and not the 13th) is considered a bad luck day.[17] The origin of this belief could be traced in the writing of the number 17, in Roman numerals: XVII. By shuffling the digits of the number one can get the Latin vīxī ("I have lived", implying death at present), an omen of bad luck.[18] In fact, in Italy, 13 is generally considered a lucky number,[19] although some people may consider 13 an unlucky number as well due to Americanization.
The 2000 parody film Shriek if You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth was released in Italy with the title Shriek – Hai impegni per venerdì 17? ("Shriek – Do You Have Something to Do on Friday the 17th?").[citation needed]
Social influence
According to the Stress Management Center and Phobia Institute in Asheville, North Carolina, an estimated 17–21 million people in the United States are affected by a fear of this day, making it the most feared day and date in history. Some people are so paralyzed by fear that they avoid their normal routines in doing business, taking flights or even getting out of bed. It has been estimated that US$ 800–900 million is lost in business on this day.[20] Despite this, representatives for both Delta Air Lines and Continental Airlines (the latter now merged into United Airlines) have stated that their airlines do not suffer from any noticeable drop in travel on those Fridays.[21]
In Finland, a consortium of governmental and nongovernmental organizations led by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health promotes the National Accident Day (kansallinen tapaturmapäivä) to raise awareness about automotive safety, which always falls on a Friday the 13th.[22] The event is coordinated by the Finnish Red Cross and has been held since 1995.[23]
Rate of accidents
A study by Scanlon, Luben, Scanlon, & Singleton (1993)[24] attracted attention from popular science literature,[c][d] as it concluded that "the risk of hospital admission as a result of a transport accident may be increased by as much as 52 percent on the 13th";[24]: 1584 however, the authors clearly state that "the numbers of admissions from accidents are too small to allow meaningful analysis".[24]: 1586 Subsequent studies have disproved any correlation between Friday the 13th and the rate of accidents.[27][28]
On 12 June 2008 the Dutch Centre for Insurance Statistics stated to the contrary, that "fewer accidents and reports of fire and theft occur when the 13th of the month falls on a Friday than on other Fridays, because people are preventatively more careful or just stay home. Statistically speaking, driving is slightly safer on Friday the 13th, at least in the Netherlands; in the last two years, Dutch insurers received reports of an average 7,800 traffic accidents each Friday; but the average figure when the 13th fell on a Friday was just 7,500."[29][30]
Occurrence
Distribution
Each 400 year Gregorian solar cycle contains 146,097 days (with 97 leap days) or exactly 20,871 weeks. Each cycle contains the same pattern of days of the week and therefore the same pattern of Fridays that are on the 13th. The 13th day of the month is very slightly more likely to be a Friday than any other day of the week.[31][32][33]
Distribution of the 13th day per weekday over 4,800 months (400 years) Day of the week Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Occurrences 685 685 687 684 688 684 687
Any month that starts on a Sunday contains a Friday the 13th, and there is at least one Friday the 13th in every calendar year. The months with a Friday the 13th are determined by the Dominical letter (G, F, GF, etc.) of the year. Years which begin on the same day of the week and are of the same type (i.e. common year or leap year), will have a Friday the 13th in the same months.
This sequence, given here for 1900–2099, follows a 28-year cycle from 1 March 1900 to 28 February 2100:
| Years during which a Friday the 13th occurs in the month to the right (current and subsequent year are marked in bold) |
Month with its 13th on a Friday |
Year length and weekday of January the 1st |
Year's dominical letter |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20th-century: 1905, 1911, 1922, 1928, 1933, 1939, 1950, 1956, 1961, 1967, 1978, 1984, 1989, 1995; 21st-century: 2006, 2012, 2017, 2023, 2034, 2040, 2045, 2051, 2062, 2068, 2073, 2079, 2090, 2096 |
January | 365: Sunday 366: Sunday |
A AG |
| 20th-century: 1903, 1914, 1920, 1925, 1931, 1942, 1948, 1953, 1959, 1970, 1976, 1981, 1987, 1998; 21st-century: 2004, 2009, 2015, 2026, 2032, 2037, 2043, 2054, 2060, 2065, 2071, 2082, 2088, 2093, 2099 |
February | 365: Thursday 366: Thursday |
D DC |
| 20th-century: 1903, 1908, 1914, 1925, 1931, 1936, 1942, 1953, 1959, 1964, 1970, 1981, 1987, 1992; 1998; 21st-century: 2009, 2015, 2020, 2026, 2037, 2043, 2048, 2054, 2065, 2071, 2076, 2082, 2093, 2099 |
March | 365: Thursday 366: Wednesday |
D ED |
| 20th-century: 1900, 1906, 1917, 1923, 1928, 1934, 1945, 1951, 1956, 1962, 1973, 1979, 1984; 1990; 21st-century: 2001, 2007, 2012, 2018, 2029, 2035, 2040, 2046, 2057, 2063, 2068, 2074, 2085, 2091, 2096 |
April | 365: Monday 366: Sunday |
G AG |
| 20th-century: 1904, 1910, 1921, 1927, 1932, 1938, 1949, 1955, 1960, 1966, 1977, 1983, 1988, 1994; 21st-century: 2005, 2011, 2016, 2022, 2033, 2039, 2044, 2050, 2061, 2067, 2072, 2078, 2089, 2095 |
May | 365: Saturday 366: Friday |
B CB |
| 20th-century: 1902, 1913, 1919, 1924, 1930, 1941, 1947, 1952, 1958, 1969, 1975, 1980, 1986, 1997; 21st-century: 2003, 2008, 2014, 2025, 2031, 2036, 2042, 2053, 2059, 2064, 2070, 2081, 2087, 2092, 2098 |
June | 365: Wednesday 366: Tuesday |
E FE |
| 20th-century: 1900, 1906, 1917, 1923, 1928, 1934, 1945, 1951, 1956, 1962, 1973, 1979, 1984, 1990; 21st-century: 2001, 2007, 2012, 2018, 2029, 2035, 2040, 2046, 2057, 2063, 2068, 2074, 2085, 2091, 2096 |
July | 365: Monday 366: Sunday |
G AG |
| 20th-century: 1909, 1915, 1920, 1926, 1937, 1943, 1948, 1954, 1965, 1971, 1976, 1982, 1993, 1999; 21st-century: 2004, 2010, 2021, 2027, 2032, 2038, 2049, 2055, 2060, 2066, 2077, 2083, 2088, 2094, 2100 |
August | 365: Friday 366: Thursday |
C DC |
| 20th-century: 1901, 1907, 1912, 1918, 1929, 1935, 1940, 1946, 1957, 1963, 1968, 1974, 1985, 1991, 1996; 21st-century: 2002, 2013, 2019, 2024, 2030, 2041, 2047, 2052, 2058, 2069, 2075, 2080, 2086, 2097 |
September | 365: Tuesday 366: Monday |
F GF |
| 20th-century: 1905, 1911, 1916, 1922, 1933, 1939, 1944, 1950, 1961, 1967, 1972, 1978, 1989, 1995, 2000; 21st-century: 2006, 2017, 2023, 2028, 2034, 2045, 2051, 2056, 2062, 2073, 2079, 2084, 2090 |
October | 365: Sunday 366: Saturday |
A BA |
| 20th-century: 1903, 1908, 1914, 1925, 1931, 1936, 1942, 1953, 1959, 1964, 1970, 1981, 1987, 1992, 1998; 21st-century: 2009, 2015, 2020, 2026, 2037, 2043, 2048, 2054, 2065, 2071, 2076, 2082, 2093, 2099 |
November | 365: Thursday 366: Wednesday |
D ED |
| 20th-century: 1901, 1907, 1912, 1918, 1929, 1935, 1940, 1946, 1957, 1963, 1968, 1974, 1985, 1991, 1996; 21st-century: 2002, 2013, 2019, 2024, 2030, 2041, 2047, 2052, 2058, 2069, 2075, 2080, 2086, 2097 |
December | 365: Tuesday 366: Monday |
F GF |
Frequency
Although there is always at least one Friday the 13th per calendar year, it can be as long as 14 months between two Friday the 13ths.[34] The longest period that occurs without a Friday the 13th is 14 months, either from July to September the following year being a common year starting on Tuesday (F) (e.g. 2001–02, 2012–13 and 2018–19), or from August to October the following year being a leap year starting on Saturday (BA) (e.g. 1999–2000 and 2027–28). The shortest period that occurs with a Friday the 13th is just one month, from February to March in a common year starting on Thursday (D) (e.g. 2009, 2015 and 2026).
On average, there is a Friday the 13th once every 212.35 days. Friday the 13ths occurs with an average frequency of 1.7218 per year or about 3477 since the year 1 CE.
Frequency within a single year
There can be no more than three Friday the 13ths in a single calendar year; either in February, March, and November in a common year starting on Thursday (such as 2009, 2015, or 2026) (D), or January, April, and July in a leap year starting on Sunday (such as 1984, 2012, or 2040) (AG).[35]
In the 2000s, there were three Friday the 13ths in 2009, and two Friday the 13ths in 2001, 2002, 2006, and 2007. In the 2010s, there were three Friday the 13ths in 2012 and 2015, and two in 2013, 2017, 2018, and 2019.[1] In the 2020s, there were two Friday the 13ths in 2020 and 2023. There will also be three Friday the 13ths in 2026, and two in 2024 and 2029.[1] The remaining years all have at least one Friday the 13th.[1]
For the details see the table below; this table is for the Gregorian calendar and Jan/Feb for leap years:
Year
modulo 281600 2000 1700 2100 1800 2200 1900 2300 Year
modulo 2800 06 17 23 Jan Oct Feb Aug Jun Jan Apr Jul 00 06 17 23 01 07 12 18 Jan Apr Jul May Feb Mar Nov Sep Dec 01 07 12 18 02 13 19 24 Sep Dec Jan Oct Feb Aug Jun 02 13 19 24 03 08 14 25 Jun Jan Apr Jul May Feb Mar Nov 03 08 14 25 09 15 20 26 Feb Mar Nov Sep Dec Jan Oct Feb Aug 09 15 20 26 04 10 21 27 Feb Aug Jun Jan Apr Jul May 04 10 21 27 05 11 16 22 May Feb Mar Nov Sep Dec Jan Oct 05 11 16 22
See also
Footnotes
- ^ There were 13 people at the table (at the Last Supper) and the 13th was Jesus. The Last Supper was on a Thursday, and the next day was Friday, the day of crucifixion. When '13' and Friday come together, it's a double whammy.[4]
- ^ In Christian tradition, fear of Friday the 13th stems from the day of the Crucifixion (Friday) and the number at the [table at the] Last Supper (13 [men]). Despite these origins, the Friday the 13th superstition dates back only to the Middle Ages.[5]
- ^ For starters, a 1993 study published in the British Medical Journal indicates otherwise: Researchers analyzed the traffic flow and number of injuries from car accidents on the southern section of London's M25 motorway during the five months that the 13th fell on a Friday between 1990 and 1992. They compared these numbers to data collected on Friday the 6th of the same months, and found that although there are consistently fewer vehicles on the road during the 13th – possibly as a result of superstitious people choosing not to drive that day, the researchers proposed – "the risk of hospital admission as a result of a transport accident may be increased by as much as 52 percent" on the 13th.[25]
- ^ The study compared hospital admissions for traffic accidents on a Friday the 13th with those on a Friday the 6th in a community outside London. Despite a lower highway traffic volume on the 13th than on the 6th, admissions for traffic accident victims increased 52 percent on the 13th.[26]
References
- ^ a b c d "Months and years having Friday the 13th". Time and Date (timeanddate.com).
- ^ "Friday the 13th Superstitions Rooted in Bible and More". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019.
- ^ "Why is Friday the 13th Considered Unlucky?". Mental Floss. 13 July 2018.
- ^ Della Contrada, John (9 February 2004). "Fear of "Friday the 13th may likely have originated from Jesus' last supper and crucifixion", says U.B. anthropologist". Buffalo, NY: U. Buffalo / SUNY. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
- ^ Hartston, Willam (2007). Encyclopedia of Useless Information. Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 365. ISBN 978-1402248382.
- ^ Vyse, Stuart (13 October 2017). "Why we fear Friday the 13th". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Friday has been considered an unlucky day to undertake journeys or begin new projects at least since the 14th century, as witnessed by Chaucer's Canterbury Tales Opie, Iona; Tatem, Moira (2003). "FRIDAY an unlucky day". A Dictionary of Superstitions. Oxford Reference. ISBN 9780192829160.
- ^ Opie, Iona; Tatem, Moira (2003). "THIRTEEN unlucky number". A Dictionary of Superstitions. Oxford Reference. ISBN 9780192829160.
- ^ a b Lachenmeyer, Nathaniel (2004). "5". 13: The Story of the World's Most Popular Superstition. Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated. ISBN 9780452284968.
- ^ Clar, Mimi (1957). "Friday the 13th". Western Folklore. 16 (1): 62–63. doi:10.2307/1497075. JSTOR 1497075.
- ^ "Friday the 13th - Origins, History & Superstition". HISTORY. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
- ^ "Who's Afraid of Friday the Thirteenth? | Folklife Today". 12 January 2017.
- ^ Edwards, H. S. (1869). The Life of Rossini. Blackett. p. 340.
- ^
Lawson, T. W. (1907). Friday, the Thirteenth (original magazine serialization ed.). Retrieved 13 May 2011 – via Gutenberg.org.
{{cite book}}:|magazine=ignored (help) - ^ Falcón, Rafael; Falcón, Christine Yoder (1998). Salsa: A taste of Hispanic culture. Praeger. p. 64. ISBN 0-275-96121-4 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Chrysopoulos, Philip (13 October 2015). "Why superstitious Greeks fear Tuesday the 13th". Greek Reporter. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ Grande, Carlo (17 February 2012). "Venerdì 17 porta davvero sfortuna?". La Stampa (in Italian). Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ Nick Harris (15 November 2007). "Bad omen for Italy as their unlucky number comes up". The Independent. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "Venerdì 13 porta (s)fortuna? Non in Italia". cafebabel.com (in Italian). Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ Roach, John (12 August 2004). "Friday the 13th phobia rooted in ancient history". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 3 June 2004. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
- ^
Sens, Josh (January–February 2004). "Friday the 13th: Lucky or unlucky". Via Magazine. American Automobile Association. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
When the 13th of the month falls on a Friday, do you join the 21 million Americans who suffer paraskevidekatriaphobia?
- ^ "Tapaturmapäivä 13.9.2013: erityisteemana työpaikkojen turvallisuustyö" [Accident day 13 Sep 2013: Special workplace safety work]. tyosuojelu.fi (in Finnish). 27 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
- ^ "Mikä on Tapaturmapäivä?". www.kotitapaturma.fi (in Finnish). 30 March 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
- ^ a b c Scanlon, T.J.; Luben, R.N.; Scanlon, F.L.; Singleton, N. (18 December 1993). "Is Friday the 13th bad for your health?". British Medical Journal. 307 (6919): 1584–1586. doi:10.1136/bmj.307.6919.1584. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1697765. PMID 8292946.
- ^ Melina, Remy (13 January 2012). "Statistically speaking, is Friday the 13th really unlucky?". Live Science. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
- ^ Gawande, A. (20 March 1998). "When a full moon and a lunar eclipse collide with Friday the 13th, do more accidents really happen?". Slate. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
- ^ Lo, Bruce M.; Visintainer, Catherine M.; Best, Heidi A.; Beydoun, Hind A. (July 2012). "Answering the myth: Use of emergency services on Friday the 13th". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 30 (6): 886–889. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2011.06.008. PMID 21855260.
- ^ Schuld, Jochen; Slotta, Jan E.; Schuld, Simone; Kollmar, Otto; Schilling, Martin K.; Richter, Sven (1 September 2011). "Popular belief meets surgical reality: Impact of Lunar phases, Friday the 13th, and Zodiac signs on emergency operations and intraoperative blood loss". World Journal of Surgery. 35 (9): 1945–1949. doi:10.1007/s00268-011-1166-8. ISSN 0364-2313. PMID 21713579. S2CID 23787395.
- ^ "Friday 13th is no longer unlucky". Mirror (mirror.co.uk). Daily Mirror. 4 February 2012 [13 Jun 2008].
- ^ "Friday 13th not more unlucky, Dutch study shows". Reuters. 13 June 2008. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008.
- ^ Bodin, Magnus (13 November 1998). "About the date+day distribution along the epoch". x42. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
- ^ Brown, B.H. & Robinson, Raphael (1933). "Solution to problem E36". American Mathematical Monthly. 40 (10): 607. doi:10.2307/2301694. JSTOR 2301694.
- ^ Meeus, J. (2007). Mathematical Astronomy Morsels IV. p. 367.
- ^ Golomb, Solomon (September 2007). "Solutions to 'Calendar oddities'". Golomb's Gambits. Johns Hopkins Magazine. Vol. 59, no. 4.
- ^ Kher, Aparna. "13 Facts about Friday the 13th". Time and Date (timeanddate.com).
External links
Look up paraskavedekatriaphobia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Friday the 13th.
- Sens, Josh (January–February 2004). "Friday the 13th: Lucky or unlucky". Via Magazine. American Automobile Association. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
When the 13th of the month falls on a Friday, do you join the 21 million Americans who suffer paraskevidekatriaphobia?
- "13 years of Friday the 13th!". Robslink.com. — multi-year calendar with Fri 13s marked
- Williams, Larry (13 August 2010). "Friday the 13th". dailyspeculations.com. — article examines S&P 500 index performance on Fri 13s
- asxiq [user name] (12 January 2012). "Friday the 13th performance on "All Ords" index". asxiq – all stats and no friction (asxiq.com) (blog). Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
PS: For those suffering from friggatriskaidekaphobia, hey, tomorrow is Saturday.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) — examines All Ordinaries Index ("All Ords") for 1 Jan 1985 – 12 Jan 1985
