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#REDIRECT [[Subject–object–verb word order]] |
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{{Linguistic_typology_topics}} |
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In [[linguistic typology]], '''Subject Object Verb''' (SOV) is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence appear (usually) in that order. |
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If English were SOV, then "Sam oranges ate" would be an ordinary sentence. |
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Among natural languages, SOV is the most common type. |
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It corresponds roughly to [[reverse Polish notation]] in computer languages. |
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The SOV languages include [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Manchu language|Manchu]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Ainu language|Ainu]], [[Nivkh language|Nivkh]], [[Yukaghir language|Yukaghir]], [[Itelmen language|Itelmen]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Burushaski language|Burushaski]], [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Latin]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Tibetan language|Tibetan]], [[Amharic language|Amharic]], [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]], [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Abaza language|Abaza]], [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]], [[Avar language|Avar]], [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]], [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]], [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], [[Elamite language|Elamite]], [[Hittite language|Hittite]], [[Navajo language|Navajo]], [[Hopi language|Hopi]], [[Aymara language|Aymara]], [[Quechua language|Quechua]], [[Pali language|Pali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] and most [[Indian languages]]. |
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[[German language|German]] is basically SVO, but employs SOV in subordinate clauses. [[Dutch language|Dutch]] does this as well but also employs it in certain independent clauses. See [[V2 word order]]. [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] are SVO, but use SOV when a pronoun is used as the (direct or indirect) object: e.g., "''Sam a mangé des oranges''", "''Sam comeu laranjas''" or "''Sam comió naranjas''" or "''Sam ha mangiato delle arance''" (Sam ate oranges) would become "''Sam les a mangées''", "''Sam as comeu''" or "''Sam las comió''" or "''Sam le ha mangiate''" (Sam them ate). This type of ordering is sometimes (although rarely) used in English under [[poetic license]], especially in works of [[William Shakespeare]]. |
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SOV languages tend to have the adjectives before nouns, to use [[postposition]]s rather than [[preposition]]s, to place relative clauses before the nouns to which they refer, and to place auxiliary verbs after the action verb. Some have special [[grammatical particle|particle]]s to distinguish the subject and the object, such as the Japanese ''ga'' and ''o''. SOV languages also seem to exhibit a tendency towards using a [[Time Manner Place|Time-Manner-Place]] ordering of prepositional phrases. |
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An example in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] is: |
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私は箱を開けます。(''watashi wa hako wo akemasu''.) meaning "I open a/the box/boxes." In this sentence, 私 (''watashi'') is the subject (or more specifically, topic) meaning "I" as in first person singular, and it is followed by the は (''wa'') topic-marker. 箱 (''hako'') is the object meaning box (in Japanese no distinction is made between whether a word uses "a" or "the", or plural or singular unless specifically stated), followed by を (''wo'', pronounced "oh" in this usage) which is the object-marker in Japanese. 開けます (''akemasu'') is the polite non-past form of the verb which means "to open" and is at the end of the sentence. |
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Although [[Latin]] was an [[inflected language]], the most usual word order was SOV. An example would be: "''servus puellam amat''", meaning "The slave loves the girl." In this sentence, "''servus''" is the subject, "''puellam''" is the object and "''amat''" is the verb. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Topic-prominent language]] |
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* [[Verb Subject Object]] |
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* [[Subject Verb Object]] |
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[[be:SOV]] |
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[[es:Sujeto Objeto Verbo]] |
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[[eo:Subjekto Objekto Verbo]] |
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[[fr:Langue SOV]] |
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[[ja:SOV型]] |
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[[pl:SOV]] |
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[[sv:SOV-språk]] |
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[[zh:主宾谓结构]] |
Latest revision as of 01:50, 20 February 2022
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