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Added G. jansenii to list of species in Taxobox. Corrected spelling of same in text.
 
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{{Short description|Genus of snakes}}
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{{Unreferenced stub|type=animal|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
{{Italic title}}
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{{Taxobox | name = ''Gonyosoma''
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{{More citations needed|type=animal|date=December 2009}}
| image = Red-tailed_Green_Ratsnake_Gonyosoma_oxycephala_toronto_zoo.jpg
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{{Automatic taxobox | name = ''Gonyosoma''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| image = Red-tailed Green Ratsnake Gonyosoma oxycephala toronto zoo.jpg
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
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| image_caption = ''Gonyosoma oxycephalum'' <br>at the Toronto Zoo
| classis = [[Reptilia]]
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| taxon = Gonyosoma
| authority = [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1828
| subordo = [[Serpentes]]
| familia = [[Colubridae]]
| subfamilia = [[Colubrinae]]
| genus = '''''Gonyosoma'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision = 8 species, see text.
''[[Gonyosoma cantoris]]''<br>
|type_species = ''[[Gonyosoma oxycephalum]]''
''[[Gonyosoma frenatum]]''<br>
''[[Gonyosoma hodgsoni]]''<br>
''[[Gonyosoma jansenii]]''<br>
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''[[Gonyosoma oxycephalum]]''<br>
...
}}
}}
'''''Gonyosoma''''' is a genus of [[colubrid]] snakes.


'''''Gonyosoma''''' is a [[genus]] of snakes in the family [[Colubridae]]. The genus is endemic to [[South Asia]].

==Description==
There are a few distinct morphological characteristics that distinguish ''Gonyosoma'' from ''[[Elaphe]]''.
There are a few distinct morphological characteristics that distinguish ''Gonyosoma'' from ''[[Elaphe]]''.
In scutellation there are 2-3 supralabials that contact the eye, with typically two in ''G. oxycephalum'',
In scutellation there are 2-3 supralabials that contact the eye, with typically two in ''G. oxycephalum'',
and three in ''G. jansenii''. The supralabial at the posterior eye is highly arched around the back of the eye.
and three in ''G. jansenii''. The supralabial at the posterior of the eye is highly arched around the back of the eye. The loreal scale is thin and elongate, and appears stretched between the preocular and the nasal.
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Other diagnostic features is an elongate left rudimentary lung (70–141&nbsp;mm),
The loreal scale is thin and elongate, and appears stretched between the preocular and the nasal.
and a distinct hemipenes structure.<ref>Schulz, Klaus-Dieter. 1996. ''A Monograph of the Colubrid Snakes of the Genus ''Elaphe'' Fitzinger''. Havlickuv Brod, Czech Republic: Koeltz Scientific Books. 439 pp. {{ISBN|80-901699-8-8}}.</ref>
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Other diagnostic features include an elongate left rudimentary lung (70-141 mm),

and a distinct hemipenes structure (Schulz 1996).
==Behavior==
⚫
These snakes have the ability to laterally compress and inflate the first third of their bodies when threatened.
The inflated region is typically recoiled into an S, which is elevated above the horizontal forming a typical striking position. The inflation of the body exposes the black and white diagonal bands of the interstitial skin, which is particularly distinct in ''G. oxycephalum'' (Schulz 1996). In combination these adaptations impose a most ominous threat!

==Species==
The following 8 species are recognized as being valid.<ref>"''Gonyosoma'' ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common Name !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Rhynchophis boulengeri (1).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Gonyosoma boulengeri]]'' {{small|([[François Mocquard|Mocquard]], 1897)}}||rhinoceros snake, rhino rat snake, and Vietnamese longnose snake || northern Vietnam to southern China
|-
|[[File:Gonyosoma coeruleum (10.3897-evolsyst.5.66574) Figure 5 (cropped-A).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Gonyosoma coeruleum]]'' {{small|Liu, Hou, Lwin, Wang, & Rao, 2021}} || || [[China]], [[Vietnam]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Myanmar]]
|-
|[[File:Gonyosoma frenatum (10337297083).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Gonyosoma frenatum]]'' {{small|([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1853)}}|| Khasi Hills trinket snake || Northeast India, southern China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
|-
| || ''[[Gonyosoma hainanense]]'' {{small|Peng, Zhang, Huang, Burbrink, & Wang, 2021}} || Hainan rhinoceros snake || China
|-
| || ''[[Gonyosoma jansenii]]'' {{small|([[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1859)}}||Celebes black-tailed ratsnake || Sulawesi in Indonesia
|-
| ||''[[Gonyosoma margaritatum]]'' {{small|([[Wilhelm Peters|W. Peters]], 1871)}}|| rainbow tree snake and royal tree snake || Malaysia and Singapore.
|-
|[[File:Gonyosoma oxycephalum Oslo.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Gonyosoma oxycephalum]]'' {{small|([[Friedrich Boie|F. Boie]], 1827)}}||arboreal ratsnake, the red-tailed green ratsnake, and the red-tailed racer || Southeast Asia.
|-
|[[File:Rhynchophis prasinus - spécimen adulte - Ménagerie Paris 01.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Gonyosoma prasinum]]'' {{small|([[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1854)}}||green trinket snake, green bush rat snake or green ratsnake || Bangladesh, India (Darjeeling, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Burma (also known as Myanmar), northern Thailand, west Malaysia, Laos, Vietnam, China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan) and Philippines.
|-
|}

''[[Nota bene]]'': A [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial authority]] in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than ''Gonyosoma''.


The species formerly known as ''[[Gonyosoma cantoris]]'' and ''[[Gonyosoma hodgsoni]]'' have been assigned to the genus ''[[Othriophis]]'' as ''Othriophis cantoris'' and ''Othriophis hodgsoni'', respectively.
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These snakes have the ability to laterally compress and inflate the first 3rd of their bodies when threatened.
The inflated region is typically recoiled into an S, which is elevated above the horizontal forming a typical striking position.
The inflation of the body exposes the black and white diagonal bands of the interstitial skin,
which is particularly distinct in ''G. oxycephalum'' (Schulz 1996).
In combination these adaptations impose a most ominous threat!


==References==
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[[Category:Colubrids]]
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
*[[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler J]]. 1828. ''Descriptiones et Icones Amphibiorum''. Munich, Stuttgart and Tübingen: J.G. Cotta. Plates I-XXXVI + 81 unnumbered pages. (''Gonyosoma'', new genus, Plate IX + 2 unnumbered pages). (in [[Latin]] and [[German language|German]]).


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2086161}}
{{Colubrids-stub}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:Gonyosoma]]
[[ca:Serp grimpadora]]
[[fr:Gonyosoma]]
[[Category:Rat snakes]]
[[Category:Snake genera]]
[[nl:Gonyosoma]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Georg Wagler]]

Latest revision as of 19:18, 19 May 2023

Gonyosoma
Gonyosoma oxycephalum
at the Toronto Zoo
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Subfamily: Colubrinae
Genus: Gonyosoma
Wagler, 1828
Type species
Gonyosoma oxycephalum
Species

8 species, see text.

Gonyosoma is a genus of snakes in the family Colubridae. The genus is endemic to South Asia.

Description

[edit]

There are a few distinct morphological characteristics that distinguish Gonyosoma from Elaphe. In scutellation there are 2-3 supralabials that contact the eye, with typically two in G. oxycephalum, and three in G. jansenii. The supralabial at the posterior of the eye is highly arched around the back of the eye. The loreal scale is thin and elongate, and appears stretched between the preocular and the nasal. Other diagnostic features is an elongate left rudimentary lung (70–141 mm), and a distinct hemipenes structure.[1]

Behavior

[edit]

These snakes have the ability to laterally compress and inflate the first third of their bodies when threatened. The inflated region is typically recoiled into an S, which is elevated above the horizontal forming a typical striking position. The inflation of the body exposes the black and white diagonal bands of the interstitial skin, which is particularly distinct in G. oxycephalum (Schulz 1996). In combination these adaptations impose a most ominous threat!

Species

[edit]

The following 8 species are recognized as being valid.[2]

Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
Gonyosoma boulengeri (Mocquard, 1897) rhinoceros snake, rhino rat snake, and Vietnamese longnose snake northern Vietnam to southern China
Gonyosoma coeruleum Liu, Hou, Lwin, Wang, & Rao, 2021 China, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and Myanmar
Gonyosoma frenatum (Gray, 1853) Khasi Hills trinket snake Northeast India, southern China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
Gonyosoma hainanense Peng, Zhang, Huang, Burbrink, & Wang, 2021 Hainan rhinoceros snake China
Gonyosoma jansenii (Bleeker, 1859) Celebes black-tailed ratsnake Sulawesi in Indonesia
Gonyosoma margaritatum (W. Peters, 1871) rainbow tree snake and royal tree snake Malaysia and Singapore.
Gonyosoma oxycephalum (F. Boie, 1827) arboreal ratsnake, the red-tailed green ratsnake, and the red-tailed racer Southeast Asia.
Gonyosoma prasinum (Blyth, 1854) green trinket snake, green bush rat snake or green ratsnake Bangladesh, India (Darjeeling, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Burma (also known as Myanmar), northern Thailand, west Malaysia, Laos, Vietnam, China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan) and Philippines.

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Gonyosoma.

The species formerly known as Gonyosoma cantoris and Gonyosoma hodgsoni have been assigned to the genus Othriophis as Othriophis cantoris and Othriophis hodgsoni, respectively.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Schulz, Klaus-Dieter. 1996. A Monograph of the Colubrid Snakes of the Genus Elaphe Fitzinger. Havlickuv Brod, Czech Republic: Koeltz Scientific Books. 439 pp. ISBN 80-901699-8-8.
  2. ^ "Gonyosoma ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Wagler J. 1828. Descriptiones et Icones Amphibiorum. Munich, Stuttgart and Tübingen: J.G. Cotta. Plates I-XXXVI + 81 unnumbered pages. (Gonyosoma, new genus, Plate IX + 2 unnumbered pages). (in Latin and German).
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