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{{Short description|Genus of lizards commonly known as bearded dragons}}
{{Howto|date=July 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Bearded Dragon - close-up.jpg
| image = Pogona vitticeps02.JPG
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''[[Pogona vitticeps]]''
| image_caption = ''[[Pogona vitticeps]]''
| image2 = Bearded Dragon - close-up.jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| image2_caption = ''P. vitticeps'' – detail of head
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| taxon = Pogona
| classis = [[Reptile|Reptilia]]
| authority = [[Glen Milton Storr|Storr]], 1982<ref>Wells, Richard W.; Wellington, C. Ross. 1985. "A Classification of the Reptilia and Amphibia of Australia". ''Australian J. Herp. Suppl. Ser.'' (1): 1–61. (Genus ''Pogona'', p. 19).</ref>
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| subordo = [[Lacertilia]]
| familia = [[Agamidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Agaminae]]
| genus = [[Pogona]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
''[[Pogona barbata]]''<br>
*''[[Pogona barbata]]''
''[[Pogona henrylawsoni]]''<br>
*''[[Pogona henrylawsoni]]''
''[[Pogona microlepidota]]''<br>
*''[[Pogona microlepidota]]''
''Pogona minima''<br>
*''[[Pogona minor]]''
''[[Pogona minor]]''<br>
*''[[Pogona mitchelli]]''
''[[Pogona nullarbor]]''<br>
*''[[Pogona nullarbor]]''
''[[Pogona vitticeps]]''
*''[[Pogona vitticeps]]''
}}
}}
'''''Pogona''''' are a genus of [[lizard]]s containing seven species, which are often known by the [[common name]] '''bearded dragons'''. The term "bearded dragon" is most commonly used to describe the Central Bearded Dragon. Members of this genus live in the arid, rocky, semi-desert regions and dry open [[woodland]]s of [[Australia]]. They are adept climbers, spending time on branches and in bushes, even found on fence posts when living near human habitation. ''Pogona'' bask on rocks and exposed branches in the mornings and afternoons. The species are found throughout [[Australia]].<ref name = "Browne-Cooper">{{cite book |last=Browne-Cooper |first= Robert|coauthors= Brian Bush, Brad Maryan, David Robinson |title= Reptiles and Frogs in the Bush: Southwestern Australia|year= 2007|month= |publisher= [[University of Western Australia]] Press|isbn= 9778 1 920694 74 6 |page= 160|chapter= |chapterurl= |quote=''Pogona minor minor'', Abrolhos Bearded Dragon }}</ref>
'''''Pogona''''' is a [[genus]] of [[reptiles]] containing eight [[lizard]] [[species]], which are often known by the [[common name]] '''bearded dragons''' or informally (especially in [[Australia]]) '''beardies.''' The name "bearded dragon" refers to the underside of the throat (or "beard") of the lizard, which can turn black and become inflated for a number of reasons, most often as a result of [[Stress (biology)|stress]], if they feel threatened,<ref>{{cite web |title=8 Reasons For Your Bearded Dragonś Black Beard |url=https://beardeddragontank.com/8-reasons-for-your-bearded-dragons-black-beard |website=beardeddragontank.com}}</ref> or are trying to entice a mate. They are a semiarboreal species, spending significant amounts of time on branches, in bushes, and near human habitation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://beardeddragoncaresheet.weebly.com/housing.html|title=Housing|website=Care of Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps)|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> ''Pogona'' species bask on rocks and exposed branches in the mornings and afternoons and sleep at night, making them a [[Diurnality|diurnal species]]. Their diet consists primarily of vegetation and some insects. They are found throughout much of Australia and inhabit environments such as [[desert]]s, and [[shrubland]]s.<ref name="Browne-Cooper">{{cite book |last=Browne-Cooper |first= Robert|author2=Brian Bush |author3=Brad Maryan |author4=David Robinson |title= Reptiles and Frogs in the Bush: Southwestern Australia|year= 2007|publisher= [[University of Western Australia]] Press|isbn= 978-1-920694-74-6 |page=160|quote=''Pogona minor minor'', Abrolhos Bearded Dragon }}</ref>
[[File:Bearded Dragon South Australia.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|right|Captive adult measuring over 30 cm (1 ft)]]
[[File:Bearded Dragon JCB.jpg|thumb|right|Galore Hill Nature Reserve, New South Wales, Australia]]
[[File:Bearded Dragon Skeleton.jpg|thumb|Skeleton at the [[Museum of Osteology]] in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States]]
The genus ''Pogona'' is in the [[subfamily]] [[Amphibolurinae]] of the lizard group [[Agamidae]]. Bearded dragons are characterized by their broad, triangular heads, flattened bodies, and rows and clusters of spiny scales covering their entire bodies. When threatened, bearded dragons puff up their bodies and beards to ward off predators and make their somewhat dull spikes seem more dangerous. Bearded dragons display a hand-waving gesture to show submission (most often when acknowledging another bearded dragon's territory), and a head-bobbing display to show dominance<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pets |first=Lizard |date=May 23, 2023 |title=Why do bearded dragons bob their heads at humans? |url=https://lizard-pets.com/behaviour/why-do-bearded-dragons-bob-their-heads-at-humans/ |website=Lizard Pets}}</ref> between dragons. Some have the ability to slightly change color in response to certain stimuli including rivalry challenges between males and ambient temperature changes (e.g., turning black to absorb heat). Bearded dragons occur in a variety of colors and morphs and can range from being all dark to completely white under controlled breeding conditions. Males grow up to {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, and females up to {{convert|51|cm|in|abbr=on}}.


Bearded dragons live in the [[woodland]]s, [[heath]]s, [[desert]]s and [[coastal dune]]s,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Yang, R.|author2=Brice, B.|author3=Ryan, U.|year=2016|title=Morphological and molecular characterization of ''Choleoeimeria pogonae'' n. sp. coccidian parasite (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae, 1989, Paperna and Landsberg) in a western bearded dragon (''Pogona minor minor'')|journal=Experimental Parasitology|volume=160|pages=11–16|doi=10.1016/j.exppara.2015.11.001|pmid=26586629 }}</ref> with their range extending throughout the interior of the eastern states to the eastern half of South Australia and southeastern Northern Territory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://australianmuseum.net.au/central-bearded-dragon|title=Central Bearded Dragon – ''Pogona vitticeps'' – Australian Museum|website=australianmuseum.net.au|language=en|access-date=2018-04-19}}</ref> They are considered to be semiarboreal and quite readily climb and bask at height. This is also linked to dominance behavior and competition for territory/basking areas. They can be found on fallen/broken trees, rocky outcrops, and bushes when basking. Many of the Australian locals have spotted bearded dragons on fence posts and elevated rocky areas. At night, they prefer to dig holes to sleep in, climb in trees, or submerge themselves in rocks and like to climb into the cracks and crevices of stones and caves.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bearded Dragon (''Pogona'') Species Profile: Habitat, Diet, and Care|url = http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=17+1796&aid=2730|website = www.peteducation.com|access-date = 2015-09-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150529032737/http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=17+1796&aid=2730|archive-date = 29 May 2015}}</ref>


Bearded dragons go through a type of hibernation called [[brumation]], in which like hibernation, reptiles go months without eating, but sporadically drink water. Reptiles go dormant in the hottest temperatures, but it differs from brumation during cooler temperatures. When temperatures are extreme, a very small range of temperatures exists through which the reptile's bodies can stay active and where their bodies cannot tolerate the extreme heat and they die.<ref>''Mayer, William Vernon. “Dormancy.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 17 May 2016, www.britannica.com/science/dormancy#ref1121981.''</ref> Bearded dragons go through brumation when the temperature goes below 15.5–21.0°C (60–70°F) during the night and 24.0–26.5°C (75–80°F) during the day for 8-10 hours.<ref>Vosjoli, Philippe De. ''The Bearded Dragon Manual: Expert Advice for Keeping and Caring for a Healthy Bearded Dragon''. 2nd ed., Lumina Media, 2016.</ref> When the climate is too hot they will often burrow underground.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Why Do Bearded Dragons Burrow? – Online Bearded Dragon Care|date = 21 September 2015|url = http://www.onlinebeardeddragoncare.com/do-bearded-dragons-burrow/|access-date = 2015-09-23}}</ref> They will also form more permanent burrows or covered hiding places to use as protection from the climate changes at night and predation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Doneley|first=Bob|title=CARING FOR THE BEARDED DRAGON|url=https://www.cabi.org/ISC/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121821.pdf|journal=Exotics — Reptiles and Amphibians}}</ref>
Several species of this genus have been domesticated, especially ''[[Pogona vitticeps]]'' and are often [[Bearded dragons as pets|kept as pets]] or exhibited.


== Behavior ==
Adult bearded dragons are very territorial. As they grow, they establish territories in which displays of aggression and appeasement form a normal part of their social interactions. A dominant male adopts a dominant stance and sometimes readies himself for a fight to attack a male aggressor to defend territory or food sources, or in competition for a female. Any male approaching without displaying submissive behavior is seen as a challenge for territory. Aggressive males have even been known to attack females that do not display submissive gestures in return.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-20 |title=Bearded dragons |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/facts/bearded-dragon |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Animals |language=en}}</ref>


Correspondingly, adult male bearded dragons can bite more forcefully than adult females, which is associated with greater head dimensions.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Reproductive phenotype predicts adult bite-force performance in sex reversed dragons (''Pogona vitticeps'') | journal = Journal of Experimental Zoology A | volume = 333 | pages = 252‒263 | year=2020 | author= Jones MEH, Pistevos JC, Cooper N, Lappin, AK, Georges A Hutchinson MN, Holleley CE. | issue = 4 | doi=10.1002/jez.2353 | pmid = 32061035 | bibcode = 2020JEZA..333..252J | hdl = 10141/622643 | s2cid = 211122728 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>


[[File: Bearded Dragon showing beard.jpg|thumb|Bearded dragon with mouth agape]]
==Description==
The bearded dragon occurs in many different colors. The beard itself is used for mating and aggression displays, as well as heat management. It forms part of a range of gestures and signals through which the dragons have basic levels of communication. Both sexes have a beard, but males display more frequently, especially in courtship rituals. Females also display their beards as a sign of aggression. The beard darkens, sometimes turning jet black, and inflates during the display. The bearded dragon may also open its mouth and gape in addition to inflating its beard to appear more intimidating. Extreme behavior such as hissing can be observed when threatened with a predator, inflating the body and tilting towards the threat in defense. Bearded dragons have relatively strong jaws, but often only attack as a last resort when threatened outside of competition with their own species.
{{Expand section|date=January 2011}}
The genus is in the [[subfamily]] [[Agaminae]] of the family [[Agamidae]]. Their characteristics include spiny scales arranged in rows and clusters. These are found on the throat, which can be expanded when threatened, and at the back of the head. The species also displays a hand-waving gesture, this is to show submission between Dragons. They also have a head bobbing act to show dominance. They do have the [[chameleon]]-like ability to change colour during rivalry challenges between males, and in response to temperature change and other stimuli.They can reach to the size of about 13 to 24&nbsp;inches.<ref name="Browne-Cooper" />


Head bobbing is another behavior seen in both females and males; they quickly move their heads up and down, often darkening and flaring their beards. Changes in the pace of head bobbing are thought to be a form of communication. Males head bob to impress females, and a male often has to demonstrate his dominance when attempting to mate before the female will concede. Smaller males often respond to a larger male's head bobbing by arm waving, which is a submissive sign. Females also arm wave to avoid aggression, often in response to a male's head bobbing.<ref>{{cite web |author=Periat, Jennifer (Pat. J.) |title=''Pogona vitticeps'' central bearded dragon |date=17 February 2000 |editor=Harding, James |website=Animal Diversity Web |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pogona_vitticeps/ |access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> Female bearded dragons have been seen lowering themselves towards the ground and intermittently arm waving whilst moving away from a dominant male in an attempt to either appease or escape.
==In captivity==
'''Bearded dragons''', [[agamid]] [[lizard]]s of the genus ''[[Pogona]]'', are often kept as [[pet]]s, most commonly ''[[Pogona vitticeps]]'', the Inland or Central Bearded Dragon. ''Pogona'' describes seven species naturally found in arid, semi-arid woodlands and rocky deserts in central Australia.


The bearded dragon has also been shown to perceive illusion, specifically the ''[[Delboeuf illusion]]''. In an experiment at the University of Padova, bearded dragons were presented with two different-sized plates with the same amount of food.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Santacà, M. |author2=Miletto Petrazzini, M. E. |author3=Agrillo, C. |author4=Wilkinson, A. |year=2019 |title=Can reptiles perceive visual illusions? Delboeuf illusion in red-footed tortoise (''Chelonoidis carbonaria'') and bearded dragon (''Pogona vitticeps'') |journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology |volume=133 |issue=4 |pages=419–427 |doi=10.1037/com0000176 |pmid=30896231 |s2cid=84842383 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30896231}}</ref> The bearded dragons chose the smaller plate more often than they chose the larger one, showing that they were able to perceive the illusion and interpret that a larger plate does not always mean more food. This is the first evidence of this behavior being shown in a reptile species.
They are a popular species among children, because of their friendly and calm nature, along with the relative ease of caring for them.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} Most bearded dragons kept as pets have broad triangular heads and flattened bodies, with adults reaching approximately {{Convert|16|to|24|in}} from head to tail and weighing {{Convert|350|to|600|g|-1}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hadesdragons.co.uk/caresheet.html|title=Hades Dragons|accessdate=7 September 2009 |publisher=hadesdragons.co.uk}}</ref>


=== Overview ===
== Reproduction ==
When brumation comes to an end, the male bearded dragon goes out to find a mate. A courtship ritual occurs where the male starts bobbing his head, waving his arms, and stomping his feet in front of the female. The male chases the female and bites the back of her neck and holds on while he gets in position to copulate.<ref>Green, Darren. ''Keeping Bearded Dragons Pogona Species''. Australian Reptile Keeper, 2009.</ref>
Bearded dragons originate and currently live in the deserts and woodland of Central Australia. They spend much of their time basking in the hot sun on rocks and low branches. When the weather is very hot and reaches near 110 degrees Fahrenheit (38-50°C), Beardies bury themselves underground to cool down. Being cold blooded, they frequently need to find a balance in temperatures to keep their temperature constant.


During the breeding period, female bearded dragons can store sperm in their oviductal crypts.<ref>Amey Andrew P. Whittier Joan M. (2000) The annual reproductive cycle and sperm storage in the bearded dragon, Pogona barbata. ''Australian Journal of Zoology'' 48, 411–419.</ref> This allows the females to lay a clutch of 11–30 eggs, twice from one mating.<ref>Hosking, Chris. “Australian Museum.” ''Central Bearded Dragon - Pogona Vitticeps'', 2 May 2017, australianmuseum.net.au/central-bearded-dragon.</ref>
The origin of these dragons have exposed them to blinding heat full of UVA and UVB sunlight as well as cooler places to rest such as beneath rocks, under leaves or underground.


Bearded dragons exhibit temperature sex determination; while the embryo is developing, higher temperatures cause dragons with a male genotype to experience sex reversal and express a female phenotype. This produces a bearded dragon that is a female, but still has a male genotype. Incubation temperatures above {{Convert|31|C}} can cause sex reversal, and the likelihood of sex reversal has a positive correlation with temperature up to 36°C. Incubation temperatures below 31°C cannot trigger sex reversal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Castelli |first1=Megan |last2=Georges |first2=Arthur |title=Evolving thermal thresholds explain the distribution of temperature sex reversal in an Australian dragon lizard |journal=Diversity and Distributions |date=4 November 2020 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=427–438 |doi=10.1111/ddi.13203 |doi-access=free |hdl=1885/274579 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Surprisingly, female bearded dragons with a male genotype do not have many differences from genotypic females. According to one study done on bite force, male bearded dragons have a higher bite force than genotypic females, and sex-reversed females, but no difference was seen between genotypic females and sex-reversed females.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Marc |last2=Pistavos |first2=Jennifer |last3=Cooper |first3=Natalie |last4=Lappin |first4=AK |last5=Georges |first5=Arthur |title=Reproductive phenotype predicts adult bite-force performance in sex-reversed dragons (Pogona vitticeps) |journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology A |date=April 2020 |volume=333 |issue=4 |pages=252–263 |doi=10.1002/jez.2353|pmid=32061035 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020JEZA..333..252J |hdl=10141/622643 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
These dragons are both [[omnivore]]s and [[Diurnality|diurnal]]. They forage for food like small lizards, insects, mammals, flowers, fruit and other plants in the daytime. Wild Bearded dragons are accustomed to catching wild, live insects and small mice.


Like many other reptile species (and what is most often observed in birds), females are capable of laying eggs even without fertilization. These eggs appear slightly smaller and softer, and contain a yellow yolk when broken open.
Currently, bearded lizards are bred in captivity worldwide. This is because exporting them from Australia is illegal and, for some species, very limited. Bearded pets that are bred in captivity are just as healthy as wild bearded dragons. If you are not a native of Australia, you will be able to find bearded dragons at your nearest pet shop or online.


=== Bearded dragon habitat ===
=== Congenital defects ===
During the development of an embryo, abnormalities may result in birth defects. These abnormalities might be caused by chromosomal disorders, chemicals, or other genetic or environmental factors.
Bearded dragons need a large enough habitat to allow for a variety of distances from the heat source. A glass aquarium is recommended for security, ease of maintenance, and pet viewing. To avoid the expense of multiple habitats as your pet grows to adulthood, consider using a partition that can be easily adjusted. This way, throughout the life of the pet, you can use a single large aquarium, 55–70 gallons (208–264 litres).


* Bicephalism is when a bearded dragon is born with two heads and one body.<ref name="Brown">Brown, Danny. ''A Guide to Australian Dragons in Captivity''. ABK Publications, 2012</ref>
White melamine is a material that keeps the cage very bright which is important for stimulating a dragon's appetite. The light (and the UVB) stays inside the cage rather than escaping through the glass sides of an aquarium. Glass fronts will allow the dragon to check out their world and interact with you.
* Anasarca is when a bearded dragon is swollen within the egg. Observing eggs in the incubator, an anasarca egg appears to be sweating. The cause of this is not known.<ref name="Brown" />
* Shistosomus reflexa is when the organs of a bearded dragon develop outside of the body.<ref name="Brown" />
* Spinal and limb defects are abnormalities in the spine, tail, limbs, or toes. This occurs with nutritional deficiencies, trauma, or temperature issues during the development of the affected area.<ref name="Brown" />
* Microphthalmia/anophthalmia is when a bearded dragon is born with small or no eye(s). The cause of this defect is a traumatic event or an environmental event that occurred during the development of the eyes.<ref name="Brown" />
* Hermaphroditism is when the reproductive organs of both male and female are present. Bearded dragons born with both reproductive organs are infertile.<ref name="Brown" />


== In captivity ==
==== Housing young bearded dragons ====
[[File:Zero-bearded-dragon.jpg|thumb|Through selective breeding, bearded dragons can have various colors and patterns.]]
The [[central bearded dragon]] is the most common species in captivity, as well as one of the most popular pet reptiles, with some smaller species such as ''[[Rankin's dragon|Pogona henrylawsoni]]'' being used as substitutes where less housing space is available. Introduced into the U.S. as pets during the 1990s, bearded dragons have gained much popularity as an exotic pet. This popularity has been sustained, even after Australia banned the sale of its wildlife as pets in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Exports of Australian native plants and animals|access-date=19 March 2018|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/wildlife-trade/law#Exports_of_Australian_native_plants_and_animals|publisher=environment.gov.au}}</ref>


Generally, the bearded dragon is a solitary animal. Males are usually housed alone, as they fight with other males and breed with females. Captive adults reach about {{convert|40|to|61|cm|in|abbr=on}} from head to tail, weigh {{convert|290|to|600|g|-1|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hadesdragons.co.uk/caresheet.html|title=Hades Dragons|year=2010|access-date=13 August 2013|publisher=hadesdragons.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105174244/http://www.hadesdragons.co.uk/caresheet.html|archive-date=5 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and live for about 10 to 15 years and longer with good care.<ref name="Browne-Cooper" /> They have been known to live up to about 15 years in captivity, and the current world record is 18 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/116317-oldest-bearded-dragon-ever|title=Oldest bearded dragon ever|work=Guinness World Records|access-date=2018-08-12|language=en-GB}}</ref>
Babies and small juveniles can be temporally housed in a 10–20 gallon aquarium. Young bearded dragons less than {{convert|10|in|cm}} in length need to be housed in a 20 gal long aquarium. This will last them for a few months only though as they grow quickly. You can use Profile Extended Storage Bins. The milky white sides of the bins prevent the dragon from becoming terrified in new surroundings and not eating for the first few days, which can become a serious problem.


Through selective breeding, many different versions of the central bearded dragon have been developed, referred to as "morphs". They have a few main genetic traits, including "hypomelanism" and "translucent", which refer to traits physically displayed by the dragon. Bearded dragons with hypomelanism tend to have lighter and more vibrant coloration. Translucents have a less opaque quality to their skin, making their colors seem stronger, and have black eyes. Also, "leatherbacks" have reduced scale texture to give a smoother skin, "silkbacks" have softer outer skin, and "German giants" are larger than average. Silkbacks in particular require special care, as they have far more delicate skin, and as such, require different UV and humidity requirements. They also tend to live shorter lives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bearded Dragon |url=https://bewildnc.org/bearded-dragon/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=BeWild Reptile Rescue}}</ref>
==== Housing adult bearded dragons ====
<!-- nonencyclopedic how-to
=== Captive diet ===
[[File:BeardedDragonEatting.jpg|thumb|right|Bearded dragon eating [[dandelion]] leaves]]
Juvenile and baby bearded dragon diets consist mainly of [[insects]], and they require substantial amounts of protein. A juvenile bearded dragon eats insects three times a day on average. After a few feedings, the dragon's usual appetite can be determined.<ref name="Big Al's Pets">{{cite web |title=Bearded Dragon Care |date=December 2014 |access-date=14 January 2015 |url=http://www.bigalspets.com/resources/cat/reptiles/post/bearded-dragon-diet/ |publisher=Big Al's Pets |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132902/http://www.bigalspets.com/resources/cat/reptiles/post/bearded-dragon-diet/ |archive-date=28 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Cricket (insect)|Crickets]] and [[dubia roach]]es are the most popular insects fed to bearded dragons, but they can also be fed other insects such as [[Hermetia illucens|black soldier fly larvae]], [[spiders]], [[locust]]s, [[Zophobas morio|superworms]], [[silkworm]]s, [[butterworm]]s, fruit flies, [[grasshopper]]s, [[mealworm]]s and [[hornworm]]s. Bearded dragons also eat increasing amounts of plant-based food as they grow; adults should have a diet consisting primarily of plant matter, the most important of which are leafy greens.<ref>Bearded Dragon Food Pyramid 15 April 2016. Complete Critter. http://www.completecritter.com/bearded-dragon.html</ref> Spring greens, endive, kale,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Can Bearded Dragons Eat Kale? When And How Much|date = 21 September 2015|url = https://allourcreatures.com/can-bearded-dragons-eat-kale/|access-date = 2021-04-24}}</ref> rocket, Chinese leaf, and watercress are all suitable vegetables, as are butternut squash, pea shoots, bell peppers, and many other plants.


It is important to check before feeding something new to a bearded dragon, as some things can be toxic to them or will act to bind calcium in their diet, preventing them from being able to absorb calcium. The main things to avoid often contain oxalates and goitrogens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bearded Dragons - Feeding {{!}} VCA Animal Hospital |url=https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/bearded-dragons-feeding |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Vca |language=en}}</ref> This diet is also seasonal, meaning that it changes with the availability of live prey in the wild. Studies of wild ''Pogona vitticeps'' have shown that termites comprise over 60% of the stomach contents of those studied. Bearded dragons, like many reptiles, are opportunistic and will binge feed on live food sources where available, preferring live prey over plant matter. Bearded dragons also require [[Dietary supplement|supplement]]s to stay healthy, including [[calcium]], [[vitamin D]], and a [[multivitamin]]. These supplements are typically powdered and are administered by dusting their food with them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beardiebungalow.com/bearded-dragon-supplements/|title = Supplements for Your Bearded Dragon, A Helpful Guide| date=August 2019 }}</ref>
Adult dragons should be housed in a 90 x 45 x 60 cm exo-terra glass vivarium
-->
=== Common health issues ===
Although bearded dragons are fairly resilient to illness, improper care can potentially kill a bearded dragon. Some health issues that bearded dragons may have include [[metabolic bone disease]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2019 |title=Metabolic Bone Disease MDB |url=https://beardeddragonsworld.com/legs-not-working-nshp-mbd/ |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=Bearded Dragons World}}</ref> adenovirus, [[Impaction (animals)|impaction]], polarisation, dystocia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Jan 2020 |title=Bearded Dragon Egg Bound |url=https://beardeddragonsworld.com/bearded-dragon-egg-bound |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=Bearded Dragons World}}</ref> Yellow Fungus Disease<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2019 |title=Yellow Fungus Disease |url=https://beardeddragonsworld.com/yellow-skin-fungus/ |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=Bearded Dragons World}}</ref> and parasites. The majority of health issues bearded dragons face in captivity are due to poor diet and inadequate heat and lighting.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bearded Dragons – Diseases|url=http://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/bearded-dragons-diseases|access-date=2021-06-14|website=vca_corporate}}</ref>


==== Metabolic bone disease ====
===Sexual dimorphism===
Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is a collective term for several common diseases/illnesses that can be fatal and is probably the most common health problem of bearded dragons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schmidt-Ukaj |first1=S. |last2=Hochleithner |first2=M. |last3=Richter |first3=B. |last4=Hochleithner |first4=C. |last5=Brandstetter |first5=D. |last6=Knotek |first6=Z. |date=2017-09-20 |title=A survey of diseases in captive bearded dragons: a retrospective study of 529 patients |url=http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/web/vetmed.htm?volume=62&firstPage=508&type=publishedArticle |journal=Veterinární Medicína |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=508–515 |doi=10.17221/162/2016-VETMED|doi-access=free }}</ref> A main attribute of MBD is the weakening of the skeletal structure and possible deformation. It occurs in bearded dragons due to malnutrition or the use of improper lighting, meaning they are unable to properly assimilate calcium from their diet or there isn't enough in their diet. Most bearded dragons in captivity will be fed supplementation and all will need a UVB light to enable them to properly use calcium in their diet. Typical foods that bearded dragons eat, including kale, mustard greens, and collard greens, are high in calcium and should be eaten daily along with other leafy greens and vegetables to have a well-balanced diet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beautifuldragons.com/MBD.html|title=MBD – Metabolic Bone Disease |website=Beautiful Dragos Reptile Rescue |access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref> Bearded dragons require UVB lights to process calcium in their diet. Without processing this calcium, their bodies will use calcium from their bones, therefore weakening them. Symptoms seen in bearded dragons with MBD include bumps in the legs, twitches or tremors, bumps along the spine or tail, a swollen bottom jaw, and jerky movements.
Males have a distinct set of pre-anal pores between the back legs and have hemipenal bulges at the vent. Females usually have no bulge past the vent or only one. Contrary to some beliefs, they do have pores, however they are less noticeable than a male's. The pores are easy to see when looking at the dragon's underside. Males and females are of comparable size, although males ''usually'' sport a larger head, a thicker tail base and slimmer bodies than the females. There are cases where a female has a bigger head and tail than her male counterpart. Mature males will turn their throat pouches (beards) black during courtship to signal dominance,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oaklandzoo.org/Animals/Reptiles/Bearded-Dragon*/|title=Bearded Dragon*|accessdate=7 September 2009|publisher=[[Oakland Zoo]]}}</ref> although females have also been known to do the same.


===Diet===
==== Hypocalcemia ====
Hypocalcemia occurs when there are low levels of calcium in the bearded dragon's blood. Hypocalcemia is most often tied to metabolic bone disease. Low levels of calcium can result in twitching muscles, or seizures. Hypocalcemia is most often seen in young bearded dragons, as they are slightly more fragile than adults. Maintaining a diet that consists of enough calcium is crucial to avoiding hypocalcemia as well as metabolic bone disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.triciaswaterdragon.com/calciumdeficiency.htm|title=Calcium Deficiency |website=Tricia's Chinese Water Dragon, Reptile and Amphibian Care Page |author=Tricia Power |date=1995–2012 |language=en|access-date=2017-05-05}}</ref>
[[Image:BeardedDragonEatting.jpg|thumbnail|Bearded Dragon eating [[Dandelion]] leaves]]


==== Impaction ====
Bearded dragons are native to the central Australian desert, where food is often scarce. Bearded Dragons are [[omnivore|omnivorous]], capable of subsisting on a wide variety of food sources.
Impaction occurs often in bearded dragons when they are fed food that is too big for them. Bearded dragons will try to eat worms or crickets that are too big for them, but this can be extremely harmful. Food should not be bigger than the space between their eyes for a young dragon. Older dragons can generally cope with larger insects but not oversized prey. If a dragon eats food that is too big for it, pressure will be put on its spinal cord during digestion. This pressure can lead to impaction which can lead to death. Another cause of impaction in captivity is ingestion of the substrate, commonly sand or other loose substrates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-05 |title=Bearded Dragon Impaction: All Signs & Treatment |url=https://www.reptiledirect.com/bearded-dragon-impaction/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>


==== Upper respiratory infection (URI) ====
A typical captive bearded dragon's diet consists mostly of leafy greens and vegetables, supplemented regularly with insects. [[Cricket (insect)|Cricket]]s are the most popular feeder choice, but bearded dragons can also be fed other insects such as [[Hermetia illucens|black soldier fly larvae]], [[mealworm]]s, [[locust]]s, [[Zophobas morio|superworms]], [[waxworm]]s, [[silkworm]]s, [[butterworm]]s, [[phoenix worm]]s, and even certain varieties of [[Cockroach|roaches]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bearded Dragons Care Sheet |first= Jeremiah |last=Jaeger |accessdate= 6 February 2008 |url=http://www.beardeddragon.org/articles/caresheet/?page=3 |publisher=beardeddragon.org}}</ref> Young dragons require a significantly greater insect-to-plant matter ratio in their diets than adults.<ref name=DaichuBD>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |first1= Robert and Victoria |last1=Daichu |date=26 May 2007 |accessdate= 6 February 2008 |url=http://www.dachiu.com/care/abeard.html |publisher=}}</ref> Sometimes they like to eat things like young mice e.g. [[Pinkies#As_food|pinkies]] and small lizards.
In bearded dragons, respiratory infection (RI) is caused by a bacterial infection in the lungs. Bearded dragons develop a [https://mybeardies.com/bearded-dragon-respiratory-infection/ respiratory infection] due to a number of reasons such as incorrect lighting and temperature, high humidity, prolonged psychological stress, and poor captive conditions.


==== Atadenovirus ====
Not all insects are equally recommended as feeders, however. The [[mealworm]], a popular feeder insect for other kinds of reptiles, has a hard [[chitin]] exoskeleton which makes it difficult for dragons to digest. It is also relatively low in nutrients.<ref name="Tosney">{{cite web |title=Caring for an Australian Bearded Dragon |first= K. W. |last=Tosney |date=January 2004 |accessdate= 6 February 2008 |url=http://www.bio.miami.edu/ktosney/file/BDcare.html#Anchor-Insects-23240 |publisher=[[University of Miami]]}}</ref> Waxworms and superworms can be given as occasional treats, but should be fed sparingly as they are extremely fatty (think of these as being the bearded dragon equivalent of chocolate bars). They are best used as food for undernourished or gravid bearded dragons. The size of the insect being fed must also be taken into account. The general rule of thumb is that the food being provided must not be larger than the space between the animal's mouth endings; feeding anything larger could lead to fatal [[Impaction#In_Reptiles|impaction]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Impaction in Bearded Dragons |first1= Alex |last1=Sleeis |first2= Denise |last2= Bushnell |date= 7 July 2006 |accessdate= 6 February 2008 |url=http://www.beardeddragon.org/articles/impaction/ |publisher=beardeddragons.org}}</ref>
Atadenovirus (ADV), also referred to as adenovirus, can be deadly. ADV can be spread between reptiles through contact alone. Most juvenile ADV-positive bearded dragons do not live past 90 days. While ADV-positive adults will live longer, they eventually contract liver diseases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reptilesmagazine.com/Reptile-Health/Habitats-Care/Atadenovirus-This-Disease-Can-Be-Deadly-To-Your-Bearded-Dragon/|title=Atadenovirus – This Disease Can Be Deadly To Your Bearded Dragon|website=www.reptilesmagazine.com|date=27 January 2012 |language=en|access-date=2017-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522032024/http://www.reptilesmagazine.com/Reptile-Health/Habitats-Care/Atadenovirus-This-Disease-Can-Be-Deadly-To-Your-Bearded-Dragon/|archive-date=22 May 2017}}</ref> Common symptoms of ADV-positive bearded dragons include stunted growth and slow weight gain. Because of their compromised immune systems, ADV-positive bearded dragons may be infected with intestinal parasites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://azeah.com/lizards/atadenovirus-bearded-dragons|title=Atadenovirus in Bearded Dragons|last=Bjornebo|first=Heather|date=2016-08-11|website=azeah.com|access-date=2017-05-05}}</ref>


=== Lighting ===
Roaches are becoming a popular feeder for bearded dragons. The most common are ''[[Blaptica dubia]]'', ''[[Blaberus discoidalis]]'' and ''[[Blatta]] lateralis''. ''Blaptica dubia'' are slow movers, non-climbers, non-flyers and can have a mild odour. ''Blaberus discoidails'' is a popular roach for residence in Florida, they are similar to ''Blaptica dubia'' except they get a bit bigger and the females have wings. ''Blatta lateralis'' are a small roach about the size of a cricket, they can not climb smooth surfaces but they are fast.
Bearded dragons require [[UVB]] to enable [[Vitamin D3|vitamin D<sub>3</sub>]] synthesis and to prevent illnesses like [[metabolic bone disease]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pet Reptiles Need Vitamin D and Calcium for Bone Health |url=https://aces.illinois.edu/news/pet-reptiles-need-vitamin-d-and-calcium-bone-health |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences |language=en}}</ref> Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> is essential to calcium absorption, with calcium playing a major role in various critical biological functions. Bearded dragons also require [[Ultraviolet#Subtypes|UVA]], which stimulates feeding, breeding, [[Thermoregulation|basking]] and overall health. They also require a basking heat source, most commonly a light-emitting source, to provide a basking area. Heat and UV are both vital to the bearded dragons' biological function.


== Species ==
Dragons enjoy many types of leafy green vegetables, including: [[collard green]]s, spring greens, [[escarole]], [[turnip|turnip greens]], [[Mustard plant|mustard greens]], [[dandelion|dandelion greens]], [[parsley]], and [[carrot|carrot tops]].<ref name=Nutrition>{{cite web |title=Nutrition Content |author= Beautiful Dragons |accessdate= 6 February 2008 |url=http://www.beautifuldragons.503xtreme.com/Nutrition.html |publisher=beautifuldragons.503xtreme.com}}</ref> It is also recommended that this portion of the animal's diet be supplemented with a variety of finely diced [[fruit]]s and [[vegetable]]s. Feeding a mixture of these plants ensures a wider variety of nutrients, and variations in texture to aid digestion.
The following six species are recognised as being valid.<ref>{{cite web|title="IUCN search Pogona – Genus"|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?taxonomies=170418&searchType=species}}</ref>
*''[[Pogona barbata]]'' {{small|([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829)}} – Eastern bearded dragon
*''[[Pogona henrylawsoni]]'' {{small|([[Richard W. Wells|Wells]] & [[C. Ross Wellington|Wellington]], 1985)}} – Rankin's dragon, Lawson's dragon, black-soil bearded dragon, dumpy dragon, dwarf bearded dragon
*''[[Pogona microlepidota]]'' {{small|([[Ludwig Glauert|Glauert]], 1952)}} – Kimberley bearded dragon, Drysdale river bearded dragon
*''[[Pogona minor]]'' {{small|([[Richard Sternfeld|Sternfeld]], 1919)}} – Western bearded dragon, dwarf bearded dragon
*''[[Pogona nullarbor]]'' {{small|(Badham, 1976)}} – Nullarbor bearded dragon
*''[[Pogona vitticeps]]'' {{small|([[Ernst Ahl|Ahl]], 1926)}} – Central bearded dragon or inland bearded dragon


''[[Nota bene]]'': A [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial authority]] in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described under a different binomial.
Other greens or vegetables and fruit that an animal may eat include [[grape]]s, [[garden strawberry|strawberries]], [[raspberry|raspberries]], [[papaya]]s, [[melon]]s, [[apple]]s, [[peach]]es, [[pear]]s, orange-fleshed [[squash (plant)|squash]]es, [[mango]]es, [[pattypan squash]], [[pumpkin]]s, [[green bean]]s, [[pea]]s, [[maize]] (corn), [[carrot]]s or their tops, [[beetroot]], [[Tropaeolum|nasturtium]], [[alfalfa]] (lucerne), [[celery]], [[rosemary]], [[oregano]], [[basil]], [[hibiscus]], [[pansy|pansies]], [[carnation]]s and [[rose]] petals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beardeddragons.co.za/beardeddragon_caresheet.htm|title=Bearded Dragon Care Sheet|accessdate=7 September 2009 |publisher=beardeddragons'''.co.za}}</ref>


== Gallery ==
====Poisonous and dangerous foods====
<gallery>
[[Image:Bearded Dragon showing beard.jpg|thumbnail|An [[Eastern Bearded Dragon]] displays its beard in a threatening position.]]
File:Juvenile bearded dragon.jpg|3-month-old bearded dragon
Insects captured in the wild are not recommended, due to the increased risk of [[pesticide]] exposure and viruses. [[Firefly|Fireflies]] and all other animals with [[Bioluminescence|bioluminescent chemicals]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Two Cases of Firefly Toxicosis in Lizards |coauthors= Michael Knight, Richard Glor, Scott R. Smedley, Andres Gonzalez, Kraig Adler, and Thomas Eisner |accessdate= 6 February 2008 |url=http://www.nbb.cornell.edu/neurobio/eisner/pogona.html |publisher=[[Cornell University]]}}</ref> are fatal to bearded dragons.
File:Beardeddragon.jpg|Male basking under a lamp
File:Pogona vitticeps infant on rock.jpg|''Pogona'' infant
File:Bearded Dragon mugshot.jpg|A male bearded dragon
File:Fancy Bearded Dragon (pogona) in grass.jpg
</gallery>


== See also ==
[[Avocado]] and [[rhubarb]] are generally thought to be fatal if fed to a dragon.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} [[Spinach]] contains high [[oxalate]]s which bind to [[calcium]] and in large amounts can lead to [[metabolic bone disease]]. [[Kale]] and [[cabbage]] also contain oxalates, but the ability of [[oxalate]]s to lower calcium absorption is relatively small and definitely does not outweigh the ability of oxalate-containing foods to contribute calcium to the meal plan. If a bearded dragon's digestive tract is healthy, and it receives adequate [[ultraviolet light]] and temperature, it will gain significant benefits including absorption of calcium from calcium-rich food plants that also contain [[oxalic acid]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} Bearded dragons also cannot eat citrus fruits. {{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}. [[Banana]]s are not recommended for regular feeding to bearded dragons as they are very high in phosphorus which can conflict with the dragon's calcium absorption.
* ''[[Chlamydosaurus]]''
* [[Leopard gecko]]


=== Health ===
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
Bearded dragons are generally a hardy lizard that can live ten or more years, but are still susceptible to various illnesses. Common ailments include [[parasitic disease]]s, [[calcium deficiency]], [[respiratory disease]]s and [[Impaction#In_Reptiles|stomach impactions]]. Even with proper care your pet may become sick. It is important to find a reptile veterinarian before an illness occurs.


==== Genetic disease ====
== Further reading ==
*[[Glen Milton Storr|Storr GM]]. 1982. "Revision of the Bearded Dragons (Lacertilia: Agamidae) of Western Australia with Notes on the Dismemberment of the Genus ''Amphibolurus'' ". '' Rec. Western Australia Mus.'' '''10''' (2): 199–214. (''Pogona'', new genus, p.&nbsp;201).
Genetic diseases are hereditary health problems of bearded dragons. They occur in the offspring of dragons that are closely related. Some genetic diseases involve deformed limbs, tails, and possibly extra appendages.

===== Calcium and vitamin D<sub>3</sub> deficiencies =====
When a bearded dragon has deficiencies of [[Vitamin D3|Vitamin D<sub>3</sub>]] it can cause seizures, stunted growth, deformities, poor bone growth, and brittle bones. Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and calcium problems can be solved by making sure your bearded dragon receives proper lighting and dietary supplements.

==== Beta-Carotene deficiencies ====
A deficiency in [[Beta-Carotene]] will cause the coloration of your bearded dragon to fade over time. This is especially prevalent in lizards with bright color variations. The easiest way to rectify the problem is to include carrots and yellow vegetables in the bearded dragon’s diet.

==== Overfeeding babies and juveniles ====
Overfeeding baby and juvenile bearded dragons causes paralysis in the hindquarters and is usually fatal. It results from the pressure of the food bolus on the spinal nerves. Therefore, do not overfeed the young lizards and do not give them insects that are too large.

==== Injuries ====
It is not uncommon for bearded dragons housed together to inflict injury upon less aggressive lizards. They may lose toes or tail tips from the combative behavior. The injury should be treated with a disinfectant ointment. If aggression persists, separate caging is the only way to stop the fighting.

==== Respiratory infection ====
Signs of respiratory infection are gaping, noisy breathing, and mucus discharge from the nose and mouth. It is usually caused by low temperatures, high humidity, or both. You should keep your bearded dragon warm and at a relatively low humidity. It is often necessary to seek treatment from a veterinarian.

==== Gastrointestinal infections and parasites ====
Signs of gastrointestinal infection are weight loss, lack of appetite, and foul-smelling [[diarrhea]]. This type of illness must be treated by a veterinarian.

Insects, green foods and unclean conditions may cause parasites. Signs of parasites include emaciation, runny droppings or feces with a bad odor. Respiratory problems can arise from too much or too little heat, or from high humidity. These are signified by mucus, raspy breathing with the mouth open, increased effort to breathe and blocked nasal passages. However, these can be corrected by improving housing conditions and administering [[antibiotic]]s.

==== Fungal infections ====
Fungal infection are caused by a warm, damp environment. The infection occurs in a cut or scrape on your bearded dragon. It should be treated with an anti-fungal ointment.

==== Egg binding ====
Egg binding can be caused by calcium deficiency, being under or overweight, or the bearded dragon can not find a suitable egg nest. Have a deep, soil substrate available for your lizard to dig a nest. If egg binding is caused by a different reason, you will need to take the animal to the veterinarian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beardeddragoncenter.com/Bearded-Dragon-Diseases.shtml |accessdate=7 September 2009 |title=Bearded Dragon Diseases |publisher=beardeddragoncenter.com}}</ref> If there is a suitable spot to dig a nest and the animal stops eating for days and keeps looking for a place to lay its eggs, there is a problem.

===Breeding===
A female can keep sperm in her body for months, therefore laying several [[Clutch (eggs)|clutches]] of eggs. In each clutch are around 20 - 30 eggs. Males have a [[hemipenis]] which only comes out before he breeds. Eggs take 60 - 70 days to hatch. They must be incubated at 80-84 °F (27-29 °C) with a lot of moisture. {{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

===Handling===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2009}}
A person handling a bearded dragon must make sure all of its body is being supported. Beardies like all four limbs to be supported. It must not be held by its chest without extreme care, as it may make it difficult for the animal to breathe. The most comfortable position for the animal is lying down in the person's hand or on the person's [[torso|chest]]. Miniature bearded dragons are very friendly as long as they have been handled since they were young. Many owners report an almost dog-like affection {{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}. It is advised to not pick up a dragon by their tail. Bearded dragon's tails do not grow back and should be treated with care. In the wild predators often approach from above, so if one does so, the beardie might think that the human is a predator and run away. Choose to gently 'scoop' up your beardie in both hands, supporting arms and legs. If children will be handling, be sure to teach them proper support and approach. If handling the Eastern Bearded Dragon, hold it carefully and make sure it is immobilized since they can be aggressive, which could lead to accidents.

==Diversity==
[[Image:Bearded_Dragon_in_Russell_ACT.jpg|thumb|right|A Bearded Dragon in the defensive, threat display that has earned them their common name.]]

The following is a list of species in genus ''Pogona'':
*''[[Pogona barbata]]'' [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]] 1829
*''[[Pogona henrylawsoni]]'' Wells & Wellington 1985
*''[[Pogona microlepidota]]'' Glauert 1952
*''[[Pogona minima]]'' Loveridge 1933
*''[[Pogona minor]]'' [[Sternfeld]] 1919
*''[[Pogona nullarbor]]'' Badham 1976
*''[[Pogona vitticeps]]'' [[Ernst Ahl|Ahl]] 1926


==''References==
{{Reflist}}''
*{{NRDB genus|genus = Pogona}}


== External links ==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}
*{{NRDB genus|genus = Pogona}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q743973}}
[[Category:Agamidae]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Reptiles of Australia]]


[[de:Bartagamen]]
[[Category:Pogona| ]]
[[Category:Lizard genera]]
[[fr:Pogona]]
[[Category:Agamid lizards of Australia]]
[[it:Pogona]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Glen Milton Storr]]
[[lb:Baartagamen]]
[[Category:Reptiles as pets]]
[[lt:Drakonai (ropliai)]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1982]]
[[ja:アゴヒゲトカゲ属]]
[[no:Skjeggagamer]]
[[pl:Pogona (rodzaj)]]
[[simple:Bearded dragon]]
[[th:เบี๊ยดดราก้อน]]
[[tr:Pogona]]

Latest revision as of 09:30, 17 December 2024

Pogona
Pogona vitticeps
P. vitticeps – detail of head
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Agamidae
Subfamily: Amphibolurinae
Genus: Pogona
Storr, 1982[1]
Species

Pogona is a genus of reptiles containing eight lizard species, which are often known by the common name bearded dragons or informally (especially in Australia) beardies. The name "bearded dragon" refers to the underside of the throat (or "beard") of the lizard, which can turn black and become inflated for a number of reasons, most often as a result of stress, if they feel threatened,[2] or are trying to entice a mate. They are a semiarboreal species, spending significant amounts of time on branches, in bushes, and near human habitation.[3] Pogona species bask on rocks and exposed branches in the mornings and afternoons and sleep at night, making them a diurnal species. Their diet consists primarily of vegetation and some insects. They are found throughout much of Australia and inhabit environments such as deserts, and shrublands.[4]

Captive adult measuring over 30 cm (1 ft)
Galore Hill Nature Reserve, New South Wales, Australia
Skeleton at the Museum of Osteology in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States

The genus Pogona is in the subfamily Amphibolurinae of the lizard group Agamidae. Bearded dragons are characterized by their broad, triangular heads, flattened bodies, and rows and clusters of spiny scales covering their entire bodies. When threatened, bearded dragons puff up their bodies and beards to ward off predators and make their somewhat dull spikes seem more dangerous. Bearded dragons display a hand-waving gesture to show submission (most often when acknowledging another bearded dragon's territory), and a head-bobbing display to show dominance[5] between dragons. Some have the ability to slightly change color in response to certain stimuli including rivalry challenges between males and ambient temperature changes (e.g., turning black to absorb heat). Bearded dragons occur in a variety of colors and morphs and can range from being all dark to completely white under controlled breeding conditions. Males grow up to 60 cm (24 in) long, and females up to 51 cm (20 in).

Bearded dragons live in the woodlands, heaths, deserts and coastal dunes,[6] with their range extending throughout the interior of the eastern states to the eastern half of South Australia and southeastern Northern Territory.[7] They are considered to be semiarboreal and quite readily climb and bask at height. This is also linked to dominance behavior and competition for territory/basking areas. They can be found on fallen/broken trees, rocky outcrops, and bushes when basking. Many of the Australian locals have spotted bearded dragons on fence posts and elevated rocky areas. At night, they prefer to dig holes to sleep in, climb in trees, or submerge themselves in rocks and like to climb into the cracks and crevices of stones and caves.[8]

Bearded dragons go through a type of hibernation called brumation, in which like hibernation, reptiles go months without eating, but sporadically drink water. Reptiles go dormant in the hottest temperatures, but it differs from brumation during cooler temperatures. When temperatures are extreme, a very small range of temperatures exists through which the reptile's bodies can stay active and where their bodies cannot tolerate the extreme heat and they die.[9] Bearded dragons go through brumation when the temperature goes below 15.5–21.0°C (60–70°F) during the night and 24.0–26.5°C (75–80°F) during the day for 8-10 hours.[10] When the climate is too hot they will often burrow underground.[11] They will also form more permanent burrows or covered hiding places to use as protection from the climate changes at night and predation.[12]

Behavior

[edit]

Adult bearded dragons are very territorial. As they grow, they establish territories in which displays of aggression and appeasement form a normal part of their social interactions. A dominant male adopts a dominant stance and sometimes readies himself for a fight to attack a male aggressor to defend territory or food sources, or in competition for a female. Any male approaching without displaying submissive behavior is seen as a challenge for territory. Aggressive males have even been known to attack females that do not display submissive gestures in return.[13]

Correspondingly, adult male bearded dragons can bite more forcefully than adult females, which is associated with greater head dimensions.[14]

Bearded dragon with mouth agape

The bearded dragon occurs in many different colors. The beard itself is used for mating and aggression displays, as well as heat management. It forms part of a range of gestures and signals through which the dragons have basic levels of communication. Both sexes have a beard, but males display more frequently, especially in courtship rituals. Females also display their beards as a sign of aggression. The beard darkens, sometimes turning jet black, and inflates during the display. The bearded dragon may also open its mouth and gape in addition to inflating its beard to appear more intimidating. Extreme behavior such as hissing can be observed when threatened with a predator, inflating the body and tilting towards the threat in defense. Bearded dragons have relatively strong jaws, but often only attack as a last resort when threatened outside of competition with their own species.

Head bobbing is another behavior seen in both females and males; they quickly move their heads up and down, often darkening and flaring their beards. Changes in the pace of head bobbing are thought to be a form of communication. Males head bob to impress females, and a male often has to demonstrate his dominance when attempting to mate before the female will concede. Smaller males often respond to a larger male's head bobbing by arm waving, which is a submissive sign. Females also arm wave to avoid aggression, often in response to a male's head bobbing.[15] Female bearded dragons have been seen lowering themselves towards the ground and intermittently arm waving whilst moving away from a dominant male in an attempt to either appease or escape.

The bearded dragon has also been shown to perceive illusion, specifically the Delboeuf illusion. In an experiment at the University of Padova, bearded dragons were presented with two different-sized plates with the same amount of food.[16] The bearded dragons chose the smaller plate more often than they chose the larger one, showing that they were able to perceive the illusion and interpret that a larger plate does not always mean more food. This is the first evidence of this behavior being shown in a reptile species.

Reproduction

[edit]

When brumation comes to an end, the male bearded dragon goes out to find a mate. A courtship ritual occurs where the male starts bobbing his head, waving his arms, and stomping his feet in front of the female. The male chases the female and bites the back of her neck and holds on while he gets in position to copulate.[17]

During the breeding period, female bearded dragons can store sperm in their oviductal crypts.[18] This allows the females to lay a clutch of 11–30 eggs, twice from one mating.[19]

Bearded dragons exhibit temperature sex determination; while the embryo is developing, higher temperatures cause dragons with a male genotype to experience sex reversal and express a female phenotype. This produces a bearded dragon that is a female, but still has a male genotype. Incubation temperatures above 31 °C (88 °F) can cause sex reversal, and the likelihood of sex reversal has a positive correlation with temperature up to 36°C. Incubation temperatures below 31°C cannot trigger sex reversal.[20] Surprisingly, female bearded dragons with a male genotype do not have many differences from genotypic females. According to one study done on bite force, male bearded dragons have a higher bite force than genotypic females, and sex-reversed females, but no difference was seen between genotypic females and sex-reversed females.[21]

Like many other reptile species (and what is most often observed in birds), females are capable of laying eggs even without fertilization. These eggs appear slightly smaller and softer, and contain a yellow yolk when broken open.

Congenital defects

[edit]

During the development of an embryo, abnormalities may result in birth defects. These abnormalities might be caused by chromosomal disorders, chemicals, or other genetic or environmental factors.

  • Bicephalism is when a bearded dragon is born with two heads and one body.[22]
  • Anasarca is when a bearded dragon is swollen within the egg. Observing eggs in the incubator, an anasarca egg appears to be sweating. The cause of this is not known.[22]
  • Shistosomus reflexa is when the organs of a bearded dragon develop outside of the body.[22]
  • Spinal and limb defects are abnormalities in the spine, tail, limbs, or toes. This occurs with nutritional deficiencies, trauma, or temperature issues during the development of the affected area.[22]
  • Microphthalmia/anophthalmia is when a bearded dragon is born with small or no eye(s). The cause of this defect is a traumatic event or an environmental event that occurred during the development of the eyes.[22]
  • Hermaphroditism is when the reproductive organs of both male and female are present. Bearded dragons born with both reproductive organs are infertile.[22]

In captivity

[edit]
Through selective breeding, bearded dragons can have various colors and patterns.

The central bearded dragon is the most common species in captivity, as well as one of the most popular pet reptiles, with some smaller species such as Pogona henrylawsoni being used as substitutes where less housing space is available. Introduced into the U.S. as pets during the 1990s, bearded dragons have gained much popularity as an exotic pet. This popularity has been sustained, even after Australia banned the sale of its wildlife as pets in the 1960s.[23]

Generally, the bearded dragon is a solitary animal. Males are usually housed alone, as they fight with other males and breed with females. Captive adults reach about 40 to 61 cm (16 to 24 in) from head to tail, weigh 290 to 600 g (10 to 20 oz)[24] and live for about 10 to 15 years and longer with good care.[4] They have been known to live up to about 15 years in captivity, and the current world record is 18 years.[25]

Through selective breeding, many different versions of the central bearded dragon have been developed, referred to as "morphs". They have a few main genetic traits, including "hypomelanism" and "translucent", which refer to traits physically displayed by the dragon. Bearded dragons with hypomelanism tend to have lighter and more vibrant coloration. Translucents have a less opaque quality to their skin, making their colors seem stronger, and have black eyes. Also, "leatherbacks" have reduced scale texture to give a smoother skin, "silkbacks" have softer outer skin, and "German giants" are larger than average. Silkbacks in particular require special care, as they have far more delicate skin, and as such, require different UV and humidity requirements. They also tend to live shorter lives.[26]

Common health issues

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Although bearded dragons are fairly resilient to illness, improper care can potentially kill a bearded dragon. Some health issues that bearded dragons may have include metabolic bone disease,[27] adenovirus, impaction, polarisation, dystocia,[28] Yellow Fungus Disease[29] and parasites. The majority of health issues bearded dragons face in captivity are due to poor diet and inadequate heat and lighting.[30]

Metabolic bone disease

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Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is a collective term for several common diseases/illnesses that can be fatal and is probably the most common health problem of bearded dragons.[31] A main attribute of MBD is the weakening of the skeletal structure and possible deformation. It occurs in bearded dragons due to malnutrition or the use of improper lighting, meaning they are unable to properly assimilate calcium from their diet or there isn't enough in their diet. Most bearded dragons in captivity will be fed supplementation and all will need a UVB light to enable them to properly use calcium in their diet. Typical foods that bearded dragons eat, including kale, mustard greens, and collard greens, are high in calcium and should be eaten daily along with other leafy greens and vegetables to have a well-balanced diet.[32] Bearded dragons require UVB lights to process calcium in their diet. Without processing this calcium, their bodies will use calcium from their bones, therefore weakening them. Symptoms seen in bearded dragons with MBD include bumps in the legs, twitches or tremors, bumps along the spine or tail, a swollen bottom jaw, and jerky movements.

Hypocalcemia

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Hypocalcemia occurs when there are low levels of calcium in the bearded dragon's blood. Hypocalcemia is most often tied to metabolic bone disease. Low levels of calcium can result in twitching muscles, or seizures. Hypocalcemia is most often seen in young bearded dragons, as they are slightly more fragile than adults. Maintaining a diet that consists of enough calcium is crucial to avoiding hypocalcemia as well as metabolic bone disease.[33]

Impaction

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Impaction occurs often in bearded dragons when they are fed food that is too big for them. Bearded dragons will try to eat worms or crickets that are too big for them, but this can be extremely harmful. Food should not be bigger than the space between their eyes for a young dragon. Older dragons can generally cope with larger insects but not oversized prey. If a dragon eats food that is too big for it, pressure will be put on its spinal cord during digestion. This pressure can lead to impaction which can lead to death. Another cause of impaction in captivity is ingestion of the substrate, commonly sand or other loose substrates.[34]

Upper respiratory infection (URI)

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In bearded dragons, respiratory infection (RI) is caused by a bacterial infection in the lungs. Bearded dragons develop a respiratory infection due to a number of reasons such as incorrect lighting and temperature, high humidity, prolonged psychological stress, and poor captive conditions.

Atadenovirus

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Atadenovirus (ADV), also referred to as adenovirus, can be deadly. ADV can be spread between reptiles through contact alone. Most juvenile ADV-positive bearded dragons do not live past 90 days. While ADV-positive adults will live longer, they eventually contract liver diseases.[35] Common symptoms of ADV-positive bearded dragons include stunted growth and slow weight gain. Because of their compromised immune systems, ADV-positive bearded dragons may be infected with intestinal parasites.[36]

Lighting

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Bearded dragons require UVB to enable vitamin D3 synthesis and to prevent illnesses like metabolic bone disease.[37] Vitamin D3 is essential to calcium absorption, with calcium playing a major role in various critical biological functions. Bearded dragons also require UVA, which stimulates feeding, breeding, basking and overall health. They also require a basking heat source, most commonly a light-emitting source, to provide a basking area. Heat and UV are both vital to the bearded dragons' biological function.

Species

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The following six species are recognised as being valid.[38]

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described under a different binomial.

[edit]
  • 3-month-old bearded dragon
    3-month-old bearded dragon
  • Male basking under a lamp
    Male basking under a lamp
  • Pogona infant
    Pogona infant
  • A male bearded dragon
    A male bearded dragon

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Wells, Richard W.; Wellington, C. Ross. 1985. "A Classification of the Reptilia and Amphibia of Australia". Australian J. Herp. Suppl. Ser. (1): 1–61. (Genus Pogona, p. 19).
  2. ^ "8 Reasons For Your Bearded Dragonś Black Beard". beardeddragontank.com.
  3. ^ "Housing". Care of Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  4. ^ a b Browne-Cooper, Robert; Brian Bush; Brad Maryan; David Robinson (2007). Reptiles and Frogs in the Bush: Southwestern Australia. University of Western Australia Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-920694-74-6. Pogona minor minor, Abrolhos Bearded Dragon
  5. ^ Pets, Lizard (23 May 2023). "Why do bearded dragons bob their heads at humans?". Lizard Pets.
  6. ^ Yang, R.; Brice, B.; Ryan, U. (2016). "Morphological and molecular characterization of Choleoeimeria pogonae n. sp. coccidian parasite (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae, 1989, Paperna and Landsberg) in a western bearded dragon (Pogona minor minor)". Experimental Parasitology. 160: 11–16. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2015.11.001. PMID 26586629.
  7. ^ "Central Bearded Dragon – Pogona vitticeps – Australian Museum". australianmuseum.net.au. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  8. ^ "Bearded Dragon (Pogona) Species Profile: Habitat, Diet, and Care". www.peteducation.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  9. ^ Mayer, William Vernon. “Dormancy.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 17 May 2016, www.britannica.com/science/dormancy#ref1121981.
  10. ^ Vosjoli, Philippe De. The Bearded Dragon Manual: Expert Advice for Keeping and Caring for a Healthy Bearded Dragon. 2nd ed., Lumina Media, 2016.
  11. ^ "Why Do Bearded Dragons Burrow? – Online Bearded Dragon Care". 21 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  12. ^ Doneley, Bob. "CARING FOR THE BEARDED DRAGON" (PDF). Exotics — Reptiles and Amphibians.
  13. ^ "Bearded dragons". Animals. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  14. ^ Jones MEH, Pistevos JC, Cooper N, Lappin, AK, Georges A Hutchinson MN, Holleley CE. (2020). "Reproductive phenotype predicts adult bite-force performance in sex reversed dragons (Pogona vitticeps)". Journal of Experimental Zoology A. 333 (4): 252‒263. Bibcode:2020JEZA..333..252J. doi:10.1002/jez.2353. hdl:10141/622643. PMID 32061035. S2CID 211122728.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Periat, Jennifer (Pat. J.) (17 February 2000). Harding, James (ed.). "Pogona vitticeps central bearded dragon". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  16. ^ Santacà, M.; Miletto Petrazzini, M. E.; Agrillo, C.; Wilkinson, A. (2019). "Can reptiles perceive visual illusions? Delboeuf illusion in red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) and bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps)". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 133 (4): 419–427. doi:10.1037/com0000176. PMID 30896231. S2CID 84842383.
  17. ^ Green, Darren. Keeping Bearded Dragons Pogona Species. Australian Reptile Keeper, 2009.
  18. ^ Amey Andrew P. Whittier Joan M. (2000) The annual reproductive cycle and sperm storage in the bearded dragon, Pogona barbata. Australian Journal of Zoology 48, 411–419.
  19. ^ Hosking, Chris. “Australian Museum.” Central Bearded Dragon - Pogona Vitticeps, 2 May 2017, australianmuseum.net.au/central-bearded-dragon.
  20. ^ Castelli, Megan; Georges, Arthur (4 November 2020). "Evolving thermal thresholds explain the distribution of temperature sex reversal in an Australian dragon lizard". Diversity and Distributions. 27 (3): 427–438. doi:10.1111/ddi.13203. hdl:1885/274579.
  21. ^ Jones, Marc; Pistavos, Jennifer; Cooper, Natalie; Lappin, AK; Georges, Arthur (April 2020). "Reproductive phenotype predicts adult bite-force performance in sex-reversed dragons (Pogona vitticeps)". Journal of Experimental Zoology A. 333 (4): 252–263. Bibcode:2020JEZA..333..252J. doi:10.1002/jez.2353. hdl:10141/622643. PMID 32061035.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Brown, Danny. A Guide to Australian Dragons in Captivity. ABK Publications, 2012
  23. ^ "Exports of Australian native plants and animals". environment.gov.au. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  24. ^ "Hades Dragons". hadesdragons.co.uk. 2010. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  25. ^ "Oldest bearded dragon ever". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  26. ^ "Bearded Dragon". BeWild Reptile Rescue. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  27. ^ "Metabolic Bone Disease MDB". Bearded Dragons World. July 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  28. ^ "Bearded Dragon Egg Bound". Bearded Dragons World. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  29. ^ "Yellow Fungus Disease". Bearded Dragons World. July 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  30. ^ "Bearded Dragons – Diseases". vca_corporate. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  31. ^ Schmidt-Ukaj, S.; Hochleithner, M.; Richter, B.; Hochleithner, C.; Brandstetter, D.; Knotek, Z. (20 September 2017). "A survey of diseases in captive bearded dragons: a retrospective study of 529 patients". Veterinární Medicína. 62 (9): 508–515. doi:10.17221/162/2016-VETMED.
  32. ^ "MBD – Metabolic Bone Disease". Beautiful Dragos Reptile Rescue. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  33. ^ Tricia Power (1995–2012). "Calcium Deficiency". Tricia's Chinese Water Dragon, Reptile and Amphibian Care Page. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  34. ^ "Bearded Dragon Impaction: All Signs & Treatment". 5 August 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  35. ^ "Atadenovirus – This Disease Can Be Deadly To Your Bearded Dragon". www.reptilesmagazine.com. 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  36. ^ Bjornebo, Heather (11 August 2016). "Atadenovirus in Bearded Dragons". azeah.com. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  37. ^ "Pet Reptiles Need Vitamin D and Calcium for Bone Health". College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  38. ^ ""IUCN search Pogona – Genus"".

Further reading

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  • Storr GM. 1982. "Revision of the Bearded Dragons (Lacertilia: Agamidae) of Western Australia with Notes on the Dismemberment of the Genus Amphibolurus ". Rec. Western Australia Mus. 10 (2): 199–214. (Pogona, new genus, p. 201).
[edit]
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