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{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{Taxobox
{{speciesbox
| name = Western Tragopan
| name = Western tragopan
| image = WesternTragopan.jpg
| image = WesternTragopan.jpg
| status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2017 |title=''Tragopan melanocephalus'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T22679147A112467383 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22679147A112467383.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| trend = down
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
⚫
| genus = Tragopan
| ordo = [[Galliformes]]
⚫
| species = melanocephalus
⚫
| familia = [[Phasianidae]]
⚫
| authority = ([[John Edward Gray|Gray, JE]], 1829)
| subfamilia = [[Phasianinae]]
⚫
| genus = ''[[Tragopan]]''
⚫
| species = '''''T. melanocephalus'''''
| binomial = ''Tragopan melanocephalus''
⚫
| binomial_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1829
| range_map = Tragopan_melanocephalus_map.png
| range_map = Tragopan_melanocephalus_map.png
}}
}}
The '''Western Tragopan''' or '''Western Horned Tragopan''' (''Tragopan melanocephalus'') is a medium-sized brightly plumaged [[pheasant]] found along the [[Himalayas]] from Hazara in northern [[Pakistan]] in the west to [[Uttarakhand]] within [[India]] to the east. The species is highly endangered and globally threatened.
The '''western tragopan''' or '''western horned tragopan''' ('''''Tragopan melanocephalus''''') is a medium-sized brightly plumed [[pheasant]] found along the range of [[Himalayas]] from north-eastern districts of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province in northern [[Pakistan]] in the west to [[Uttarakhand]] within [[India]] to the east. The species is highly endangered and globally threatened.


==Identification==
==Identification==
⚫
The male is very dark, grey and black with numerous white spots, each spot bordered with black and deep crimson patches on the sides and back of the neck. The throat is bare with blue skin while the bare facial skin is red. They have a small black occipital [[Crest (feathers)|crest]]. Females have pale brownish-grey upper parts finely [[vermiculated]] and spotted with black, and most of the feathers have black patches and central white streaks. Immature males resemble females, but are larger with longer legs and a variable amount of black on the head and red on neck.
[[Image:WestTragopan.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration by [[D J Elliot]]]]
⚫
The male is very dark, grey and black with numerous white spots, each spot bordered with black and deep crimson patches on the sides and back of the neck. The throat is bare with blue skin while the bare facial skin is red. They have a small black occipital [[Crest (feathers)|crest]]. Females have pale brownish-grey upper parts finely vermiculated and spotted with black, and most of the feathers have black patches and central white streaks. Immature males resemble females, but are larger in size with longer legs and variable amount of black on head and red on neck.


Males weigh 1,800–2,200 g and females 1,300–1,400 g. The males vary in length from 55–60&nbsp;cm while the females are 48–50&nbsp;cm.
Males weigh {{convert|1.8|–|2.2|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and females weigh {{convert|1.25|-|1.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "CRC">''CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses'' by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), {{ISBN|978-0-8493-4258-5}}.</ref> The males vary in length from {{convert|55|–|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} while the females are {{convert|48|–|50|cm|in|abbr=on}}.


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Five populations are known from Kohistan, Kaghan valley, Kishtwar, Chamba, Kullu and an area east of the Satluj river. They are found from an altitude of 1,750 m to 3,600 m, going up higher in summer. Their preferred habitat is the dense understorey of temperate, subalpine and broad-leaved forest.
Five populations are known from [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]] and [[Kaghan valley]] in [[Pakistan]] and from [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], [[Chamba district|Chamba]] and [[Kullu district|Kullu]] districts of India as well as from an area east of the [[Satluj]] river in India. They are found from an altitude of 1,750 to 3,600&nbsp;m, going higher in summer. Their preferred habitat is the dense understorey of temperate, subalpine and broad-leaved forest.


==Habits==
==Habitats==
It inhabits upper [[temperate forest]]s between 2,400 and 3,600 m in summer, and in winter, dense coniferous and broad-leaved forests between 2,000 to 2,800 m elevations. The Western Tragopan is mostly arboreal but feeds on the ground. They feed mostly on leaves, shoots, seeds, but also consume [[insects]] and other [[invertebrates]]. Like most of the pheasants, they roost in trees singly or in pairs except during nesting.
It inhabits upper [[temperate forest]]s between 2,400 and 3,600&nbsp;m in summer, and in winter, dense coniferous and broad-leaved forests between 2,000 and 2,800&nbsp;m elevations. The western tragopan is mostly arboreal but feeds on the ground. They feed mostly on leaves, shoots and seeds, but also consume [[insects]] and other [[invertebrates]]. Like most pheasants, they roost in trees singly or in pairs except during nesting.


The males during display show the throat inflated into lappets that appear purple with pink margins. They also display blue horns with a fancied resemblance to those of the Greek mythological god [[Pan (mythology)|Pan]], whence the name ''Tragopan'' (''Tragos'' goat + ''Pan''). During the display they call and the song is a loud two-note ringing ''wou-weee'' which is repeated every second for long periods. The [[Reproduction|breeding]] season is May–June. They build their nests in low tree hollows.
During display, the males show the throat inflated into lappets that appear purple with pink margins. They also display blue horns with a fancied resemblance to those of the Greek mythological god [[Pan (mythology)|Pan]], whence the name ''tragopan'' (''tragos'' "goat" + ''Pan''). During the display they call and the song is a loud two-note ringing ''wou-weee'' which is repeated every second for long periods. The [[Reproduction|breeding]] season is May and June. They build their nests in low tree hollows.

They are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance and avoid disturbed habitats (for instance, hydro-electric project development sites).<ref>Jolli, Virat & Pandit, M. K. (2011). "Monitoring pheasants (Phasianidae) in the Western Himalayas to measure the impact of hydro-electric projects". The Ring 33: 37-46. {{doi|10.2478/v10050-011-0003-7}}</ref>


==Status==
==Status==
[[File:Rekong Peo to Sarahan 052.jpg|thumb|Sign about Western tragopans near [[Sarahan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India]]
The Western Tragopan is considered the rarest of all living pheasants. Their range is very restricted. In Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh, this bird is locally called ''Jujurana'' which means '''King of Birds'''.
The western tragopan is considered as one of the rarest


living pheasants. Its range is very restricted. In the Kashmir valley, it is known as ''daangeer'', in Chamba as ''phulgar'' and in the [[Kullu Valley|Kullu valley]] as ''jujurana'' ("king of birds"). It was accorded the status of state bird of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in 2007.
⚫
Population of C is threatened by several [[human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] factors throughout its range. The world population is estimated at less than 5,000 individuals, including a captive population of less than five at the moment. [[CITES]] has listed this species in Appendix I in order to discourage selling of its feathers. Representing the endemic bird area D02 of Western Himalaya, the Western Tragopan has been described as a range-restricted species.

⚫
The population of the western tragopan is threatened by several [[human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] factors throughout its range. The world population is estimated at fewer than 5,000 individuals, including a [[captive breeding]] population in [[Himachal Pradesh]] which numbered fewer than ten pairs in 2012.<ref name = "BirdLife">{{cite web | title = Western Tragopan ''Tragopan melanocephalus'' | url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=237 | publisher = [[BirdLife International]] | access-date = 9 September 2015}}</ref> [[CITES]] has listed this species in Appendix I in order to discourage selling of its feathers. Representing the endemic bird area D02 of Western Himalaya, the western tragopan has been described as a range-restricted species.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:DodoMansur.jpg| by [[Ustad Mansur]] 1625
File:WestTragopan.jpg|by [[Daniel Giraud Elliot|D G Elliot]] 1872
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=22062|title=Tragopan melanocephalus|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is vulnerable and the criteria used
* Rasmussen, P.C & Anderton, J. C. (2005) Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions.
* Rasmussen, P.C & Anderton, J. C. (2005) Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions.


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=237&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]
* [http://www.redlist.org/search/details.php?species=22062 IUCN Red List]
* [http://www.tragopan.nl Tragopanery The Valendries]
* [http://www.greathimalayannationalpark.com Home of Western Tragopan]
* [http://www.greathimalayannationalpark.com Home of Western Tragopan]
* [http://www.himachal.nic.in/tour/glance.htm](Government of Himachal Pradesh )
* [http://www.himachal.nic.in/tour/glance.htm] (Government of Himachal Pradesh )


⚫
{{Phasianidae}}
⚫
[[Category:Tragopan]]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q845992}}
⚫
[[Category:Fauna of the Himalayas]]
⚫
[[Category:Birds of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Birds of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Birds of India]]
[[Category:Birds of Nepal]]


[[br:Tragopan ar c'hornôg]]
[[Category:Tragopan|western tragopan]]
⚫
[[Category:Birds of Pakistan]]
[[ca:Tragopan occidental]]
⚫
[[Category:Birds of North India]]
[[de:Schwarzkopftragopan]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1829|western tragopan]]
[[es:Tragopan melanocephalus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray|western tragopan]]
[[eo:Nigrakapa tragopano]]
⚫
[[Category:Symbols of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[fr:Tragopan de Hastings]]
[[hu:Kasmír-tragopán]]
[[nl:Zwartkapsaterhoen]]
[[ja:ハイイロジュケイ]]
[[pnb:ججورانا]]
[[pl:Tragopan rudolicy]]
[[simple:Western Tragopan]]
[[zh:黑头角雉]]

Latest revision as of 07:06, 11 July 2024

Western tragopan
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Genus: Tragopan
Species:
T. melanocephalus
Binomial name
Tragopan melanocephalus
(Gray, JE, 1829)

The western tragopan or western horned tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus) is a medium-sized brightly plumed pheasant found along the range of Himalayas from north-eastern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in northern Pakistan in the west to Uttarakhand within India to the east. The species is highly endangered and globally threatened.

Identification

[edit]

The male is very dark, grey and black with numerous white spots, each spot bordered with black and deep crimson patches on the sides and back of the neck. The throat is bare with blue skin while the bare facial skin is red. They have a small black occipital crest. Females have pale brownish-grey upper parts finely vermiculated and spotted with black, and most of the feathers have black patches and central white streaks. Immature males resemble females, but are larger with longer legs and a variable amount of black on the head and red on neck.

Males weigh 1.8–2.2 kg (4.0–4.9 lb) and females weigh 1.25–1.4 kg (2.8–3.1 lb).[3] The males vary in length from 55–60 cm (22–24 in) while the females are 48–50 cm (19–20 in).

Distribution

[edit]

Five populations are known from Kohistan and Kaghan valley in Pakistan and from Kishtwar, Chamba and Kullu districts of India as well as from an area east of the Satluj river in India. They are found from an altitude of 1,750 to 3,600 m, going higher in summer. Their preferred habitat is the dense understorey of temperate, subalpine and broad-leaved forest.

Habitats

[edit]

It inhabits upper temperate forests between 2,400 and 3,600 m in summer, and in winter, dense coniferous and broad-leaved forests between 2,000 and 2,800 m elevations. The western tragopan is mostly arboreal but feeds on the ground. They feed mostly on leaves, shoots and seeds, but also consume insects and other invertebrates. Like most pheasants, they roost in trees singly or in pairs except during nesting.

During display, the males show the throat inflated into lappets that appear purple with pink margins. They also display blue horns with a fancied resemblance to those of the Greek mythological god Pan, whence the name tragopan (tragos "goat" + Pan). During the display they call and the song is a loud two-note ringing wou-weee which is repeated every second for long periods. The breeding season is May and June. They build their nests in low tree hollows.

They are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance and avoid disturbed habitats (for instance, hydro-electric project development sites).[4]

Status

[edit]
Sign about Western tragopans near Sarahan, Himachal Pradesh, India

The western tragopan is considered as one of the rarest

living pheasants. Its range is very restricted. In the Kashmir valley, it is known as daangeer, in Chamba as phulgar and in the Kullu valley as jujurana ("king of birds"). It was accorded the status of state bird of Himachal Pradesh in 2007.

The population of the western tragopan is threatened by several anthropogenic factors throughout its range. The world population is estimated at fewer than 5,000 individuals, including a captive breeding population in Himachal Pradesh which numbered fewer than ten pairs in 2012.[5] CITES has listed this species in Appendix I in order to discourage selling of its feathers. Representing the endemic bird area D02 of Western Himalaya, the western tragopan has been described as a range-restricted species.

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Tragopan melanocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22679147A112467383. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22679147A112467383.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  4. ^ Jolli, Virat & Pandit, M. K. (2011). "Monitoring pheasants (Phasianidae) in the Western Himalayas to measure the impact of hydro-electric projects". The Ring 33: 37-46. doi:10.2478/v10050-011-0003-7
  5. ^ "Western Tragopan Tragopan melanocephalus". BirdLife International. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  • Rasmussen, P.C & Anderton, J. C. (2005) Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions.
[edit]
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