Edwin Frederick O'Brien: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|American Catholic prelate (born 1939)}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2019}} |
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{{Infobox Christian leader |
{{Infobox Christian leader |
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| type |
| type = Cardinal |
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| honorific-prefix = [[His Eminence]] |
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| name = Edwin Frederick O'Brien |
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| name = Edwin Frederick O'Brien |
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| title = [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre|Pro-Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem]] |
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| |
| title = {{ubl |
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| [[Cardinal priest]] of [[San Sebastiano al Palatino]] |
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| alt = |
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| [[Grand Masters and Lieutenancies of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre|Grand Master emeritus]] of the [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]] |
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| caption = |
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}} |
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| church = |
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| image = Rome Consistory Cardinal O'Brien.jpg |
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| alt = |
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| caption = Cardinal O'Brien in 2012 |
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| archdiocese = |
| archdiocese = |
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| church = {{ubl | [[Catholic Church]] | [[Latin Church]]}} |
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| diocese = |
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| appointed = March 15, 2012 |
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| see = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Baltimore (emeritus)]] |
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| retired = December 8, 2019 |
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| term = 29 August 2011—Present |
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| predecessor = [[John Patrick |
| predecessor = [[John Patrick Foley]] |
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| successor |
| successor = [[Fernando Filoni]] |
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| other_post = |
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<!-- Orders --> |
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| previous_post = {{indented plainlist| |
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| ordination = May 29, 1965 |
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* [[Archbishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Baltimore]] (2007{{nbnd}}2011) |
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| ordinated_by = Francis Cardinal Spellman |
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* [[Archbishop]] for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA|Military Services, USA]] (1997{{nbnd}}2007) |
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| consecration = March 25 1996 |
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* [[Auxiliary Bishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York|New York]] (1996{{nbnd}}1997) |
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| consecrated_by = John Cardinal O'Connor |
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* [[Titular Bishop]] of [[Diocese of Thizica|Thizica]] (1996{{nbnd}}1997) |
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| rank = |
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* Rector, St. Joseph's Seminary (1994{{nbnd}}1997) |
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<!-- Personal details --> |
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* Rector, [[Pontifical North American College]] (1990{{nbnd}}1994) |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|4|8|mf=y}} |
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* [[Prelate of Honour of His Holiness]] (1986{{nbnd}}1996)<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=GCatholic.org |url=https://gcatholic.org/hierarchy/data/cardB16-4.htm#2005 |title=Cardinals Created by Benedict XVI (2012) |date= |accessdate=March 8, 2024}}</ref> |
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| birth_place = [[Bronx, New York]] |
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* Rector, [[St. Joseph's Seminary, Dunwoodie|St. Joseph's Seminary]] (1985{{nbnd}}1989) |
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| death_date = |
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}} |
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| death_place = |
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<!---------- Orders ---------->| ordination = May 29, 1965 |
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| previous_post = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA|Archdiocese for the Military Services]] |
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| ordained_by = [[Francis Spellman]] |
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| consecration = March 25, 1996 |
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| consecrated_by = [[John O'Connor (cardinal)|John Joseph O'Connor]] |
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| cardinal = February 18, 2012 |
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| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]] |
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| rank = {{Ubl |
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| [[Cardinal deacon]] (2012{{nbnd}}2022) |
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| {{nowrap|[[Cardinal priest]] (2022{{nbnd}}present)}} |
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}} |
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<!---------- Personal details ---------->| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|4|8}} |
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| birth_place = [[The Bronx|Bronx, New York]], US |
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| death_date = |
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| death_place = |
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| coat_of_arms = Coat of arms of Edwin Frederick O'Brien, Grand Master Emeritus of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre.svg |
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| motto = {{langnf|la|Pastores dabo vobis|I will give you shepherds|break=yes}} [[Jeremiah 3]]:15 |
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| module = |
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}} |
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{{Ordination |
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| embed = no |
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| expand = ALL |
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| denomination = Catholic |
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| name = |
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| alternate name = |
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| ordained deacon by = |
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| date of diaconal ordination = |
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| place of diaconal ordination = |
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| ordained priest by = [[Francis Joseph Spellman]] |
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| date of priestly ordination = May 29, 1965 |
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| place of priestly ordination = [[St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan)|St. Patrick's Cathedral]], [[Archdiocese of New York]] |
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| consecrated by = [[John O'Connor (cardinal)|John Joseph O'Connor]] |
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| co-consecrators = {{ubl | [[Patrick Joseph Thomas Sheridan]], | [[John Gavin Nolan]]}} |
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| date of consecration = March 25, 1996 |
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| place of consecration = [[St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan)|St. Patrick's Cathedral]], [[Archdiocese of New York]] |
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| elevated by = [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]] |
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| date of elevation = February 18, 2012 |
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| bishop 1 = [[John Joseph Kaising]] |
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| consecration date 1 = 2000 |
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| bishop 2 = [[Richard Brendan Higgins]] |
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| consecration date 2 = 2004 |
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| bishop 3 = [[Joseph Walter Estabrook]] |
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| consecration date 3 = 2004 |
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| sources = [[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]<ref name="hierarchy"/> |
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}} |
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{{Infobox cardinal styles |
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| cardinal name = Edwin Frederick O'Brien |
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| image = Coat of arms of Edwin Frederick O'Brien, Grand Master Emeritus of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre.svg |
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| image_size = 200px |
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| dipstyle = [[His Eminence]] |
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| offstyle = Your Eminence |
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| relstyle = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] |
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| See = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Baltimore]] ([[Emeritus]]) |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Edwin Frederick O'Brien''' (born April 8, 1939) is an [[United States|American]] [[prelate]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He is the current [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre|Pro-Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem]] since his appointment by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] on 29 August 2011. <ref>[http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/27960.php?index=27960&po_date=29.08.2011&lang=en RINUNCIA DEL GRAN MAESTRO DELL'ORDINE EQUESTRE DEL SANTO SEPOLCRO DI GERUSALEMME E NOMINA DEL PRO-GRAN MAESTRO DEL MEDESIMO ORDINE EQUESTRE]</ref> He had previously served as the fifteenth [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Archbishop of Baltimore]], having previously served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese for the Military Services|Archbishop for the Military Services]] from 1997 to 2007. |
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'''Edwin Frederick O'Brien''' (born April 8, 1939) is an American [[prelate]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He has been a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] since 2012 and headed the [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]] from 2011 to 2019. |
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O'Brien served as archbishop of the [[Latin Church]] [[Archdiocese of Baltimore]] from 2007 to 2011 and as archbishop of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese for the Military Services|Archdiocese of the Military Services, USA]], from 1997 to 2007. He was an auxiliary bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York|Archdiocese of New York]] from 1996 to 1997. |
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==Early life and education== |
==Early life and education== |
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Edwin O'Brien was born in the [[The Bronx|Bronx]], [[New York]], to Edwin Frederick, Sr. and Mary Winifred O'Brien.<ref name= |
Edwin O'Brien was born on April 8, 1939, in the [[The Bronx|Bronx]], [[New York (state)|New York]], to Edwin Frederick, Sr. and Mary Winifred O'Brien.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cardinal Edwin F. O'Brien - Biography |url=https://www.archbalt.org/our-bishops/cardinal-edwin-f-obrien/cardinal-edwin-f-obrien-biography/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Archdiocese of Baltimore |language=en-US}}</ref> One of three children, he had two brothers, Ken and Tom O'Brien, now deceased. O'Brien graduated from Our Lady of Solace Parish School in the Bronx in 1953 and attended [[John F. Kennedy Catholic High School (Somers, New York)|St. Mary's High School]] in [[Katonah, New York]] from 1953 to 1957.<ref name=":0" /> |
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O'Brien entered [[St. Joseph's Seminary, Dunwoodie|St. Joseph's Seminary]] in Yonkers, New York in 1959, where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts (1961), [[Master of Divinity]] (1964), and Master of Arts (1965) degrees.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Priesthood== |
==Priesthood== |
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in O'Brien was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] to the priesthood at [[St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan)|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] in Manhattan for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York|Archdiocese of New York]] by Cardinal [[Francis Spellman]] on May 29, 1965.<ref name=":0" /> |
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O'Brien was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] to the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] by Cardinal [[Francis Spellman]] on May 29, 1965.<ref name=hierarchy>{{cite news|work=Catholic-Hierarchy.org|title=Archbishop Edwin Frederick O'Brien|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bobrien.html}}</ref> He then served as a civilian [[chaplain]] at the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York|West Point]] until 1970, whence he became an [[United States Army|army]] chaplain with the rank of [[Captain (United States)|Captain]].<ref name=baltimore/> He also took flight training that required him to parachute out of airplanes.<ref name=sun>{{cite news|work=[[Baltimore Sun]]|title=Edwin F. O'Brien: Highlights|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/topic/religion-belief/christianity/roman-catholic/edwin-f.-obrien-PERLL000306.topic}}</ref> O'Brien was a chaplain at [[Fort Bragg (North Carolina)|Fort Bragg]] in [[North Carolina]] with the [[82nd Airborne Division (United States)|82nd Division]] (1970–71), and in [[Vietnam]] with the [[173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team (United States)|173rd Airborne Brigade]] and [[1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States)|1st Cavalry Brigade]] (1971–72).<ref name=usccb>{{cite news|date=1997-08-12|work=[[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]|title=Pope Accepts Resignation of Archbishop Dimino; Names Archbishop O'Brien to Succeed Him in Military Archdiocese|url=http://www.usccb.org/comm/archives/1997/97-171.shtml}}</ref> While in Vietnam, he was based in a jungle and flew with a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] minister by [[helicopter]] to minister to soldiers.<ref name=baltimore/> From 1972 to 1973, he was a post chaplain at [[Fort Gordon]] in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. |
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O'Brien served as a civilian [[chaplain]] at the [[United States Military Academy]] at West Point until 1970, when he enlisted in the [[US Army Chaplain Corps|U.S. Army Chaplain Corps]] with the rank of [[Captain (United States)|captain]].<ref name=":0" /> He took Army flight training with parachute jumping.<ref name="sun">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |title=Edwin F. O'Brien: Highlights |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/topic/religion-belief/christianity/roman-catholic/edwin-f.-obrien-PERLL000306.topic |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125101/http://www.baltimoresun.com/topic/religion-belief/christianity/roman-catholic/edwin-f.-obrien-PERLL000306.topic |archivedate=April 13, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1970, O'Brien began serving as a chaplain at [[Fort Bragg (North Carolina)|Fort Bragg]] in North Carolina with the US Army [[82nd Airborne Division (United States)|82nd Airborne Division]]. |
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O'Brien was then sent by Cardinal [[Terence Cooke]] to study at the [[Pontifical North American College]] in [[Rome]] in 1973, and earned a [[Doctor of Sacred Theology|Doctorate in Sacred Theology]] from the [[Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)|''Angelicum'' University]] in 1976; his [[Thesis|dissertation]] was titled: ''"The Origin and Development of Moral Principles in the Theology of [[Paul Ramsey (ethicist)|Paul Ramsey]]."''<ref name=baltimore/> Upon his return to the [[United States]], he served as both the [[Chancellor (ecclesiastical)|vice-chancellor]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York|Archdiocese of New York]] and [[Curate|associate pastor]] at [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York|St. Patrick Cathedral]] from 1976 to 1981.<ref name=baltimore/> O'Brien coordinated [[Pope John Paul II]]'s visit to New York in 1979, and was the archdiocesan Director of Communications from 1981 to 1983.<ref name=baltimore/> Between 1983 and 1985, he served as [[Personal assistant|private secretary]] to Cardinal Cooke and then to his successor, Cardinal [[John Joseph O'Connor]].<ref name=baltimore/> |
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O'Brien was sent to [[South Vietnam]] in 1971 during the [[Vietnam War]] with the US Army [[173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team (United States)|173rd Airborne Brigade]] and the [[3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States)|3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division]].<ref name="usccb">{{cite news|date=August 12, 1997|work=[[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]|title=Pope Accepts Resignation of Archbishop Dimino; Names Archbishop O'Brien to Succeed Him in Military Archdiocese|url=http://www.usccb.org/comm/archives/1997/97-171.shtml}}</ref> While in South Vietnam, O'Brien was based in the countryside and flew with a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] minister by helicopter to minister to soldiers.<ref name="baltimore">{{cite news |title=His Eminence Edwin Cardinal O'Brien |work=[[Archdiocese of Baltimore]] |url=http://archbalt.org/about-us/the-archdiocese/our-history/people/obrien.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204200832/http://www.archbalt.org/about-us/the-archdiocese/our-history/people/obrien.cfm |archive-date=February 4, 2013}}</ref> In 1972, O'Brien was transferred to Georgia, serving as post chaplain at [[Fort Gordon]] until his discharge from the service in 1973. |
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O'Brien was raised to the rank of [[Monsignor|Honorary Prelate of His Holiness]] in 1986.<ref name=baltimore/> He served as [[rector]] of St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers from 1985 to 1989, and of the North American College in Rome from 1990 to 1994. Returning to New York, he served another term as rector of St. Joseph's from 1994 to 1997.<ref name=usccb/> |
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In 1973, Cardinal [[Terence Cooke]] sent O'Brien to study in Rome at the [[Pontifical North American College]] in Rome. He graduated from the [[Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)|Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas ''Angelicum'']] in Rome with a [[Doctor of Sacred Theology|Doctorate in Sacred Theology]] in 1976. His dissertation was titled ''The Origin and Development of Moral Principles in the Theology of [[Paul Ramsey (ethicist)|Paul Ramsey]]''.<ref name="baltimore" /> |
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==Episcopal career== |
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{{Infobox bishopstyles |
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| name=Edwin O'Brien |
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| dipstyle=[[The Most Reverend]] |
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| offstyle=[[Your Excellency]] |
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| relstyle=[[Archbishop]] |
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}} |
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On February 6, 1996, O'Brien was appointed [[Auxiliary bishop|Auxiliary Bishop]] of New York and [[Titular bishop|Titular Bishop]] of ''[[Diocese of Thizica|Thizica]]'' by John Paul II.<ref name=hierarchy/> He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal consecration]] on the following March 25 from Cardinal O'Connor, with Bishops [[Patrick Joseph Thomas Sheridan|Patrick Sheridan]] and [[John Gavin Nolan|John Nolan]] serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]], at St. Patrick's Cathedral.<ref name=hierarchy/> He selected as his episcopal [[motto]]: ''Pastores Dabo Vobis'', meaning, "I will give you shepherds" ({{Bibleverse||Jeremiah|3:15}}).<ref name=baltimore/> |
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Returning to New York, O'Brien served as both the [[Chancellor (ecclesiastical)|vice-chancellor]] of the Archdiocese of New York and [[Curate|associate pastor]] at [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York|St. Patrick Cathedral Parish]] in Manhattan from 1976 to 1981.<ref name=":0" /> He coordinated [[Pope John Paul II]]'s visit to New York in 1979 and was the archdiocesan director of communications from 1981 to 1983.<ref name=":0" /> Between 1983 and 1985, O'Brien served as Cooke's priest-secretary, then for his successor, Cardinal [[John O'Connor (cardinal)|John O'Connor]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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===Archbishop for the Military Services=== |
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O'Brien was later named [[Coadjutor bishop|Coadjutor Archbishop]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA|for the Military Services]] on April 7, 1997.<ref name=hierarchy/> He succeeded [[Joseph Thomas Dimino]] as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA|Archbishop for the Military Services]] upon the latter's retirement on August 12 of that year. As archbishop, O'Brien served as head of the American Catholic [[military ordinariate]], ministering to 1.5 million Catholics in the [[United States armed forces|armed forces]] and providing oversight to 300 Catholic chaplains.<ref name=corrigan>{{cite news|date=2007-08-04|work=[[The Baltimore Examiner]]|title=Archbishop O'Brien to Begin Stewardship with Listening Tour|url=http://www.examiner.com/a-863154~Archbishop_O_Brien_to_begin_stewardship_with_listening_tour.html|last=Corrigan|first=G.M.}}</ref> He also abdicated his [[titular see]] of ''Thizica'' on March 7, 1998.<ref name=hierarchy/> |
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O'Brien was elevated by the Vatican to [[Monsignor|honorary prelate of his holiness]] in 1986.<ref name=":0" /> He served as [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of St. Joseph's Seminary from 1985 to 1989, and of the Pontifical North American College from 1990 to 1994. Returning to New York, O'Brien served another term as rector of St. Joseph's from 1994 to 1997.<ref name="usccb" /> |
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During his decade-long tenure, he divided his time between visiting American troops and working with the North American College. He was greatly involved in the case of Eugene Hamilton, a 25-year-old [[Seminary|seminarian]] who was diagnosed with terminal [[cancer]] during the course of his studies.<ref name=gotham>{{cite news|date=2007-07-12|work=Whispers in the Loggia|title=Balto Goes Gotham|url=http://whispersintheloggia.blogspot.com/2007/07/balto-goes-gotham.html|last=Palmo|first=Rocco}}</ref> O'Brien successfully petitioned the [[Holy See|Vatican]] for Hamilton's early ordination, and ordained him a priest only hours before he died.<ref name=gotham/> In 1993, he initiated the [[Canonization|cause of canonization]] for [[Emil Kapaun]], a chaplain killed during the [[Korean War]].<ref name=kapaun>{{cite news|date=2008-07-17|work=[[Catholic News Service]]|title=Canonization cause formally opened for Father Kapaun, Korean War hero|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0803715.htm|last=Riggs|first=Christopher}}</ref> |
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=== Auxiliary Bishop of New York === |
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From September 2005 to June 2006, the Archbishop served in the additional role of the Vatican's coordinator for the [[Pope|Papal]] [[Canonical Visitation|Visitation]] of Seminaries and Houses of Priestly Formation.<ref name=baltimore/><ref name=visitation>{{cite news|date=2006-09-16|work=[[Catholic News Service]]|title=Homosexuality question for seminary visitations sparks flap|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0505289.htm|last=Filteau|first=Jerry}}</ref> He expressed his personal opposition to admitting homosexuals to seminaries, a position he said was "based on 12 years' experience as rector of two U.S. seminaries."<ref name=gays>{{cite news|date=2005-09-07|work=[[Catholic News Service]]|title=Archbishop: Seminaries should not accept even celibate homosexuals|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20050907.htm}}</ref><ref name=seminary>{{cite news|date=2005-09-30|work=[[Catholic News Service]]|title=Archbishop says he's not speaking for Vatican on gays in seminaries|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20050930.htm}}</ref> He was recognized as being "instrumental in Catholic seminary reform in the wake of [[Catholic sex abuse cases|clergy sex abuse disclosures]]."<ref name=corrigan/> |
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On February 6, 1996, John Paul II appointed O'Brien as [[auxiliary bishop]] of New York and titular bishop of [[Diocese of Thizica|Thizica]]I.<ref name="hierarchy">{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |publisher=David M. Cheney |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bobrien.html |title=Edwin Frederick Cardinal O’Brien |date=February 25, 2024 |accessdate=March 8, 2024}}</ref> He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal consecration]] on March 25, 1996, by Cardinal O'Connor, with bishops [[Patrick Joseph Thomas Sheridan|Patrick Sheridan]] and [[John Gavin Nolan|John Nolan]] serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]], at St. Patrick's Cathedral.<ref name="hierarchy" /> O'Brien selected as his episcopal motto: {{lang|la|Pastores Dabo Vobis}}, meaning, "I will give you shepherds" [[Jeremiah 3]]:15.<ref name=":0" /> |
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During this time, O’Brien continued to serve as rector of St. Joseph's Seminary. While serving there, he ordained (with Vatican permission) Reverend Eugene Hamilton, a 24-year old seminarian who was suffering from [[Terminal illness|terminal cancer.]] O'Connor had petitioned the Vatican for Hamilton's early ordination, which O'Brien officiated a few hours before Hamilton died.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kramer |first=Peter D. |title=Ordained only 3 hours, he is forever a priest |url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/rockland/haverstraw/2017/01/18/ordained-only-3-hours-he-forever-priest/96356298/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=The Journal News |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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In 2006, O'Brien noted that [[Opposition to the Iraq War|declining public support]] for [[Iraq War|war in Iraq]] was also leading to a decrease in morale among the troops, adding, "The news only shows [[Car bomb|cars being blown up]], but the soldiers see [[hospital]]s being built and [[school]]s opening."<ref name=iraq>{{cite news|date=2006-12-14|work=[[Catholic News Service]]|title=Iraq: More deaths, few stories of hope leave many asking what's next|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0607121.htm|last=Linskey|first=Regina}}</ref> By 2007, he believed that the state of the operation "compels an assessment of our current circumstances and the continuing obligation of the Church to provide a moral framework for public discussion."<ref name=gotham/> He refused to "question the moral integrity of our military personnel," but added, "[O]ur nation must honestly assess what is achievable in Iraq using the traditional just war principles of 'probability of success'...Our troops should remain in Iraq only as long as their presence contributes to a responsible transition."<ref name=gotham/><ref name=war>{{cite news|date=2007-05-30|work=[[Catholic News Service]]|title=U.S. must honestly assess what is achievable in Iraq, says archbishop|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703028.htm|last=Asher|first=Julie}}</ref> |
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===Archbishop for the Military Services, USA=== |
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He opposed the [[H.R. 5122 (2006)|National Defense Authorization Act of 2007]], claiming it "would seek to impose a legislative mandate for military chaplains without considering the religious needs of all military members...[and] may well result in less public prayer and marginalization of military chaplains."<ref name=act>{{cite news|date=2006-10-04|work=[[Catholic News Service]]|title=Proposal on chaplains' prayers could hurt military, archbishop says|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0605633.htm|last=O'Brien|first=Nancy Frazier}}</ref> He became a member of the [[Congregation for Catholic Education]] in the [[Roman Curia]] in May 2007.<ref name=curia>{{cite news|date=2007-05-24|work=[[Catholic News Service]]|title=Pope names North Americans to two Vatican offices|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20070524.htm}}</ref> |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Coat of arms of Edwin Frederick O'Brien(Military Service).jpg|center|thumb|200px|Coat of Arms as Archbishop of the Military Services]] --> |
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On April 7, 1997, John Paul II appointed O'Brien as coadjutor archbishop for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA|Archdiocese of the Military Services, USA]].<ref name=hierarchy/> He succeeded Archbishop [[Joseph Thomas Dimino|Joseph Dimino]] when he retired on August 12, 1997. <ref name="kapaun" /> |
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During his ten years as archbishop,, O'Brien divided his time between visiting American troops and working with the Pontifical North American College. In 1993, he initiated the [[Canonization|cause of canonization]] for Reverend [[Emil Kapaun]], a US Army chaplain killed while in North Korean captivity during the [[Korean War]].<ref name="kapaun">{{cite news|date=July 17, 2008 |work=[[Catholic News Service]] |title=Canonization cause formally opened for Father Kapaun, Korean War hero |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0803715.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120515172523/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0803715.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 15, 2012 |last=Riggs |first=Christopher }}</ref> |
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===Archbishop of Baltimore=== |
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[[Pope Benedict XVI]] appointed O'Brien the fifteenth [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Archbishop of Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], on July 12, 2007.<ref name=hierarchy/> Recalling the call he received from the [[Nunciature of the Holy See in Washington, D.C.|Apostolic Nunciature]], O'Brien immediately accepted the appointment and later remarked, "I guess that's one thing I take from the military. When you're given an order, you accept."<ref name=succeeds>{{cite news|date=2007-07-12|work=[[Catholic News Service]]|title=Cardinal Keeler retires; Archbishop O'Brien succeeds him in Baltimore|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703978.htm|last=O'Brien|first=Nancy Frazier}}</ref> He also felt "deep sadness" over leaving the military archdiocese, but pledged to give himself "to the task of making [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] known by preaching his word and serving his people" in his new post.<ref name=succeeds/> He succeeded Cardinal [[William Henry Keeler]], and was formally [[Enthronement|installed]] as Archbishop at the [[Cathedral of Mary Our Queen]] on the following October 1.<ref name=hierarchy/> As head of the nation's oldest diocese, he is the spiritual leader of over 500,000 Catholics in Maryland and holds the status of ''[[primus inter pares]]'' in the American hierarchy. |
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From September 2005 to June 2006, O'Brien also served as the Vatican's coordinator for the papal [[Canonical Visitation|visitation]] of seminaries and houses of priestly formation.<ref name="visitation">{{cite news|date=September 16, 2006 |work=[[Catholic News Service]] |title=Homosexuality question for seminary visitations sparks flap |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0505289.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050917110757/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0505289.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 17, 2005 |last=Filteau |first=Jerry }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He expressed his personal opposition to admitting [[gay men]] to seminaries, a position he said was "based on 12 years' experience as rector of two U.S. seminaries".<ref name="gays">{{cite news|date=September 7, 2005 |work=[[Catholic News Service]] |title=Archbishop: Seminaries should not accept even celibate homosexuals |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20050907.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050908065351/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20050907.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 8, 2005 }}</ref><ref name="seminary">{{cite news|date=September 30, 2005 |work=[[Catholic News Service]] |title=Archbishop says he's not speaking for Vatican on gays in seminaries |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20050930.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20051005231959/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20050930.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 5, 2005 }}</ref> His report also called for a stronger focus on [[Ethics in religion|moral theology]], increased oversight of [[Seminary|seminarians]], and greater involvement of diocesan bishops in the formation process. He was recognized as being "instrumental in Catholic seminary reform in the wake of [[Catholic sex abuse cases|clergy sex abuse disclosures]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=CARDINAL EDWIN F. O'BRIEN |url=https://cathedralofmary.org/people/cardinal-edwin-f-obrien |access-date=October 27, 2023 |website=Cathedral of Mary Our Queen}}</ref> |
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Commenting on O'Brien's appointment, ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'' said, "He has leapt from military airplanes, served in jungles during the [[Vietnam War]] and travelled extensively to current battle zones in [[Afghanistan]] and Iraq. From his working-class roots...to the upper echelons of Catholic power—carrying a Christian message of peace and love to some of the world's worst war-torn terrain".<ref name=military>{{cite news|date=2007-07-13|work=[[Baltimore Sun]]|title=Ministering t military has bracketed O'Brien's career|last=Donovan|first=Doug and Nicole Fuller}}</ref> ''[[The Baltimore Examiner]]'' described him as "Army jump school-qualified and troubleshooter for God at Catholic seminaries and remote Vietnam War firebases alike."<ref name=corrigan/> Following his tour of the Archdiocese, O'Brien lamented the large presence of poverty and violence in [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], saying, "I think anybody who wants to take a walk can find areas with very nice homes, well-kept lawns, good streets and sidewalks, and maybe 15 minutes later find themselves in a neighborhood that is just racked, torn apart, as if a war had just been fought."<ref name=city>{{cite news|date=2008-01-11|work=[[Catholic News Service]]|title=Baltimore's new archbishop talks about hopes, challenges|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20080111.htm}}</ref> |
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In 2006, O'Brien noted that [[Opposition to the Iraq War|declining public support]] for the [[Iraq War]] was leading to a decrease in morale among the troops, adding, "The news only shows cars being blown up, but the soldiers see hospitals being built and schools opening."<ref name="iraq">{{cite news|date=December 14, 2006 |work=[[Catholic News Service]] |title=Iraq: More deaths, few stories of hope leave many asking what's next |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0607121.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061230181130/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0607121.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 30, 2006 |last=Linskey |first=Regina }}</ref> By 2007, he believed that the status of US operations in Iraq "compels an assessment of our current circumstances and the continuing obligation of the Church to provide a moral framework for public discussion."<ref name="gotham">{{cite news|date=July 12, 2007|work=Whispers in the Loggia |title=Balto Goes Gotham|url=http://whispersintheloggia.blogspot.com/2007/07/balto-goes-gotham.html|last=Palmo|first=Rocco}}</ref> O'Brien refused to "question the moral integrity of our military personnel," but added, <blockquote>"[O]ur nation must honestly assess what is achievable in Iraq using the traditional just war principles of 'probability of success' ... Our troops should remain in Iraq only as long as their presence contributes to a responsible transition."<ref name="gotham" /><ref name="war">{{cite news|date=May 30, 2007 |work=[[Catholic News Service]] |title=U.S. must honestly assess what is achievable in Iraq, says archbishop |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703028.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118190435/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703028.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 18, 2013 |last=Asher |first=Julie }}</ref></blockquote>O'Brien opposed the [[H.R. 5122 (2006)|National Defense Authorization Act of 2007]]. He said that it <blockquote>"would seek to impose a legislative mandate for military chaplains without considering the religious needs of all military members ... [and] may well result in less public prayer and marginalization of military chaplains."<ref name="act">{{cite news|date=October 4, 2006 |work=[[Catholic News Service]] |title=Proposal on chaplains' prayers could hurt military, archbishop says |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0605633.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061010185320/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0605633.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 10, 2006 |last=O'Brien |first=Nancy Frazier }}</ref> </blockquote>He was appointed a member of the [[Congregation for Catholic Education]] in the [[Roman Curia]] in May 2007.<ref name="curia">{{cite news|date=May 24, 2007 |work=[[Catholic News Service]] |title=Pope names North Americans to two Vatican offices |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20070524.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119042304/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20070524.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 19, 2013 }}</ref> |
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Although three of his predecessors were given the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|red hat]], O'Brien was not elevated to the [[College of Cardinals]] in the [[consistory]] of November 24, 2007. It is likely that he will not be made a cardinal until his predecessor, Cardinal Keeler, reaches the age of 80 in 2011, and thereby becomes unable to participate in a [[papal conclave]]. |
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===Archbishop of Baltimore=== |
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On June 29, 2008, O'Brien was invested with the [[pallium]], a [[vestment]] worn by [[metropolitan bishop]]s, by Benedict XVI at [[St. Peter's Basilica]].<ref name=pallium>{{cite news|date=2008-06-30|work=[[Catholic News Service]]|title=Pope gives palliums to archbishops, says church's mission is to unite|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0803436.htm|last=Glatz|first=Carol}}</ref> He dedicated the Pope John Paul II Prayer Garden, which he has called a "sanctuary in a suffering city," in downtown Baltimore in October 2008.<ref name=garden>{{cite news|date=2008-10-24|work=[[Baltimore Sun]]|title=An urban 'sanctuary'|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-md.ci.garden24oct24,0,1459123.story|last=Kelly|first=Jacques}}</ref> |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Coat of arms of Edwin Frederick O'Brien(Baltimore).jpg|center|thumb|200px|Coat of Arms as Archbishop of Baltimore]] --> |
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On July 12, 2007, Pope [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]] appointed O'Brien as the 15th archbishop of Baltimore.<ref name=hierarchy/> Recalling the call he received from the [[Nunciature of the Holy See in Washington, D.C.|apostolic nunciature]], O'Brien immediately accepted the appointment and later remarked, "I guess that's one thing I take from the military. When you're given an order, you accept."<ref name=succeeds>{{cite news|date=July 12, 2007 |work=[[Catholic News Service]] |title=Cardinal Keeler retires; Archbishop O'Brien succeeds him in Baltimore |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703978.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119010617/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703978.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |last=O'Brien |first=Nancy Frazier }}</ref> He succeeded Cardinal [[William Henry Keeler|William Keeler]]. O'Brien was installed at the [[Cathedral of Mary Our Queen]] in Baltimore on October 1, 2007. |
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As head of the nation's oldest archdioceses, O'Brien held the status of ''[[primus inter pares]]'' in the American hierarchy. Commenting on O'Brien's appointment, ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'' said, <blockquote>"He has leapt from military airplanes, served in jungles during the [[Vietnam War]] and travelled extensively to current battle zones in [[Afghanistan]] and Iraq. From his working-class roots ... to the upper echelons of Catholic power—carrying a Christian message of peace and love to some of the world's worst war-torn terrain".<ref name="military">{{cite news|date=July 13, 2007|access-date= April 6, 2019| work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]| url = https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2007-07-13-0707130198-story.html |title= O'Brien spent past decade ministering to military|last1=Donovan|first1=Doug |first2=Nicole |last2=Fuller}}</ref> </blockquote>Following his tour of the archdiocese, O'Brien lamented the amount of poverty and violence in [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], saying, <blockquote>"I think anybody who wants to take a walk can find areas with very nice homes, well-kept lawns, good streets and sidewalks, and maybe 15 minutes later find themselves in a neighborhood that is just racked, torn apart, as if a war had just been fought."<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2008 |title=Baltimore's new archbishop talks about hopes, challenges |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20080111.htm |access-date=October 27, 2023 |publisher=Catholic News Service |archive-date=May 21, 2008 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080521192957/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/briefs/cns/20080111.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>On June 29, 2008, Benedict XVI invested O'Brien with the [[pallium]], a [[vestment]] worn by [[metropolitan bishop]]s, at [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Rome.<ref name="pallium">{{cite news|date=June 30, 2008|work=[[Catholic News Service]]|title=Pope gives palliums to archbishops, says church's mission is to unite|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0803436.htm|last=Glatz|first=Carol|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080708205549/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0803436.htm|archive-date=July 8, 2008}}</ref> In October 2008, O'Brien dedicated the Pope John Paul II Prayer Garden in Baltimore, which he called a "sanctuary in a suffering city."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pope John Paul II Prayer Garden |url=https://www.archbalt.org/the-archdiocese/pope-john-paul-ii-prayer-garden/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Archdiocese of Baltimore |language=en-US}}</ref> O'Brien's three years and 11 months as archbishop was one of the briefest terms in Baltimore's history. |
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===Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem=== |
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[[File:Edwin Frederick O'Brien.jpg|thumb|Cardinal Grand Master O'Brien, Pilgrimage OESSH in Rome 2013]] |
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On August 17, 2011, after Cardinal [[John Patrick Foley|John Foley]] reached the mandatory retirement age, Cardinal [[Cardinal Bertone|Tarcisio Bertone]] asked O'Brien during a visit to Rome if he would assume the position of [[Promagistrate|pro]]-[[Grand Master (order)|grand master]]. O'Brien accepted the position the next day and was appointed by Benedict XVI on August 29, 2011.<ref>{{cite press release | publisher= Holy See Press Office | access-date= April 8, 2019| title= Rinunce e Nomine, 29.08.2011 | language=it | date= 29 August 2011 | url= http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2011/08/29/0502/01216.html}}</ref> |
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Benedict XVI elevated O'Brien to cardinal on February 18, 2012. O'Brien was created cardinal-deacon of [[San Sebastiano al Palatino]], the same [[titular church]] previously held by Foley. O'Brien was named grand master of the [[Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem]] on March 15, 2012.<ref>{{cite press release | publisher = Holy See Press Office | access-date = April 6, 2019 | date= March 15, 2012 | url = http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2012/03/15/0154/00359.html| language = it | title = Rinunce e Nomine, 15.03.2012}}</ref><ref name="cns">{{cite news | last= Pattison | first=Mark |date=January 6, 2012 | title =Cardinal-designate O'Brien used to new and varied assignments | agency = Catholic News Service |access-date = January 7, 2012 |url = https://www.archbalt.org/cardinal-designate-obrien-used-to-new-and-varied-assignments/| work = Catholic Review }}</ref> |
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===Pro-Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem=== |
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Archbishop O'Brien was appointed [[Promagistrate|Pro]]-[[Grand Master (order)|Grand Master]] on 29 August 2011, succeeding [[John Cardinal Foley]], who resigned in February 2011, having reached the age limit, in addition to poor health. Archbishop O'Brien will remain as [[apostolic administrator]] of the diocese of Baltimore until a successor is named, perhaps sometime in 2012. |
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On April 21, 2012, O'Brien was appointed a member of the [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches]] and the [[Pontifical Council Cor Unum|Pontifical Council ''Cor Unum'']].<ref>{{cite press release | publisher= Holy See Press Office | access-date= April 8, 2019| title= Rinunce e Nomine, 21.04.2012 | language=it | date= 21 April 2012 | url= http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2012/04/21/0225/00521.html}}</ref> He participated in the [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013 papal conclave]] that elected [[Pope Francis]].<ref>{{cite news| url = https://zenit.org/articles/list-of-cardinal-electors/ | work = Zenit | access-date = April 6, 2019 | date= March 12, 2013 | title = List of Cardinal Electors}}</ref> |
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Archbishop O'Brien's appointment suggests that he is now in line to be created a cardinal, at which time he will be appointed full Grand Master. For the first time since 1947, when Archbishop Michael Curley died after a 26-year reign, the see of Baltimore has fallen vacant -- and this time, due to a departure for another post. Archbishop O'Brien's reign, at just 3 years and 11 months since his October 2007 installation, O'Brien's occupancy of becomes the briefest among the sees [[ordinary|ordinaries]] John Carroll's immediate successor, [[Leonard Neale]], SJ died in a carriage accident in June 1817, barely 18 months after acceding to the reins on Carroll's own death. |
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Pope Francis accepted O'Brien's resignation as grand master on December 8, 2019.<ref>{{cite press release | access-date = December 8, 2019 | date = December 8, 2019 | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2019/12/08/0978/02005.html | language = it | title = Rinunce e Nomine, 08.12.2019 | publisher = Holy See Press Office}}</ref> On March 4, 2022, he was elevated to the rank of cardinal priest.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Ordinary Public Consistory for the vote on some Causes for Canonization |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2022/03/04/220304b.html |access-date=4 March 2022 | publisher = Holy See Press Office | date = 4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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Archbishop O'Brien's health, in addition to his enjoyment of travel and knowledge of geopolitical situations during his decade as head of the archdiocese for the Military Services, are thought to be part of the reason for his appointment. Archbishop O'Brien will lead the order in its goals to: strengthen in its members the practice of Christian life; to sustain and aid the charitable, cultural and social works and institutions of the Catholic Church in the [[Holy Land]], particularly those of and in the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem; to support the preservation and propagation of the Faith in those lands and to sustain the rights of the Catholic Church in the Holy Land. |
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==Views== |
==Views== |
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===Abortion=== |
===Abortion=== |
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O'Brien |
O'Brien opposes abortion, calling it the "greatest civil rights issue of our time" and saying, <blockquote>"[The [[right to life]]] will determine whether America remains a hospitable society: committed to caring for women in crisis and their unborn children; committed to caring for those with special needs; committed to caring for the elderly and the dying; or whether America betrays our heritage and the truths on which its founders staked its claim to independence."<ref name="whispers">{{cite news|date=October 1, 2008|work=Whispers in the Loggia|title=O'Brien O'Baltimore: The Maryland Tradition, Vol. XV, Day One|url=http://whispersintheloggia.blogspot.com/2007/10/obrien-obaltimore-maryland-tradition.html|last=Palmo|first=Rocco}}</ref> </blockquote>During the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 US presidential election]], O'Brien lamented that the "clear and unchanged teaching of our Church from its earliest days has been so distorted in political debate and commentary,"<ref name="loggia">{{cite news|date=October 15, 2008|work=Whispers in the Loggia|title=The Way of Life|url=http://whispersintheloggia.blogspot.com/2008/10/way-of-life.html|last=Palmo|first=Rocco}}</ref> an indirect criticism of remarks made by [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] and then-[[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Joe Biden]] concerning the church's teaching on abortion. In March 2009, O'Brien said he was both "disappointed and bewildered" by the decision of the [[University of Notre Dame]] to have President [[Barack Obama]] deliver the commencement speech and receive an [[honorary degree]] at the university's graduation ceremony, given Obama's support for [[Abortion-rights movements|abortion rights]] for women and [[embryonic stem cell]] research (which the Church opposes).<ref name="obama">{{cite news |date=April 7, 2009 |work=The Catholic Review |title=Archbishop is 'disappointed,' 'bewildered' by honor to Obama |url=http://www.catholicreview.org/subpages/storyarchnew.aspx?action=5978 | last=Matysek | first=George P Jr. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413182231/http://www.catholicreview.org/subpages/storyarchnew.aspx?action=5978 |archive-date=April 13, 2009 }}</ref> |
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===Capital punishment=== |
===Capital punishment=== |
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In 2008, O'Brien expressed his opposition to [[capital punishment]], citing the John Paul II's encyclical ''[[Evangelium Vitae]]'', although he had previously "thought it served a purpose."<ref name=testimony>{{cite news|date=August 19, 2008|work=[[Archdiocese of Baltimore]]|title=Death Penalty – Testimony of Archbishop Edwin F. O'Brien|url=https://www.archbalt.org/about-us/our-bishops/cardinal-obrien/homilies/death-penalty.cfm|access-date=March 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205061844/http://www.archbalt.org/about-us/our-bishops/cardinal-obrien/homilies/death-penalty.cfm|archive-date=February 5, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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===Legion of Christ=== |
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{{Main|Legion of Christ}} |
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Since becoming Archbishop of Baltimore, O'Brien has been an outspoken critic of the controversial [[Roman Catholic religious order|religious order]] [[Legion of Christ|Legionaries of Christ]].<ref name=legionaries>{{cite news|date=2008-06-12|work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|title=Baltimore archbishop demands greater accountability from Legionaries of Christ|url=http://ncronline.org/node/1237|last=Allen, Jr.|first=John Allen}}</ref><ref name=concern>{{cite news|date=2009-02-25|work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|title=Baltimore archbp concerned about Legionaries|url=http://ncronline.org/news/accountability/baltimore-archbp-concerned-about-legionaries|last=Matysek, Jr.|first=George P}}</ref><ref name=abolition>{{cite news|date=2009-04-03|work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|title=Abolition of Legionaries should be 'on the table'|url=http://ncronline.org/news/abolition-legionaries-should-be-table|last=Allen, Jr.|first=John Allen}}</ref> He has particularly objected to its alleged practice of "blind allegiance",<ref name=legionaries/> lack of "respect for human dignity for each of its members,"<ref name=concern/> and "heavily persuasive methods on young people, especially [[high school]]ers, regarding [[Vocational discernment in the Catholic Church|vocations]]."<ref name=restrictions>{{cite news|date=2008-06-27|work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|title=Legionaries of Christ: Legionaries face restrictions in Baltimore|url=http://ncronline.org/node/1257|last=Allen, Jr.|first=John Allen}}</ref> In June 2008, O'Brien called for greater "transparency and accountability" from the Legionaries and its [[Laity|lay]] arm [[Regnum Christi]].<ref name=legionaries/> He initially intended to expel the Legionaries from his archdiocese, but was persuaded by the Vatican instead to engage in dialogue with the order's [[superior general]], [[Álvaro Corcuera Martínez del Río|Rev. Álvaro Corcuera]].<ref name=legionaries/> He has since directed both groups to disclose all activities within the Archdiocese of Baltimore, and to refrain from [[spiritual direction]] with anyone under eighteen years of age. |
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As archbishop of Baltimore, O'Brien was an outspoken critic of the [[Legion of Christ]].<ref name="legionaries">{{cite news |last=Allen, Jr. |first=John |date=June 12, 2008 |title=Baltimore archbishop demands greater accountability from Legionaries of Christ |work=[[National Catholic Reporter]] |url=http://ncronline.org/node/1237}}</ref><ref name=concern>{{cite news|date=February 25, 2009|work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|title=Baltimore archbp concerned about Legionaries|url=http://ncronline.org/news/accountability/baltimore-archbp-concerned-about-legionaries|last=Matysek, Jr.|first=George P}}</ref><ref name=abolition>{{cite news|date=April 3, 2009|work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|title=Abolition of Legionaries should be 'on the table'|url=http://ncronline.org/news/abolition-legionaries-should-be-table|last=Allen, Jr.|first=John Allen}}</ref> He condemned the Legion for its alleged practice of "blind allegiance",<ref name=legionaries/> lack of "respect for human dignity for each of its members",<ref name=concern/> and "heavily persuasive methods on young people, especially high schoolers, regarding vocations."<ref name=restrictions>{{cite news|date=June 27, 2008|work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|title=Legionaries of Christ: Legionaries face restrictions in Baltimore|url=http://ncronline.org/node/1257|last=Allen, Jr.|first=John|access-date=April 10, 2009|archive-date=November 3, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103041705/http://ncronline.org/node/1257|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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In June 2008, O'Brien called for greater "transparency and accountability" from the Legion and its lay arm, [[Regnum Christi]], including both consecrated and non-consecrated members.<ref name=legionaries/> O'Brien wanted to expel the Legion from the archdiocese, but was dissuaded by the Vatican. Instead, he held discussions with Superior General [[Álvaro Corcuera Martínez del Río]] of the Legion. As a result, Martínez del Río directed the Legion and Regnum Christi chapters in the archdiocese to disclose all their activities to O'Brien. He also directed them to stop providing [[spiritual direction]] to anyone under age 18. The Legion subsequently experienced decreasing enrollment in the archdiocese, leading to the closure of its [[Woodmont Academy]] in Cooksville, Maryland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Woodmont Academy to close due to enrollment issues|url=http://catholicreview.org/article/work/woodmont-academy-to-close-due-to-enrollment-issues|website=Catholic Review|date=April 12, 2011|access-date=April 12, 2011|archive-date=April 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426001341/http://catholicreview.org/article/work/woodmont-academy-to-close-due-to-enrollment-issues|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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In February 2009, when the Legionaries acknowledged that their founder, [[Marcial Maciel|Rev. Marcial Maciel]], had engaged in "inappropriate" behavior (including accusations of [[Drug abuse|drug]] and [[Catholic sex abuse cases|sexual abuse]] as well as fathering a child<ref name=osv>{{cite news|date=2009-02-22|work=Our Sunday Visitor|title=Revelations of founder's double life rocks religious order|url=http://www.osv.com/tabid/7621/itemid/4428/Revelations-of-founders-double-life-rocks-religio.aspx|last=Alessi|first=Scott}}</ref>),<ref name=cna>{{cite news|date=2009-02-03|work=[[Catholic News Agency]]|title=Legionaries of Christ acknowledge founder’s 'inappropriate' behavior|url=http://catholicnewsagency.com/new.php?n=14969}}</ref> O'Brien told his [[Archdiocese|archdiocesan]] [[newspaper]] that the order must offer "full disclosure of [Maciel's] activities and those who are complicit in them, or knew of them, and of those who are still refusing to offer disclosure," adding that the order's finances should also be subject to "objective scrutiny."<ref name=abolition/> He called Maciel "a man with an entrepreneurial genius who, by systematic deception and duplicity, used our faith to manipulate others for his own selfish ends,"<ref name=concern/> and further criticized the "good deal of secrecy in [Maciel's] own life...[and] in the structures he created."<ref name=abolition/> The Archbishop welcomed the Vatican's decision in the following March to conduct an apostolic visitation of the Legionaries, and said that the order's abolition "should be on the table."<ref name=abolition/> |
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In February 2009, the Legion of Christ superiors acknowledged that their founder, [[Marcial Maciel]], had engaged in "inappropriate" behavior. This included including [[Drug abuse|drug]] and [[Catholic sex abuse cases|sexual abuse]] as well as the fathering a child.<ref name=osv>{{cite news|date=February 22, 2009 |work=Our Sunday Visitor |title=Revelations of founder's double life rocks religious order |url=http://www.osv.com/tabid/7621/itemid/4428/Revelations-of-founders-double-life-rocks-religio.aspx |last=Alessi |first=Scott |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716032222/http://www.osv.com/tabid/7621/itemid/4428/Revelations-of-founders-double-life-rocks-religio.aspx |archive-date=July 16, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=cna>{{cite news|date=February 3, 2009|work=[[Catholic News Agency]]|title=Legionaries of Christ acknowledge founder's 'inappropriate' behavior|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/14969/legionaries-of-christ-acknowledge-founders-inappropriate-behavior|access-date=April 10, 2009|archive-date=February 7, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207044410/http://catholicnewsagency.com/new.php?n=14969|url-status=live}}</ref> O'Brien said that the Legion must offer "full disclosure of [Maciel's] activities and those who are complicit in them, or knew of them, and of those who are still refusing to offer disclosure," adding that the institute's finances should also be subject to "objective scrutiny."<ref name=abolition/> O'Brien called Maciel "a man with an entrepreneurial genius who, by systematic deception and duplicity, used our faith to manipulate others for his own selfish ends."<ref name=concern/> O'Brien welcomed the Vatican's decision in March 2009 to conduct an [[apostolic visitation]] of the Legion and said that its abolition "should be on the table."<ref name=abolition/>{{efn|In 2010 the Vatican agreed to a request by the consecrated lay branch for their own Apostolic Visitator: "The Holy Father will send a visitator to the consecrated members of the "Regnum Christi" Movement, who have insistently requested this."<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Holy See Press Office | date= May 1, 2010 |url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2010/05/01/0266/00615.html | title= Comunicato della Santa Sede, 01.05.2010| access-date=April 8, 2019 }}</ref> At their own request, all the lay consecrated have become more autonomous. In 2013 they elected a general director and a five-woman council, each with a term of six years. They have developed an eight-year discernment process for consecrated women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christendom.edu/news/2015/6-26-graduate-students-help-with-renewal-religious-order.php |title=Graduate students help with renewal of religious order |access-date=June 26, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703221754/http://www.christendom.edu/news/2015/6-26-graduate-students-help-with-renewal-religious-order.php |archive-date=July 3, 2015 }}</ref>}} |
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===Just War=== |
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O'Brien has been an outspoken proponent of the [[just war theory]]. Sometimes called the "Warrior Cardinal", he is seen as a controversial figure and is considered to have given moral justifications for the [[Iraq War|2003 US invasion in Iraq]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Doran |first=Andrew |date=May 9, 2013 |title=How the Iraq War Became a War on Christians |work=The American Conservative |url=http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/how-the-iraq-war-became-a-war-on-christians/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 29, 2013 |title=Christianity Could Become Extinct in Iraq as Islamists Drive Out Believers |work=Charisma News |url=http://www.charismanews.com/world/39275-christianity-could-become-extinct-in-iraq-as-islamists}}</ref> Early in 2003, O'Brien spoke at the [[United States Military Academy|United States Military Academy at West Point]] at mass: <blockquote>"I know that a lot of people have said that the Pope is against war with Iraq ... But even if he did, you are not bound by conscience to obey his opinion. However, you are bound in conscience to obey the orders of your Commander-in-Chief, and if he orders you to go to war, it is your duty to go to war".<ref>{{cite news|date=November 19, 2015|title=What are we doing to halt this genocide? |url=https://www.catholicweekly.com.au/what-are-we-doing-to-halt-this-genocide/ | work=The Catholic Weekly | access-date=April 8, 2019}}</ref></blockquote>On March 25, 2003, a few days after the Iraq invasion, in a letter to American Catholic military chaplains, O'Brien wrote: <blockquote>"Given the complexity of factors involved, many of which understandably remain confidential, it is altogether appropriate for members of our armed forces to presume the integrity of our [military] leadership and its judgments, and therefore to carry out their military duties in good conscience ... It is to be hoped that all factors which have led to our intervention will eventually be made public, and ... will shed helpful light upon our President's decision".<ref>{{cite news|date=March 25, 2003 |title=Letter from Archbishop Edwin F. O'Brien |url=http://old.usccb.org/sdwp/peace/obrien.shtml |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110801161826/http://old.usccb.org/sdwp/peace/obrien.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2011 }}</ref> </blockquote>O'Brien did not endorse the Iraq war or the motivations behind it. Supporters of the war in Iraqi cited his positions.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 2006|title=Authority, Lies, and War : Democracy and the Development of Just War Theory (in "Theological Studies"; Vol. 67, Issue 2, page 388)|url=http://www.ts.mu.edu/readers/content/pdf/67/67.2/67.2.6.pdf}}</ref> He was criticized by opponents of the war for distancing himself from the pope's position<ref>{{cite news |last=Cavanaugh |first=William T. |date=May 23, 2003 |title=At Odds with the Pope: Legitimate Authority & Just Wars |work=Selected Works of William Cavanaugh - DePaul University |url=http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1152&context=william_cavanaugh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=Easter 2003 |title=The Pope, the President, and How U.S. Catholics Engaged the War Effort |volume=2-2 |pages=4–5 |work=Sign of Peace - Journal of the Catholic Peace Fellowship |publisher=Catholic Peace Fellowship |url=http://www.catholicpeacefellowship.org/downloads/Easter03.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Laffin |first=Art |date=December 24, 2004 |title=Bishops called to speak out against Iraq war |work=National Catholic Reporter |url=http://natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2004d/122404/122404r.htm |access-date=October 27, 2023}}</ref> and that of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops]].<ref>{{cite news|date=February 15, 2003 |title=Statement of Most Rev. Arthur N. Tafoya, Bishop of Pueblo |url=http://old.usccb.org/sdwp/peace/tafoya.shtml |quote= A preemptive war against Iraq is an unjust war. |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110801161945/http://old.usccb.org/sdwp/peace/tafoya.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2011 }}</ref> |
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According to the journalist Sabrina Ferrisi, O'Brien's spiritual direction proved effective in calming the doubts of soldiers, advising them that they can safely leave the responsibility for moral decision-making to the US Government.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ferrisi |first=Sabrina Arena |date=February 1, 2009 |title=Winning the war on terror |work=Legatus Magazine |url=https://legatus.org/hearts-minds/ |url-status=dead |access-date=April 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408004310/https://legatus.org/hearts-minds/ |archive-date=April 8, 2019 |quote=}}</ref> O'Brien believes that chaplains play an essential role in helping soldiers perform their fighting duties with a clear conscience,<ref>{{cite news|date=November 17, 2008|title=The Chaplain's Dilemma: Can pastors in the military serve God and government?|url=http://americamagazine.org/issue/676/article/chaplains-dilemma | work=[[America (magazine)|America]] |first=Tom | last=Cornell}}</ref> and in easing relationships with local populations and to avoid such gross misconduct as the torture of prisoners at the [[Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse|Abu Ghraib]] prison in Iraq.<ref>{{cite web | website=Catholic Culture |date=October 25, 2007|title=The Role of Military Chaplains| url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=7949 | first= Edwin F. |last=O'Brien }}</ref> O'Brien complained that too few Catholics priests were serving in active duty, being replaced by chaplains of other faiths because the military disregarded the significance of denominational affiliation.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Archdiocese of Baltimore|date=December 4, 2010|title=Dismissing Priests? |url=https://www.archbalt.org/dismissing-priests/ | work=Catholic Review}}</ref> He consistently rejected discussion with Catholic groups that asked chaplains "to call on all Catholic soldiers to leave Iraq.<ref>{{cite news |last=Laffin |first=Art |date=March 19, 2013 |title=A call to repentance on the 10th anniversary of the U.S. invasion of Iraq |work=National Catholic Reporter |url=http://ncronline.org/print/news/peace-justice/call-repentance-10th-anniversary-us-invasion-iraq |url-status=dead |access-date=October 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019142254/http://ncronline.org/print/news/peace-justice/call-repentance-10th-anniversary-us-invasion-iraq |archive-date=October 19, 2013}}</ref> |
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In July 2009, at the [[United States Strategic Command|U.S. Strategic Command]] Deterrence Symposium, O'Brien explained Just War theories, saying "The moral end we seek ought to shape the means we use", that the U.S. must "move beyond nuclear deterrence as rapidly as possible" and urging the world leaders to "stay focused on the destination of a nuclear-weapons-free world and on the concrete steps that lead there."<ref>{{cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Edwin |date=July 30, 2009 |title=Nuclear Weapons and Moral Questions: The Path to Zero |work=National Catholic Reporter |url=http://ncronline.org/news/peace-justice/nuclear-weapons-and-moral-questions-path-zero |url-status=dead |access-date=October 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019142305/http://ncronline.org/news/peace-justice/nuclear-weapons-and-moral-questions-path-zero |archive-date=October 19, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=July 30, 2009|title=U.S. must quickly move beyond nuclear deterrence, Archbishop O'Brien urges| work=Catholic News Agency | url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/16717/us-must-quickly-move-beyond-nuclear-deterrence-archbishop-obrien-urges}}</ref> In September 2013, when Obama was considering the use of military force in [[Syria]], O'Brien said that "whatever we do will contribute to peace in that part of the world",<ref>{{cite news |last=Glatz |first=Carol |date=September 5, 2013 |title=Cardinal O'Brien says Syria needs urgent prayer |work=Catholic Herald |url=http://www.catholicherald.com/stories/Cardinal-OBrien-says-Syria-needs-prayer-,23924 |url-status=dead |access-date=October 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019140815/http://www.catholicherald.com/stories/Cardinal-OBrien-says-Syria-needs-prayer-,23924 |archive-date=October 19, 2013}}</ref> contradicting the views of the hierarchy of the [[Catholic Church in Syria]].<ref>{{cite news|date=August 28, 2013|title=U.S. Military Action in Syria Could Spark World War, Syrian Bishop Warns|url=http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/u.s.-military-action-in-syria-could-spark-world-war-syrian-bishop-warns/|work=National Catholic Register|access-date=October 18, 2013|archive-date=October 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024084605/http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/u.s.-military-action-in-syria-could-spark-world-war-syrian-bishop-warns/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{div col|colwidth=25em}} |
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{{Portal box|Biography|United States Army}} |
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* [[Catholic Church in the United States]] |
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* [[Chaplain Corps (United States Army)]] |
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* [[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church]] |
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* [[List of Catholic bishops in the United States#Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA |List of Catholic bishops of the United States: military service]] |
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* [[Military chaplain]] |
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* [[Religious symbolism in the United States military]] |
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* [[United States military chaplains]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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==Notes== |
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{{Notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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* "[https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_obrien_ef.html O'Brien Card. Edwin Frederick]". [[Holy See Press Office]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160919105235/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_obrien_ef.html Archived] from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2017. |
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* [http://www.archbalt.org Archdiocese of Baltimore] |
* [http://www.archbalt.org Archdiocese of Baltimore] |
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* [ |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071014224005/http://milarch.org/archbishop/arch_bio.html O'Brien profile at Archdiocese for the Military Services] (archive copy) |
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* [http://www.milarch.org/ Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA], official website |
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* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bobrien.html Edwin Frederick O'Brien] [[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |
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* [https://gcatholic.org/hierarchy/data/cardB16-4.htm#2005 Profile of Cardinal Edwin Frederick O’Brien] at [https://gcatholic.org GCatholic.org] |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME =Obrien, Edwin Frederick |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
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| DATE OF BIRTH =1939-04-08 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Bronx, New York]] |
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| DATE OF DEATH = |
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[[de:Edwin Frederick O’Brien]] |
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[[es:Edwin Frederick O'Brien]] |
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[[it:Edwin Frederick O'Brien]] |
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[[pl:Edwin Frederick O’Brien]] |
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[[ru:О’Брайен, Эдвин Фредерик]] |
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[[uk:Едвін Фредерік О'Браєн]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:34, 16 December 2024
Edwin Frederick O'Brien | |
|---|---|
 Cardinal O'Brien in 2012 | |
| Church | |
| Appointed | March 15, 2012 |
| Retired | December 8, 2019 |
| Predecessor | John Patrick Foley |
| Successor | Fernando Filoni |
| Previous post(s) |
|
| Orders | |
| Ordination | May 29, 1965 by Francis Spellman |
| Consecration | March 25, 1996 by John Joseph O'Connor |
| Created cardinal | February 18, 2012 by Benedict XVI |
| Rank |
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | April 8, 1939 Bronx, New York, US |
| Motto | Pastores dabo vobis (Latin for 'I will give you shepherds') Jeremiah 3:15 |
| Coat of arms |  |
Ordination history of Edwin Frederick O'Brien | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Source(s):Catholic-Hierarchy.org[2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Styles of Edwin Frederick O'Brien | |
|---|---|
| |
| Reference style | His Eminence |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence |
| Informal style | Cardinal |
| See | Baltimore (Emeritus) |
Edwin Frederick O'Brien (born April 8, 1939) is an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been a cardinal since 2012 and headed the Order of the Holy Sepulchre from 2011 to 2019.
O'Brien served as archbishop of the Latin Church Archdiocese of Baltimore from 2007 to 2011 and as archbishop of the Archdiocese of the Military Services, USA, from 1997 to 2007. He was an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of New York from 1996 to 1997.
Early life and education
[edit]Edwin O'Brien was born on April 8, 1939, in the Bronx, New York, to Edwin Frederick, Sr. and Mary Winifred O'Brien.[3] One of three children, he had two brothers, Ken and Tom O'Brien, now deceased. O'Brien graduated from Our Lady of Solace Parish School in the Bronx in 1953 and attended St. Mary's High School in Katonah, New York from 1953 to 1957.[3]
O'Brien entered St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers, New York in 1959, where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts (1961), Master of Divinity (1964), and Master of Arts (1965) degrees.[3]
Priesthood
[edit]in O'Brien was ordained to the priesthood at St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan for the Archdiocese of New York by Cardinal Francis Spellman on May 29, 1965.[3]
O'Brien served as a civilian chaplain at the United States Military Academy at West Point until 1970, when he enlisted in the U.S. Army Chaplain Corps with the rank of captain.[3] He took Army flight training with parachute jumping.[4] In 1970, O'Brien began serving as a chaplain at Fort Bragg in North Carolina with the US Army 82nd Airborne Division.
O'Brien was sent to South Vietnam in 1971 during the Vietnam War with the US Army 173rd Airborne Brigade and the 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division.[5] While in South Vietnam, O'Brien was based in the countryside and flew with a Protestant minister by helicopter to minister to soldiers.[6] In 1972, O'Brien was transferred to Georgia, serving as post chaplain at Fort Gordon until his discharge from the service in 1973.
In 1973, Cardinal Terence Cooke sent O'Brien to study in Rome at the Pontifical North American College in Rome. He graduated from the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas Angelicum in Rome with a Doctorate in Sacred Theology in 1976. His dissertation was titled The Origin and Development of Moral Principles in the Theology of Paul Ramsey.[6]
Returning to New York, O'Brien served as both the vice-chancellor of the Archdiocese of New York and associate pastor at St. Patrick Cathedral Parish in Manhattan from 1976 to 1981.[3] He coordinated Pope John Paul II's visit to New York in 1979 and was the archdiocesan director of communications from 1981 to 1983.[3] Between 1983 and 1985, O'Brien served as Cooke's priest-secretary, then for his successor, Cardinal John O'Connor.[3]
O'Brien was elevated by the Vatican to honorary prelate of his holiness in 1986.[3] He served as rector of St. Joseph's Seminary from 1985 to 1989, and of the Pontifical North American College from 1990 to 1994. Returning to New York, O'Brien served another term as rector of St. Joseph's from 1994 to 1997.[5]
Auxiliary Bishop of New York
[edit]On February 6, 1996, John Paul II appointed O'Brien as auxiliary bishop of New York and titular bishop of ThizicaI.[2] He received his episcopal consecration on March 25, 1996, by Cardinal O'Connor, with bishops Patrick Sheridan and John Nolan serving as co-consecrators, at St. Patrick's Cathedral.[2] O'Brien selected as his episcopal motto: Pastores Dabo Vobis, meaning, "I will give you shepherds" Jeremiah 3:15.[3]
During this time, O’Brien continued to serve as rector of St. Joseph's Seminary. While serving there, he ordained (with Vatican permission) Reverend Eugene Hamilton, a 24-year old seminarian who was suffering from terminal cancer. O'Connor had petitioned the Vatican for Hamilton's early ordination, which O'Brien officiated a few hours before Hamilton died.[7]
Archbishop for the Military Services, USA
[edit]On April 7, 1997, John Paul II appointed O'Brien as coadjutor archbishop for the Archdiocese of the Military Services, USA.[2] He succeeded Archbishop Joseph Dimino when he retired on August 12, 1997. [8]
During his ten years as archbishop,, O'Brien divided his time between visiting American troops and working with the Pontifical North American College. In 1993, he initiated the cause of canonization for Reverend Emil Kapaun, a US Army chaplain killed while in North Korean captivity during the Korean War.[8]
From September 2005 to June 2006, O'Brien also served as the Vatican's coordinator for the papal visitation of seminaries and houses of priestly formation.[9][3] He expressed his personal opposition to admitting gay men to seminaries, a position he said was "based on 12 years' experience as rector of two U.S. seminaries".[10][11] His report also called for a stronger focus on moral theology, increased oversight of seminarians, and greater involvement of diocesan bishops in the formation process. He was recognized as being "instrumental in Catholic seminary reform in the wake of clergy sex abuse disclosures."[12]
In 2006, O'Brien noted that declining public support for the Iraq War was leading to a decrease in morale among the troops, adding, "The news only shows cars being blown up, but the soldiers see hospitals being built and schools opening."[13] By 2007, he believed that the status of US operations in Iraq "compels an assessment of our current circumstances and the continuing obligation of the Church to provide a moral framework for public discussion."[14] O'Brien refused to "question the moral integrity of our military personnel," but added,
"[O]ur nation must honestly assess what is achievable in Iraq using the traditional just war principles of 'probability of success' ... Our troops should remain in Iraq only as long as their presence contributes to a responsible transition."[14][15]
O'Brien opposed the National Defense Authorization Act of 2007. He said that it
"would seek to impose a legislative mandate for military chaplains without considering the religious needs of all military members ... [and] may well result in less public prayer and marginalization of military chaplains."[16]
He was appointed a member of the Congregation for Catholic Education in the Roman Curia in May 2007.[17]
Archbishop of Baltimore
[edit]On July 12, 2007, Pope Benedict XVI appointed O'Brien as the 15th archbishop of Baltimore.[2] Recalling the call he received from the apostolic nunciature, O'Brien immediately accepted the appointment and later remarked, "I guess that's one thing I take from the military. When you're given an order, you accept."[18] He succeeded Cardinal William Keeler. O'Brien was installed at the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen in Baltimore on October 1, 2007.
As head of the nation's oldest archdioceses, O'Brien held the status of primus inter pares in the American hierarchy. Commenting on O'Brien's appointment, The Baltimore Sun said,
"He has leapt from military airplanes, served in jungles during the Vietnam War and travelled extensively to current battle zones in Afghanistan and Iraq. From his working-class roots ... to the upper echelons of Catholic power—carrying a Christian message of peace and love to some of the world's worst war-torn terrain".[19]
Following his tour of the archdiocese, O'Brien lamented the amount of poverty and violence in Baltimore, saying,
"I think anybody who wants to take a walk can find areas with very nice homes, well-kept lawns, good streets and sidewalks, and maybe 15 minutes later find themselves in a neighborhood that is just racked, torn apart, as if a war had just been fought."[20]
On June 29, 2008, Benedict XVI invested O'Brien with the pallium, a vestment worn by metropolitan bishops, at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.[21] In October 2008, O'Brien dedicated the Pope John Paul II Prayer Garden in Baltimore, which he called a "sanctuary in a suffering city."[22] O'Brien's three years and 11 months as archbishop was one of the briefest terms in Baltimore's history.
Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
[edit]
On August 17, 2011, after Cardinal John Foley reached the mandatory retirement age, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone asked O'Brien during a visit to Rome if he would assume the position of pro-grand master. O'Brien accepted the position the next day and was appointed by Benedict XVI on August 29, 2011.[23]
Benedict XVI elevated O'Brien to cardinal on February 18, 2012. O'Brien was created cardinal-deacon of San Sebastiano al Palatino, the same titular church previously held by Foley. O'Brien was named grand master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem on March 15, 2012.[24][25]
On April 21, 2012, O'Brien was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches and the Pontifical Council Cor Unum.[26] He participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.[27]
Pope Francis accepted O'Brien's resignation as grand master on December 8, 2019.[28] On March 4, 2022, he was elevated to the rank of cardinal priest.[29]
Views
[edit]Abortion
[edit]O'Brien opposes abortion, calling it the "greatest civil rights issue of our time" and saying,
"[The right to life] will determine whether America remains a hospitable society: committed to caring for women in crisis and their unborn children; committed to caring for those with special needs; committed to caring for the elderly and the dying; or whether America betrays our heritage and the truths on which its founders staked its claim to independence."[30]
During the 2008 US presidential election, O'Brien lamented that the "clear and unchanged teaching of our Church from its earliest days has been so distorted in political debate and commentary,"[31] an indirect criticism of remarks made by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and then-Senator Joe Biden concerning the church's teaching on abortion. In March 2009, O'Brien said he was both "disappointed and bewildered" by the decision of the University of Notre Dame to have President Barack Obama deliver the commencement speech and receive an honorary degree at the university's graduation ceremony, given Obama's support for abortion rights for women and embryonic stem cell research (which the Church opposes).[32]
Capital punishment
[edit]In 2008, O'Brien expressed his opposition to capital punishment, citing the John Paul II's encyclical Evangelium Vitae, although he had previously "thought it served a purpose."[33]
Legion of Christ
[edit]As archbishop of Baltimore, O'Brien was an outspoken critic of the Legion of Christ.[34][35][36] He condemned the Legion for its alleged practice of "blind allegiance",[34] lack of "respect for human dignity for each of its members",[35] and "heavily persuasive methods on young people, especially high schoolers, regarding vocations."[37]
In June 2008, O'Brien called for greater "transparency and accountability" from the Legion and its lay arm, Regnum Christi, including both consecrated and non-consecrated members.[34] O'Brien wanted to expel the Legion from the archdiocese, but was dissuaded by the Vatican. Instead, he held discussions with Superior General Álvaro Corcuera Martínez del Río of the Legion. As a result, Martínez del Río directed the Legion and Regnum Christi chapters in the archdiocese to disclose all their activities to O'Brien. He also directed them to stop providing spiritual direction to anyone under age 18. The Legion subsequently experienced decreasing enrollment in the archdiocese, leading to the closure of its Woodmont Academy in Cooksville, Maryland.[38]
In February 2009, the Legion of Christ superiors acknowledged that their founder, Marcial Maciel, had engaged in "inappropriate" behavior. This included including drug and sexual abuse as well as the fathering a child.[39][40] O'Brien said that the Legion must offer "full disclosure of [Maciel's] activities and those who are complicit in them, or knew of them, and of those who are still refusing to offer disclosure," adding that the institute's finances should also be subject to "objective scrutiny."[36] O'Brien called Maciel "a man with an entrepreneurial genius who, by systematic deception and duplicity, used our faith to manipulate others for his own selfish ends."[35] O'Brien welcomed the Vatican's decision in March 2009 to conduct an apostolic visitation of the Legion and said that its abolition "should be on the table."[36][a]
Just War
[edit]O'Brien has been an outspoken proponent of the just war theory. Sometimes called the "Warrior Cardinal", he is seen as a controversial figure and is considered to have given moral justifications for the 2003 US invasion in Iraq.[43][44] Early in 2003, O'Brien spoke at the United States Military Academy at West Point at mass:
"I know that a lot of people have said that the Pope is against war with Iraq ... But even if he did, you are not bound by conscience to obey his opinion. However, you are bound in conscience to obey the orders of your Commander-in-Chief, and if he orders you to go to war, it is your duty to go to war".[45]
On March 25, 2003, a few days after the Iraq invasion, in a letter to American Catholic military chaplains, O'Brien wrote:
"Given the complexity of factors involved, many of which understandably remain confidential, it is altogether appropriate for members of our armed forces to presume the integrity of our [military] leadership and its judgments, and therefore to carry out their military duties in good conscience ... It is to be hoped that all factors which have led to our intervention will eventually be made public, and ... will shed helpful light upon our President's decision".[46]
O'Brien did not endorse the Iraq war or the motivations behind it. Supporters of the war in Iraqi cited his positions.[47] He was criticized by opponents of the war for distancing himself from the pope's position[48][49][50] and that of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops.[51]
According to the journalist Sabrina Ferrisi, O'Brien's spiritual direction proved effective in calming the doubts of soldiers, advising them that they can safely leave the responsibility for moral decision-making to the US Government.[52] O'Brien believes that chaplains play an essential role in helping soldiers perform their fighting duties with a clear conscience,[53] and in easing relationships with local populations and to avoid such gross misconduct as the torture of prisoners at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.[54] O'Brien complained that too few Catholics priests were serving in active duty, being replaced by chaplains of other faiths because the military disregarded the significance of denominational affiliation.[55] He consistently rejected discussion with Catholic groups that asked chaplains "to call on all Catholic soldiers to leave Iraq.[56]
In July 2009, at the U.S. Strategic Command Deterrence Symposium, O'Brien explained Just War theories, saying "The moral end we seek ought to shape the means we use", that the U.S. must "move beyond nuclear deterrence as rapidly as possible" and urging the world leaders to "stay focused on the destination of a nuclear-weapons-free world and on the concrete steps that lead there."[57][58] In September 2013, when Obama was considering the use of military force in Syria, O'Brien said that "whatever we do will contribute to peace in that part of the world",[59] contradicting the views of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church in Syria.[60]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ In 2010 the Vatican agreed to a request by the consecrated lay branch for their own Apostolic Visitator: "The Holy Father will send a visitator to the consecrated members of the "Regnum Christi" Movement, who have insistently requested this."[41] At their own request, all the lay consecrated have become more autonomous. In 2013 they elected a general director and a five-woman council, each with a term of six years. They have developed an eight-year discernment process for consecrated women.[42]
References
[edit]- ^ "Cardinals Created by Benedict XVI (2012)". GCatholic.org. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Edwin Frederick Cardinal O'Brien". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. February 25, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Cardinal Edwin F. O'Brien - Biography". Archdiocese of Baltimore. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
- ^ "Edwin F. O'Brien: Highlights". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
- ^ a b "Pope Accepts Resignation of Archbishop Dimino; Names Archbishop O'Brien to Succeed Him in Military Archdiocese". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. August 12, 1997.
- ^ a b "His Eminence Edwin Cardinal O'Brien". Archdiocese of Baltimore. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013.
- ^ Kramer, Peter D. "Ordained only 3 hours, he is forever a priest". The Journal News. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
- ^ a b Riggs, Christopher (July 17, 2008). "Canonization cause formally opened for Father Kapaun, Korean War hero". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012.
- ^ Filteau, Jerry (September 16, 2006). "Homosexuality question for seminary visitations sparks flap". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on September 17, 2005.
- ^ "Archbishop: Seminaries should not accept even celibate homosexuals". Catholic News Service. September 7, 2005. Archived from the original on September 8, 2005.
- ^ "Archbishop says he's not speaking for Vatican on gays in seminaries". Catholic News Service. September 30, 2005. Archived from the original on October 5, 2005.
- ^ "CARDINAL EDWIN F. O'BRIEN". Cathedral of Mary Our Queen. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
- ^ Linskey, Regina (December 14, 2006). "Iraq: More deaths, few stories of hope leave many asking what's next". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006.
- ^ a b Palmo, Rocco (July 12, 2007). "Balto Goes Gotham". Whispers in the Loggia.
- ^ Asher, Julie (May 30, 2007). "U.S. must honestly assess what is achievable in Iraq, says archbishop". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013.
- ^ O'Brien, Nancy Frazier (October 4, 2006). "Proposal on chaplains' prayers could hurt military, archbishop says". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on October 10, 2006.
- ^ "Pope names North Americans to two Vatican offices". Catholic News Service. May 24, 2007. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013.
- ^ O'Brien, Nancy Frazier (July 12, 2007). "Cardinal Keeler retires; Archbishop O'Brien succeeds him in Baltimore". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013.
- ^ Donovan, Doug; Fuller, Nicole (July 13, 2007). "O'Brien spent past decade ministering to military". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
- ^ "Baltimore's new archbishop talks about hopes, challenges". Catholic News Service. January 11, 2008. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
- ^ Glatz, Carol (June 30, 2008). "Pope gives palliums to archbishops, says church's mission is to unite". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on July 8, 2008.
- ^ "Pope John Paul II Prayer Garden". Archdiocese of Baltimore. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
- ^ "Rinunce e Nomine, 29.08.2011" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. August 29, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
- ^ "Rinunce e Nomine, 15.03.2012" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. March 15, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
- ^ Pattison, Mark (January 6, 2012). "Cardinal-designate O'Brien used to new and varied assignments". Catholic Review. Catholic News Service. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
- ^ "Rinunce e Nomine, 21.04.2012" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. April 21, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
- ^ "List of Cardinal Electors". Zenit. March 12, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
- ^ "Rinunce e Nomine, 08.12.2019" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. December 8, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
- ^ "Ordinary Public Consistory for the vote on some Causes for Canonization" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. March 4, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
- ^ Palmo, Rocco (October 1, 2008). "O'Brien O'Baltimore: The Maryland Tradition, Vol. XV, Day One". Whispers in the Loggia.
- ^ Palmo, Rocco (October 15, 2008). "The Way of Life". Whispers in the Loggia.
- ^ Matysek, George P Jr. (April 7, 2009). "Archbishop is 'disappointed,' 'bewildered' by honor to Obama". The Catholic Review. Archived from the original on April 13, 2009.
- ^ "Death Penalty – Testimony of Archbishop Edwin F. O'Brien". Archdiocese of Baltimore. August 19, 2008. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
- ^ a b c Allen, Jr., John (June 12, 2008). "Baltimore archbishop demands greater accountability from Legionaries of Christ". National Catholic Reporter.
- ^ a b c Matysek, Jr., George P (February 25, 2009). "Baltimore archbp concerned about Legionaries". National Catholic Reporter.
- ^ a b c Allen, Jr., John Allen (April 3, 2009). "Abolition of Legionaries should be 'on the table'". National Catholic Reporter.
- ^ Allen, Jr., John (June 27, 2008). "Legionaries of Christ: Legionaries face restrictions in Baltimore". National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on November 3, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
- ^ "Woodmont Academy to close due to enrollment issues". Catholic Review. April 12, 2011. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
- ^ Alessi, Scott (February 22, 2009). "Revelations of founder's double life rocks religious order". Our Sunday Visitor. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
- ^ "Legionaries of Christ acknowledge founder's 'inappropriate' behavior". Catholic News Agency. February 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
- ^ "Comunicato della Santa Sede, 01.05.2010" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. May 1, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
- ^ "Graduate students help with renewal of religious order". Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
- ^ Doran, Andrew (May 9, 2013). "How the Iraq War Became a War on Christians". The American Conservative.
- ^ "Christianity Could Become Extinct in Iraq as Islamists Drive Out Believers". Charisma News. April 29, 2013.
- ^ "What are we doing to halt this genocide?". The Catholic Weekly. November 19, 2015. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
- ^ "Letter from Archbishop Edwin F. O'Brien". March 25, 2003. Archived from the original on August 1, 2011.
- ^ "Authority, Lies, and War : Democracy and the Development of Just War Theory (in "Theological Studies"; Vol. 67, Issue 2, page 388)" (PDF). June 2006.
- ^ Cavanaugh, William T. (May 23, 2003). "At Odds with the Pope: Legitimate Authority & Just Wars". Selected Works of William Cavanaugh - DePaul University.
- ^ "The Pope, the President, and How U.S. Catholics Engaged the War Effort" (PDF). Sign of Peace - Journal of the Catholic Peace Fellowship. Vol. 2–2. Catholic Peace Fellowship. Easter 2003. pp. 4–5.
- ^ Laffin, Art (December 24, 2004). "Bishops called to speak out against Iraq war". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
- ^ "Statement of Most Rev. Arthur N. Tafoya, Bishop of Pueblo". February 15, 2003. Archived from the original on August 1, 2011.
A preemptive war against Iraq is an unjust war.
- ^ Ferrisi, Sabrina Arena (February 1, 2009). "Winning the war on terror". Legatus Magazine. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
- ^ Cornell, Tom (November 17, 2008). "The Chaplain's Dilemma: Can pastors in the military serve God and government?". America.
- ^ O'Brien, Edwin F. (October 25, 2007). "The Role of Military Chaplains". Catholic Culture.
- ^ "Dismissing Priests?". Catholic Review. Archdiocese of Baltimore. December 4, 2010.
- ^ Laffin, Art (March 19, 2013). "A call to repentance on the 10th anniversary of the U.S. invasion of Iraq". National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- ^ O'Brien, Edwin (July 30, 2009). "Nuclear Weapons and Moral Questions: The Path to Zero". National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- ^ "U.S. must quickly move beyond nuclear deterrence, Archbishop O'Brien urges". Catholic News Agency. July 30, 2009.
- ^ Glatz, Carol (September 5, 2013). "Cardinal O'Brien says Syria needs urgent prayer". Catholic Herald. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- ^ "U.S. Military Action in Syria Could Spark World War, Syrian Bishop Warns". National Catholic Register. August 28, 2013. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
External links
[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to Edwin Frederick O'Brien.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edwin Frederick O'Brien.
- "O'Brien Card. Edwin Frederick". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
- Archdiocese of Baltimore
- O'Brien profile at Archdiocese for the Military Services (archive copy)
- Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA, official website
- Profile of Cardinal Edwin Frederick O’Brien at GCatholic.org
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