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{{Ref improve section|date=April 2008}}
{{Redirect|Ultralight|the style of backpacking|Ultralight backpacking}}
{{Redirect|Ultralight|the style of backpacking|Ultralight backpacking}}
{{Short description|Aviation field involving lightweight aircraft}}
{{Infobox aviation
[[File:huntair.pathfinder.arp.jpg|thumb|Huntair Pathfinder Mark 1 ultralight]]
|name=Ultralight aviation
|image=Image:huntair.pathfinder.arp.jpg
|caption=Huntair Pathfinder Mark 1 ultralight.
}}


'''Ultralight aviation''' (called '''microlight aviation''' in some countries) is the flying of lightweight, 1- or 2-seat fixed-wing aircraft. Some countries differentiate between [[weight-shift control]] and [[Aircraft flight control system|conventional three-axis control]] aircraft with [[aileron]]s, [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevator]] and [[Rudder#Aircraft rudders|rudder]], calling the former "microlight" and the latter "ultralight".
The term "'''ultralight aviation'''" refers to light-weight, 1- or 2-person airplanes. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, many people sought to fly affordably. As a result, many aviation authorities set up definitions of lightweight, slow-flying aeroplanes that could be subject to minimum regulation. The resulting aeroplanes are commonly called '''ultralight''' or '''microlight''', although the weight and speed limits differ from country to country.


During the late 1970s and early 1980s, mostly stimulated by the [[hang gliding]] movement, many people sought affordable powered flight. As a result, many aviation authorities set up definitions of lightweight, slow-flying aeroplanes that could be subject to minimum regulations. The resulting aeroplanes are commonly called "ultralight aircraft" or "microlights", although the weight and speed limits differ from country to country. In Europe, the sporting (FAI) definition limits the maximum stalling speed to {{convert|65|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} and the maximum take-off weight to {{convert|450|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, or {{convert|472.5|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} if a [[ballistic parachute]] is installed. The definition means that the aircraft has a slow landing speed and short landing roll in the event of an engine failure.<ref name="WDLA11">Boric, Marino, ''Spoilt For Choice'', Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al (editors): ''World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12'', page 10. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. {{ISSN|1368-485X}}</ref>
There is also an allowance of another 10% on Maximum Take Off Weight for [[seaplanes]] and [[amphibious aircraft|amphibians]], and some countries (such as [[Germany]], [[Poland]] and [[France]]) also allow another 5% for installation of a [[ballistic parachute]].


In most affluent countries, microlights or ultralight aircraft now account for a significant percentage of the global civilian-owned aircraft. For instance, [[Ultralight aircraft (Canada)|in Canada]] in February 2018, the ultralight aircraft fleet made up to 20.4% of the total civilian aircraft registered.<ref name="TCCARS">{{cite web|url = http://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/CCARCS-RIACC/smACtRes.aspx?ym=201802|title = Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Number of Aircraft by Category Result |access-date =20 March 2018|author = Transport Canada|author-link = Transport Canada|date=February 2018}}</ref> In other countries that do not register ultralight aircraft, like [[Ultralight aircraft (United States)|in the United States]], it is unknown what proportion of the total fleet they make up. In countries where there is no specific extra regulation, ultralights are considered regular aircraft and subject to certification requirements for both aircraft and pilot.
The safety regulations used to approve microlights vary between countries, the strictest being in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Italy]], [[Sweden]] and [[Germany]], while they are almost non-existent in [[France]] and the [[United States]]. The disparity between regulations can be a barrier to [[international trade]] and overflight in strict regions, as is the fact that these regulations are invariably sub-[[ICAO]], which means that they are not internationally recognised.


==Definitions==
In most affluent countries, microlights or ultralights now account for a significant portion of the civil aircraft fleet. For instance in [[Canada]] in October 2010, the ultralight fleet made up 19% of the total civil aircraft registered. In other countries that do not register ultralights, like the [[United States]], it is unknown what proportion of the total fleet they make up.<ref name="TCCARS">{{cite web|url = http://wwwapps2.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/2/ccarcs/aspscripts/en/monthsumairbycat.asp|title = Summary of the Canadian Civil Aircraft Register - Number of Aircraft by Category of Aircraft - October 2010 |accessdate = 12 November 2010|last = [[Transport Canada]]|authorlink = |year = 2010|month = October}}</ref>
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sticky-header"
|+ Definitions of ultralight aircraft
! Country !! Type !! Capacity !! {{abbr|MTOW|maximum take-off weight}} !! Time !! Licence !! Other conditions
|-
| rowspan="2"|Australia || [[Recreational Aviation Australia|Recreational Aircraft]]<ref name="AustraliaRegs">[http://flysafe.raa.asn.au/regulations/regulations.html An overview of the legislative framework enabling sport and recreational aviation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223085728/http://flysafe.raa.asn.au/regulations/regulations.html |date=2011-12-23 }} Accessed 7 January 2012</ref>||2||{{convert|600|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}; {{convert|614|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}} for seaplanes||&mdash;||&mdash;||&mdash;
|-
|[[Light Sport Aircraft]]<ref name="RAALSA">{{cite web|url = http://www.raa.asn.au/operations/LSA_explained.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060819045236/http://www.raa.asn.au/operations/LSA_explained.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 19 August 2006|title = Synopsis: the Light Sport Aircraft category|access-date = 12 July 2013|last = Kiehn|first = Chris|date = 15 July 2013 }}</ref>||2||{{convert|600|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}; {{convert|650|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}} for seaplanes||&mdash;||&mdash;||&mdash;
|-
|Brazil||Ultralight||2||{{convert|750|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}||Daylight visual conditions||&mdash;||Used mainly (or intended for) sports or recreation<ref name="RBHA">{{cite web|url = http://www.anac.gov.br/biblioteca/rbha/rbha103.pdf|title = RBHA 103A regulation, in Portuguese|access-date = 21 September 2009|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110129014547/http://www.anac.gov.br/biblioteca/rbha/rbha103.pdf|archive-date = 29 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Canada||basic [[ultralight aircraft (Canada)|ultra-light aeroplane]]||2||{{convert|1200|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}||Daylight visual conditions||[[Pilot licensing in Canada#Ultra-light pilot permit|Ultralight Pilot Permit]]||Craft may be operated from land or water
|-
|advanced ultra-light aeroplane||2||{{convert|1232|lbs|kg|0|abbr=on}}||Daylight visual conditions||[[Pilot licensing in Canada#Ultra-light pilot permit|Ultralight Pilot Permit]]||Craft may only carry a passenger if the pilot has an [[Pilot licensing in Canada#Passenger-carrying—ultra-light aeroplane rating|Ultralight Aeroplane Passenger Carrying Rating]]; may operate at a controlled airport without prior arrangement<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tc.gc.ca/CivilAviation/Regserv/Affairs/cars/Part1/Subpart1.htm |title = Canadian Aviation Regulations, Part I - General Provisions, Subpart 1 - Interpretation |date = 30 December 2007 |author = Transport Canada |author-link = Transport Canada |access-date =22 March 2009 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="6"|Europe<ref>[[Joint Aviation Authorities]] (1 November 2004), [http://www.jaa.nl/publications/jars/500969.pdf JAR 1], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526034436/http://www.jaa.nl/publications/jars/500969.pdf |date=26 May 2006 }}, retrieved 7 February 2015</ref>||land plane/helicopter, single-seater||1||300&nbsp;kg||Daylight [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]||[[Pilot licensing in Canada#Ultra-light pilot permit|Ultralight Pilot Permit]]||Sport or recreation only
|-
|land plane/helicopter, two-seater||2||{{convert|450|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}||Daylight [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]||[[Pilot licensing in Canada#Ultra-light pilot permit|Ultralight Pilot Permit]]||Sport or recreation only
|-
|amphibian or floatplane/helicopter single-seater||2||{{convert|495|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}||Daylight [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]||[[Pilot licensing in Canada#Ultra-light pilot permit|Ultralight Pilot Permit]]||where operating both as a floatplane/helicopter and as a land plane/ helicopter, it falls below both MTOW limits, as appropriate
|-
|land plane, two-seater equipped with an airframe mounted total recovery parachute system||2||{{convert|472.5|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}||Daylight [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]||[[Pilot licensing in Canada#Ultra-light pilot permit|Ultralight Pilot Permit]]||Sport or recreational use only
|-
|land plane single-seater equipped with an airframe mounted total recovery parachute system||1||{{convert|315|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}||Daylight [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]||[[Pilot licensing in Canada#Ultra-light pilot permit|Ultralight Pilot Permit]]||Sport or recreational use only
|-
|gyroplane||1&ndash;2||{{convert|560|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}||Daylight [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]||[[Pilot licensing in Canada#Ultra-light pilot permit|Ultralight Pilot Permit]]||Sport or recreational only
|-
|India||&mdash;||2||{{convert|450|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}} without parachute||&mdash;||current permit to fly<ref name="IndianUL">{{cite web|url = http://microlight.in/index_files/faqs.html|title = Microlight/ultralight FAQs|access-date =17 July 2008|last = Microlight Aviation|year = 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150105093421/http://microlight.in/index_files/faqs.html|archive-date =5 January 2015}}</ref>||&mdash;
|-
|Italy||ultraleggero||1&ndash;2||Max Take Off Weight MTOW
2 persons, {{convert|622.5|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}} ({{convert|600|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}} without parachute)


*Hydroplanes, {{convert|650|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}
In countries where there is no specific extra regulation, ultralights are considered regular aircraft and subject to certification requirements for both aircraft and pilot.
*Single, {{convert|300|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}
*Hydroplane single, {{convert|330|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}


Stall speed {{convert|65|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}
Ultralight aircraft are generally called ''microlight aircraft'' in the UK, India and [[New Zealand]], and ''ULMs'' in France and Italy. Some countries differentiate between weight shift and 3-axis aircraft, calling the former ''microlight'' and the latter ''ultralight''.
||Daylight, minimum of {{convert|500|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}.
||certificate exam, insurance and a medical examination.<ref name="Leggi e Regolamenti">{{cite web|url = http://www.ulm.it/info/leggi/leggi.htm|access-date =2 March 2011|title=Laws and regulations on ultralight aviation in Italy |language=it |year = 2011}}</ref>||Requires a helmet only for open cockpit aircraft. Flying over populated areas and assemblies of people are prohibited.<ref name="DPR 133">{{cite web|url = http://www.ulm.it/info/leggi/dpr_133.pdf|access-date =2 March 2011|title=Presidential decree 9&nbsp;July&nbsp;2010, n.133 | language=it |year = 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722060124/http://www.ulm.it/info/leggi/dpr_133.pdf|archive-date = 22 July 2011|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
|Japan
|Ultra light power machine<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlit.go.jp/koku/15_bf_000109.html|title=航空：超軽量動力機とは - 国土交通省|website=www.mlit.go.jp|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001087993.pdf|title=サーキュラー No.1-007 超軽量動力機又はジャイロプレーンに関する試験飛行等の許可について|date=2015-03-20|website=航空：超軽量動力機等の安全確保について - 国土交通省|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082907/http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001087993.pdf|archive-date=2019-01-28|url-status=dead}}</ref>


(undefined in Civil Aeronautics Act)
The U.S. [[light-sport aircraft]] is similar to the UK and NZ ''Microlight'' in definition and licensing requirement, the U.S. 'Ultralight' being in a class of its own.
|1&ndash;2<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|Max empty weight:
*{{convert|180|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}} (1 seat)
*{{convert|225|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}} (2 seats), with extra weight allowed for emergency parachute up to {{convert|11|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}} and for floats up to {{convert|28|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|Daylight visual conditions<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlit.go.jp/koku/04_outline/02_anzen/03_keiryo/02_anzen/ulp28_3-1.pdf|title=超軽量動力機等に関する航空法第28条第３項の許可の手続き等について|date=2007-09-03|website=航空：超軽量動力機等の安全確保について - 国土交通省|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323203153/http://www.mlit.go.jp/koku/04_outline/02_anzen/03_keiryo/02_anzen/ulp28_3-1.pdf|archive-date=2011-03-23|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Minister's permission carried on board for each year<ref name=":2" /> instead of licence<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlit.go.jp/koku/15_bf_000115.html|title=航空：超軽量動力機等の安全確保について - 国土交通省|website=www.mlit.go.jp|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?ft=2&re=01&dn=1&yo=&ia=03&kn[]=%E3%81%93&kana_x=23&kana_y=15&ky=&page=12&id=37&lvm=01|title=航空法 / Civil Aeronautics Act|date=2009-04-01|website=日本法令外国語訳データベースシステム Japanese Law Translation}}</ref>
Passengers also need permission.<ref name=":2" />
|Sports or recreational use only<ref name=":1" />
Other minister's permissions:


* flight permission (for each 2 – 4 months)<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
In August 2011 the British [[paraplegic]] pilot David Sykes has touched down in [[Sydney]] after flying all the way from the [[UK]] in a microlight. Dave Sykes covered nearly 12,000 miles (19,312 kilometres) after leaving the northern English city of [[York]] on April 28.
* Permission of land owner for landing and for take off<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />


Flyable area: uncontrolled airspace over unpopulated areas, within {{convert|3|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from departure point and landing at another point forbidden.<ref name=":2" />
==Definitions==
[[File:Pegasus quantum 15-912 microlight g-byff kemble arp.jpg|thumb|right|Pegasus Quantum 145-912 [[ultralight trike]]]]
[[File:CTSW N646MA.jpg|thumb|right|[[Flight Design CTSW]]]]
[[Image:PPGInFlight.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Powered paragliding|powered paraglider]]]]
[[Image:DFEAscenderIIIC01.jpg|thumb|right|A US-made [[Pterodactyl Ascender]] ultralight on a camping flight]]
[[File:UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg|thumb|right|Canadian [[Lazair]] ultralight covered in clear [[Mylar]]]]
[[Image:aeroprakt.a22.foxbat.arp.jpg|thumb|right| [[Aeroprakt A-22]] Foxbat 3-axis ultralight]]
[[File:comco ikarus c42 g-hbbh kemble arp.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ikarus C42]], a German ultralight]]
[[Image:ixess hang glider arp.jpg|thumb|right|A weight-shift ultralight, the [[Air Creation]] Tanarg]]
[[Image:Phantom mki.jpg|thumb|right|Phantom - MKI]]
[[Image:Vampire FM250.jpg|thumb|right|FM250 Vampire]]
[[Image:K-10 Swift 01.jpg|thumb|right|K-10 Swift - MKI]]
[[Image:Quicksilver Ultralight.jpg|thumb|right|Quicksilver MXII]]
[[Image:WikipediaHangmotor.jpg|thumb|right|A foot-launched [[powered hang glider]]]]
[[File:AirBorne XT912 Tourer microlight.jpg|thumb|right|Weight Shift Ultralight ("Trike")]]
[[Image:quik gt450 ultralight g-gttp arp.jpg|thumb|right|P and M Aviation Quik GT450 ultralight]]
[[Image:Pipistrel Sinus.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pipistrel Sinus]] 912]]
[[Image:GMWUL-RansS6.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rans S-6 Coyote II]], classified as an ultralight aircraft in Belgium]]
[[File:Bunyip368.JPG|thumb|right|[[Australian Ultralight Industries Bunyip]], 3-axis ultralight]]
===Australia===
{{Main|Recreational Aviation Australia}}
In [[Australia]] Recreational Aircraft fall under many categories,<ref>http://www.raa.asn.au/operations/regulations.html Accessed 25 Nov 2010</ref> but the most common category imposes:
*a maximum take off weight (MTOW) of {{convert|544|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} or less ({{convert|614|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for a seaplane);
*a stalling speed under 45 knots in landing configuration and
*a maximum of two seats.


Aircraft:
A new certification category for Light Sport Aircraft came into effect on 7 January 2006.<ref>http://www.raa.asn.au/operations/LSA_explained.html Accessed 25 Nov 2010</ref> This category does not replace the previous categories, but creates a new category with the following characteristics:
*A maximum takeoff weight of {{convert|600|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} or {{convert|650|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for an aircraft intended and configured for operation on water or {{convert|560|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for a lighter-than-air aircraft.
*A maximum stall speed in the landing configuration (Vso) of {{convert|45|kn|km/h|0|abbr=on}} CAS.
*Maximum of two occupants, including the pilot.
*A fixed landing gear. A glider may have retractable landing gear. (For an aircraft intended for operation on water, a fixed or repositionable landing gear)
*A single, non-turbine engine fitted with a propeller.
*A non-pressurised cabin.
*If the aircraft is a glider a maximum never exceed speed (Vne) of {{convert|135|kn|km/h|0|abbr=on}} CAS


* powered, non-certified, propeller aircraft, including autogyro, with landing gear
In either of the above categories, there are distinctions between factory manufactured and home built aircraft.
* Minimum required equipment: airspeed indicator and altimeter
* Maximum stall speed: {{convert|65|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}
* Minimum wing area: {{convert|10|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<sup>2</sup>
* Maximum speed: {{convert|185|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}
* Maximum fuel capacity: {{convert|30|L|usgal|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|New Zealand||NZ Class 1||1||Single seat {{convert|510|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|550|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}} for seaplanes; Stall speed {{convert|45|kn|km/h mph|0|abbr=on}}.||Daytime [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]||Microlight Licence required{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}||Part 103 Microlight Aircraft Operating Rules,<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aviation.govt.nz/rules/rule-part/show/103|title=Part 103 Microlight Aircraft Operating Rules &#124; aviation.govt.nz|website=www.aviation.govt.nz}}</ref> Part 103 advisory circulars<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aviation.govt.nz/rules/advisory-circulars/show/AC103-1|title=AC103-1 - Microlight aircraft operating rules &#124; aviation.govt.nz|website=www.aviation.govt.nz}}</ref>
|-
|NZ Class 2||2||2 Seats {{convert|600|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|650|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}} for seaplanes; Stall speed {{convert|45|kn|km/h mph|0|abbr=on}}||Daytime [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]|| Microlight Licence required{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}||Part 103 Microlight Aircraft Operating Rules,<ref name="auto1"/> Part 103 advisory circulars<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|Philippines||non-type certified aircraft<ref name="car">[http://www.angelesflying.com/part11.html Angeles City Flying Club], Excerpt from part 11 of the Civil Aviation Regulations.</ref><ref name="caap">[http://www.caap.gov.ph/web/downloads.htm Civil Aviation Authority Philippines] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422213641/http://www.caap.gov.ph/web/downloads.htm |date=2009-04-22 }}, download page for all regulations.</ref>||&mdash;||&mdash;||Daytime [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]||&mdash;||recreational and sport use
|-
|United Kingdom||Sub-{{convert|70|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}} Unregulated, Single seat deregulated, 2-seat regulated.||1&ndash;2<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bmaa.org/about-microlighting/exactly-what-is-a-microlight-|title=The British Microlight Aircraft Association, new page 3786|website=www.bmaa.org|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref>||Several definitions, from 70 kg with full fuel to {{convert|650|kg|lbs|0|abbr=on}} maximum weight at take-off||Daytime VFR||Licence not required for Sub-70&nbsp;kg, NPPL licence required otherwise<ref>British Microlight Aircraft Association. "[https://www.bmaa.org/information-library/pilot-licensing/learning-to-fly-in-sub-70-kg-aircraft]". Retrieved 24 July 2015</ref><ref>British Microlight Aircraft Association. "[http://www.bmaa.org/pwpcontrol.php?pwpID=2603 Licensed Flying, so you want to be a pilot?]". Retrieved 24 July 2015</ref>||Recreational. No paid work.
|-
|rowspan="2"|United States||[[ultralight aircraft (United States)|ultralight aircraft]]||1||Empty weight of less than {{convert|254|lbs|kg|0|abbr=on}} <ref name="FAR Part103">{{cite web|url = http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=550836984d4438af2f5c15d80dff5c99&rgn=div5&view=text&node=14:2.0.1.3.16&idno=14|title = Title 14: Aeronautics and Space, Part 103 - Ultralight Vehicles|access-date = 4 February 2011|last = Federal Aviation Administration|author-link = Federal Aviation Administration|date = January 2007|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110119113806/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=22c6ba54693e62e34f8a50ae01c5cec3&rgn=div5&view=text&node=14:2.0.1.3.16&idno=14|archive-date = 19 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="USUAFAQ">{{cite web|url = http://www.usua.org/faq.htm|title = Frequently asked Questions|access-date =4 February 2011|last = United States Ultralight Association|author-link = United States Ultralight Association|year = 2009}}</ref>||Daylight hours||no license required||less than {{convert|5|usgal|L|0|abbr=on}} fuel capacity, empty weight of less than 254 pounds, a top speed of {{convert|55|kn|mph km/h|0|abbr=on}}, and a maximum [[stall speed]] not exceeding ({{convert|24|kn|mph km/h|0|abbr=on}}). May only be flown over uncongested areas.
|-
|[[light-sport aircraft]]||2||{{convert|1320|lbs|kg|0|abbr=on}}; {{convert|1430|lbs|kg|0|abbr=on}} for seaplanes.||Daytime VFR||[[sport pilot certificate]]||


*Max. Speed (CAS) in Level Flight {{convert|138|mph|kn km/h|0|abbr=on}}
In [[Australia]], microlight aircraft are defined as one or two seat weight-shift aircraft, with a maximum takeoff weight of {{convert|450|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, as set out by the [[Civil Aviation Safety Authority]]. In Australia microlights are also referred to as [[Ultralight trike|trikes]] and are distinguished from three-axis aircraft, of which the smallest are known as ultralights.
*Max. Stall Speed {{convert|51|mph|kn km/h|0|abbr=on}}


Must have fixed landing gear, and a single engine with fixed pitch propeller.
In Australia, microlight aircraft and their pilots can either be registered with the Hang Gliding Federation of Australia (HGFA)<ref name="HGFA">{{cite web|url = http://www.hgfa.asn.au/HGFA/HGFA.htm|title = The HGFA |accessdate = 2008-05-25|last = Hang Gliding Federation of Australia|authorlink = |year = undated}}</ref> or [[Recreational Aviation Australia]] (RA Aus).<ref name="RAAus">{{cite web|url = http://www.auf.asn.au/admin/mission.html|title = About the RA-Aus association and our mission|accessdate = 2008-05-25|last = Recreational Aviation Australia Inc|authorlink = |year = 2007|month = August}}</ref> In all cases, except for privately built single-place ultralight aeroplanes,<ref name="CASAUL">{{cite web|url = http://www.casa.gov.au/rules/1998casr/200/200casr.pdf|title = PART 200 Aircraft to which CASR do not apply |accessdate = 2008-05-25|last = Legal Services Group Civil Aviation Safety Authority |authorlink = |year = 2007|month = July}}</ref> microlight aircraft or trikes are regulated by the Civil Aviation Regulations.
|}
[[File:Pegasus quantum 15-912 microlight g-byff kemble arp.jpg|thumb|[[Pegasus Quantum|Pegasus Quantum 145-912]] [[ultralight trike]]]]
[[File:CTSW N646MA.jpg|thumb|[[Flight Design CTSW]]]]
[[File:PPGInFlight.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Powered paragliding|powered paraglider]]]]
[[File:DFEAscenderIIIC01.jpg|thumb|A US-made [[Pterodactyl Ascender]] ultralight on a camping flight]]
[[File:UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg|thumb|Canadian [[Lazair]] ultralight covered in clear [[Mylar]]]]
[[File:WikipediaHangmotor.jpg|thumb|A foot-launched [[powered hang glider]]]]


===Brazil===
===Australia===
In Australia, ultralight aircraft and their pilots can either be registered with the Hang Gliding Federation of Australia (HGFA)<ref name="HGFA">{{cite web|url = http://www.hgfa.asn.au/HGFA/HGFA.htm|title = The HGFA |access-date =25 May 2008|last = Hang Gliding Federation of Australia|year = n.d.}}</ref> or [[Recreational Aviation Australia]] (RA Aus).<ref name="RAAus">{{cite web|url = http://www.auf.asn.au/admin/mission.html|title = About the RA-Aus association and our mission|access-date = 25 May 2008|last = Recreational Aviation Australia Inc|date = August 2007|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080519233742/http://www.auf.asn.au/admin/mission.html|archive-date = 19 May 2008}}</ref> In all cases, except for privately built single seat ultralight aeroplanes,<ref name="CASAUL">{{cite web|url = http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2013C00316/Html/Volume_4#_Toc358792547|title = PART 200 Aircraft to which CASR do not apply |access-date =25 May 2008|last = Legal Services Group Civil Aviation Safety Authority |date=July 2007}}</ref> microlight aircraft or trikes are regulated by the Civil Aviation Regulations.
The Brazilian Aviation Regulation (RBHA 103A)<ref name="RBHA">{{cite web|url = http://www.anac.gov.br/biblioteca/rbha/rbha103.pdf|title = RBHA 103A regulation, in portuguese |accessdate = 2009-09-21}}</ref> defines an ultralight plane as: a very light manned experimental aircraft used mainly, or intended for, sports or recreation, during daylight, in visual conditions, with a maximum capacity of 2 people and with the following characteristics:
* Single internal combustion engine and one propeller;
* Maximum take-off weight equal or less than {{convert|750|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}; and
* Calibrated stall speed (CAS), power off, in landing configuration (Vso) equal or less than {{convert|45|kn|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.


===Canada===
===Canada===
{{Main|Ultralight aircraft (Canada)}}
{{Main|Ultralight aircraft (Canada)}}


===United Kingdom===
The [[Canadian Aviation Regulations]] define two types of ultralight aeroplanes: basic ultra-light aeroplanes (BULA), and advanced ultra-light aeroplanes (AULA). The US [[light sport aircraft]] is similar to, and was based upon, the Canadian AULA. AULAs may operate at a controlled airport without prior arrangement.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tc.gc.ca/CivilAviation/Regserv/Affairs/cars/Part1/Subpart1.htm |title = Canadian Aviation Regulations, Part I - General Provisions, Subpart 1 - Interpretation |date = 30 December 2007 |author = [[Transport Canada]] |accessdate = 2009-03-22 }}</ref> Operating either class of ultralight in Canada requires an [[Pilot_licensing_in_Canada#Ultra-light_pilot_permit|Ultralight Pilot Permit]] which requires both ground school, dual and solo supervised flights. The ultralight may be operated from land or water, but may only carry a passenger if the pilot has an [[Pilot_licensing_in_Canada#Passenger-carrying.E2.80.94ultra-light_aeroplane_rating|Ultralight Aeroplane Passenger Carrying Rating]] and the aircraft is an AULA.
Pilots of a powered, fixed wing aircraft or paramotors do not need a licence, provided its weight with a full fuel tank is not more than {{convert|75|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, but they must obey the rules of the air.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bmaa.org/information-library/pilot-licensing/learning-to-fly-in-sub-70-kg-aircraft|title=The British Microlight Aircraft Association, new page 3852|website=www.bmaa.org|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref>


For heavier microlights the current UK regulations are similar to the European ones, but helicopters and gyroplanes are not included.<ref>[http://www.caa.co.uk/default.aspx?catid=1416&pagetype=90&pageid=8379 British Civil Aviation Authority] Aircraft Types</ref>
===Europe===
The definition of a microlight according to the [[Joint Aviation Authorities]] document [http://www.jaa.nl/publications/jars/500969.pdf JAR-1] is an aeroplane having no more than two seats, maximum stall speed ([[V speeds|V<sub>S0</sub>]]) of 35 knots (65&nbsp;km/h) CAS, and a [[Maximum Take-Off Weight|maximum take-off mass]] of no more than:
* {{convert|300|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for a landplane, single seater; or
* {{convert|450|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for a landplane, two-seater; or
* {{convert|330|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for an amphibian or floatplane, single seater; or
* {{convert|495|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for an amphibian or floatplane, two-seater, provided that a microlight capable of operating as both a floatplane and a landplane falls below both MTOM limits, as appropriate.


Other than the very earliest aircraft, all two-seat UK microlights (and until 2007 all single-seaters) have been required to meet an airworthiness standard; BCAR Section S.<ref>[https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP482_BCARS_Issue7_19Dec_2018.pdf CAP 482 British Civil Airworthiness Requirements Section S - Small Light Aeroplanes], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226011742/https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP482_BCARS_Issue7_19Dec_2018.pdf |date=26 February 2021 }}, retrieved 8 December 2020</ref>
''Foot-launched aircraft are excluded from this definition.''
In 2007, Single Seat DeRegulated (SSDR), a sub-category of single seat aircraft was introduced, allowing owners more freedom for modification and experiments. By 2017 the airworthiness of all single seat microlights became solely the responsibility of the user, but pilots must hold a microlight licence;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bmaa.org/information-library/pilot-licensing/the-nppl|title=The British Microlight Aircraft Association, new page 3852|website=www.bmaa.org|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> currently NPPL(M) (National Private Pilots Licence).

===India===
In India a microlight is an aircraft that has the following characteristics:
*two seater aircraft having an all up weight of not more than {{convert|450|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} without parachute and {{convert|472|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} with parachute
*a stall speed of less than {{convert|80|km/h|kn|0|abbr=on}}
*a maximum level speed of less than {{convert|220|km/h|kn|0|abbr=on}}
*1 or 2 seats
*a single engine, reciprocating, rotary or diesel
*a fixed or ground adjustable propeller
*un-pressurized cabin
*wing area more than 10 square metres
*a fixed landing gear, except for operation on water or as a glider
Indian ultralights require aircraft registration, periodic condition inspections and a current permit to fly which has to be renewed annually.<ref name="IndianUL">{{cite web|url = http://microlight.in/index_files/faqs.html|title = Microlight/ultralight FAQs|accessdate = 2008-07-17|last = Microlight Aviation|authorlink = |year = 2008}}</ref>

===Italy===
In Italy, the category for this class of aircraft is Microlight.

*Requires flying with a helmet.
*Maximum weight requirements excludes seat belts, parachute and instruments.
*Single-seat maximum weight of {{convert|300|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|330|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for amphibious, stall speed must not exceed {{convert|65|km/h|kn|0|abbr=on}}.
*Two-seat maximum weight of {{convert|450|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|500|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for amphibious, stall speed must not exceed {{convert|65|km/h|kn|0|abbr=on}}. Aircraft may be used for instruction or flown by pilots with a valid private license, and at least 30 hours flight time.
*Intended for use at private fields. Use at civil airports requires prior permission.
*Airspace restrictions - Must remain within the territory of the state (the flight limit of {{convert|4|km|nmi|1|abbr=on}} from the border of another state was abolished by the law 24 April 1998, n. 128 "Disposizioni per l'adempimento di obblighi derivanti dall'appartenenza dell'Italia alle Comunità Europee" - communitary law 1995/97- art.22 comma 20-, published on the Gazzetta Ufficiale n.88/L of May 7, 1998).<ref name="Legge comunitaria">{{cite web|url = http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/98128l.htm|accessdate = 2011-03-02|title=Law 24 april 1998 n. 128 | language=Italian |year = 2011}}</ref> It is forbidden to fly over cities.<ref name="DPR 133">{{cite web|url = http://www.ulm.it/info/leggi/dpr_133.pdf|accessdate = 2011-03-02|title=Presidential decree 9 July 2010, n.133 | language=Italian |year = 2011}}</ref>
*All aircraft must have a metal plate with the identification number issued by the AeCI (Aero Club Italia). The same number must be fixed onto the underneath of the wing with letters that measure a minimum of 30×15&nbsp;cm (12 X 6 inches), in contrasting colour.
*From dawn till sunset, flight must be below {{convert|500|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}
*On Saturday and holidays flight must be below {{convert|1000|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} with {{convert|5|km|nmi|1|abbr=on}} separation from airports not located within ATZ .
*Microlight operation requires a certificate exam, insurance and a medical examination.<ref name="Leggi e Regolamenti">{{cite web|url = http://www.ulm.it/info/leggi/leggi.htm|accessdate = 2011-03-02|title=Laws and regulations on ultralight aviation in Italy |language=Italian |year = 2011}}</ref>


===New Zealand===
===New Zealand===
Ultralights in New Zealand are subject to NZCAA General Aviation regulations<ref>[https://www.aviation.govt.nz/rules/ Civil Aviation Rules], Accessed 1 October 2022</ref> with microlight specific variations as described in Part 103<ref>[https://www.aviation.govt.nz/rules/rule-part/show/103 Part 103 - Microlight Aircraft - Operating Rules], Accessed 01 October 2022</ref> and AC103-1.<ref>[https://www.aviation.govt.nz/assets/rules/advisory-circulars/ac103-1.pdf Advisory Circular 103], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217041226/https://www.aviation.govt.nz/assets/rules/advisory-circulars/ac103-1.pdf |date=17 February 2022 }}, Accessed 7 October 2021</ref>
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2011}}
In New Zealand microlight aircraft are separated into two classes, basically single and two seat aircraft. All microlights are required to have a prescribed endurance testing period when they are first flown, and all microlights must have a minimum set of instrumentation to show airspeed (except powered parachutes), altitude and magnetic heading.

;NZ Class 1
:Single seat aircraft with a design gross weight of {{convert|544|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (landplanes) or {{convert|579|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (seaplanes or amphibians), or less, and a stall speed in the landing configuration of {{convert|45|kn|km/h}} or less. Requires aircraft registration, and annual condition inspections, but does not require a permit to fly.

;NZ Class 2
:Two seat aircraft with a design gross weight of {{convert|544|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (landplanes) or {{convert|614|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} (seaplanes or amphibians), or less, and a stall speed of {{convert|45|kn|km/h}} or less in the landing configuration. Must meet minimum type acceptance standards which may be foreign standards which have been deemed acceptable, or via a temporary permit to fly and flight testing regime. Requires aircraft registration, annual condition inspections, and a current permit to fly.

===Philippines===
The Civil Aviation Regulations<ref name="car">[http://www.angelesflying.com/part11.html Angeles City Flying Club], Excerpt from part 11 of the Civil Aviation Regulations.</ref><ref name="caap">[http://www.caap.gov.ph/web/downloads.htm Civil Aviation Authority Philippines], download page for all regulations.</ref> define "non-type certified aircraft", under which ultralights and microlights fall, as:

An aircraft that does not possess an aircraft type certificate issued by any country/state. It is, of simple design and constriction, either a homebuilt or a kit built variety and for recreational and sport use, day VFR condition only.

A class of non-type certificated aircraft is applicable to all classifications, including powered parachutes, gyrocopter, fixed wing aircraft and helicopters.

===United Kingdom===
The UK regulations describe a microlight aeroplane as limited to two people, with a Maximum Total Weight Authorised (MTWA) not exceeding:<ref>[http://www.caa.co.uk/default.aspx?catid=1416&pagetype=90&pageid=8379 British Civil Aviation Authority] Aircraft Types</ref>
* {{convert|300|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for a single seat landplane.
* {{convert|390|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for a single seat landplane for which a UK Permit to Fly or Certificate of Airworthiness was in force prior to 1 January 2003
* {{convert|450|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for a two seat landplane
* {{convert|330|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for a single seat amphibian or floatplane
* {{convert|495|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} for a two seat amphibian or floatplane
A microlight must also have either a wing loading at the maximum weight authorised not exceeding 25&nbsp;kg per square metre or a stalling speed at the maximum weight authorised not exceeding {{convert|35|kn|km/h|0|abbr=on}} calibrated speed. All UK registered aeroplanes (3-axis or flex-wing) falling within these parameters are Microlight aircraft.

A sub-category of microlights (SSDR) was introduced which allows owners more freedom to modify and experiment with their aircraft. Single Seat De-Regulated microlights must weigh less than {{convert|115|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} without fuel and pilot and the wing loading must not be more than 10&nbsp;kg per sq m. There is no airworthiness requirement or annual inspection regime for SSDR microlights although pilots who fly them must have a normal microlight licence, and must observe the rules of the air.<ref>[http://www.lightaircraftassociation.co.uk/engineering/TechnicalLeaflets/Operating%20An%20Aircraft/TL%202.17%20Operating%20Deregulated%20Microlights.pdf Light Aircraft Association Technical Leaflets Sep 2010]</ref>

A license is required to fly a microlight in the UK.<ref>[http://www.enstonemicrolights.co.uk/faq.htm FAQ - Enstone Microlights]</ref>


===United States===
===United States===
{{Main|Ultralight aircraft (United States)}}
{{Main|Ultralight aircraft (United States)}}
The United States [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]]'s definition of an ultralight is significantly different from that in most other countries and can lead to some confusion when discussing the topic. The governing regulation in the [[United States]] is [[FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles]], which specifies a powered "ultralight" as a single seat vehicle of less than 5 US gallons (19 L) fuel capacity, empty weight of less than 254 pounds (115&nbsp;kg), a top speed of 55 knots (102&nbsp;km/h or 64&nbsp;mph), and a maximum [[stall speed]] not exceeding 24 knots (45&nbsp;km/h or 27.6&nbsp;mph). Restrictions include flying only during daylight hours and over unpopulated areas. Unpowered "ultralights" ([[Hang gliding|hang gliders]], [[Paragliding|paragliders]], etc.) are limited to a weight of 155&nbsp;lb (70&nbsp;kg) with extra weight allowed for amphibious landing gear and ballistic parachute systems.<ref name="FAR Part103"> {{cite web|url = http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=550836984d4438af2f5c15d80dff5c99&rgn=div5&view=text&node=14:2.0.1.3.16&idno=14|title = Title 14: Aeronautics and Space, Part 103 - Ultralight Vehicles|accessdate = 04 February 2011|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|authorlink = |year = 2007|month = January}}</ref><ref name="USUAFAQ"> {{cite web|url = http://www.usua.org/faq.htm|title = Frequently asked Questions|accessdate = 04 February 2011|last = [[United States Ultralight Association]]|authorlink = |year = 2009}}</ref>
The United States [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]]'s definition of an ultralight is significantly different from that in most other countries and can lead to some confusion when discussing the topic. The governing regulation in the [[United States]] is [[FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles]]. In 2004, the FAA introduced the "[[Light-sport aircraft]]" category, which resembles some other countries' microlight categories. Ultralight aviation is represented by the United States Ultralight Association ([[USUA]]), which acts as the US aeroclub representative to the [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]].


==Types==
In 2004 the FAA introduced the "[[Light-sport aircraft]]" category, which resembles some other countries' microlight categories.
There are several categories of aircraft which qualify as ultralights in some countries:
* [[Fixed-wing aircraft]]: traditional [[airplane]]-style designs.
* [[Ultralight trike|Weight-shift control trike]]: use a hang glider-style wing, below which is suspended a three-wheeled carriage which carries the engine and aviators. These aircraft are controlled by pushing against a horizontal control bar in roughly the same way as a hang glider pilot flies.
* [[Powered parachute]]: fuselage-mounted engines with parafoil wings, which are wheeled aircraft.
* [[Powered paraglider]]: backpack engines with parafoil wings, which are foot-launched.
* [[Powered hang glider]]: motorized foot-launched hang glider harness.
* [[Autogyro]]: rotary wing with fuselage-mounted engine, a gyrocopter is different from a helicopter in that the rotating wing is not powered, the engine provides forward thrust and the airflow through the rotary blades causes them to [[Autorotation (helicopter)|autorotate]] or "spin up" thereby creating lift.
* [[Helicopter]]: there are a number of single-seat and two-place helicopters which fall under the microlight categories in countries such as New Zealand. However, few helicopter designs fall within the more restrictive ultralight category defined in the United States of America.
* [[Hot air balloon]]: there are numerous ultralight hot air balloons in the US, and several more have been built and flown in France and Australia in recent years. Some ultralight hot air balloons are [[hopper balloon]]s, while others are regular hot air balloons that carry passengers in a basket.


===Electric===
In the United States no license or training is required by law for ultralights, but training is highly advisable. For light-sport aircraft a [[sport pilot certificate]] is required.
Advancements in batteries, motors, and motor controllers has led to some practical production [[electric aircraft|electric propulsion systems]] for some ultralight applications. In many ways, ultralights are a good application for electric power as some models are capable of flying with low power, which allows longer duration flights on battery power.<ref name="AvWeb12Apr08">{{cite web|url = http://www.avweb.com/news/snf/SunNFun2008_Electraflyer_TrikeMotorglider_BatteryPower_197632-1.html|title = Electraflyer Flies Trike, Motorglider On Battery Power|access-date =13 April 2008|last = Grady|first = Mary |date=April 2008}}</ref>


In 2007, the first pioneering company in this field, the [[Electric Aircraft Corporation]], began offering engine kits to convert ultralight weight shift trikes to electric power. The 18 [[horsepower|hp]] motor weighs {{convert|26|lb|abbr=on}} and an efficiency of 90% is claimed by designer Randall Fishman. The battery consists of a lithium-polymer battery pack of 5.6kWh which provides 1.5 hours of flying in the trike application. The company claimed a flight recharge cost of 60 cents in 2007.<ref name= "AvWeb12Apr08" /><ref name="Technical details">{{cite web |url= http://www.electraflyer.com/tech.html |title=ElectraFlyer Technical details |access-date=13 April 2008 | publisher = Electric Aircraft Corporation |year=2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071016052647/http://www.electraflyer.com/tech.html |archive-date=16 October 2007 |url-status= dead}}</ref>
Ultralight aviation is represented by the United States Ultralight Association ([[USUA]]), which acts the US aeroclub representative to the [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]].


A significant obstacle to the adoption of electric propulsion for ultralights in the U.S. is the weight of the battery, which is considered part of the empty weight of the aircraft despite efforts to have it considered as fuel.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://experimenter.epubxp.com/i/108002-february-2013/20|title=Experimenter | date = February 2013|work=epubxp |access-date= 16 August 2015}}</ref> As the [[specific energy]] of batteries improves, lighter batteries can be used.
== Types of aircraft ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2011}}
While ultralight-type planes date back to the early 1900s (such as the [[Alberto Santos-Dumont|Santos-Dumont]] Demoiselle), there have been three generations of modern, fixed-wing ultralight aircraft designs, which are generally classed by the type of structure.

The first generation of modern ultralights were actually [[hang glider]]s with small engines added to them, to create [[powered hang glider]]s. The wings on these were flexible, braced by wires, and steered by shifting the pilot's weight under the wing.

The second generation ultralights began to arrive in the mid-1970s. These were designed as powered aircraft, but still used wire bracing and usually single-surface wings. Most of these have "2-Axis" control systems, operated by stick or yoke, which control the elevators (pitch) and the rudder (yaw) -- there are no ailerons, so may be no direct control of banking (roll). A few 2-Axis designs use [[Spoiler (aeronautics)|spoilers]] on the top of the wings, and pedals for rudder control. Examples of 2-Axis ultralights are the "Pterodactyl" and the "Quicksilver MX".

The third generation ultralights, arriving in the early 1980s, have strut-braced wings and airframe structure. Nearly all use 3-Axis control systems, as used on standard airplanes, and these are the most popular. Third generation designs include the [[CGS Hawk]], [[Kolb Ultrastar]] and [[Quad City Challenger]].

There are several types of aircraft which qualify as ultralights, but which do not have fixed-wing designs. These include:

* '''[[Ultralight trike|Weight-shift control trike]]''' - while the first generation ultralights were also controlled by weight shift, most of the current weight shift ultralights use a hang glider-style wing, below which is suspended a three wheeled carriage which carries the engine and aviators. These aircraft are controlled by pushing against a horizontal control bar in roughly the same way as a hang glider pilot flies. Trikes generally have impressive climb rates and are ideal for rough field operation, but are slower than other types of fixed-wing ultralights.

* '''[[Powered parachute]]s''' - cart mounted engines with parafoil wings, which are wheeled aircraft.

* '''[[Powered paragliding]]''' - backpack engines with parafoil wings, which are foot-launched.

* '''[[Powered hang glider]]''' - motorized foot-launched hang glider harness.

* '''[[Autogyro]]''' - rotary wing with cart mounted engine, a gyrocopter is different from a helicopter in that the rotating wing is not powered, the engine provides forward thrust and the airflow through the rotary blades causes them to ''[[autorotation|autorotate]]'' or "spin up" to create lift. Most of these use a design based on the [[Bensen B-8]] gyrocopter.

* '''[[Helicopter]]''' - there are a number of single-seat and two-place helicopters which fall under the microlight categories in countries such as New Zealand. However, few helicopter designs fall within the more restrictive ultralight category defined in the United States of America. Two examples that do are the Mosquito Air and XEL designs from Innovator Technologies, Inc.

* '''[[Hot air balloon]]''' - there are numerous ultralight hot air balloons in the US, and several more have been built and flown in France and Australia in recent years. Some ultralight hot air balloons are [[hopper balloon]]s, while others are regular hot air balloons that carry passengers in a basket.

===Electric powered ultralights===
Research has been conducted in recent years to replace gasoline engines in ultralights with electric motors powered by batteries to produce [[electric aircraft]]. This has now resulted in practical production electric power systems for some ultralight applications. These developments have been motivated by cost as well as [[climate change|environmental concerns]]. In many ways ultralights are a good application for electric power as some models are capable of flying with low power, which allows longer duration flights on battery power.<ref name="AvWeb12Apr08">{{cite web|url = http://www.avweb.com/news/snf/SunNFun2008_Electraflyer_TrikeMotorglider_BatteryPower_197632-1.html|title = Electraflyer Flies Trike, Motorglider On Battery Power|accessdate = 2008-04-13|last = Grady|first = Mary|authorlink = |year = 2008|month = April}}</ref>

In 2007 [[ElectraFlyer]] began offering engine kits to convert ultralight weight shift trikes to electric power. The 18 [[horsepower|hp]] motor weighs {{convert|26|lb|abbr=on}} and an efficiency of 90% is claimed by designer Randall Fishman. The battery consists of a lithium-polymer battery pack of 5.6kwh which provides 1.5 hours of flying in the trike application. The power system for a trike costs [[United states dollar|USD]] $8285. to $11285. The company claims a flight recharge cost of 60 cents.
<ref name="AvWeb12Apr08"/><ref name="Technical details">{{cite web|url = http://www.electraflyer.com/tech.html|title = ElectraFlyer Technical details|accessdate = 2008-04-13|last = Electric Aircraft Corporation|authorlink = |year = 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071016052647/http://www.electraflyer.com/tech.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-10-16}}</ref>

==Safety==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2011}}
Historically, ultralights have had a poor safety reputation. Most of the early designs were fragile or unstable, and this resulted in a number of accidents.

As designs matured, pilot error was shown to be the cause of the vast majority of incidents involving ultralights. As a result, most countries now require an Ultralight Pilot's license/certificate, often regulated by one or more officially-delegated pilots' organizations. The United States does not require any training for ultralight pilots; however, experienced ultralighters are nearly unanimous in recommending that no one solo before receiving dual training. Instruction may be given in two-place [[Light-sport aircraft|light-sport]] versions of the ultralight. An instructor must be certified by the FAA to give dual instruction in a [[light-sport aircraft]].

The build quality and airworthiness of ultralight aircraft (and [[Homebuilt aircraft|homebuilt]] light-sport aircraft in the USA) can now equal that of Certified light aircraft. Some types satisfy both sets of requirements and are available for registration to either Ultralight or Certified status. When registered as an ultralight (or [[Experimental aircraft|Experimental]]), the pilot is permitted to do more of the simple maintenance tasks, resulting in a lower cost of operation, although this comes at the cost of restrictions such as avoiding densely populated urban areas, bad weather, or night. Many older pilots are willing to trade these operational restrictions for a lower drain on their retirement incomes, and as a result many ultralights are now flown by experienced [[General Aviation]] (GA) pilots or ex-commercial pilots. One other reason for this increase in acceptance is that any pilot is "only one medical away from being an ultralight pilot" -- a reference to the requirement that most other pilots must pass periodic physical examinations, but not to fly ultralights.

==The future==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2011}}
Ultralight/microlight aircraft were once regarded as "flying clotheslines", since early aircraft were typically completely open, wire, tube and rag aircraft &ndash; these aircraft were seldom used for anything more than local area flying.

However, ultralights are rapidly transforming into high performance aircraft, capable of very respectable speed and range. In recent years there has been a dramatic rise in the number of [[General Aviation]] pilots flying high performance ultralights due to the cost benefits.

These aircraft are now often referred to as recreational aircraft.

A rapidly growing area of the class is scale-replica "warbirds", such as the offerings from [[Titan Aircraft]] and [[Loehle Aircraft]].

== Notable microlight/ultralight manufacturers ==
<!--To prevent spamming please restrict this list to companies that have existing articles-->
<!--Please do not add external links here, instead start an article on the manufacturer and use the links as references in that article-->
{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
* [[Aero Consult Light Aircraft]]
* [[Air Creation]]
* [[Aviasud Engineering]]
* [[Avid Aircraft]]
* [[Beaujon Aircraft]]
* [[DynAero]]
* [[ElectraFlyer|Electric Aircraft Corporation]] &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
* [[Evektor-Aerotechnik]]
* [[Fantasy Air]]
* [[Flight Design]]
* [[Flylab]]
* [[Jabiru Aircraft]]
* [[Loehle Aircraft]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Micro Aviation NZ]]
* [[Murphy Aircraft]]
* [[New Kolb Aircraft]]
* [[Pipistrel]]
* [[Preceptor Aircraft]]
* [[Raj Hamsa Ultralights]]
* [[Rans Designs]]
* [[Remos Aircraft]]
* [[Spectrum Aircraft]]
* [[Titan Aircraft]]
* [[Tecnam]]
* [[Urban Air]]
{{col-end}}

== Notable national microlight/ultralight organizations ==
<!-- Please add only organizations that have existing articles on Wikipedia -->
*[[Experimental Aircraft Association]]
*[[Recreational Aviation Australia]]
*[[United States Ultralight Association]]
*[[United States Powered Paragliding Association]]


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Aerosport (airshow)]]
* [[Aerosport (airshow)|Aerosport airshow]], ultralight aviation show at the [[Igualada]]-[[Òdena]] [[aerodrome]] [[Barcelona Province (Spain)|Barcelona Province]], [[Spain]]
*[[Backpack helicopter]]
* [[Backpack helicopter]]
*[[Jetpack]]
* [[Jetpack]]
*[[Nanolight]]
* [[Nanolight]]
* [[Experimental Aircraft Association]]
* [[Recreational Aviation Australia]]
* [[United States Ultralight Association]]
* [[United States Powered Paragliding Association]]
* [[Volksflugzeug]]


==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Ultralight aircraft}}
{{Commons category-inline|Ultralight aircraft}}
*[http://www.ultralighthomepage.com/regulations.html Ultralight regulations in various countries]
*[http://www.caa.govt.nz/ga/sport_&_rec/guide_for_micro_importers.pdf Type Acceptance information for New Zealand microlights]


{{Authority control}}
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{{aviation lists}}
[[Category:Ultralight aviation| ]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ultralight Aviation}}
[[Category:Ultralight aircraft| ]]
[[Category:Aeronautics]]
[[Category:Air sports]]
[[Category:Air sports]]

[[ar:طائرة شديدة الخفة]]
[[ca:Aviació ultralleugera]]
[[cs:Ultralehké letadlo]]
[[da:Ultralet fly]]
[[de:Ultraleichtflugzeug]]
[[es:Aviación ultraligera]]
[[eo:Ultramalpezaj aviadiloj]]
[[fr:Ultra-léger motorisé]]
[[hr:Mikrolaki avion]]
[[is:Fis]]
[[it:Ultraleggero]]
[[he:אווירון זעיר ממדים]]
[[lb:Ultra-Léger-Motorisé]]
[[nl:Ultralicht motorluchtvaartuig]]
[[ja:超軽量動力機]]
[[no:Mikrofly]]
[[pl:Samolot ultralekki]]
[[pt:Ultraleve]]
[[ru:Сверхлёгкая авиация]]
[[sr:Ултралаки авион]]
[[sh:Ultralaki avion]]
[[fi:Ultrakevyt lentokone]]
[[sv:Ultralätt flyg]]
[[tr:Ultralight havacılık]]

Latest revision as of 09:52, 31 October 2024

"Ultralight" redirects here. For the style of backpacking, see Ultralight backpacking.
Huntair Pathfinder Mark 1 ultralight

Ultralight aviation (called microlight aviation in some countries) is the flying of lightweight, 1- or 2-seat fixed-wing aircraft. Some countries differentiate between weight-shift control and conventional three-axis control aircraft with ailerons, elevator and rudder, calling the former "microlight" and the latter "ultralight".

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, mostly stimulated by the hang gliding movement, many people sought affordable powered flight. As a result, many aviation authorities set up definitions of lightweight, slow-flying aeroplanes that could be subject to minimum regulations. The resulting aeroplanes are commonly called "ultralight aircraft" or "microlights", although the weight and speed limits differ from country to country. In Europe, the sporting (FAI) definition limits the maximum stalling speed to 65 km/h (40 mph) and the maximum take-off weight to 450 kg (992 lb), or 472.5 kg (1,042 lb) if a ballistic parachute is installed. The definition means that the aircraft has a slow landing speed and short landing roll in the event of an engine failure.[1]

In most affluent countries, microlights or ultralight aircraft now account for a significant percentage of the global civilian-owned aircraft. For instance, in Canada in February 2018, the ultralight aircraft fleet made up to 20.4% of the total civilian aircraft registered.[2] In other countries that do not register ultralight aircraft, like in the United States, it is unknown what proportion of the total fleet they make up. In countries where there is no specific extra regulation, ultralights are considered regular aircraft and subject to certification requirements for both aircraft and pilot.

Definitions

[edit]
Definitions of ultralight aircraft
Country Type Capacity MTOW Time Licence Other conditions
Australia Recreational Aircraft[3] 2 600 kg (1,323 lb); 614 kg (1,354 lb) for seaplanes — — —
Light Sport Aircraft[4] 2 600 kg (1,323 lb); 650 kg (1,433 lb) for seaplanes — — —
Brazil Ultralight 2 750 kg (1,653 lb) Daylight visual conditions — Used mainly (or intended for) sports or recreation[5]
Canada basic ultra-light aeroplane 2 1,200 lb (544 kg) Daylight visual conditions Ultralight Pilot Permit Craft may be operated from land or water
advanced ultra-light aeroplane 2 1,232 lb (559 kg) Daylight visual conditions Ultralight Pilot Permit Craft may only carry a passenger if the pilot has an Ultralight Aeroplane Passenger Carrying Rating; may operate at a controlled airport without prior arrangement[6]
Europe[7] land plane/helicopter, single-seater 1 300 kg Daylight VFR Ultralight Pilot Permit Sport or recreation only
land plane/helicopter, two-seater 2 450 kg (992 lb) Daylight VFR Ultralight Pilot Permit Sport or recreation only
amphibian or floatplane/helicopter single-seater 2 495 kg (1,091 lb) Daylight VFR Ultralight Pilot Permit where operating both as a floatplane/helicopter and as a land plane/ helicopter, it falls below both MTOW limits, as appropriate
land plane, two-seater equipped with an airframe mounted total recovery parachute system 2 472.5 kg (1,042 lb) Daylight VFR Ultralight Pilot Permit Sport or recreational use only
land plane single-seater equipped with an airframe mounted total recovery parachute system 1 315 kg (694 lb) Daylight VFR Ultralight Pilot Permit Sport or recreational use only
gyroplane 1–2 560 kg (1,235 lb) Daylight VFR Ultralight Pilot Permit Sport or recreational only
India — 2 450 kg (992 lb) without parachute — current permit to fly[8] —
Italy ultraleggero 1–2 Max Take Off Weight MTOW

2 persons, 622.5 kg (1,372 lb) (600 kg (1,323 lb) without parachute)

  • Hydroplanes, 650 kg (1,433 lb)
  • Single, 300 kg (661 lb)
  • Hydroplane single, 330 kg (728 lb)

Stall speed 65 km/h (40 mph)

Daylight, minimum of 500 ft (152 m). certificate exam, insurance and a medical examination.[9] Requires a helmet only for open cockpit aircraft. Flying over populated areas and assemblies of people are prohibited.[10]
Japan Ultra light power machine[11][12]

(undefined in Civil Aeronautics Act)

1–2[11][12] Max empty weight:
  • 180 kg (397 lb) (1 seat)
  • 225 kg (496 lb) (2 seats), with extra weight allowed for emergency parachute up to 11 kg (24 lb) and for floats up to 28 kg (62 lb)[11][12]
 Daylight visual conditions[13] Minister's permission carried on board for each year[13] instead of licence[14][15]

Passengers also need permission.[13]

Sports or recreational use only[12]

Other minister's permissions:

  • flight permission (for each 2 – 4 months)[12][14][15]
  • Permission of land owner for landing and for take off[14][15]

Flyable area: uncontrolled airspace over unpopulated areas, within 3 km (2 mi) from departure point and landing at another point forbidden.[13]

Aircraft:

  • powered, non-certified, propeller aircraft, including autogyro, with landing gear
  • Minimum required equipment: airspeed indicator and altimeter
  • Maximum stall speed: 65 km/h (40 mph)
  • Minimum wing area: 10 m (33 ft)2
  • Maximum speed: 185 km/h (115 mph)
  • Maximum fuel capacity: 30 L (8 US gal)[12][14]
New Zealand NZ Class 1 1 Single seat 510 kg (1,124 lb), 550 kg (1,213 lb) for seaplanes; Stall speed 45 kn (83 km/h; 52 mph). Daytime VFR Microlight Licence required[citation needed] Part 103 Microlight Aircraft Operating Rules,[16] Part 103 advisory circulars[17]
NZ Class 2 2 2 Seats 600 kg (1,323 lb), 650 kg (1,433 lb) for seaplanes; Stall speed 45 kn (83 km/h; 52 mph) Daytime VFR Microlight Licence required[citation needed] Part 103 Microlight Aircraft Operating Rules,[16] Part 103 advisory circulars[17]
Philippines non-type certified aircraft[18][19] — — Daytime VFR — recreational and sport use
United Kingdom Sub-70 kg (154 lb) Unregulated, Single seat deregulated, 2-seat regulated. 1–2[20] Several definitions, from 70 kg with full fuel to 650 kg (1,433 lb) maximum weight at take-off Daytime VFR Licence not required for Sub-70 kg, NPPL licence required otherwise[21][22] Recreational. No paid work.
United States ultralight aircraft 1 Empty weight of less than 254 lb (115 kg) [23][24] Daylight hours no license required less than 5 US gal (19 L) fuel capacity, empty weight of less than 254 pounds, a top speed of 55 kn (63 mph; 102 km/h), and a maximum stall speed not exceeding (24 kn (28 mph; 44 km/h)). May only be flown over uncongested areas.
light-sport aircraft 2 1,320 lb (599 kg); 1,430 lb (649 kg) for seaplanes. Daytime VFR sport pilot certificate
  • Max. Speed (CAS) in Level Flight 138 mph (120 kn; 222 km/h)
  • Max. Stall Speed 51 mph (44 kn; 82 km/h)

Must have fixed landing gear, and a single engine with fixed pitch propeller.

Pegasus Quantum 145-912 ultralight trike
Flight Design CTSW
A powered paraglider
A US-made Pterodactyl Ascender ultralight on a camping flight
Canadian Lazair ultralight covered in clear Mylar
A foot-launched powered hang glider

Australia

[edit]

In Australia, ultralight aircraft and their pilots can either be registered with the Hang Gliding Federation of Australia (HGFA)[25] or Recreational Aviation Australia (RA Aus).[26] In all cases, except for privately built single seat ultralight aeroplanes,[27] microlight aircraft or trikes are regulated by the Civil Aviation Regulations.

Canada

[edit]
Main article: Ultralight aircraft (Canada)

United Kingdom

[edit]

Pilots of a powered, fixed wing aircraft or paramotors do not need a licence, provided its weight with a full fuel tank is not more than 75 kg (165 lb), but they must obey the rules of the air.[28]

For heavier microlights the current UK regulations are similar to the European ones, but helicopters and gyroplanes are not included.[29]

Other than the very earliest aircraft, all two-seat UK microlights (and until 2007 all single-seaters) have been required to meet an airworthiness standard; BCAR Section S.[30] In 2007, Single Seat DeRegulated (SSDR), a sub-category of single seat aircraft was introduced, allowing owners more freedom for modification and experiments. By 2017 the airworthiness of all single seat microlights became solely the responsibility of the user, but pilots must hold a microlight licence;[31] currently NPPL(M) (National Private Pilots Licence).

New Zealand

[edit]

Ultralights in New Zealand are subject to NZCAA General Aviation regulations[32] with microlight specific variations as described in Part 103[33] and AC103-1.[34]

United States

[edit]
Main article: Ultralight aircraft (United States)

The United States FAA's definition of an ultralight is significantly different from that in most other countries and can lead to some confusion when discussing the topic. The governing regulation in the United States is FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles. In 2004, the FAA introduced the "Light-sport aircraft" category, which resembles some other countries' microlight categories. Ultralight aviation is represented by the United States Ultralight Association (USUA), which acts as the US aeroclub representative to the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.

Types

[edit]

There are several categories of aircraft which qualify as ultralights in some countries:

  • Fixed-wing aircraft: traditional airplane-style designs.
  • Weight-shift control trike: use a hang glider-style wing, below which is suspended a three-wheeled carriage which carries the engine and aviators. These aircraft are controlled by pushing against a horizontal control bar in roughly the same way as a hang glider pilot flies.
  • Powered parachute: fuselage-mounted engines with parafoil wings, which are wheeled aircraft.
  • Powered paraglider: backpack engines with parafoil wings, which are foot-launched.
  • Powered hang glider: motorized foot-launched hang glider harness.
  • Autogyro: rotary wing with fuselage-mounted engine, a gyrocopter is different from a helicopter in that the rotating wing is not powered, the engine provides forward thrust and the airflow through the rotary blades causes them to autorotate or "spin up" thereby creating lift.
  • Helicopter: there are a number of single-seat and two-place helicopters which fall under the microlight categories in countries such as New Zealand. However, few helicopter designs fall within the more restrictive ultralight category defined in the United States of America.
  • Hot air balloon: there are numerous ultralight hot air balloons in the US, and several more have been built and flown in France and Australia in recent years. Some ultralight hot air balloons are hopper balloons, while others are regular hot air balloons that carry passengers in a basket.

Electric

[edit]

Advancements in batteries, motors, and motor controllers has led to some practical production electric propulsion systems for some ultralight applications. In many ways, ultralights are a good application for electric power as some models are capable of flying with low power, which allows longer duration flights on battery power.[35]

In 2007, the first pioneering company in this field, the Electric Aircraft Corporation, began offering engine kits to convert ultralight weight shift trikes to electric power. The 18 hp motor weighs 26 lb (12 kg) and an efficiency of 90% is claimed by designer Randall Fishman. The battery consists of a lithium-polymer battery pack of 5.6kWh which provides 1.5 hours of flying in the trike application. The company claimed a flight recharge cost of 60 cents in 2007.[35][36]

A significant obstacle to the adoption of electric propulsion for ultralights in the U.S. is the weight of the battery, which is considered part of the empty weight of the aircraft despite efforts to have it considered as fuel.[37] As the specific energy of batteries improves, lighter batteries can be used.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Boric, Marino, Spoilt For Choice, Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al (editors): World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12, page 10. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X
  2. ^ Transport Canada (February 2018). "Canadian Civil Aircraft Register: Number of Aircraft by Category Result". Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  3. ^ An overview of the legislative framework enabling sport and recreational aviation Archived 2011-12-23 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 7 January 2012
  4. ^ Kiehn, Chris (15 July 2013). "Synopsis: the Light Sport Aircraft category". Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  5. ^ "RBHA 103A regulation, in Portuguese" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  6. ^ Transport Canada (30 December 2007). "Canadian Aviation Regulations, Part I - General Provisions, Subpart 1 - Interpretation". Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  7. ^ Joint Aviation Authorities (1 November 2004), JAR 1, Archived 26 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 7 February 2015
  8. ^ Microlight Aviation (2008). "Microlight/ultralight FAQs". Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  9. ^ "Laws and regulations on ultralight aviation in Italy" (in Italian). 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  10. ^ "Presidential decree 9 July 2010, n.133" (PDF) (in Italian). 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  11. ^ a b c "航空：超軽量動力機とは - 国土交通省". www.mlit.go.jp. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
  12. ^ a b c d e f "サーキュラー No.1-007 超軽量動力機又はジャイロプレーンに関する試験飛行等の許可について" (PDF). 航空：超軽量動力機等の安全確保について - 国土交通省. 2015-03-20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-01-28.
  13. ^ a b c d "超軽量動力機等に関する航空法第28条第３項の許可の手続き等について" (PDF). 航空：超軽量動力機等の安全確保について - 国土交通省. 2007-09-03. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-03-23.
  14. ^ a b c d "航空：超軽量動力機等の安全確保について - 国土交通省". www.mlit.go.jp. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
  15. ^ a b c "航空法 / Civil Aeronautics Act". 日本法令外国語訳データベースシステム Japanese Law Translation. 2009-04-01.
  16. ^ a b "Part 103 Microlight Aircraft Operating Rules | aviation.govt.nz". www.aviation.govt.nz.
  17. ^ a b "AC103-1 - Microlight aircraft operating rules | aviation.govt.nz". www.aviation.govt.nz.
  18. ^ Angeles City Flying Club, Excerpt from part 11 of the Civil Aviation Regulations.
  19. ^ Civil Aviation Authority Philippines Archived 2009-04-22 at the Wayback Machine, download page for all regulations.
  20. ^ "The British Microlight Aircraft Association, new page 3786". www.bmaa.org. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  21. ^ British Microlight Aircraft Association. "[1]". Retrieved 24 July 2015
  22. ^ British Microlight Aircraft Association. "Licensed Flying, so you want to be a pilot?". Retrieved 24 July 2015
  23. ^ Federal Aviation Administration (January 2007). "Title 14: Aeronautics and Space, Part 103 - Ultralight Vehicles". Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  24. ^ United States Ultralight Association (2009). "Frequently asked Questions". Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  25. ^ Hang Gliding Federation of Australia (n.d.). "The HGFA". Retrieved 25 May 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  26. ^ Recreational Aviation Australia Inc (August 2007). "About the RA-Aus association and our mission". Archived from the original on 19 May 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
  27. ^ Legal Services Group Civil Aviation Safety Authority (July 2007). "PART 200 Aircraft to which CASR do not apply". Retrieved 25 May 2008.
  28. ^ "The British Microlight Aircraft Association, new page 3852". www.bmaa.org. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  29. ^ British Civil Aviation Authority Aircraft Types
  30. ^ CAP 482 British Civil Airworthiness Requirements Section S - Small Light Aeroplanes, Archived 26 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 8 December 2020
  31. ^ "The British Microlight Aircraft Association, new page 3852". www.bmaa.org. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  32. ^ Civil Aviation Rules, Accessed 1 October 2022
  33. ^ Part 103 - Microlight Aircraft - Operating Rules, Accessed 01 October 2022
  34. ^ Advisory Circular 103, Archived 17 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed 7 October 2021
  35. ^ a b Grady, Mary (April 2008). "Electraflyer Flies Trike, Motorglider On Battery Power". Retrieved 13 April 2008.
  36. ^ "ElectraFlyer Technical details". Electric Aircraft Corporation. 2007. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2008.
  37. ^ "Experimenter". epubxp. February 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
[edit]

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