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{{Short description|Acting President of Afghanistan in April–June 1992}}
{{Infobox President
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
|name = Sibghatullah Mojaddedi صبغت الله مجددی
{{Infobox president
|image =
| name = Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
|imagesize = 144px
|order = 9th [[President of Afghanistan]]
| image = Mojaddedi in September 2014.jpg
| imagesize =
|primeminister = [[Abdul Sabur Farid Kuhestani]]
|term_start = 28 April 1992
| caption = Mojaddedi in 2014
| office1 = Acting [[President of Afghanistan]]
|term_end = 28 June 1992
| term_start1 = 28 April 1992
|predecessor = [[Abdul Rahim Hatef]] <small>(Acting)</small>
| term_end1 = 28 June 1992
|successor = [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]
| predecessor1 = [[Abdul Rahim Hatif]] <small>(acting)</small>
|birth_date = 1925 or 1926 (aged 83-85)
|birth_place = [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]
| successor1 = [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]
| office2 = [[House of Elders (Afghanistan)|Speaker of the House of Elders]]
|death_date =
| term_start2 = December 2005
|death_place =
|party = [[Afghan National Liberation Front]]
| term_end2 = 29 January 2011
| predecessor2 = Vacant
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| successor2 = [[Fazel Hadi Muslimyar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1926|9|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kabul]], [[Emirate of Afghanistan]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|2|11|1926|9|27|df=y}}
| death_place = Kabul, [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
| party = National Liberation Front
| occupation = Politician, [[Afghan mujahideen|Mujahideen]] leader
| native_name_lang = ps
| native_name = {{nobold|صبغت الله مجددی}}
}}
}}
'''Sibghatullah Mojaddedi''' ({{langx|ps|صبغت الله مجددي}}; {{langx|prs|صبغت‌الله مجددی}}; 27 September 1926<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/azu_acku_risalah_ds371_2_meem46_yaa1375|title=سوانع مختصر پروفیسور حضرت صبغت الله مجددی ریس دولت اسلامی افغانستان / نگارنده شاآغا صدیق مجددی|date=11 February 1979|publisher=[کابل] : انجمن فرهنگی ومطبوعاتی جبهه ملی نجات افغانستان، [1375؟]|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> – 11 February 2019)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.khaama.com/former-afghan-president-sibghatullah-mojaddedi-dies-03290/|title=Former Afghan President Sibghatullah Mojaddedi dies|newspaper=The Khaama Press News Agency |date=11 February 2019}}</ref> was an [[Politics of Afghanistan|Afghan politician]], who served as Acting [[President of Afghanistan|President]] after the fall of [[Mohammad Najibullah]]'s government in April 1992. He was the first leader to call for armed resistance against the Soviet-backed regime in 1979 and founded the Afghan National Liberation Front at the time; later becoming a respected figure among the various [[Afghan mujahideen]]. He served as the chairman of the [[2003 loya jirga]] that approved Afghanistan's new constitution. In 2005, he was appointed chairman of the [[House of Elders (Afghanistan)|Meshrano Jirga]], upper house of the [[National Assembly of Afghanistan]], and was reappointed as a member in 2011. He also served on the [[Afghan High Peace Council]]. Mojaddedi is considered to have been a moderate leader.<ref name=ahib-2011>{{harvnb|Gladstone|2001|p=8}}</ref>
{{History of Afghanistan}}
'''Sibghatullah Mojaddedi''' (Dari/[[Pashto language|Pashto]] صبغت الله مجددي)(born 1926), served as the first [[President of Afghanistan|President of the Islamic State of Afghanistan]] after the fall of the [[Communism|communist]] regime in 1992. He is also the leader of the [[Afghan National Liberation Front]]. Professor Mojaddedi transferred power to President [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]] after serving a two-month term, based on a prior agreement that was reached by the [[Mujahideen]] forces in [[Pakistan]]. He couldn't establish any type of reconciliation among the Mujahideen factions. In December 2003, he served as the chairman of the [[Loya Jirga]] that approved Afghanistan's new constitution. Recently he was elected as the leader of the legislature's 102-seat upper house, the Meshrano Jirga, for a 5 year term, and is also chairman of "National Commission for Peace in Afghanistan".


==Personal==
== Early years ==
Mojaddedi was born on 27 September 1926 in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation |last1=Amstutz |first1=Bruce |year=1994|publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=0-7881-1111-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RUSNyMH1aFQC/page/n429 406]|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RUSNyMH1aFQC|access-date=20 July 2013 |quote=Born in 1925, he completed high school in Kabul and then went to Al-Azhar University in Cairo to earn bachelor's and master's degrees in Islamic law and jurisprudence.}}</ref><ref name=AfghanBios>{{cite web|last=Afghan Bios|date=14 April 2012|title=Who is Who in Afghanistan: Mojadedi, Sibghatullah Hazrat Sahib Mujadidi Mojadidi|url=http://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&id=1085&task=view&total=2314&start=1266&Itemid=2|access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=Safis>{{cite web|last=Safis Web |date=24 September 2006 |title=Profile: Sibghatullah Mojaddedi |url=http://www.zmong-afghanistan.com/profiles/sibghatullah.asp |access-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606152711/http://www.zmong-afghanistan.com/profiles/sibghatullah.asp |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Enemy We Created: The Myth of the Taliban-Al Qaeda Merger in Afghanistan|page=492|isbn=9780199927319|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyh_DBV1bMC&q=sibghatullah+mujaddidi+born&pg=PA492|last1=Linschoten|first1=Alex Strick van|last2=Kuehn|first2=Felix|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> His family, the Mojaddedis, are a well-known [[Pashtun]] family of religious scholars from Kabul<ref name=Stedman-70>{{harvnb|Stedman|Tanner|2002|p=70}}</ref> who trace their ancestry to Mujaddid [[Ahmad Sirhindi]], a prominent 16th-century Islamic scholar and [[Naqshbandi]] [[Sufi]].<ref name=AfghanBios /><ref name=Safis /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Power Struggle Over Afghanistan: An Inside Look at What Went Wrong-And What We Can Do to Repair the Damage |last1=Eide |first1=Kai |year=2012|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc. |isbn=978-1-6160-8464-6|page=Chapter Three|url=https://archive.org/details/powerstruggleove0000eide|url-access=registration |access-date=20 July 2013 |quote=Eighty-year-old Mojadeddi, a Pashtun, had been Karzai's mentor during the mujahideen times and was a deeply respected and moderate politician.}}</ref><ref name=eur-94>{{harvnb|Eur|2003|p=94}}</ref>
Sibghatullah Mojaddedi is an ethnic [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]].<ref name=eur-94>{{harvnb|Eur|2003|p=94}}</ref> The Mojaddedi is an eminent religious family from Kabul.<ref name=Stedman-70>{{harvnb|Stedman|Tanner|2002|p=70}}</ref>He has 4 Grandchildren 3 Great-Grandchildren.


Mojaddedi studied Islamic Law and Jurisprudence at [[al-Azhar University]] in [[Cairo]], Egypt. In 1952 he returned to Afghanistan to teach in high schools and at [[Kabul University]], where he became known as an advocate of Afghan political independence.<ref name=AfghanBios /><ref name=Safis /> In 1959 Mojaddedi was accused of conspiring against then Soviet Prime Minister [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and was imprisoned without trial until 1964.<ref name=AfghanBios/> It is believed his leftist brother, Rahmatullah Mojaddedi, passed information to [[Babrak Karmal]] and in turn to the Daoud government that Sibghatullah planned to blow up a bridge in Kabul targeting the Soviet delegation's motorcade in a visit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print|title=Afghanistan}}</ref> After release, he was forced into exile for his outspoken comments regarding Soviet influence in Afghanistan. His period in exile was spent in several countries such as Denmark and Pakistan before his entry into Afghan politics.<ref name=AfghanBios/><ref name=Safis />
==Politics==
Sibghatullah Mojaddedi is a moderate Muslim leader.<ref name=ahib-2011>{{harvnb|Gladstone|2001|p=8}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Jebh-e-Nejat-e Melli]] (National Liberation Front).<ref name="eur-94" />


==Afghan resistance==
In 1989, the Afghan Interim Government appointed him as the president of the country.<ref name=eur-65>{{harvnb|Eur|2003|p=65}}</ref> In 1992, he was the chair of a the Islamic Jihad Council that was set up to establish a post-Soviet Afghani government.<ref name=ahib-2011/> This position lasted three months, although some sources say he stayed for only two months.<ref name=ahib-2011/><ref name=Runion-116>{{harvnb|Runion|2007|p=116}}</ref>. In May 1992, Burhanuddin Rabbani established a new leadership council. This council undermined Mojaddedi's leadership, resulting in his resignation and handing over power to a new council.<ref name=ahib-2011/><ref name=Runion-116/> During this time in 1992, when Mojaddedi was [[President of Afghanistan]], the [[Ariana Afghan Airlines|Ariana]] plane carrying him to Kabul was hit by an [[Rocket propelled grenade|RPG]] as it was landing at [[Kabul International Airport|Kabul Airport]]. The plane landed safely, with no fatalities.<ref>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19920529-0 Aviation Safety Net]</ref><ref>[http://hrw.org/reports/2005/afghanistan0605/4.htm#_Toc105552342 Human Rights Watch report]</ref>
Following the [[Saur Revolution]] in 1978, the new communist [[Khalq]] government killed Mojaddedi's brother and several of his relatives.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/29/world/rebels-leader-arrives-in-kabul-and-forms-an-islamic-republic.html|title=Rebels' Leader Arrives in Kabul And Forms an Islamic Republic|first=Edward A.|last=Gargan|newspaper=The New York Times|date=29 April 1992}}</ref> During exile in [[Peshawar]], Mojaddedi founded the Jebh-e-Nejat-e Melli (National Liberation Front) group.<ref name="eur-94" /> He was the first person to call for a nationwide ''[[jihad]]'' against the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]], on March 13, 1979. Throughout the [[Soviet-Afghan War]] he made many contributions for the [[Afghan mujahideen]] cause. His militia was most prominent in [[Kunar Province]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghan-web.com/biographies/biography-of-sibghatullah-mojaddedi/a-concise-biography-of-prof-sibghatullah-al-mojaddedi/|title=Concise Biography of Prof. Sibghatullah Al-Mojaddedi by Rahimullah Mojaddedi|date=9 April 2018}}</ref>


Mojaddedi's vision was an Islamic republic, possibly with a restored [[monarchy]]. He was opposed to Islamic fundamentalism and harbored friendly feelings towards the West.<ref>{{cite book| last=Amstutz| first=J. Bruce| publisher=Diane Publishing| isbn=978-0-7881-1111-2| url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RUSNyMH1aFQC| title=Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation| year=1994|oclc=948347893}}</ref>
Two suicide bombers carried out an attack in Kabul on March 12, 2006 at against Sibghatullah Mojaddedi.<ref name=HRW2007-40>{{harvnb|Human Rights Watch|2007|p=40}}</ref> At the time of the attack, he was a member of the upper house of parliament and head of a reconciliation committee aimed at engaging former Taliban members.<ref name=HRW2007-40/> He was attacked as he was leaving his office and heading for his car.<ref name=HRW2007-40/> Two men blew with suicide vests detonated the vests near his car.<ref name=HRW2007-40/> Four pedestrians were killed and Mojaddidi was slightly injured, with burns to his face and hands.<ref name=HRW2007-40/>


In 1988, he was elected head of the Afghan Interim Government, based in Peshawar.<ref name=eur-65>{{harvnb|Eur|2003|p=65}}</ref>
==Notes==
<references group="note" />


== Presidency (1992) ==
==References==
{{further|Politics of Afghanistan}}
{{reflist}}
In April 1992, he was elected the chair of the Islamic Jihad Council that was set up to establish a post-Soviet Afghan government.<ref name=ahib-2011/> He entered Kabul on 28 April amid a large crowd and assumed the new Islamic republic, and offered a general [[amnesty]] to all Afghans except the deposed President, [[Mohammad Najibullah]], whose fate would be decided by "the public". His election was supported by all mujahideen guerilla factions except the [[Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin]], whose forces started firing rockets at the capital; violent clashes took place between them and soldiers of the new coalition near the Interior Ministry building. Mojadeddi pleaded with [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] to lay down their arms, and commented "Mr. Hekmatyar was our brother. We were not expecting such an action. It is not allowed to him according to religion, according to Afghan tradition, to do this."<ref name="nytimes.com"/>


During the period that Mojaddedi was President of Afghanistan, the [[Ariana Afghan Airlines|Ariana]] plane carrying him to Kabul was hit by an [[Rocket propelled grenade|RPG]] as it was landing at [[Kabul International Airport]]. The plane landed safely, with no fatalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19920529-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev 154M YA-TAP Kabul|author=Harro Ranter|date=29 May 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2005/afghanistan0605/4.htm#_Toc105552342|title=Afghanistan: Blood-Stained Hands: III. The Battle for Kabul: April 1992-March 1993}}</ref>
==Bibliography==

{{refbegin|1}}
This position lasted for three months, although some sources say that he stayed in power for only two months.<ref name=ahib-2011/><ref name=Runion-116>{{harvnb|Runion|2007|p=116}}</ref> In May 1992, [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]] established a new leadership council, which undermined Mojaddedi's leadership, resulting in his resignation and handing over power to a new council.<ref name=ahib-2011/><ref name=Runion-116/>
* {{Cite book |author=Eur |title=Far East and Australasia 2003 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=1857431332 |ref=harv}}

* {{Cite book |last=Gladstone |first=Gary |title=Afghanistan: History, Issues, Bibliography |publisher=Novinka Books |year=2001 |isbn=1560331054 |ref=harv}}
== Later political career ==
* {{Cite journal |author=Human Rights Watch |title=AFGANISTAN The Human Cost The Consequences of Insurgent Attacks in Afghanistan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |year=2007| month=April |volume=19 |issue=6c |ref=harv}}
After the fall of the Taliban in 2001, Mojaddedi returned to Afghanistan from Pakistan and became chairman of the [[2003 loya jirga]], the assembly which approved Afghanistan's new constitution. He caused controversy there by publicly calling [[Malalai Joya]] a "communist" and "infidel" after her speech, for which he later apologized.<ref name="afghanistan-analysts.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/political-landscape/from-sufi-sheikh-to-interim-president-historic-mujahedin-leader-mujaddedi-passes-away/|title = From Sufi Sheikh to President: Historic mujahedin leader Mujaddedi passes away|date = 13 February 2019}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] said that Mojaddedi and the jirga's leadership curtrailed [[freedom of speech]] at the assembly,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-freedom-expression-essential-right|title=Afghanistan: Freedom of expression an essential right - Afghanistan|date=2 January 2004 }}</ref> including refusing to launch a vote on changing "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan" to "Republic of Afghanistan" despite getting enough signatures, publicly calling the delegates who signed it "unbelievers" and "apostates".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/346577/mujaddedi-callsdelegates-infidel|title = Mujaddedi callsdelegates 'infidel'|date = 2 January 2004}}</ref><ref name="afghanistan-analysts.org"/>
* {{Cite book |last=Runion |first=Meredith L|title=The history of Afghanistan |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780313337987 |oclc=237144347 |ref=harv}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Stedman |first1=Stephen John |last2=Tanner |first2=Fred |title=Refugee manipulation : war, politics, and the abuse of human suffering |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |year=2002 |isbn=0815780907 |oclc=123336516 |ref=harv}}
In 2005 he became chairman of the Meshrano Jirga, Afghanistan's upper house of the National Assembly of Afghanistan, and he was reappointed as member in 2011.<ref name=AfghanBios /> He also served on the Afghan High Peace Council.<ref name=WT>{{cite news|last=Kumar Sen|first=Ashish|date=28 September 2010|title=Afghan 'peace council' draws fire|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/sep/28/afghan-peace-council-draws-fire/|newspaper=Washington Times|access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref>

On 26 August 2015, Mojaddedi launched a new political coalition, the Council of Jihad and National Political Parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.khaama.com/mojadedi-announces-the-establishment-of-a-new-political-council-9607|title=Mojadedi announces the establishment of a new political council|newspaper=The Khaama Press News Agency |date=27 August 2015}}</ref>

== Later life and death ==
===2006 Assassination Attempt===
Two suicide bombers carried out an attack in Kabul on 12 March 2006 against Mojaddedi, while he was a member of the upper house and head of a reconciliation committee aimed at engaging former Taliban members.<ref name=HRW2007-40>{{harvnb|Human Rights Watch|2007|p=40}}</ref> The attackers blew up a vehicle filled with explosives next to his car as he was being driven through the streets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1066619.html|title=Former Afghan President Survives Bomb, Blames Pakistan|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> Four pedestrians were killed and Mojaddedi was slightly injured, with burns to his face and hands.<ref name=HRW2007-40/>

===Death===
Mojaddedi was falsely reported to have died on 9 February 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title="صبغت الله مجددی" رئیس جمهور اسبق افغانستان در گذشت|url=http://www.aftabir.com/news/article/view/2016/02/09/1139108|date=9 February 2016|newspaper=Aftab}}</ref> He was subsequently reported to have been present at a ceremony commemorating the 27th anniversary of the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan]] on 15 February 2016.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ar:ولسمشر غني پر طالبانو او اسلامي حزب د سولې غږ وکړ|url=http://www.bbc.com/pashto/afghanistan/2016/02/160215_hh-27th-anniv-soviet-forces-defeat-afg|newspaper=BBC|date=15 February 2015|language=ar}}</ref> It was reported on 12 February 2019 that Mojaddedi had died.<ref name=":0"/> He was 93.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/former-interim-president-sibghatullah-mujaddedi%C2%A0passes-away|title=Former Interim President Sibghatullah Mujaddedi Passes Away|date=12 February 2019|website=TOLOnews|access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|author=Eur|title=Far East and Australasia 2003|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=1-85743-133-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Gladstone|first=Gary|title=Afghanistan: History, Issues, Bibliography|publisher=Novinka Books|year=2001|isbn=1-56033-105-4}}
* {{cite journal|author=Human Rights Watch|title=The Human Cost The Consequences of Insurgent Attacks in Afghanistan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=April 2007 |volume=19 |issue=6c }}
* {{cite book|last=Runion|first=Meredith L.|title=The History of Afghanistan|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-313-33798-7|oclc=237144347}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stedman|first1=Stephen John|last2=Tanner|first2=Fred|title=Refugee Manipulation: War, Politics, and the Abuse of Human Suffering|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8157-8090-7|oclc=123336516|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/refugeemanipulat00step}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.mojaddedi.org/ Biography of Sibghatullah Mojaddedi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131015155602/http://www.mojaddedi.org/biography-of-sibghatullah-al-mojaddedi.html Biography of Sibghatullah Mojaddedi]
*[http://www.geocities.com/malalaijoya/home.htm Text of Remarks by Malalai Joya, Sayyaf, and Mojadidi]{{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=AnomieBOT}}
*[http://www.pts.af/ Afghanistan National Independent Peace and Reconciliation Commission]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090826151356/http://www.pts.af/ Afghanistan National Independent Peace and Reconciliation Commission]

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{{Presidents of Afghanistan}}
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{{Heads of state of Afghanistan since 1919}}

<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
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|NAME= Mojaddedi, Sibghatullah
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mojaddedi, Sibghatullah}}
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[[Category:Danish imams]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century heads of state of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:21st-century Afghan politicians]]
[[Category:Presidents of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Presidents of the House of Elders (Afghanistan)]]
[[Category:Afghan anti-communists]]
[[Category:Afghan anti-communists]]
[[Category:Afghan Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Afghan Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Afghan Sufis]]
[[Category:Afghan Sufis]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Attempted assassination survivors]]
[[Category:Al-Azhar University alumni]]
[[Category:Al-Azhar University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Kabul University]]

[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[de:Sibghatullah Modschaddedi]]
[[Category:Afghan expatriates in Pakistan]]
[[es:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi]]
[[Category:1990s in Afghanistan]]
[[fa:صبغت‌الله مجددی]]
[[ko:시브가툴라 모자데디]]
[[id:Sibghatullah Mojadeddi]]
[[ml:സിബ്ഗത്തുള്ള മുജദ്ദിദി]]
[[ms:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi]]
[[ja:シブガトゥッラー・ムジャッディディー]]
[[ps:صبغت الله مجددي]]
[[pl:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi]]
[[ru:Моджаддеди, Себгатулла]]
[[fi:Sibghatullah Mojadedi]]
[[sv:Sibghatullah Mojadedi]]
[[tr:Sibgatullah Müceddidi]]
[[uk:Сібгатулла Моджадеді]]

Latest revision as of 03:46, 11 November 2024

Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
صبغت الله مجددی
Mojaddedi in 2014
Acting President of Afghanistan
In office
28 April 1992 – 28 June 1992
Preceded byAbdul Rahim Hatif (acting)
Succeeded byBurhanuddin Rabbani
Speaker of the House of Elders
In office
December 2005 – 29 January 2011
Preceded byVacant
Succeeded byFazel Hadi Muslimyar
Personal details
Born(1926-09-27)27 September 1926
Kabul, Emirate of Afghanistan
Died11 February 2019(2019-02-11) (aged 92)
Kabul, Afghanistan
Political partyNational Liberation Front
OccupationPolitician, Mujahideen leader

Sibghatullah Mojaddedi (Pashto: صبغت الله مجددي; Dari: صبغت‌الله مجددی; 27 September 1926[1] – 11 February 2019)[2] was an Afghan politician, who served as Acting President after the fall of Mohammad Najibullah's government in April 1992. He was the first leader to call for armed resistance against the Soviet-backed regime in 1979 and founded the Afghan National Liberation Front at the time; later becoming a respected figure among the various Afghan mujahideen. He served as the chairman of the 2003 loya jirga that approved Afghanistan's new constitution. In 2005, he was appointed chairman of the Meshrano Jirga, upper house of the National Assembly of Afghanistan, and was reappointed as a member in 2011. He also served on the Afghan High Peace Council. Mojaddedi is considered to have been a moderate leader.[3]

Early years

[edit]

Mojaddedi was born on 27 September 1926 in Kabul, Afghanistan.[4][5][6][7] His family, the Mojaddedis, are a well-known Pashtun family of religious scholars from Kabul[8] who trace their ancestry to Mujaddid Ahmad Sirhindi, a prominent 16th-century Islamic scholar and Naqshbandi Sufi.[5][6][9][10]

Mojaddedi studied Islamic Law and Jurisprudence at al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt. In 1952 he returned to Afghanistan to teach in high schools and at Kabul University, where he became known as an advocate of Afghan political independence.[5][6] In 1959 Mojaddedi was accused of conspiring against then Soviet Prime Minister Nikita Khrushchev and was imprisoned without trial until 1964.[5] It is believed his leftist brother, Rahmatullah Mojaddedi, passed information to Babrak Karmal and in turn to the Daoud government that Sibghatullah planned to blow up a bridge in Kabul targeting the Soviet delegation's motorcade in a visit.[11] After release, he was forced into exile for his outspoken comments regarding Soviet influence in Afghanistan. His period in exile was spent in several countries such as Denmark and Pakistan before his entry into Afghan politics.[5][6]

Afghan resistance

[edit]

Following the Saur Revolution in 1978, the new communist Khalq government killed Mojaddedi's brother and several of his relatives.[12] During exile in Peshawar, Mojaddedi founded the Jebh-e-Nejat-e Melli (National Liberation Front) group.[10] He was the first person to call for a nationwide jihad against the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, on March 13, 1979. Throughout the Soviet-Afghan War he made many contributions for the Afghan mujahideen cause. His militia was most prominent in Kunar Province.[13]

Mojaddedi's vision was an Islamic republic, possibly with a restored monarchy. He was opposed to Islamic fundamentalism and harbored friendly feelings towards the West.[14]

In 1988, he was elected head of the Afghan Interim Government, based in Peshawar.[15]

Presidency (1992)

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Further information: Politics of Afghanistan

In April 1992, he was elected the chair of the Islamic Jihad Council that was set up to establish a post-Soviet Afghan government.[3] He entered Kabul on 28 April amid a large crowd and assumed the new Islamic republic, and offered a general amnesty to all Afghans except the deposed President, Mohammad Najibullah, whose fate would be decided by "the public". His election was supported by all mujahideen guerilla factions except the Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, whose forces started firing rockets at the capital; violent clashes took place between them and soldiers of the new coalition near the Interior Ministry building. Mojadeddi pleaded with Gulbuddin Hekmatyar to lay down their arms, and commented "Mr. Hekmatyar was our brother. We were not expecting such an action. It is not allowed to him according to religion, according to Afghan tradition, to do this."[12]

During the period that Mojaddedi was President of Afghanistan, the Ariana plane carrying him to Kabul was hit by an RPG as it was landing at Kabul International Airport. The plane landed safely, with no fatalities.[16][17]

This position lasted for three months, although some sources say that he stayed in power for only two months.[3][18] In May 1992, Burhanuddin Rabbani established a new leadership council, which undermined Mojaddedi's leadership, resulting in his resignation and handing over power to a new council.[3][18]

Later political career

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After the fall of the Taliban in 2001, Mojaddedi returned to Afghanistan from Pakistan and became chairman of the 2003 loya jirga, the assembly which approved Afghanistan's new constitution. He caused controversy there by publicly calling Malalai Joya a "communist" and "infidel" after her speech, for which he later apologized.[19] Amnesty International said that Mojaddedi and the jirga's leadership curtrailed freedom of speech at the assembly,[20] including refusing to launch a vote on changing "Islamic Republic of Afghanistan" to "Republic of Afghanistan" despite getting enough signatures, publicly calling the delegates who signed it "unbelievers" and "apostates".[21][19]

In 2005 he became chairman of the Meshrano Jirga, Afghanistan's upper house of the National Assembly of Afghanistan, and he was reappointed as member in 2011.[5] He also served on the Afghan High Peace Council.[22]

On 26 August 2015, Mojaddedi launched a new political coalition, the Council of Jihad and National Political Parties.[23]

Later life and death

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2006 Assassination Attempt

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Two suicide bombers carried out an attack in Kabul on 12 March 2006 against Mojaddedi, while he was a member of the upper house and head of a reconciliation committee aimed at engaging former Taliban members.[24] The attackers blew up a vehicle filled with explosives next to his car as he was being driven through the streets.[25] Four pedestrians were killed and Mojaddedi was slightly injured, with burns to his face and hands.[24]

Death

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Mojaddedi was falsely reported to have died on 9 February 2016.[26] He was subsequently reported to have been present at a ceremony commemorating the 27th anniversary of the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan on 15 February 2016.[27] It was reported on 12 February 2019 that Mojaddedi had died.[2] He was 93.[28]

References

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  1. ^ "سوانع مختصر پروفیسور حضرت صبغت الله مجددی ریس دولت اسلامی افغانستان / نگارنده شاآغا صدیق مجددی". [کابل] : انجمن فرهنگی ومطبوعاتی جبهه ملی نجات افغانستان، [1375؟]. 11 February 1979 – via Internet Archive.
  2. ^ a b "Former Afghan President Sibghatullah Mojaddedi dies". The Khaama Press News Agency. 11 February 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d Gladstone 2001, p. 8
  4. ^ Amstutz, Bruce (1994). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation. DIANE Publishing. p. 406. ISBN 0-7881-1111-6. Retrieved 20 July 2013. Born in 1925, he completed high school in Kabul and then went to Al-Azhar University in Cairo to earn bachelor's and master's degrees in Islamic law and jurisprudence.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Afghan Bios (14 April 2012). "Who is Who in Afghanistan: Mojadedi, Sibghatullah Hazrat Sahib Mujadidi Mojadidi". Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d Safis Web (24 September 2006). "Profile: Sibghatullah Mojaddedi". Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  7. ^ Linschoten, Alex Strick van; Kuehn, Felix (2012). An Enemy We Created: The Myth of the Taliban-Al Qaeda Merger in Afghanistan. Oxford University Press. p. 492. ISBN 9780199927319.
  8. ^ Stedman & Tanner 2002, p. 70
  9. ^ Eide, Kai (2012). Power Struggle Over Afghanistan: An Inside Look at What Went Wrong-And What We Can Do to Repair the Damage. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. Chapter Three. ISBN 978-1-6160-8464-6. Retrieved 20 July 2013. Eighty-year-old Mojadeddi, a Pashtun, had been Karzai's mentor during the mujahideen times and was a deeply respected and moderate politician.
  10. ^ a b Eur 2003, p. 94
  11. ^ "Afghanistan".
  12. ^ a b Gargan, Edward A. (29 April 1992). "Rebels' Leader Arrives in Kabul And Forms an Islamic Republic". The New York Times.
  13. ^ "Concise Biography of Prof. Sibghatullah Al-Mojaddedi by Rahimullah Mojaddedi". 9 April 2018.
  14. ^ Amstutz, J. Bruce (1994). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation. Diane Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7881-1111-2. OCLC 948347893.
  15. ^ Eur 2003, p. 65
  16. ^ Harro Ranter (29 May 1992). "ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev 154M YA-TAP Kabul".
  17. ^ "Afghanistan: Blood-Stained Hands: III. The Battle for Kabul: April 1992-March 1993".
  18. ^ a b Runion 2007, p. 116
  19. ^ a b "From Sufi Sheikh to President: Historic mujahedin leader Mujaddedi passes away". 13 February 2019.
  20. ^ "Afghanistan: Freedom of expression an essential right - Afghanistan". 2 January 2004.
  21. ^ "Mujaddedi callsdelegates 'infidel'". 2 January 2004.
  22. ^ Kumar Sen, Ashish (28 September 2010). "Afghan 'peace council' draws fire". Washington Times. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  23. ^ "Mojadedi announces the establishment of a new political council". The Khaama Press News Agency. 27 August 2015.
  24. ^ a b Human Rights Watch 2007, p. 40
  25. ^ "Former Afghan President Survives Bomb, Blames Pakistan". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
  26. ^ ""صبغت الله مجددی" رئیس جمهور اسبق افغانستان در گذشت". Aftab. 9 February 2016.
  27. ^ ولسمشر غني پر طالبانو او اسلامي حزب د سولې غږ وکړ. BBC (in Arabic). 15 February 2015.
  28. ^ "Former Interim President Sibghatullah Mujaddedi Passes Away". TOLOnews. 12 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.

Bibliography

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Political offices
Preceded by President of Afghanistan
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