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{{dablink|This article is about the Greek city of Rhodes. For other uses, see [[Rhodes (disambiguation)]].}}
{{about|the Greek city||Rhodes (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Greek Dimos
{{Infobox Greek Dimos
|name = Rhodes
|name = Rhodes
|name_local = Ρόδος
|name_local = Ρόδος
|type = municipal unit
|image_map = Dimos Rodou.png
|image_map = DE Rodou.svg
|image_skyline = Rhodes harbour.jpg
|image_skyline = {{multiple image
|caption_skyline = View of the harbour.
|perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
|city_flag =
|border = infobox
|city_seal = Rhodes-seal.jpg
|lat_deg = 36
|total_width = 300
|image1 = Medieval City of Rhodes 03.jpg
|lat_min = 26
|image2 = Statue of Diagoras of Rhodes carried by his sons, Rhodes.jpg
|lon_deg = 28
|image3 = Gate of the Virgin (Rhodes) 1.jpg
|lon_min = 13
|image4 = Rhodes RhodesTown7 tango7174.jpg
|elevation_min = 0
|image5 = Rhodos, the Mosque of Suleiman, Rhodes city 01.jpg
|elevation_max = 25
|image6 = Entrée port Rhodes.jpg
|map_caption = Location within the Dodecanese
|image7 = Aerial view of the Palace of the Grand Master in Rhodes Old Town, Greece (51698845683).jpg
|periph = [[South Aegean Periphery|South Aegean]]
}}
|periphunit = [[Rhodes (peripheral unit)|Rhodes]]
|caption_skyline = From top, left to right: View to Rhodes and the palace, statue of Diagoras of Rhodes carried by his sons, St. Catherine gate, Eleftherios Venizelos Street with the [[Konstantinos Karamanlis]] statue, view to the mosque of Suleiman, Rhodian Deer statues in the city's port, aerial view of the Palace of the Grand Master.
|city_flag = Flag of Rhodes Island.svg
|city_seal =
|coordinates = {{coord|36|26|N|28|13|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation = 26
|map_caption = Location within Rhodes
|periph = [[South Aegean]]
|periphunit = [[Rhodes (regional unit)|Rhodes]]
|municipality = [[Rhodes]]
|municipality = [[Rhodes]]
|demonym = [[wikt:Rhodian|Rhodian]], [[wikt:Rhodiot|Rhodiot]] or {{nowrap|Rhodiote (rare)}}<br>Rhoditis (Greek)
|demonym = Rhodian
|population_as_of = 2001
|population_as_of = 2021
|pop_municunit = 53709
|pop_municunit = 56440
|area_municunit = 19.481
|area_municunit = 19.481
|population_metro = 80000
|population_metro = 86199
|area_metro =
|area_metro =
|postal_code = 851 00
|postal_code = 851 00, 31, 32, 33
|area_code = 2241
|area_code = 2241
|licence = PO,PK,PY
|licence = PO, PK, PY
|website = [http://www.rhodes.gr www.rhodes.gr]
|website = [http://www.rhodes.gr www.rhodes.gr]
|footnotes=
}}
}}
'''Rhodes''' ({{lang-el|Ρόδος}}, ''Ródos'', {{IPA-el|ˈroðos|}}) is the principal city and a former [[Communities and Municipalities of Greece|municipality]] on the island of [[Rhodes]], in the [[Dodecanese]], [[Greece]]. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality [[Rhodes]], of which it is the seat and a municipal unit.<ref name=Kallikratis>[http://www.kedke.gr/uploads2010/FEKB129211082010_kallikratis.pdf Kallikratis law] Greece Ministry of Interior {{el icon}}</ref> It has a population of approximately 80,000. Rhodes has been famous since antiquity as the site of [[Colossus of Rhodes]], one of the [[Seven Wonders of the World]]. The citadel of Rhodes, built by the [[Hospitalliers]], is one of the best preserved medieval towns in Europe which in 1988 was designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. The City of Rhodes is a popular international [[tourist]] destination.
'''Rhodes''' ({{langx|el|Ρόδος}}, ''Ródos'' {{IPA-el|ˈroðos|}}) is the principal city and a former [[Communities and Municipalities of Greece|municipality]] on the island of [[Rhodes]] in the [[Dodecanese]], [[Greece]]. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality [[Rhodes]], of which it is the seat and a municipal unit.<ref name=Kallikratis>{{Cite web|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL81-32jgAMSfbnMRVjyfnPUeJInJ48_97uHrMts-zFzeyCiBSQOpYnT00MHhcXFRTsb2fGphpq4MKX2ZkaHobySNnvZCNHXvYVvlf80XevW0Q.|title=ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities|language=el|publisher=[[Government Gazette (Greece)|Government Gazette]]}}</ref> It has a population of approximately 56,000 inhabitants (near 90,000 in its metropolitan area). Rhodes has been famous since antiquity as the site of [[Colossus of Rhodes]], one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]. The [[Fortifications of Rhodes|citadel of Rhodes]], built by the [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospitalliers]], is one of the best-preserved medieval towns in Europe. The [[Medieval City of Rhodes|Medieval city]] is designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/493 |title = Medieval City of Rhodes |website = UNESCO World Heritage Convention |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 23 October 2022}}</ref>


Today, the city of Rhodes is an important Greek urban center and popular international [[tourist]] destination.
==Geography==
The city of Rhodes is situated in the north-east tip of the island and forms a triangle from north to south. It is the smallest municipality of the island in terms of land area and the largest in population. It borders with the Aegean Sea in the north, the east and the west and with the municipalities of [[Ialysos]] and [[Kallithea, Rhodes|Kallithea]] in the south.


==History==
==History==
The island of [[Rhodes]] is at a crossroads between [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Africa]]. This has given the city and the island many different identities, cultures, architectures, and languages over its long history. Its position in major sea routes has given Rhodes a very rich history. The island has been inhabited since about 4000 BC ([[Neolithic Period]]).<ref name=classical>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodes.gr/en/ipolimas/istoriatispolistisrodou/klassikiperiodos/ |title=History of Rhodes: Classical Period |publisher=www.rhodes.gr |work=Municipality of Rhodes |year=2007 |access-date=2012-04-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505192120/http://www.rhodes.gr/en/ipolimas/istoriatispolistisrodou/klassikiperiodos/ |archive-date=2016-05-05 }}</ref>
[[File:Filerimos 6.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Apollo Temple at the [[Acropolis of Rhodes]].]]
[[File:Rhodos636.JPG|thumb|Remains of the Temple of Aphrodite, c.3rd century BC.]]
[[File:Rhodos1493.png|thumb|Rhodes city, around 1490.]]
[[File:Rodosz nagymesterpalota.jpg|thumb|left|View of the [[Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes|Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights]].]]
[[File:AltstadtRhodos2.jpg|thumb|The "Avenue of the Knights".]]
[[File:Rhodes-Palace of the Grand Master moat and wall.jpg|thumb|right|Inside the Palace.]]

The island of [[Rhodes]] is at a crossroads between [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Africa]]. This has given the city and the island many different identities, cultures, architectures, and languages over its long history. Its position in major sea routes has given Rhodes a very rich history. The island has been inhabited since about 4000 BC ([[Neolithic Period]]).<ref name=classical>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodes.gr/history/en/classical.php |title=History of Rhodes: Classical Period |publisher=www.rhodes.gr |work=Municipality of Rhodes |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-03-31}}</ref>


===Classical Period===
===Classical period===
[[File:Apollon temple acropolis Rhodes.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left |Apollo Temple at the [[Acropolis of Rhodes]].]]
The city of Rhodes was formed by the cities of [[Ialyssos]], [[Kamiros]] and [[Lindos]] in 408 BC,<ref name=classical/> and prospered for three centuries during its ''Golden Age'', when sea trade, skilled [[shipbuilder]]s, and open-minded politicians of the city kept it prosperous until Roman times. The [[Colossus of Rhodes]], one of the original [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]] was built by the Lindian sculptor Chares between 304 and 293 BC,<ref name=classical/> which took 12 years and was completed in 282 BC. The statue represented their sun god [[Helios]], which stood at the harbour entrance. The ancient city had a well-constructed [[sewage system]] as well as a water supply network as designed by [[Hippodamus]]. A [[226 BC Rhodes earthquake|strong earthquake]] hit Rhodes about 226 BC, badly damaging the city and toppling the Colossus.<ref name=classical/> For the next eight centuries it lay in ruins until it was sold to a Jewish merchant, reputed to require 900 camels to haul it away.
[[File:Rhodes, 16 century.jpg|alt=Colorful drawing of Rhodes (city) |thumb|upright=1.15|left|Depiction of Rhodus (Rhodes Town) and its distinctive three-layered defensive walls. Site of the 30 metre high Colossus of Rhodes, which was destroyed in an earthquake in 226&nbsp;BC.]]
The city of Rhodes was formed by the cities of [[Ialyssos]], [[Kamiros]] and [[Lindos]] in 408 BC,<ref name=classical/> and prospered for three centuries during its ''Golden Age'', when sea trade, skilled [[shipbuilder]]s, and open-minded politicians of the city kept it prosperous until Roman times. The [[Colossus of Rhodes]], one of the original [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]] was built by [[Chares of Lindos]] between 304 and 293 BC,<ref name=classical/> which took 12 years and was completed in 282 BC. The statue represented their sun god [[Helios]], and is believed to have stood near the harbour entrance. The ancient city had a well-constructed [[sewage system]] as well as a water supply network as designed by [[Hippodamus]]. A [[226 BC Rhodes earthquake|strong earthquake]] hit Rhodes about 226 BC, badly damaging the city and toppling the Colossus.<ref name=classical/>


===Roman period===
===Roman period===
In 164 BC, Rhodes became part of the [[Asia (Roman province)|Roman province of Asia]].<ref name=Roman>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodes.gr/history/en/roman.php |title=History of Rhodes: Roman Period |publisher=www.rhodes.gr |work=Municipality of Rhodes |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-03-31}}</ref> It was able to keep its beauty and develop into a leading center of learning for arts and science. Many traces of the Roman period still exist throughout the city and give us an insight into the level of civilization at the time.<ref name=Roman/> According to [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] 21:1, the [[Apostle Paul]] stopped at Rhodes near the end of his third missionary journey.
In 164 BC, Rhodes came under [[Roman Republic|Roman]] control.<ref name=Roman>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodes.gr/en/ipolimas/istoriatispolistisrodou/rwmaikiperiodos/ |title=History of Rhodes: Roman Period |publisher=www.rhodes.gr |work=Municipality of Rhodes |year=2007 |access-date=2012-04-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421212818/http://www.rhodes.gr/en/ipolimas/istoriatispolistisrodou/rwmaikiperiodos |archive-date=2016-04-21 }}</ref> It was able to keep its beauty and develop into a leading center of learning for arts and science. The Romans took from the Rhodians their [[maritime law]] and applied it to their shipping. Many traces of the Roman period still exist throughout the city and give an insight into the level of civilization at the time.<ref name=Roman/> According to [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] 21:1, the [[Apostle Paul]] stopped at Rhodes near the end of his third missionary journey.


===Byzantine period===
===Byzantine period===
In medieval times, Rhodes was an important Roman trading post, as also a crossroads for ships sailing between Constantinople and Alexandria. In the early years of the divided Roman Empire, the Isaurians, a mountainous Tribe from Cilicia, invaded the island and burnt the city. In the 7th century it was captured by the Arabs. The latter were the ones who removed the scattered pieces of the Colossus from the port and moved them to Syria where they destroyed them to make coins. After the fall of the Roman Empire in 1204, the native noble Leo Gavalas took control of the islands, but after his death and succession by his brother, the islands were returned to the Emperor of Nicaia, though ushering in a new, but short-lived, Byzantine period.
In medieval times, Rhodes was an important Byzantine trading post, as also a crossroads for ships sailing between Constantinople and Alexandria. In the early years of the divided Roman Empire, the [[Isaurians]], a [[mountain tribe]] from [[Cilicia]], invaded the island and burned the city. In the 7th century AD it was captured by the Arabs. The latter were the ones who removed the scattered pieces of the Colossus from the port and moved them to Syria where they destroyed them to make coins. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204, the native noble [[Leo Gabalas]] took control of the island, but after his death and succession by his brother [[John Gabalas|John]], the island was [[Genoese occupation of Rhodes|briefly occupied]] by the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] before being returned to the [[Emperor of Nicaea]], though ushering in a new, but short-lived, Byzantine period.


===Knights' period===
===Knights' period===
[[File:Rodi, porta della vergine 02.JPG|thumb|Gate of the Virgin, part of the [[Fortifications of Rhodes]].|left]]
The [[Knights Hospitallers]] captured and established their headquarters on Rhodes when they left Italy after the persecution of the [[Knights Templar]] in 1307. [[Pope Clement V]] confirmed the Hospitallers possession of the Island in 1309. The Knights remained on the Island for the next two centuries.
[[File:Gate d'Amboise 02.jpg|thumb|Gate d'Amboise to the medieval city.|left]]
The [[Knights Hospitallers]] captured and established their headquarters on Rhodes when they left [[Cyprus]]<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Nicolle |title=Knights of Jerusalem: The Crusading Order of Hospitallers 1100–1565 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84603-080-2 }}</ref><ref>Gino Manicone "Rodi sposa del sole", Casamari, La Monastica, 1992.</ref> after the persecution of the [[Knights Templar]] in 1307. [[Pope Clement V]] confirmed the Hospitallers possession of the island in 1309. The Knights remained on the island for the next two centuries.


In 1444, the [[Mamluk]] fleet of [[Sultan of Egypt|Egypt]] laid a siege to Rhodes, but the Knights aided by the Burgundian naval commander [[Geoffroy de Thoisy]] beat off the Muslim attack.
In 1444, the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] fleet led by Aynal Gecut laid [[Siege of Rhodes (1444)|siege]] to Rhodes, but the Knights, aided by the Burgundian naval commander [[Geoffroy de Thoisy]], beat off the Muslim attack.


After the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453 the [[Ottoman Empire]] began a rapid expansion and in 1480 Sultan Mehmet launched an invasion of Rhodes commanded by Mesic Pasha. The defenders repelled Turkish attacks from both landward and seaward sides and the invaders left the Island in defeat. The defeat halted a concurrent invasion of the Italian peninsula by Ottoman forces and prevented possible Muslim incursion and control of Western Europe.
After the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, the [[Ottoman Empire]] began a rapid expansion, and in 1480 Sultan [[Mehmed the Conqueror]] sent an invasion force to Rhodes commanded by [[Mesih Pasha]]. In this first Ottoman [[Siege of Rhodes (1480)|Siege of Rhodes]], the defenders repelled Turkish attacks from both landward and seaward sides and the invaders left the island in defeat. The defeat halted a concurrent invasion of the Italian peninsula by Ottoman forces and prevented possible Muslim incursion and control of Western Europe.


[[File:Konrad von Grünenberg - Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem - Blatt 20v-21r.jpg|thumb|Rhodes city, around 1490.]]
After the Ottoman defeat in 1480 the Knights Grand Master, Fabrizio Del Carreto, oversaw the strengthening of the cities over the next few decades. By the time of his death in 1521 Rhodes possessed the strongest fortifications of any Christian Bastion in the World. The continued Naval attack launched from Rhodes on Muslim Merchants until 1522 the newly enthroned Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] led a second [[Siege of Rhodes (1522)]].
After the Ottoman defeat in 1480, the Knights Grand Master, [[Pierre d'Aubusson]], oversaw the strengthening of the cities over the next few decades. By the time of his death in 1521, Rhodes possessed among the [[Fortifications of Rhodes|strongest fortifications]] of any Christian bastion in the world, including underground passages to the moat that could have quickly been blown up in case of withdrawal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-13 |title=8 Wonders of the Old Town: The Bastions and Towers - Old Town Rhodes |url=https://oldtown-rhodes.com/8-wonders-of-the-old-town-bastions-and-towers/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Knights continued naval attacks launched from Rhodes on Muslim merchants until 1522, when the newly enthroned Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] led a second Ottoman [[Siege of Rhodes (1522)|Siege of Rhodes]] in 1522.


The vastly outnumbered Knights made a spirited defense of the city and inflicted heavy casualties upon the Ottoman besiegers. In December 1522 the Knights and Suleiman came to terms and the Knights were allowed to leave the city with all the wealth they could carry, in return there would be no retribution upon the inhabitants of the city and they would be allowed to continue to freely practice Christianity. On January 1, 1523 the Knights departed from the island, leaving it to Ottoman control.
The vastly outnumbered Knights made a spirited defense of the city and inflicted heavy casualties upon the Ottoman [[Siegecraft in Ancient Greece|besiegers]]. In December 1522, the Knights and Suleiman came to terms and the Knights were allowed to leave the city with all the wealth they could carry, and in return there would be no retribution upon the inhabitants of the city and they would be allowed to continue to freely practice Christianity. On January 1, 1523 the Knights departed from the island, leaving it to Ottoman control.


===Ottoman period===
===Ottoman period===
[[File:Suleiman Mosque, Rhodes 2010.jpg|thumb|left|View of Suleiman Mosque.]]
[[File:144.Suleman Moschee.JPG|thumb|left|View of the [[Suleymaniye Mosque (Rhodes)|Suleymaniye Mosque]]]]
[[File:Hafenmarkt Rhodos02.jpg|thumb|View of the Market ("Nea Agora") of Mandraki, built during the Italian period.]]
[[File:Rhodes windmills.jpg|thumb|Windmills of Rhodes.]]


In the Ottoman era, new buildings were constructed: mosques, public baths and mansions for the new patrons. The Greeks were forced to abandon the fortified city and move to new suburbs outside its walls. The city maintained its main economic function as a market for the agricultural products of the interior of the island and the surrounding small islands.
In the Ottoman era, new buildings were constructed: mosques, public baths and mansions for the new patrons. The Greeks were forced to abandon the fortified city and move to new suburbs outside its walls. The city maintained its main economic function as a market for the agricultural products of the interior of the island and the surrounding small islands.


After the establishment of their sovereignty οn the island, the Ottoman Turks converted most of the churches into mosques and transformed the major houses into private mansions or public buildings. This transformation was a long-term process that aimed to adapt the buildings to the Ottoman way of living. The Knights period facades with their sculptured decorations, the arched gates and hewn stone walls were enriched with the random character of the Ottoman architecture adapted to the local climate and culture. Ιn this process most οf the architectural features of the existing buildings were preserved. The most characteristic additions were the baths (usually in the back of the buildings) and the enclosed wooden balconies οn the facades over the narrow streets.In this way most of the buildings of the Hospitaliers' period in the Medieval Town were well preserved. The result was a mixture of oriental architecture with imposing western architectural remains and more recent buildings, which were characteristic of the local architecture of the time.
After the establishment of their sovereignty on the island, the Ottoman Turks converted most of the churches into mosques and transformed the major houses into private mansions or public buildings. This transformation was a long-term process that aimed to adapt the buildings to the Ottoman way of living. The Knights period façades with their sculptured decorations, the arched gates and hewn stone walls were enriched with the random character of the Ottoman architecture adapted to the local climate and culture. Ιn this process most of the architectural features of the existing buildings were preserved. The most characteristic additions were the baths (usually in the back of the buildings) and the enclosed wooden balconies on the façades over the narrow streets. In this way most of the buildings of the Hospitaliers' period in the Medieval Town were well preserved. The result was a mixture of oriental architecture with imposing western architectural remains and more recent buildings, which were characteristic of the local architecture of the time.

An interesting example of Ottoman architecture is the building of the [[Hafiz Ahmed Agha Library]].


Ιn the 19th century, the city was the capital of the [[Eyalet of the Archipelago]], but the decline of the Ottoman Empire resulted in the general neglect of the town and its buildings, which further deteriorated due to the strong earthquakes that often plague the area.
Ιn the 19th century, the city was the capital of the [[Eyalet of the Archipelago]], but the decline of the Ottoman Empire resulted in the general neglect of the town and its buildings, which further deteriorated due to the strong earthquakes that often plague the area.

In 1856, a gunpowder magazine under the old Church of Saint John – possibly stored there since the siege of 1522<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Paul K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKhZHVtIX8UC&pg=PA96 |title=Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-521930-2 |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=John R. |date=2018 |title=Gunpowder and the Explosion in 1856 of the former Church of St. John in the Medieval Town of Rhodes |url=https://www.academia.edu/51606344 |journal=Paper Presented at the International Scientific Congress on Fortifications of the Ottoman Period in the Aegean}}</ref> – was struck by lightning, causing a massive explosion that killed many people, destroyed the church, and destroyed much of the [[Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes|Grand Master's Palace]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wisner |first1=Ben |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko23AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT336 |title=Handbook of Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction |last2=Gaillard |first2=J. C. |last3=Kelman |first3=Ilan |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-136-91868-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nossov |first=Konstantin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZjvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT139 |title=The Fortress of Rhodes 1309–1522 |date=2012-06-20 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78200-003-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />


===Italian period===
===Italian period===
[[File:Church of the Evangelismos (Rhodes) 03.jpg|thumb|right |Evangelismos church at the port (former San Giovanni), by Florestano Di Fausto.]]
In 1912 Italian troops took the island over with the rest of the [[Dodecanese]] Islands, and established an [[Italy|Italian]] colony known as Isole Italiane dell'Egeo in 1923.<ref name=Italy>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodes.gr/history/en/italian.php |title=History of Rhodes: Italian Period |work=Municipality of Rhodes |publisher=www.rhodes.gr |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-03-31}}</ref>
[[File:Hafenmarkt Rhodos02.jpg|thumb|left|View of the Market (''Nea Agora'') of Mandraki, built during the Italian period by [[Florestano Di Fausto]].]]
[[File:Offices of the Prefecture of the Dodecanese 02.jpg|thumb|''Palazzo del Governo'', another work of Di Fausto, now the Prefecture of the Dodecanese.]]
The Italians would later demolish the houses that were built on and around the city walls during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] era. They also turned the [[Jewish]] and Ottoman cemeteries into a ''green zone'' surrounding the Medieval Town.<ref name=Italy/> The Italians preserved what was left from the Knights' period, and destroyed all Ottoman buildings. They also reconstructed the [[Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes|Grand Master's Palace]].<ref name=Italy/> Furthermore, an Institute for the study of the History and Culture of the region was established, and major infrastructure work was done to modernize Rhodes.<ref name=Italy/>
In 1912 Italian troops took the island over with the rest of the [[Dodecanese]] Islands, and established an [[Italian Empire|Italian]] possession known as [[Italian Islands of the Aegean]] in 1923.<ref name=Italy>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodes.gr/en/ipolimas/istoriatispolistisrodou/italikiperiodos/ |title=History of Rhodes: Italian Period |work=Municipality of Rhodes |publisher=www.rhodes.gr |year=2007 |access-date=2012-04-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421211053/http://www.rhodes.gr/en/ipolimas/istoriatispolistisrodou/italikiperiodos |archive-date=2016-04-21 }}</ref>
The architect [[Florestano Di Fausto]] can be considered the father of Italian Rhodes. He, in agreement with governor [[Mario Lago]], was author of the city plan of 1923, choosing to respect almost totally the walled town, only demolishing the houses that were built on and around the city walls during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] era. He also turned the [[Jewish]] and Ottoman cemeteries into a ''green zone'' surrounding the Medieval Town.<ref name=Italy/> At the same time, he designed the new Italian Rhodes in the zone of the Mandraki, planning a Garden City, and building along the main sea promenade the main edifices, as the Market, the Cathedral of Saint John of the Knights, the Palace of the governor. All these building were designed in an eclectic style, mixing Ottoman, Venetian, Renaissance and local elements. The Italians preserved what was left from the Knights' period, and destroyed all Ottoman buildings. They also reconstructed the Grand Master's Palace.<ref name=Italy/> Furthermore, an Institute for the study of the History and Culture of the region was established, and major infrastructure work was done to modernize Rhodes.<ref name=Italy/>
===World War II and postwar period===


During [[World War II]], [[Strategic bombing during World War II|Allied bombing raids]] which targeted the old city of Rhodes in 1944 destroyed a significant portion of the city.<ref>[https://cityofrhodes.com/rhodes-in-world-war-ii-a-story-of-resistance-and-restoration/ “Rhodes in World War II: A Story of Resistance and Restoration”] City of Rhodes, April 7, 2024.</ref> One of the first decrees of the Greek government designated those areas as reserved for future excavations and a number of edifices as safeguarded buildings. In July 1944, the Nazi authorities ordered the deportation of over 1,700 Jews of Rhodes including men, women, and children, of whom 1,200 were murdered at Auschwitz.<ref>[https://theconversation.com/remembering-the-longest-journey-to-auschwitz-the-deportation-of-rhodes-jews-decimated-a-small-but-vibrant-community-with-centuries-of-mediterranean-history-235390 “Remembering the longest journey to Auschwitz – the deportation of Rhodes’ Jews decimated a small but vibrant community with centuries of Mediterranean history”] by Devin Naar. ''The Conversation'', August 7, 2024.</ref>
===Modern period===
The British bombs that fell on the medieval city of Rhodes in 1944 claimed human lives and destroyed a great number of buildings, leaving large gaps in the urban tissue. One of the first Decrees of the Greek administration designated those areas as reserved for future excavations and a number of edifices as safeguarded buildings.


In 1957, a new city plan was approved by a Decree and in 1960 the entire medieval town was designated as a protected monument by the Ministry of Culture. In 1961 and 1963 new Decrees were issued concerning the new city plan. They provided for the widening of existing streets and the opening of new ones. These were not implemented in the old city due to the resistance of the Archaeological Service. In 1988, the old town of Rhodes was designated as a World Heritage City by UNESCO.
In 1957, a new city plan was approved by a decree and in 1960 the entire medieval town was designated as a protected monument by the Ministry of Culture. In 1961 and 1963 new decrees were issued concerning the new city plan. They provided for the widening of existing streets and the opening of new ones. However, these were not implemented in the old city due to the resistance of the Archaeological Service. In 1988, the old town of Rhodes was designated as a World Heritage City by UNESCO.


==Government==
==Government==
Rhodes is the capital of the island of Rhodes and of the [[Dodecanese]] Prefecture. The city hosts both the City Hall and the Prefecture Hall and as a form of recognition holds also a regional office.
Rhodes City is the capital of the island of Rhodes which since 2011 became a single municipality and of the [[Rhodes (regional unit)|Rhodes regional unit]]. It was the capital of the former [[Dodecanese]] Prefecture and currently hosts many offices and services of the [[South Aegean]] region.


As an administration centre, the city also hosts numerous offices and services such as:
==Main sights==
* Dodecanese Police Headquarters
* Rhodes Fire Department
* Dodecanese Courthouse
* Dodecanese Port Police/Coastguard
* 95 ADTE (Hellenic Army Division Headquarters)
* Rhodes Public Tax Office
* Rhodes Urban Planning Office
* Rhodes Land Registry Office
* Rhodes Hellenic Post Office headquarters
* Rhodes Municipal Water & Sewage Company
* Dodecanese Chamber of Commerce
* Rhodes Manpower Office (OAED)
* Rhodes Social Security Institute (IKA)
* Public Power Corporation (DEI)


== Main sights ==
{{wide image|Rhodes RhodesTown1 tango7174.jpg|700px|Panoramic view of Rhodes harbour.}}
The city is home to numerous landmarks. Some of them date back to antiquity and most of the others remain from the Hospitaller period.
{{wide image|Rhodes RhodesTown3 tango7174.jpg|700px|Panoramic view of Rhodes city.}}
{{wide image|Grand Master's Palace - Panorama Retouched.jpg|600px|Panorama of the interior of the Grand Master's Palace.}}
* [[Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes|Grand Master's Palace]] (15th century)
* [[Street of the Knights of Rhodes]]
** [[Holy Trinity church, Rhodes|Holy Trinity church]]
* [[La Juderia]], including the [[Kahal Shalom Synagogue]]
* [[Acropolis of Rhodes]]
* [[Mehmet Aga Mosque]]
* [[Suleymaniye Mosque (Rhodes)|Mosque of Suleiman the Magnificent]]
* [[Fortifications of Rhodes|Medieval walls]], created in the mid-14th century on a previous line and remade after the Ottoman siege of 1480 and the earthquake of the following year. In 1522 Suleiman entered the city from the gate of St. Anastasius
* Gothic buildings in the historical upper town.
* Recently, the Byzantine harbor was excavated, discovering unique medieval shipwrecks.
* [[St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral, Rhodes]]
* [[Panagia tou Kastrou]]


<gallery mode=packed caption="[[Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes]]">
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
File:Palace Grand Master Rhodes.jpg
| WHS = Medieval City of Rhodes
File:Rhodes old town Greece 6.jpg|Close-up view of the Palace
| Image = [[File:RhodesIntérieurDuPalais.JPG|250px]]
File:RhodesIntérieurDuPalais.JPG|Interior of the palace
| State Party = [[Greece]]
File:Rhodes-Palace of the Grand Master moat and wall.jpg|View of the moat
| Type = Cultural
</gallery>
| Criteria = ii, iv, v

| ID = 493
==Geography==
| Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
The city of Rhodes is situated in the north-east tip of the island and forms a triangle from north to south. The municipal unit has an area of 19.481&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=stat01>{{cite web|url=http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of Greece |title=Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation) |language=el |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212047/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-21 }}</ref> It is the smallest municipal unit of the island in terms of land area and the largest in population. It borders the Aegean Sea to the north, the east and the west and with the municipalities of [[Ialysos]] and [[Kallithea, Rhodes|Kallithea]] in the south.
| Year = 1988

| Session = 12th
===Climate===
| Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/493
In [[Köppen climate classification]], it is classified as [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa''). According to the data of the meteorological station of the Municipal Port Fund of South Dodecanese, which is located in the Port of Rhodes, the city registers an average annual temperature of 20.9°C.

{{Weather box
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|location = Rhodes Port 4 m a.s.l.
|width = 70%
|Jan high C = 16.1
|Feb high C = 16.4
|Mar high C = 17.3
|Apr high C = 20.2
|May high C = 23.9
|Jun high C = 27.9
|Jul high C = 30.9
|Aug high C = 30.7
|Sep high C = 28.6
|Oct high C = 25.5
|Nov high C = 22.0
|Dec high C = 18.4

|Jan mean C = 14.0
|Feb mean C = 14.3
|Mar mean C = 15.1
|Apr mean C = 18.0
|May mean C = 21.4
|Jun mean C = 25.3
|Jul mean C = 28.2
|Aug mean C = 28.4
|Sep mean C = 26.5
|Oct mean C = 23.4
|Nov mean C = 19.9
|Dec mean C = 16.3

|Jan low C = 11.9
|Feb low C = 12.2
|Mar low C = 12.9
|Apr low C = 15.7
|May low C = 18.9
|Jun low C = 22.4
|Jul low C = 25.3
|Aug low C = 26.0
|Sep low C = 24.4
|Oct low C = 21.2
|Nov low C = 17.7
|Dec low C = 14.2

|Jan record high C = 20.8
|Feb record high C = 20.9
|Mar record high C = 24.6
|Apr record high C = 27.6
|May record high C = 36.4
|Jun record high C = 37.9
|Jul record high C = 37.4
|Aug record high C = 37.6
|Sep record high C = 34.4
|Oct record high C = 32.6
|Nov record high C = 26.8
|Dec record high C = 22.2

|Jan record low C = 2.9
|Feb record low C = 4.7
|Mar record low C = 3.8
|Apr record low C = 9.4
|May record low C = 14.2
|Jun record low C = 16.2
|Jul record low C = 22.4
|Aug record low C = 23.1
|Sep record low C = 18.7
|Oct record low C = 17.1
|Nov record low C = 13.3
|Dec record low C = 9.0

|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 113.6
|Feb rain mm = 58.5
|Mar rain mm = 44.5
|Apr rain mm = 19.2
|May rain mm = 6.5
|Jun rain mm = 6.3
|Jul rain mm = 0.1
|Aug rain mm = 0.3
|Sep rain mm = 3.0
|Oct rain mm = 26.7
|Nov rain mm = 87.2
|Dec rain mm = 144.1

| Jan sun = 151.8
| Feb sun = 184.8
| Mar sun = 238.8
| Apr sun = 269.3
| May sun = 326.8
| Jun sun = 374.8
| Jul sun = 393.5
| Aug sun = 363.7
| Sep sun = 311.8
| Oct sun = 260.2
| Nov sun = 190.8
| Dec sun = 157.8


|source 1 = Municipal Port Fund of South Dodecanese (Jan 2019-Aug 2024) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.meteocam.gr/rhodes/ | title=Rhodes, Tourist Port - Municipal Port Fund of South Dodecanese Current Weather Conditions }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.litando.gr/|title=Αρχική - Δημοτικό Λιμενικό Ταμείο Νότιας Δωδεκανήσου|website=www.litando.gr|accessdate=19 April 2023}}</ref>
|source 2 = Sunshine Rhodes AP <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.emy.gr/emy/el/climatology/climatology | title=HNMS | accessdate=5 May 2024}}</ref>
}}
}}


{{Weather box
[[File:AltstadtRhodos6.JPG|thumb|right|Street of the old city.]]
|metric first = yes
[[File:Rhodes Jewish cemetery g memorial.jpg|thumb|Holocaust memorial at the Jewish cemetery. Rhodes had a significant Jewish population until [[World War II]].]]
|single line = yes
|width =
| location = Rhodes Airport
| Jan record high C = 22.0
| Feb record high C = 22.6
| Mar record high C = 27.6
| Apr record high C = 30.6
| May record high C = 34.8
| Jun record high C = 36.2
| Jul record high C = 39.0
| Aug record high C = 41.2
| Sep record high C = 35.4
| Oct record high C = 33.2
| Nov record high C = 28.4
| Dec record high C = 23.4
| year record high C = 41.2
| Jan high C = 15.1
| Feb high C = 15.2
| Mar high C = 17
| Apr high C = 20.0
| May high C = 24.1
| Jun high C = 28.3
| Jul high C = 30.4
| Aug high C = 30.7
| Sep high C = 28.1
| Oct high C = 24.5
| Nov high C = 20.2
| Dec high C = 16.7
| Jan mean C = 12.0
| Feb mean C = 12.0
| Mar mean C = 13.5
| Apr mean C = 16.3
| May mean C = 20.0
| Jun mean C = 24.2
| Jul mean C = 26.4
| Aug mean C = 26.7
| Sep mean C = 24.4
| Oct mean C = 20.7
| Nov mean C = 16.7
| Dec mean C = 13.5
| Jan low C = 9.2
| Feb low C = 9.1
| Mar low C = 10.5
| Apr low C = 13
| May low C = 16.3
| Jun low C = 20.4
| Jul low C = 22.7
| Aug low C = 23.2
| Sep low C = 21
| Oct low C = 17.4
| Nov low C = 13.7
| Dec low C = 10.8
| Jan record low C = -4.0
| Feb record low C = -1.6
| Mar record low C = 0.2
| Apr record low C = 5.2
| May record low C = 8.6
| Jun record low C = 12.6
| Jul record low C = 16.8
| Aug record low C = 17.0
| Sep record low C = 10.6
| Oct record low C = 7.2
| Nov record low C = 2.4
| Dec record low C = 1.2
| year record low C = -4.0
|rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 151.8
| Feb rain mm = 101.7
| Mar rain mm = 68.9
| Apr rain mm = 29.4
| May rain mm = 16.4
| Jun rain mm = 1.8
| Jul rain mm = 0.3
| Aug rain mm = 0.2
| Sep rain mm = 6.3
| Oct rain mm = 56.9
| Nov rain mm = 89.6
| Dec rain mm = 152.8
| Jan rain days = 15.5
| Feb rain days = 12.7
| Mar rain days = 10.5
| Apr rain days = 7.6
| May rain days = 4.6
| Jun rain days = 1.2
| Jul rain days = 0.2
| Aug rain days = 0.1
| Sep rain days = 1.5
| Oct rain days = 6.7
| Nov rain days = 9.5
| Dec rain days = 15.4
| Jan humidity = 70.1
| Feb humidity = 69.1
| Mar humidity = 68.7
| Apr humidity = 66.5
| May humidity = 64.4
| Jun humidity = 58.5
| Jul humidity = 57.6
| Aug humidity = 59.9
| Sep humidity = 61.4
| Oct humidity = 67.5
| Nov humidity = 71.4
| Dec humidity = 72.4
| Jan sun = 151.8
| Feb sun = 184.8
| Mar sun = 238.8
| Apr sun = 269.3
| May sun = 326.8
| Jun sun = 374.8
| Jul sun = 393.5
| Aug sun = 363.7
| Sep sun = 311.8
| Oct sun = 260.2
| Nov sun = 190.8
| Dec sun = 157.8
| Jand sun = 5.0
| Febd sun = 6.0
| Mard sun = 7.0
| Aprd sun = 9.0
| Mayd sun = 11.0
| Jund sun = 13.0
| Juld sun = 14.0
| Augd sun = 13.0
| Sepd sun = 11.0
| Octd sun = 8.0
| Novd sun = 6.0
| Decd sun = 5.0
| source 1 = Hellenic National Meteorological Service (1955–2010 averages)<ref name="HNMS">{{cite web |url=http://www.hnms.gr/emy/en/climatology/climatology_city?perifereia=South%20Aegean&poli=Rodos |title=Climatology – Rodos |publisher=Hellenic National Meteorological Service |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325112626/http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/english/climatology/climatology_region_diagrams_html?dr_city=Rodos |archive-date=25 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| source 2 = NOAA (1961–1977 temperatures taken from [[Rhodes Air Base|Maritsa Airport]] and 1977–1990 from [[Rhodes International Airport]]<ref>[https://www.itia.ntua.gr/el/getfile/211/2/documents/1998_FragmaGadoura_Ydrologia.pdf Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616054418/https://www.itia.ntua.gr/el/getfile/211/2/documents/1998_FragmaGadoura_Ydrologia.pdf |date=16 June 2022 }}, itia.ntua.gr. Accessed 31 August 2022.</ref>),<ref name=NOAA>
{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/GR/16749.TXT |title=Rhodes Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref> Weather Atlas (sunshine data),<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/greece/rhodes-climate |title=Rhodes, Greece – Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-date=25 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325112732/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/greece/rhodes-climate |url-status=live}}</ref> Sunshine Rhodes AP <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.emy.gr/emy/el/climatology/climatology | title=HNMS | accessdate=5 May 2024}}</ref>
| source =
}}


{|style="width:70%;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
The city is home to numerous landmarks. Some of them date back to antiquity and most of the others remain from the Knights' Period.
|-
* [[Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes|Grand Master's Palace]] (15th century)
!Colspan=14|Climate data for Rhodes
*Knights Street
|-
* [[Acropolis of Rhodes]]
!Month
*Mosque of Suleiman the Magnificent
!Jan
*Ancient walls, created in the mid-14th century on a previous line and remade after the Ottoman siege of 1480 and the earthquake of the following year. In 1522 Suleiman entered the city from the gate of St. Anastasius
!Feb
*Gothic buildings in the historical upper town.
!Mar
* Recently, the Byzantine harbor was excavated, discovering unique medieval shipwrecks.
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °C (°F)
|style="background:#FFEDB2;color:#000000;"|17.9<br />(64.2)
|style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;"|17.0<br />(62.6)
|style="background:#FFFDF6;color:#000000;"|17.1<br />(62.8)
|style="background:#FFF3CB;color:#000000;"|17.6<br />(63.7)
|style="background:#FFC200;color:#000000;"|20.1<br />(68.2)
|style="background:#FF8100;color:#000000;"|23.4<br />(74.1)
|style="background:#FF5000;color:#000000;"|25.9<br />(78.6)
|style="background:#FF3600;color:#FFFFFF;"|27.2<br />(81.0)
|style="background:#FF4000;color:#000000;"|26.7<br />(80.1)
|style="background:#FF7900;color:#000000;"|23.8<br />(74.8)
|style="background:#FFB200;color:#000000;"|20.9<br />(69.6)
|style="background:#FFDB65;color:#000000;"|18.8<br />(65.8)
|style="background:#FFA900;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|21.4<br />(70.5)
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|13.0
|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
|style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;"|15.0
|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
|style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|13.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
|style="background:#FFFF34;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12.1
|-
!Average [[Ultraviolet index]]
|style="background:#289500;color:#000000;"|2
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|3
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|5
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|7
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|8
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|9
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|7
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|5
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|3
|style="background:#289500;color:#000000;"|2
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|5.9
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas <ref name="Weather Atlas" />
|}


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
[[File:PalazzodiGiustiziaRodi.jpg|thumb|Rhodes courthouse (Di Fausto)]]
Both city and island population continue to grow contrary to national levels; the city has an official population of 54,000, but the actual population is estimated between 115,000 and 120,000. This is caused by many permanent residents of the city registering in their place of birth during the census. Thus the city's total population, as counted by the census, is less than the number of people actually residing in the city. Currently it is estimated that 120,000 people reside permanently in the city although last census showed only 54,000.
[[File:Rhodos151.JPG|thumb|Medieval fountain at Hippokratous Square.]]
[[File:Rhodos654.JPG|thumb|The entrance to the [[Archaeological Museum of Rhodes|Rhodes Archaeology Museum]].]]
[[File:Kahal Shalom Synagogue entrance 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kahal Shalom Synagogue]]]]


The city has an official permanent population of 49,541 in 2011 census but its estimated that some 65–70.000 reside permanently within city limits. During summer population reaches 100.000 due to some 25–30.000 hotel beds operating within city limits as well numerous seasonal workers that migrate from rest of Greece due to high unemployment mostly in peninsular parts of the country.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Year !! Population !! Change +/-
! Year !! Population !! Change ±
|-
|-
| 1951 || 24,280 || -
| 1951 || 24,280 || -
Line 138: Line 469:
| 2001 || 53,709 || +10,151
| 2001 || 53,709 || +10,151
|-
|-
| 2009 || 67,700 ||
| 2011 || 49,541 || -4,168
|-
| 2021 || 56,440 || +6,899
|}
|}


==Education==
==Education==
Facilities by category:
State facilities by category:
* Primary Education: 21 primary schools
* Primary Education: 21 primary schools
* Secondary Education: 7 high schools and 7 lyceums
* Secondary Education: 7 high schools and 7 lyceums
* Higher Education: Some departments of the [[Aegean University]], Higher and Lower Tourism Schools and some private institutes
* Higher Education: Some departments of the [[Aegean University]], Higher and Lower Tourism Schools and some private institutes
The last years two private schools were also established and offer classes from primary to lyceum education.
The last years two private schools were also established and offer classes from primary to lyceum education with one located within city limits, Rodion Paideia.
The [[Music School of Rhodes (Greece)|Music School of Rhodes]] is located just outside Rhodes, in [[Koskinou]] village.

==Health==
Rhodes state general hospital is located in the southwestern district of Agioi Apostoloi. Erected less than 20 years ago, it is a modern facility with many departments as well the base for EKAV ambulances serving the city and island's northern part. Hospital is also equipped with a helicopter landing zone being able to accept urgent cases via airlifts from the rest Dodecanese islands.

A private hospital, Euromedica, also operates just off city limits, in [[Koskinou]] western edge. Numerous private medical facilities also operate within city while many private doctors keep their clinics in and around city centre.


==Transportation==
==Transportation==
[[File:Airpoort rhodes 05.JPG|thumb|[[Diagoras International Airport]].]]
[[File:Laokoon1.jpg|thumb|''[[Laocoön and His Sons]]''; Grand Master's Palace.]]


===Road network===
===Air===
Both the city and the island of Rhodes are served by [[Diagoras International Airport]], situated {{convert|14|km|0|abbr=on}} south west of the city. It is connected to all other major Greek airports and to Cyprus throughout the year. During tourism season, international flights connect the island with numerous European cities and with Israel, Egypt and Lebanon.
The road network of the city is gradually becoming insufficient as the car fleet expands at a rate of 5,500 per year thus making both traffic and parking an increasing concern for the city officials, especially during the high-season (about 70,000 cars move from/to the center per day). The Medieval Town closes for vehicles during the summer so all the traffic gathers outside the walls and towards the modern city center which has mainly narrow and one-way streets. Finding a parking space is difficult and moreover it is under a fee. Direction signings on the streets are sufficient. From the south end of the city begins the [[E-95]], the national road that connects the city with [[Lindos]].


===Bus service===
===Sea===
The city hosts 3 major ports that each serve a different purpose. Kolona serves intra-Dodecanese traffic, Central serves cruise ships and international traffic and Akandia domestic as well cargo traffic.
[http://www.rhodes-transport.gr/ Bus service] within the city is currently inefficient as the local municipal transport company (RODA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rhodes.gr/portal_en/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=551 |title=City of Rhodes |publisher=Rhodes.gr |date= |accessdate=2009-01-16}}</ref>) is almost in bankruptcy. Its fleet is old and small, the routes are inconvenient and without specific timetables and finally, lack of serious management over the years undermine a probable future return in reliability and profits. Note though that during tourism season the company serves as well as possible all the main resorts and attractions contrary to winter time when services are below standard.<ref name = rodostraffic>[http://www.rodostraffic.gr/ Bus service timetable for all directions]</ref>


Ferries connect daily the island with several nearby islands within the Dodecanese Islands, as well as with the Cycladic Islands and the Greek mainland ([[Pireaus]]) while twice weekly a ferry goes to [[Heraklion]], Crete. There are also frequently routes to opposing Turkish coast towns such as [[Marmaris]] and [[Fethiye]]. Rhodes is also a popular port of call for cruise itineraries, especially in the summer months.
===Taxi service===
Taxis in the city are plentiful during winter but are scarce in the summer due to high tourism. About 400 taxis serve the city and can be either found in specified taxi ranks or by phone.


City also hosts two marinas, a municipal one in downtown Mandraki and a private one next to Akandia port.
===Sea service===
The city hosts four harbors; the central serves national and international traffic (ferried and cruise ships), Akandia harbor is currently in construction servicing mainly cargo ships and cruise ships on busy days, Kolona serves in-prefecture traffic and private yachts and finally Mandraki harbor services daily trips around the island and small yachts. The new Marina of the island is being constructed in the Zefyros area and is expected to be operational by 2009.


===Air Service===
===Surface===
The city's public transit system is served by municipal bus company RODA (blue and/or white buses) and consists of a bus network which connects city centre to districts but also connects the city to outlying resorts and towns (Faliraki in the east and Ixia, Ialysos, Tholos in the west) as well Rhodes International Airport. The city centre is also the point of departure for KTEL buses (orange buses) that serve island's east coast suburban routes. There is a proposal for KTEL buses to relocate in available space next to Akandia port but its still unknown if and when this will happen.
[[Diagoras International Airport]] of Rhodes serves both city and the island. It is situated 14&nbsp;km south west of the city. It is connected to all major Greek airports and Cyprus throughout the year and during tourism season accepts heavy charter traffic.<ref name = rodostraffic/>

Taxis are widely available in the city and usually can be found in designated taxi ranks or via phone call. It is normal during high season rush hours to queue in ranks due to increased demand.

Plans for a 16&nbsp;km tram network consisting of 2 lines and 13 stations were presented years ago but since then nothing further emerged probably due to lack of funds.

City's road network is mostly old consisting mainly of narrow and one way streets and major arteries can't really cope with increased traffic making congestion unavoidable especially rush hours. Parking especially around city centre and during market hours as well summer season is extremely difficult due to lack of free spaces although it is monitored by the municipality imposing a fee. The municipality is currently redeveloping certain free areas near the centre to parking lots which are expected to lower traffic burden. A ring road also exists but it is unfinished connecting currently Rhodes Port to [[Rhodes-Kallithea Province Avenue|Rhodes-Kallithea Avenue]]. City is also the starting point of 3 of island's 5 main avenues connecting it with Faliraki through [[Rhodes-Kallithea Province Avenue|Rhodes-Kallithea Avenue]], Lindos through [[Greek National Road 95|Rhodes-Lindos Avenue]] and west coast (Ialysos, Airport, Tholos, Kamiros) through [[Rhodes-Kamiros Province Avenue|Rhodes-Kamiros Avenue]].


==Media==
==Media==

===Television and radio===
===Television and radio===
Most major nation-wide television stations broadcast in the city. There are also five local television stations and a number of local and national radio stations.
Most major nationwide television stations broadcast in the city. There are also five local television stations and a number of local and national radio stations.


===Newspapers===
===Newspapers===
There are three daily newspapers issued that deal with both the city and the whole region. Moreover two are issued every Monday and there are few others with specific themes.
There are two daily newspapers issued that deal with both the city and the whole region. Moreover, there are few others with specific themes.
* ''[[I Rodiaki]]'' [http://www.rodiaki.gr/v2/] (translated "The Rhodian", daily)
* ''[[I Rodiaki]]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20070531212349/http://www.rodiaki.gr/v2/ ΡΟΔΙΑΚΗ - Καθημερινή Πρωινή Εφημερίδα] (translated "The Rhodian", daily exc. Mondays)
* ''[[I Proodos]]'' [http://www.proodos.net/] (translated "Progress", daily)
* ''[[I Dimokratiki]]'' [http://www.dimokratiki.gr/ Δημοκρατική της Ρόδου] (translated "The Democrat", daily exc. Mondays)
* ''[[I Dimokratiki]]'' [http://www.dimokratiki.gr/] (translated "The Democrat", daily)
* ''[[I Gnomi]]'' (translated "The Opinion", weekly)
* ''[[I Drasi]]'' (translated "Action", weekly)


==Sports==
==Sports==
Line 183: Line 522:


===Football===
===Football===
The city has two major football teams; [[Diagoras GS]] and [[AS Rodos]] after a long period are back in national level and competed in Greek National Second Division ([[Football League (Greece)|Football League]]) during 2017–18 season with the latter being relegated to local league. Rest of the city-based teams compete in the local Amateur Divisions and include teams that once competed in national level such as ARS Rodiakos and DANS Dorieas.
[[File:Diagoras.jpg|thumb|150px|The emblem of [[Diagoras GS]].]]
The city has two major football teams; [[Diagoras GS]] and [[AS Rodos]] after a long period are back in national level and compete in Greek National Second Division ([[Football League (Greece)|Football League]]) while the rest of the city based teams compete in the local Amateur Divisions.


===Basketball===
===Basketball===
The last 15 years basketball is represented in national level by [[Kolossos Rodou BC]] which currently won promotion to National [[A1 Ethniki]] just one year after being relegated. Other notable teams are [[AS Diagoras Rhodes]] which just gained promotion in National Third Division and [[AS Dodekanisos]], the pride of the Aegean that competes and stars in the national basketball league for handicapped people.
For the last 15 years, basketball has been represented at national level by [[Kolossos Rodou BC]], which has competed in National [[A1 Ethniki]] since 2007. Other teams, either active or defunct, are [[AS Diagoras Rhodes]] with notable presence some years ago in national lower-level leagues C and B, Rodion Athlisis, Galazia Akadimia and now defunct ASK Ibiskos, DANS Dorieas and AS Rodos. City also hosts [[AS Dodekanisos]], the pride of the Aegean that competes and stars in the national basketball league for handicapped people.

===Volleyball===
Rodion Athlisis competes successfully during the last years in [[A2 Ethniki Volleyball]] and lost promotion to top tier [[A1 Ethniki Volleyball]] for 2 consecutive seasons (2017 and 2018) in playoff games. Rest of city based teams compete in local level.


===Other===
===Other===
A variety of other sports is also available and in development in the city. In volleyball [[AS Diagoras Rhodes]] lost in the third division and returns to the local leagues; in rugby the recently formed [[Colossoi of Rhodes]] reached the top league finals for the second time in a row. The [[Nautical Club of Rhodes]] and [[Ygros Stivos of Rhodes]] have water polo teams in low level national divisions; the [[Rhodian Tennis Club]] play tennis and ping-pong in its privately owned facilities; [[AS Diagoras Rhodes]] have competitive teams in cycling and in track and field athletics. Finally ziu zitsu, karate, tae-kwon-do and other Eastern oriented sports are available with local teams that enjoy sporadic national success.
A variety of other sports is also available and in development in the city. In rugby the recently formed [[Colossoi of Rhodes]] reached the top league finals for the second time in a row. The [[Nautical Club of Rhodes]] and [[Ygros Stivos of Rhodes]] have water polo teams in low level national divisions; the [[Rhodian Tennis Club]] play tennis and ping-pong in its privately owned facilities; [[AS Diagoras Rhodes]] have competitive teams in cycling and in track and field athletics. Finally, jiu jitsu, karate, tae-kwon-do and other Eastern oriented sports are available with local teams that enjoy sporadic national success.


===Sports venues===
===Sports venues===
The city has three major sports venues; the [[Rhodes Municipal Stadium]] and the [[Kallipateira National Athletic Center]] serve all outdoor activities while the [[Municipal Indoor Hall of "Venetokleio"]] serves indoor sports.
The city has three major sports venues; the [[Rhodes Municipal Stadium]] and the [[Kallipateira National Athletic Center]] serve all outdoor activities while the [[Municipal Indoor Hall of "Venetokleio"]] serves indoor sports. Agioi Apostoloi municipal stadium serves solely football while privately owned indoor sports arenas are held by Diagoras and Rodion Athlisis clubs with the latter owning and operating also a 25-m indoor swimming pool as well.


==International relations==
==International relations==
[[File:Pitaroudia.jpg|thumb|200px|''Pitaroudia'', traditional food from Rhodes and Dodecanese.]]
[[File:Street of Knights (Rhodes) 01.jpg|thumb|The ''Avenue of the Knights''.]]


===Consulates===
===Consulates===
The city of Rhodes is also home to many foreign [[consul (representative)|consulates]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rhodes.gr/portal_en/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=86 |title=Tourists Information: Foreign States Consulates |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-03-31 |publisher=www.rhodes.gr |work=Municipality of Rhodes}}</ref>
The city of Rhodes is also home to many foreign [[consul (representative)|consulates]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodes.gr/en/ipolimas/prokseneia/ |title=Tourists Information: Foreign States Consulates |year=2006 |access-date=2012-04-11 |publisher=www.rhodes.gr |work=Municipality of Rhodes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121021811/http://www.rhodes.gr/en/ipolimas/prokseneia/ |archive-date=2012-01-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|- valign="top"
|
|
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austria]]
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Austria]]
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]]
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Belgium]]
* {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
*{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Denmark]]
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]]
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Finland]]
* {{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[France]]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Germany]]
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]]
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Hungary]]
||
||
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Italy]]
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands]]
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]
*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Sweden]]
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]]
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Turkey]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
|}
|}


===Twin towns — sister cities===
===Twin towns — sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece}}
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece}}
Rhodes is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
Rhodes is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Rhodes|url=http://www.rhodes2021.eu/v1/index.php/candidacy/why-rhodes|website=rhodes2021.eu|publisher=Rhodes|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{| class="wikitable"
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ávila, Spain|Ávila]], Spain
|- valign="top"
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[New Braunfels]], United States
|
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Ávila, Spain]]
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Conches-en-Ouche]], France
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[New Braunfels]], USA
*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Gotland Municipality|Gotland]], Sweden
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Conches-en-Ouche]], France
*{{flagicon|CYP}} [[Limassol]], Cyprus
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Greece, New York|Greece]], USA
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], Australia
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yalta]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Pisa]], Italy
* {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Limassol]], Cyprus
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Puebla]], Mexico
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Rhode Island]], United States
||
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], Australia
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Roses, Girona|Roses]], Spain
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Puebla]], Mexico
*{{flagicon|MLT}} [[Valletta]], Malta
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rhode Island]], USA
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yalta]], Ukraine
{{div col end}}
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Roses, Girona|Roses]], Spain

* {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Valletta]], Malta
==Notable people==
* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Visby]], Sweden
[[File:RODIOS-1.JPG|thumb|upright|[[:el:Παναγιώτης Ρόδιος|Panagiotis Rodios]]]]
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Pisa]], Italy
'''Ancient'''
|}
* [[Diagoras of Rhodes]]
* [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], poet
* [[Dinocrates]], architect
* [[Hieronymus of Rhodes]], philosopher
* [[Panaetius]], philosopher

'''Modern'''
* [[:el:Παναγιώτης Ρόδιος|Panagiotis Rodios]], military officer, fighter during the [[Greek War of Independence]]
* [[Reşit Galip]], Turkish politician
* [[Oreste Lionello]], Italian actor
* [[Giorgos Skartados]], football player
* [[Niki Xanthou]], Greek athlete

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" heights=140 widths=140>
File:Rhodes Acropolis1 tango7174.jpg|The ancient theatre, [[Acropolis of Rhodes]]
File:Temple of Aphrodite, Rhodes 2010 2.jpg|Remains of the Temple of Aphrodite, c.3rd century BC
File:Rodi porta dell'arsenale 03.JPG|Gate of the arsenal
File:3Mulini.jpg|Windmills
File:Laokoon1.jpg|''[[Laocoön and His Sons]]''; copy in the Grand Master's Palace
File:Agios Georgios Church (Rhodes) 01.jpg|Byzantine church of Agios Georgios
File:Church of the Virgin of the Burgh 2010.jpg|Medieval church of the Virgin
File:Francis of Assisi in Rhodes P8220652.JPG|Statue of [[Francis of Assisi]] in front of the [[St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral, Rhodes]]
File:Bronze deer, Rhodes 01.jpg|Bronze deer at the harbour
File:Venus of Rhodes.jpg|[[Aphrodite of Rhodes]]
File:Fort Saint Nicolas Rhodes.jpg|Fort Saint Nicolas
File:Main Post office in Rhodes.jpg|Main post office, by Di Fausto
File:Rhodes clock tower 03.jpg|Clocktower
File:Pitaroudia.jpg|''Pitaroudia'', traditional food from Rhodes and Dodecanese
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
Line 246: Line 617:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Rhodes (city)}}
{{Commons category|Rhodes (city)}}
{{wikivoyage|Rhodes (city)}}
* [http://www.rhodes.gr City of Rhodes website]
* [http://www.nad.gr Prefecture website]
* [http://www.rhodes.gr Municipality of Rhodes]
* [http://www.notioaigaio.gr/per/ Region website]
* [http://www.catholicchurchrhodes.com/ Church of Rhodes]


{{World Heritage Sites in Greece}}
{{Prefectural capitals of Greece}}
{{Rhodes div}}
{{Rhodes div}}
{{Landmarks of Rhodes}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhodes (City)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhodes (City)}}
[[Category:Rhodes (city)| ]]
[[Category:Rhodes (city)| ]]
<!--[[Category:Rhodes]] unnecessary after creation of category for city, a direct subcategory of this one-->
[[Category:Greek prefectural capitals]]
[[Category:Greek prefectural capitals]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Greece]]
[[Category:Cities in ancient Greece]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek cities]]
[[Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Greece]]
[[Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Greece]]
[[Category:Tourism in Greece]]
[[Category:Populated places in the ancient Aegean islands]]
[[Category:Fortified settlements]]

[[Category:Port cities of the Aegean Sea]]
{{Link FA|he}}
[[Category:Populated places in Rhodes]]

[[Category:Greek city-states]]
[[ar:رودس (مدينة)]]
[[bg:Родос (град)]]
[[ca:Rodes (ciutat)]]
[[cs:Rhodos (město)]]
[[cy:Rhodes (tref)]]
[[da:Rhodos by]]
[[de:Rhodos (Stadt)]]
[[el:Ρόδος (πόλη)]]
[[es:Rodas (ciudad)]]
[[fa:رودس (شهر)]]
[[fr:Rhodes (ville)]]
[[hr:Rodos (grad)]]
[[id:Rhodes (kota)]]
[[it:Rodi (città)]]
[[he:רודוס (עיר)]]
[[ka:როდოსი (ქალაქი)]]
[[la:Rhodus (urbs)]]
[[lt:Rodas (miestas)]]
[[hu:Rodosz (település)]]
[[mk:Родос (град)]]
[[nl:Rodos (stad)]]
[[ja:ロードス]]
[[no:Rhodos (by)]]
[[nn:Ródos by]]
[[pl:Rodos (miasto)]]
[[pt:Rodes (cidade)]]
[[ru:Родос (город)]]
[[simple:Rhodes (city)]]
[[sk:Rodos (mesto)]]
[[sr:Родос (град)]]
[[sh:Rodos (grad)]]
[[fi:Rodos (kaupunki)]]
[[sv:Rhodos (stad)]]
[[uk:Родос (місто)]]
[[vi:Ródos, Hy Lạp]]
[[war:Rhodes (syudad)]]
[[zh:羅得市]]

Latest revision as of 18:18, 14 December 2024

This article is about the Greek city. For other uses, see Rhodes (disambiguation).
Rhodes
Ρόδος
Municipal unit
From top, left to right: View to Rhodes and the palace, statue of Diagoras of Rhodes carried by his sons, St. Catherine gate, Eleftherios Venizelos Street with the Konstantinos Karamanlis statue, view to the mosque of Suleiman, Rhodian Deer statues in the city's port, aerial view of the Palace of the Grand Master.
Flag of Rhodes
Flag
Rhodes is located in Greece
Rhodes
Rhodes
Location within Rhodes
Coordinates: 36°26′N 28°13′E / 36.433°N 28.217°E / 36.433; 28.217
CountryGreece
Administrative regionSouth Aegean
Regional unitRhodes
MunicipalityRhodes
Area
 • Municipal unit19.481 km2 (7.522 sq mi)
Elevation
26 m (85 ft)
Population
 (2021)[1]
 • Metro
86,199
 • Municipal unit
56,440
 • Municipal unit density2,900/km2 (7,500/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Rhodian, Rhodiot or Rhodiote (rare)
Rhoditis (Greek)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
851 00, 31, 32, 33
Area code(s)2241
Vehicle registrationPO, PK, PY
Websitewww.rhodes.gr

Rhodes (Greek: Ρόδος, Ródos [ˈroðos]) is the principal city and a former municipality on the island of Rhodes in the Dodecanese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Rhodes, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit.[2] It has a population of approximately 56,000 inhabitants (near 90,000 in its metropolitan area). Rhodes has been famous since antiquity as the site of Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The citadel of Rhodes, built by the Hospitalliers, is one of the best-preserved medieval towns in Europe. The Medieval city is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[3]

Today, the city of Rhodes is an important Greek urban center and popular international tourist destination.

History

[edit]

The island of Rhodes is at a crossroads between Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. This has given the city and the island many different identities, cultures, architectures, and languages over its long history. Its position in major sea routes has given Rhodes a very rich history. The island has been inhabited since about 4000 BC (Neolithic Period).[4]

Classical period

[edit]
Apollo Temple at the Acropolis of Rhodes.
Colorful drawing of Rhodes (city)
Depiction of Rhodus (Rhodes Town) and its distinctive three-layered defensive walls. Site of the 30 metre high Colossus of Rhodes, which was destroyed in an earthquake in 226 BC.

The city of Rhodes was formed by the cities of Ialyssos, Kamiros and Lindos in 408 BC,[4] and prospered for three centuries during its Golden Age, when sea trade, skilled shipbuilders, and open-minded politicians of the city kept it prosperous until Roman times. The Colossus of Rhodes, one of the original Seven Wonders of the Ancient World was built by Chares of Lindos between 304 and 293 BC,[4] which took 12 years and was completed in 282 BC. The statue represented their sun god Helios, and is believed to have stood near the harbour entrance. The ancient city had a well-constructed sewage system as well as a water supply network as designed by Hippodamus. A strong earthquake hit Rhodes about 226 BC, badly damaging the city and toppling the Colossus.[4]

Roman period

[edit]

In 164 BC, Rhodes came under Roman control.[5] It was able to keep its beauty and develop into a leading center of learning for arts and science. The Romans took from the Rhodians their maritime law and applied it to their shipping. Many traces of the Roman period still exist throughout the city and give an insight into the level of civilization at the time.[5] According to Acts 21:1, the Apostle Paul stopped at Rhodes near the end of his third missionary journey.

Byzantine period

[edit]

In medieval times, Rhodes was an important Byzantine trading post, as also a crossroads for ships sailing between Constantinople and Alexandria. In the early years of the divided Roman Empire, the Isaurians, a mountain tribe from Cilicia, invaded the island and burned the city. In the 7th century AD it was captured by the Arabs. The latter were the ones who removed the scattered pieces of the Colossus from the port and moved them to Syria where they destroyed them to make coins. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the native noble Leo Gabalas took control of the island, but after his death and succession by his brother John, the island was briefly occupied by the Genoese before being returned to the Emperor of Nicaea, though ushering in a new, but short-lived, Byzantine period.

Knights' period

[edit]
Gate of the Virgin, part of the Fortifications of Rhodes.
Gate d'Amboise to the medieval city.

The Knights Hospitallers captured and established their headquarters on Rhodes when they left Cyprus[6][7] after the persecution of the Knights Templar in 1307. Pope Clement V confirmed the Hospitallers possession of the island in 1309. The Knights remained on the island for the next two centuries.

In 1444, the Mamluk fleet led by Aynal Gecut laid siege to Rhodes, but the Knights, aided by the Burgundian naval commander Geoffroy de Thoisy, beat off the Muslim attack.

After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Empire began a rapid expansion, and in 1480 Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror sent an invasion force to Rhodes commanded by Mesih Pasha. In this first Ottoman Siege of Rhodes, the defenders repelled Turkish attacks from both landward and seaward sides and the invaders left the island in defeat. The defeat halted a concurrent invasion of the Italian peninsula by Ottoman forces and prevented possible Muslim incursion and control of Western Europe.

Rhodes city, around 1490.

After the Ottoman defeat in 1480, the Knights Grand Master, Pierre d'Aubusson, oversaw the strengthening of the cities over the next few decades. By the time of his death in 1521, Rhodes possessed among the strongest fortifications of any Christian bastion in the world, including underground passages to the moat that could have quickly been blown up in case of withdrawal.[8] The Knights continued naval attacks launched from Rhodes on Muslim merchants until 1522, when the newly enthroned Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent led a second Ottoman Siege of Rhodes in 1522.

The vastly outnumbered Knights made a spirited defense of the city and inflicted heavy casualties upon the Ottoman besiegers. In December 1522, the Knights and Suleiman came to terms and the Knights were allowed to leave the city with all the wealth they could carry, and in return there would be no retribution upon the inhabitants of the city and they would be allowed to continue to freely practice Christianity. On January 1, 1523 the Knights departed from the island, leaving it to Ottoman control.

Ottoman period

[edit]
View of the Suleymaniye Mosque

In the Ottoman era, new buildings were constructed: mosques, public baths and mansions for the new patrons. The Greeks were forced to abandon the fortified city and move to new suburbs outside its walls. The city maintained its main economic function as a market for the agricultural products of the interior of the island and the surrounding small islands.

After the establishment of their sovereignty on the island, the Ottoman Turks converted most of the churches into mosques and transformed the major houses into private mansions or public buildings. This transformation was a long-term process that aimed to adapt the buildings to the Ottoman way of living. The Knights period façades with their sculptured decorations, the arched gates and hewn stone walls were enriched with the random character of the Ottoman architecture adapted to the local climate and culture. Ιn this process most of the architectural features of the existing buildings were preserved. The most characteristic additions were the baths (usually in the back of the buildings) and the enclosed wooden balconies on the façades over the narrow streets. In this way most of the buildings of the Hospitaliers' period in the Medieval Town were well preserved. The result was a mixture of oriental architecture with imposing western architectural remains and more recent buildings, which were characteristic of the local architecture of the time.

An interesting example of Ottoman architecture is the building of the Hafiz Ahmed Agha Library.

Ιn the 19th century, the city was the capital of the Eyalet of the Archipelago, but the decline of the Ottoman Empire resulted in the general neglect of the town and its buildings, which further deteriorated due to the strong earthquakes that often plague the area.

In 1856, a gunpowder magazine under the old Church of Saint John – possibly stored there since the siege of 1522[9][10] – was struck by lightning, causing a massive explosion that killed many people, destroyed the church, and destroyed much of the Grand Master's Palace.[9][11][12][10]

Italian period

[edit]
Evangelismos church at the port (former San Giovanni), by Florestano Di Fausto.
View of the Market (Nea Agora) of Mandraki, built during the Italian period by Florestano Di Fausto.
Palazzo del Governo, another work of Di Fausto, now the Prefecture of the Dodecanese.

In 1912 Italian troops took the island over with the rest of the Dodecanese Islands, and established an Italian possession known as Italian Islands of the Aegean in 1923.[13] The architect Florestano Di Fausto can be considered the father of Italian Rhodes. He, in agreement with governor Mario Lago, was author of the city plan of 1923, choosing to respect almost totally the walled town, only demolishing the houses that were built on and around the city walls during the Ottoman era. He also turned the Jewish and Ottoman cemeteries into a green zone surrounding the Medieval Town.[13] At the same time, he designed the new Italian Rhodes in the zone of the Mandraki, planning a Garden City, and building along the main sea promenade the main edifices, as the Market, the Cathedral of Saint John of the Knights, the Palace of the governor. All these building were designed in an eclectic style, mixing Ottoman, Venetian, Renaissance and local elements. The Italians preserved what was left from the Knights' period, and destroyed all Ottoman buildings. They also reconstructed the Grand Master's Palace.[13] Furthermore, an Institute for the study of the History and Culture of the region was established, and major infrastructure work was done to modernize Rhodes.[13]

World War II and postwar period

[edit]

During World War II, Allied bombing raids which targeted the old city of Rhodes in 1944 destroyed a significant portion of the city.[14] One of the first decrees of the Greek government designated those areas as reserved for future excavations and a number of edifices as safeguarded buildings. In July 1944, the Nazi authorities ordered the deportation of over 1,700 Jews of Rhodes including men, women, and children, of whom 1,200 were murdered at Auschwitz.[15]

In 1957, a new city plan was approved by a decree and in 1960 the entire medieval town was designated as a protected monument by the Ministry of Culture. In 1961 and 1963 new decrees were issued concerning the new city plan. They provided for the widening of existing streets and the opening of new ones. However, these were not implemented in the old city due to the resistance of the Archaeological Service. In 1988, the old town of Rhodes was designated as a World Heritage City by UNESCO.

Government

[edit]

Rhodes City is the capital of the island of Rhodes which since 2011 became a single municipality and of the Rhodes regional unit. It was the capital of the former Dodecanese Prefecture and currently hosts many offices and services of the South Aegean region.

As an administration centre, the city also hosts numerous offices and services such as:

  • Dodecanese Police Headquarters
  • Rhodes Fire Department
  • Dodecanese Courthouse
  • Dodecanese Port Police/Coastguard
  • 95 ADTE (Hellenic Army Division Headquarters)
  • Rhodes Public Tax Office
  • Rhodes Urban Planning Office
  • Rhodes Land Registry Office
  • Rhodes Hellenic Post Office headquarters
  • Rhodes Municipal Water & Sewage Company
  • Dodecanese Chamber of Commerce
  • Rhodes Manpower Office (OAED)
  • Rhodes Social Security Institute (IKA)
  • Public Power Corporation (DEI)

Main sights

[edit]

The city is home to numerous landmarks. Some of them date back to antiquity and most of the others remain from the Hospitaller period.

Geography

[edit]

The city of Rhodes is situated in the north-east tip of the island and forms a triangle from north to south. The municipal unit has an area of 19.481 km2.[16] It is the smallest municipal unit of the island in terms of land area and the largest in population. It borders the Aegean Sea to the north, the east and the west and with the municipalities of Ialysos and Kallithea in the south.

Climate

[edit]

In Köppen climate classification, it is classified as hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). According to the data of the meteorological station of the Municipal Port Fund of South Dodecanese, which is located in the Port of Rhodes, the city registers an average annual temperature of 20.9°C.

Climate data for Rhodes Port 4 m a.s.l.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.8
(69.4) 		20.9
(69.6) 		24.6
(76.3) 		27.6
(81.7) 		36.4
(97.5) 		37.9
(100.2) 		37.4
(99.3) 		37.6
(99.7) 		34.4
(93.9) 		32.6
(90.7) 		26.8
(80.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		37.9
(100.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.1
(61.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		17.3
(63.1) 		20.2
(68.4) 		23.9
(75.0) 		27.9
(82.2) 		30.9
(87.6) 		30.7
(87.3) 		28.6
(83.5) 		25.5
(77.9) 		22.0
(71.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		23.2
(73.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2) 		14.3
(57.7) 		15.1
(59.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		21.4
(70.5) 		25.3
(77.5) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.4
(83.1) 		26.5
(79.7) 		23.4
(74.1) 		19.9
(67.8) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.9
(69.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.9
(53.4) 		12.2
(54.0) 		12.9
(55.2) 		15.7
(60.3) 		18.9
(66.0) 		22.4
(72.3) 		25.3
(77.5) 		26.0
(78.8) 		24.4
(75.9) 		21.2
(70.2) 		17.7
(63.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		18.6
(65.4)
Record low °C (°F) 2.9
(37.2) 		4.7
(40.5) 		3.8
(38.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		16.2
(61.2) 		22.4
(72.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		18.7
(65.7) 		17.1
(62.8) 		13.3
(55.9) 		9.0
(48.2) 		2.9
(37.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 113.6
(4.47) 		58.5
(2.30) 		44.5
(1.75) 		19.2
(0.76) 		6.5
(0.26) 		6.3
(0.25) 		0.1
(0.00) 		0.3
(0.01) 		3.0
(0.12) 		26.7
(1.05) 		87.2
(3.43) 		144.1
(5.67) 		510
(20.07)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 151.8 184.8 238.8 269.3 326.8 374.8 393.5 363.7 311.8 260.2 190.8 157.8 3,224.1
Source 1: Municipal Port Fund of South Dodecanese (Jan 2019-Aug 2024) [17] [18]
Source 2: Sunshine Rhodes AP [19]
Climate data for Rhodes Airport
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.0
(71.6) 		22.6
(72.7) 		27.6
(81.7) 		30.6
(87.1) 		34.8
(94.6) 		36.2
(97.2) 		39.0
(102.2) 		41.2
(106.2) 		35.4
(95.7) 		33.2
(91.8) 		28.4
(83.1) 		23.4
(74.1) 		41.2
(106.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.1
(59.2) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17
(63) 		20.0
(68.0) 		24.1
(75.4) 		28.3
(82.9) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.7
(87.3) 		28.1
(82.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		20.2
(68.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		22.5
(72.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.0
(53.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		13.5
(56.3) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.0
(68.0) 		24.2
(75.6) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.7
(80.1) 		24.4
(75.9) 		20.7
(69.3) 		16.7
(62.1) 		13.5
(56.3) 		18.9
(66.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6) 		9.1
(48.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		13
(55) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		23.2
(73.8) 		21
(70) 		17.4
(63.3) 		13.7
(56.7) 		10.8
(51.4) 		15.6
(60.1)
Record low °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		0.2
(32.4) 		5.2
(41.4) 		8.6
(47.5) 		12.6
(54.7) 		16.8
(62.2) 		17.0
(62.6) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.2
(45.0) 		2.4
(36.3) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−4.0
(24.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 151.8
(5.98) 		101.7
(4.00) 		68.9
(2.71) 		29.4
(1.16) 		16.4
(0.65) 		1.8
(0.07) 		0.3
(0.01) 		0.2
(0.01) 		6.3
(0.25) 		56.9
(2.24) 		89.6
(3.53) 		152.8
(6.02) 		676.1
(26.63)
Average rainy days 15.5 12.7 10.5 7.6 4.6 1.2 0.2 0.1 1.5 6.7 9.5 15.4 85.5
Average relative humidity (%) 70.1 69.1 68.7 66.5 64.4 58.5 57.6 59.9 61.4 67.5 71.4 72.4 65.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 151.8 184.8 238.8 269.3 326.8 374.8 393.5 363.7 311.8 260.2 190.8 157.8 3,224.1
Mean daily sunshine hours 5.0 6.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 14.0 13.0 11.0 8.0 6.0 5.0 9.0
Source 1: Hellenic National Meteorological Service (1955–2010 averages)[20]
Source 2: NOAA (1961–1977 temperatures taken from Maritsa Airport and 1977–1990 from Rhodes International Airport[21]),[22] Weather Atlas (sunshine data),[23] Sunshine Rhodes AP [24]
Climate data for Rhodes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 17.9
(64.2) 		17.0
(62.6) 		17.1
(62.8) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.1
(68.2) 		23.4
(74.1) 		25.9
(78.6) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.7
(80.1) 		23.8
(74.8) 		20.9
(69.6) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.4
(70.5)
Mean daily daylight hours 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 12.1
Average Ultraviolet index 2 3 5 7 8 10 10 9 7 5 3 2 5.9
Source: Weather Atlas [23]

Demographics

[edit]
Rhodes courthouse (Di Fausto)
Medieval fountain at Hippokratous Square.
The entrance to the Rhodes Archaeology Museum.
Kahal Shalom Synagogue

The city has an official permanent population of 49,541 in 2011 census but its estimated that some 65–70.000 reside permanently within city limits. During summer population reaches 100.000 due to some 25–30.000 hotel beds operating within city limits as well numerous seasonal workers that migrate from rest of Greece due to high unemployment mostly in peninsular parts of the country.

Year Population Change ±
1951 24,280 -
1961 28,119 +3,839
1971 33,100 +4,981
1981 41,425 +8,325
1991 43,558 +2,133
2001 53,709 +10,151
2011 49,541 -4,168
2021 56,440 +6,899

Education

[edit]

State facilities by category:

  • Primary Education: 21 primary schools
  • Secondary Education: 7 high schools and 7 lyceums
  • Higher Education: Some departments of the Aegean University, Higher and Lower Tourism Schools and some private institutes

The last years two private schools were also established and offer classes from primary to lyceum education with one located within city limits, Rodion Paideia. The Music School of Rhodes is located just outside Rhodes, in Koskinou village.

Health

[edit]

Rhodes state general hospital is located in the southwestern district of Agioi Apostoloi. Erected less than 20 years ago, it is a modern facility with many departments as well the base for EKAV ambulances serving the city and island's northern part. Hospital is also equipped with a helicopter landing zone being able to accept urgent cases via airlifts from the rest Dodecanese islands.

A private hospital, Euromedica, also operates just off city limits, in Koskinou western edge. Numerous private medical facilities also operate within city while many private doctors keep their clinics in and around city centre.

Transportation

[edit]

Air

[edit]

Both the city and the island of Rhodes are served by Diagoras International Airport, situated 14 km (9 mi) south west of the city. It is connected to all other major Greek airports and to Cyprus throughout the year. During tourism season, international flights connect the island with numerous European cities and with Israel, Egypt and Lebanon.

Sea

[edit]

The city hosts 3 major ports that each serve a different purpose. Kolona serves intra-Dodecanese traffic, Central serves cruise ships and international traffic and Akandia domestic as well cargo traffic.

Ferries connect daily the island with several nearby islands within the Dodecanese Islands, as well as with the Cycladic Islands and the Greek mainland (Pireaus) while twice weekly a ferry goes to Heraklion, Crete. There are also frequently routes to opposing Turkish coast towns such as Marmaris and Fethiye. Rhodes is also a popular port of call for cruise itineraries, especially in the summer months.

City also hosts two marinas, a municipal one in downtown Mandraki and a private one next to Akandia port.

Surface

[edit]

The city's public transit system is served by municipal bus company RODA (blue and/or white buses) and consists of a bus network which connects city centre to districts but also connects the city to outlying resorts and towns (Faliraki in the east and Ixia, Ialysos, Tholos in the west) as well Rhodes International Airport. The city centre is also the point of departure for KTEL buses (orange buses) that serve island's east coast suburban routes. There is a proposal for KTEL buses to relocate in available space next to Akandia port but its still unknown if and when this will happen.

Taxis are widely available in the city and usually can be found in designated taxi ranks or via phone call. It is normal during high season rush hours to queue in ranks due to increased demand.

Plans for a 16 km tram network consisting of 2 lines and 13 stations were presented years ago but since then nothing further emerged probably due to lack of funds.

City's road network is mostly old consisting mainly of narrow and one way streets and major arteries can't really cope with increased traffic making congestion unavoidable especially rush hours. Parking especially around city centre and during market hours as well summer season is extremely difficult due to lack of free spaces although it is monitored by the municipality imposing a fee. The municipality is currently redeveloping certain free areas near the centre to parking lots which are expected to lower traffic burden. A ring road also exists but it is unfinished connecting currently Rhodes Port to Rhodes-Kallithea Avenue. City is also the starting point of 3 of island's 5 main avenues connecting it with Faliraki through Rhodes-Kallithea Avenue, Lindos through Rhodes-Lindos Avenue and west coast (Ialysos, Airport, Tholos, Kamiros) through Rhodes-Kamiros Avenue.

Media

[edit]

Television and radio

[edit]

Most major nationwide television stations broadcast in the city. There are also five local television stations and a number of local and national radio stations.

Newspapers

[edit]

There are two daily newspapers issued that deal with both the city and the whole region. Moreover, there are few others with specific themes.

Sports

[edit]

The city after a long dark period of almost 15 years is reviving in many team sports. Football and basketball are the most popular but a wide variety is also in development during the last years with the most noticeable in rugby.

Football

[edit]

The city has two major football teams; Diagoras GS and AS Rodos after a long period are back in national level and competed in Greek National Second Division (Football League) during 2017–18 season with the latter being relegated to local league. Rest of the city-based teams compete in the local Amateur Divisions and include teams that once competed in national level such as ARS Rodiakos and DANS Dorieas.

Basketball

[edit]

For the last 15 years, basketball has been represented at national level by Kolossos Rodou BC, which has competed in National A1 Ethniki since 2007. Other teams, either active or defunct, are AS Diagoras Rhodes with notable presence some years ago in national lower-level leagues C and B, Rodion Athlisis, Galazia Akadimia and now defunct ASK Ibiskos, DANS Dorieas and AS Rodos. City also hosts AS Dodekanisos, the pride of the Aegean that competes and stars in the national basketball league for handicapped people.

Volleyball

[edit]

Rodion Athlisis competes successfully during the last years in A2 Ethniki Volleyball and lost promotion to top tier A1 Ethniki Volleyball for 2 consecutive seasons (2017 and 2018) in playoff games. Rest of city based teams compete in local level.

Other

[edit]

A variety of other sports is also available and in development in the city. In rugby the recently formed Colossoi of Rhodes reached the top league finals for the second time in a row. The Nautical Club of Rhodes and Ygros Stivos of Rhodes have water polo teams in low level national divisions; the Rhodian Tennis Club play tennis and ping-pong in its privately owned facilities; AS Diagoras Rhodes have competitive teams in cycling and in track and field athletics. Finally, jiu jitsu, karate, tae-kwon-do and other Eastern oriented sports are available with local teams that enjoy sporadic national success.

Sports venues

[edit]

The city has three major sports venues; the Rhodes Municipal Stadium and the Kallipateira National Athletic Center serve all outdoor activities while the Municipal Indoor Hall of "Venetokleio" serves indoor sports. Agioi Apostoloi municipal stadium serves solely football while privately owned indoor sports arenas are held by Diagoras and Rodion Athlisis clubs with the latter owning and operating also a 25-m indoor swimming pool as well.

International relations

[edit]
The Avenue of the Knights.

Consulates

[edit]

The city of Rhodes is also home to many foreign consulates.[25]

Twin towns — sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece

Rhodes is twinned with:[26]

Notable people

[edit]
Panagiotis Rodios

Ancient

Modern

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
  2. ^ "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
  3. ^ "Medieval City of Rhodes". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d "History of Rhodes: Classical Period". Municipality of Rhodes. www.rhodes.gr. 2007. Archived from the original on 2016-05-05. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
  5. ^ a b "History of Rhodes: Roman Period". Municipality of Rhodes. www.rhodes.gr. 2007. Archived from the original on 2016-04-21. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
  6. ^ Nicolle, David (2008). Knights of Jerusalem: The Crusading Order of Hospitallers 1100–1565. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-080-2.
  7. ^ Gino Manicone "Rodi sposa del sole", Casamari, La Monastica, 1992.
  8. ^ "8 Wonders of the Old Town: The Bastions and Towers - Old Town Rhodes". 2021-08-13. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  9. ^ a b Davis, Paul K. (2003). Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-19-521930-2.
  10. ^ a b Barnes, John R. (2018). "Gunpowder and the Explosion in 1856 of the former Church of St. John in the Medieval Town of Rhodes". Paper Presented at the International Scientific Congress on Fortifications of the Ottoman Period in the Aegean.
  11. ^ Wisner, Ben; Gaillard, J. C.; Kelman, Ilan (2012). Handbook of Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-91868-1.
  12. ^ Nossov, Konstantin (2012-06-20). The Fortress of Rhodes 1309–1522. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-003-7.
  13. ^ a b c d "History of Rhodes: Italian Period". Municipality of Rhodes. www.rhodes.gr. 2007. Archived from the original on 2016-04-21. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
  14. ^ “Rhodes in World War II: A Story of Resistance and Restoration” City of Rhodes, April 7, 2024.
  15. ^ “Remembering the longest journey to Auschwitz – the deportation of Rhodes’ Jews decimated a small but vibrant community with centuries of Mediterranean history” by Devin Naar. The Conversation, August 7, 2024.
  16. ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
  17. ^ "Rhodes, Tourist Port - Municipal Port Fund of South Dodecanese Current Weather Conditions".
  18. ^ "Αρχική - Δημοτικό Λιμενικό Ταμείο Νότιας Δωδεκανήσου". www.litando.gr. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  19. ^ "HNMS". Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  20. ^ "Climatology – Rodos". Hellenic National Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  21. ^ Documents Archived 16 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine, itia.ntua.gr. Accessed 31 August 2022.
  22. ^ "Rhodes Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  23. ^ a b "Rhodes, Greece – Climate data". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  24. ^ "HNMS". Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  25. ^ "Tourists Information: Foreign States Consulates". Municipality of Rhodes. www.rhodes.gr. 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
  26. ^ "Why Rhodes". rhodes2021.eu. Rhodes. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
[edit]
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