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+{{lowercase}}
-{{Redirect|Fecal Matter|the American grunge band|Fecal Matter (band)}}
-{{distinguish|excretion}}
-{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
+{| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
-[[Image:Hestemøj.jpg|thumb|right|[[Horse]] feces]]
+|+
-'''Feces''', '''faeces''', or '''fæces''' (see [[American and British English spelling differences|spelling differences]]) is a [[waste product]] from an animal's [[gastrointestinal tract|digestive tract]] expelled through the [[anus]] or [[cloaca]] during ''[[defecation]]''.
-==Etymology==
-The word ''faeces'' is the plural of the [[Latin]] word ''fæx'' meaning "dregs". There is no singular form in the English language, making it a [[plurale tantum]].<ref>[http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3400 Feces definition – Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
-There are many colloquial terms for feces, of which some are considered [[profanity]] (such as ''[[shit]]'' and ''crap'') while others (such as ''poo'', ''poop'', ''number two'', ''doodoo'', ''dookie'' and ''doody'') are not. Terms such as ''dung'', ''scat'', ''spoor'' and ''droppings'' are normally used to refer to animal feces.
-''Stool'' is a common term normally used in reference to [[human feces]].  For example, in [[medicine]] to diagnose the presence or absence of a medical condition, a [[stool sample]] is sometimes requested for testing purposes.  The term "stool" can also be used for that of non-human species.
-==Ecology==
-[[Image:Kasuar fg1.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Cassowary]] disperses plant seeds via its feces.]]
-[[Image:Earthworm faeces.jpg|thumb|[[Earthworm]] feces aid in provision of minerals and plant nutrients in an accessible form]]
-After an animal has digested eaten material, the remains of that material are expelled from its body as waste. Though it is lower in energy than the food it came from, feces may still contain a large amount of energy, often 50% of that of the original food.<ref name=Campbell>''Biology'' (4th edition) N.A.Campbell (Benjamin Cummings NY, 1996) ISBN 0-8053-1957-3</ref> This means that of all food eaten, a significant amount of energy remains for the decomposers of ecosystems. Many organisms feed on feces, from bacteria to fungi to insects such as [[dung beetle]]s, which can [[sensory system|sense]] odors from long distances.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1179-146 |author=Heinrich B, Bartholomew GA |title=The ecology of the African dung beetle |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=241 |issue= 5|pages=146–56 |year=1979}}</ref> Some may specialize in feces, while others may eat other foods as well. Feces serve not only as a basic food, but also a supplement to the usual diet of some animals. This is known as [[coprophagia]], and occurs in various animal species such as young elephants eating their mother's feces to gain essential [[gut flora]], or by other animals such as dogs, rabbits, and monkeys.
-Feces and urine, which reflect [[ultraviolet]] light, are important to raptors such as [[Kestrel]]s, which are able to locate their prey by their [[midden]]s and territorial markers.
-[[Seed]]s may also be found in feces. Animals which eat [[fruit]] are known as [[frugivore]]s. The advantage for a plant in having fruit is that animals will eat the fruit and unknowingly disperse the seed in doing so. This mode of [[seed dispersal]] is highly successful, as seeds dispersed around the base of a plant are unlikely to succeed and are often subject to heavy [[seed predation|predation]]. Provided the seed can withstand the pathway through the digestive system, it is not only likely to be far away from the parent plant, but is even provided with its own fertilizer.
-Organisms which subsist on dead organic matter or ''[[detritus]]'' are known as [[detritivore]]s, and play an important role in ecosystems by recycling organic matter back into a simpler form which plants and other [[autotroph]]s may once again absorb. This cycling of matter is known as the [[biogeochemical cycle]]. To maintain nutrients in soil it is therefore important that feces return to the area from which they came, which is not always the case in human society where food may be transported from rural areas to urban populations and then feces disposed of into a river or sea.
-<!--
-Consensus is not to have any images, so do not put any.
--->
-==Human feces==
-{{main|Human feces}}
-In humans, defecation may occur (depending on the individual and the circumstances) from once every two or three days to several times a day. Extensive hardening of the feces may cause prolonged interruption in the routine and is called [[constipation]].
-[[Human]] fecal matter varies significantly in appearance, depending on diet and health. Normally it is semisolid, with a [[mucus]] coating. Its brown coloration comes from a combination of [[bile]] and [[bilirubin]], which comes from dead [[red blood cells]].
-In newborn babies, fecal matter is initially yellow/green after the [[meconium]]. This coloration comes from the presence of [[bile]] alone. In time, as the body starts expelling bilirubin from dead red blood cells, it acquires its familiar brown appearance, unless the baby is [[breast feeding]], in which case it remains soft, pale yellowish, and not completely malodorous until the baby begins to eat significant amounts of other food.
-Throughout the life of an ordinary human, one may experience many types of feces. A "green" stool is from rapid transit of feces through the intestines (or the consumption of certain blue or green food dyes in quantity), and "clay-like" appearance to the feces is the result of a lack of bilirubin.
-[[Bile]] overload is very rare, and not a health threat. Problems as simple as serious [[diarrhea]] can cause blood in one's stool. Black stools caused by blood usually indicate a problem in the intestines (the black is digested blood), whereas red streaks of blood in stool are usually caused by bleeding in the rectum or anus.
-Food may sometimes make an appearance in the feces. Common undigested foods found in human feces are seeds, nuts, corn and beans, mainly because of their high [[dietary fiber]] content. Beets may turn feces different hues of red. Artificial food coloring in some processed foods such as highly colorful packaged breakfast cereals can also cause unusual feces coloring if eaten in sufficient quantities.
-Laboratory examination of feces, usually termed as stool examination or [[stool test]], is done for the sake of diagnosis, for example, to detect presence of parasites such as [[pinworm]]s and/or their eggs (ova) or to detect disease spreading bacteria.
-=== Personal hygiene ===
-{{main|Anal cleansing}}
-Cultures employ a variety of personal cleansing practicing after elimination.
-* In [[Western culture|Western]] and [[East Asia]]n societies, the use of [[toilet paper]] is widespread. Other paper products were also used before the advent of flush toilets.
-* Some [[Europe]]an countries use a [[bidet]] for additional cleaning.
-* In [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]], showers are provided for use in toilets.
-* In [[Islam]], washing of the anus with water using the left hand is part of the prescribed ritual ablutions.
-* In [[India]], the anus is also washed with water using the left hand.
-* In the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Squat toilet|Indian toilet]] was adapted as the "WC" (water closet) and widely deployed in [[England]] during the reign of [[Queen Victoria]]. London suffered numerous outbreaks of [[food poisoning]] resulting from workers handling food after using the toilet. Cleansing of the anus was an arbitrary practice left to personal choice and facilities available.
-* In [[Ancient Rome]], a communal sponge was employed. It was rinsed in a bucket of salt water after use.
-* In [[Japan]], flat sticks were used in ancient times, being replaced by toilet paper as the country became more [[Westernized]]. Toilets that include built-in bidets have now become widely popular in private homes; these can be very sophisticated appliances, allowing users to adjust the temperature, direction and force of water jets, and offering warm air to dry the anus and surrounding regions. The toilet flushes automatically when the buttocks leave the seat.
-=== Health issues ===
-Consistency and shape of stools may be classified medically according to the [[Bristol Stool Scale]].
-[[Pica (disorder)|Pica]], a disorder where non-food items are eaten, can cause unusual stool.
-[[Intestinal parasite]]s and their [[Ovum|ova]] (eggs) can sometimes be visible to the [[naked eye]].
-== Odor ==
-[[Image:Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.png|right|thumb|100px|The [[molecule]] [[hydrogen sulfide]] contributes to the smell of feces.]]
-The distinctive [[odor]] of feces is due to [[bacterial]] action. [[Gut flora]] produce compounds such as [[indole]], [[skatole]], and [[thiol]]s ([[sulfur]]-containing compounds), as well as the inorganic gas [[hydrogen sulfide]]. These are the same compounds that are responsible for the odor of [[flatulence]]. Consumption of foods with spices may result in the spices being undigested and adding to the odor of feces. The perceived bad odor of feces has been hypothesized to be a deterrent for humans, as consumption or touching it may result in sickness or infection.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Curtis V, Aunger R, Rabie T |title=Evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease |journal=Proc. Biol. Sci. |volume=271 Suppl 4 |issue= Suppl 4|pages=S131–3 |year=2004 |month=May |pmid=15252963 |pmc=1810028 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2003.0144 |url=}}</ref> Of course, human perception of the odor is a [[subjectivity|subjective]] matter; an animal that eats feces may be attracted to its odor.
-== Pets ==
-[[File:NoPoopHoustonTX.jpg|thumb|left|Sign asking owners to clean up after pets, [[Downtown Houston|Downtown]] [[Houston]], [[Texas]]]]
-Pets can be trained to use litter boxes or wait to be allowed outside and defecate there.  Training can be done in several ways, especially dependent on species.  An example is crate training for dogs. Several companies market [[carpet]] cleaning products aimed at pet owners.
-== Uses ==
-Human feces may be used as [[fertilizer]] (See also: [[Humanure]]) in the form of [[biosolids]] (treated sewage sludge). The feces of animals are often used as [[fertilizer]]; see [[manure]] and [[guano]]. Some animal feces, especially those of [[camel]], [[bison]] and [[cattle]], is used as fuel when dried out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stcwa.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=798&Itemid=134|title=Dried Camel Dung as fuel}}</ref> Animal dung, besides being used as [[fuel]], is occasionally used as a [[cement]] to make [[adobe]] [[mudbrick]] huts<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs34d.htm |title=Your Home Technical Manual – 3.4d Construction Systems – Mud Brick (Adobe) |accessdate=2007-07-09 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070706132354/http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs34d.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-07-06}}</ref> or even in throwing sports such as cow pat throwing or camel dung throwing contests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200307/s900527.htm|title=Dung Throwing contests}}</ref> [[Kopi Luwak]] (pronounced {{IPA-may|ˈkopi ˈlu.aʔ|}}), or Civet coffee, is [[coffee]] made from coffee berries which have been eaten by and passed through the digestive tract of the [[Asian Palm Civet]] (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus'').
-See also [[Fewmets]] for the use of feces in venery, or [[Hunting]] in the [[Middle Ages]], and [[Kumalak]] for the use of feces in [[fortune-telling]] in [[Central Asia]].
-Dog feces were used in the tanning process of leather during the Victorian era. Collected dog feces were mixed with water to form a substance known as "bate". Enzymes in the dog feces helped to relax the fibrous structure of the hide before the final stages of tanning.<ref>http://www.yourdiscovery.com/history/worst_jobs/victorian/index.shtml</ref>
-==Social Implications==
-Feces has always been associated with the lowest people among society, the social outcasts, the pariahs, the social discards. The Caste system in India was created along the lines of profession and the dalits (untouchables) were left to do work related to human emissions. They did such work as clean and pick feces from streets, clean toilets, work with dead bodies. Such practices are prevalent even today in the rural and small villages of India. Even in western cultures, shit has always been associated with social discards. The usage of the word "shit" in modern english has its roots in the use of the word to denote something that is of little value, even having a negative value sometimes.
-== Animal feces ==
-[[File:BearApplePoop.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Fresh bear scat showing a diet of apples]][[File:Mixedplasticbearpoo.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Bear scat showing consumption of [[bin bag]]s in garbage]]
-The feces of animals often have special names.  For example:
-*'''Non-human animals''' generally &ndash;
-**As bulk material &ndash; dung
-**Individually &ndash; droppings
-*'''[[Cattle]]''' &ndash;
-**Bulk material &ndash; [[cow dung]]
-**Individual droppings &ndash; cow pats, meadow muffins etc.
-*'''[[Deer]]''' (and formerly other quarry animals) &ndash; [[fewmets]].
-* '''Wild [[Carnivora|carnivore]]s''' &ndash; scat.
-*'''[[Otter]]''' &ndash; [[spraint]].
-*'''[[Bird]]s''' (individual) &ndash; droppings (also include urine as white crystals of [[uric acid]]).
-*'''[[Seabird]]s''' or '''[[bat]]s''' (large accumulations) &ndash; [[guano]].
-*'''Herbivorous [[insect]]s''', such as [[caterpillar]]s and [[leaf beetle]]s &ndash; [[frass]].
-*'''[[Earthworm]]s''', '''[[lugworm]]s''' etc. &ndash; [[worm castings]] (feces extruded at ground surface).
-*'''Feces when used as [[fertilizer]]''' (usually mixed with animal bedding and urine) &ndash; [[manure]].
-*'''[[Horses]]''' &ndash; horse manure, roadapple.
-==Bibliography==
-*{{cite book |author=Ganim, Russell; Persels, Jeff |title=Fecal matters in early modern literature and art: Studies in scatology |publisher=Ashgate |location=Aldershot, Hants, England |year=2004 |pages= |isbn=0-7546-4116-3 |oclc= 217420632 53477287 56448582|doi= |accessdate= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=0GKUQ-5o3qkC}}
-== See also ==
-{{Portal|Biology}}
-<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
-* [[Ecological sanitation]]
-* ''[[Everyone Poops]]''
-* [[Night soil]]
-* [[Cow dung]]
-* [[Manure]]
-* [[Coprophilous fungi]]
-</div>
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-==Further reading==
-* {{cite book |author=Laporte, Dominique G. |title=History of Shit (Documents Book) |publisher=The MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass |year=2002 |pages= |isbn=0-262-62160-6 |oclc= 42736232 49206444 53996841|doi= |accessdate=}}
-==External links==
-{{commons|Feces}}
-{{wiktionary|feces}}
-*[http://www.heptune.com/poop.html A FAQ site on feces]
-* [http://www.feces.info Free reference linking feces and illness]
-* [http://www.mcevoy.demon.co.uk/Medicine/Pathology/Biochem/Liver/Biochem.html Liver biochemistry]
-* [http://www.medfriendly.com/feces.html MedFriendly's Article on Feces]
-[[Category:Animal physiology]]
-[[Category:Feces]]
-[[af:Ontlasting]]
-[[ar:براز]]
-[[gn:Tepoti]]
-[[ay:Jama]]
-[[be:Кал]]
-[[bs:Izmet]]
-[[bg:Изпражнения]]
-[[ca:Excrement]]
-[[ceb:Tai]]
-[[cs:Výkal]]
-[[sn:Dhodhi]]
-[[cy:Ymgarthion]]
-[[da:Afføring]]
-[[de:Kot]]
-[[et:Roe]]
-[[es:Excremento]]
-[[eo:Fekaĵo]]
-[[eu:Gorotz]]
-[[fa:مدفوع]]
-[[fr:Matière fécale]]
-[[gd:Cac]]
-[[ko:똥]]
-[[hi:मल]]
-[[hr:Izmet]]
-[[io:Feko]]
-[[id:Tinja]]
-[[iu:ᐊᖏᐋᕐᓂᖅ]]
-[[is:Saur]]
-[[it:Feci]]
-[[he:צואה]]
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