True parrot: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Superfamily of birds}} |
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{{otheruses|Parrot (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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{{Taxobox |
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| name = True parrots |
| name = True parrots |
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| image = |
| image = Araras-canindé em Campo Grande.jpg |
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| image_caption = [[Blue-and- |
| image_caption = [[Blue-and-yellow macaw]]s at Campo Grande, Brazil |
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| taxon = Psittacoidea |
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| image_width = |
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| authority = [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]], 1811 |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| subdivision_ranks = Families |
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] |
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| subdivision = |
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| classis = [[bird|Aves]] |
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[[Psittacidae]]<br/> |
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| ordo = [[parrot|Psittaciformes]] |
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[[Psittrichasiidae]]<br/> |
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| familia = '''Psittacidae''' |
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[[Psittaculidae]] |
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| familia_authority = [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]], 1811 |
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<!--| subdivision_ranks = Subfamily |
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| subdivision = |
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[[Lories and lorikeets|Loriinae]] (lories and lorikeets)<br/> |
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[[Psittacinae]] (typical parrots and allies)<br/> |
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(but see text)--> |
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}} |
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The '''true parrots''' are about |
The '''true parrots''' are about 350 species of hook-billed, mostly [[herbivorous]] [[bird]]s forming the superfamily '''Psittacoidea''', one of the three superfamilies in the [[order (biology)|biological order]] [[Psittaciformes]] (parrots).{{#tag:ref|The other superfamilies are the Cacatuoidea ([[cockatoo]]s) and New Zealand [[Strigopoidea]] which are also [[parrots]], but not classified as true parrots.|group=Notes}} True parrots are widespread, with species in [[Mexico]], [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], [[sub-Saharan Africa]], [[India]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Australia]], and eastwards across the [[Pacific Ocean]] as far as [[Polynesia]]. The true parrots include many of the familiar parrots including [[macaw]]s, [[conure]]s, [[lorikeet]]s, [[eclectus]], [[Amazon parrot]]s, [[grey parrot]], and [[budgerigar]]. Most true parrots are colourful and flighted, with a few notable exceptions.{{#tag:ref|4 species are ground dwelling: three in genus ''[[Pezoporus]]'' and the [[Antipodes parakeet]].|group=Notes}} |
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==Overview== |
==Overview== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2014}} |
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The true parrot family formerly were often considered to contain two [[subfamily|subfamilies]], the [[Psittacinae]] (typical parrots and allies) and the Loriinae ([[lories and lorikeets]]). However, today these two groups are ascribed full family status, being called Psittacidae and Loriidae. |
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True parrots have a [[beak]] with a characteristic curved shape, the [[jaw]] with a mobility slightly higher than where it connects with the skull, and a generally upright position. They also have a large cranial capacity and are one of the most intelligent bird groups. They are good fliers and skillful climbers on branches of trees. |
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Some species can [[Talking bird|imitate the human voice]] and other sounds, although they do not have vocal cords — instead possessing a vocal organ at the base of the [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]] known as the [[Syrinx (bird anatomy)|syrinx]].<ref name="Vocal-Tract Filtering by Lingual Articulation in a Parrot">{{cite journal |last1=Beckers |first1=Gabriël J.L. |last2=Nelson |first2=Brian S. |last3=Suthers |first3=Roderick A. |title=Vocal-Tract Filtering by Lingual Articulation in a Parrot |journal=Current Biology |date=7 September 2004 |volume=14 |issue=17 |pages=1592-1597 |pmid=15341748 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982204006190 |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref> |
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Like most parrots the Psittacidae are primarily seed eaters. There is some variation in the diet of individual species, with fruits, nuts, leaves and even insects and other animal prey being taken on occasion by some species. The lorikeets are predominately [[nectar]] feeders; many other parrots will drink nectar as well. Most Psittacidae are cavity nesting birds which form monogamous pair bonds. |
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Like most parrots, the Psittacidae are primarily seed eaters. Some variation is seen in the diet of individual species, with fruits, nuts, leaves, and even insects and other animal prey being taken on occasion by some species. The lorikeets are predominantly [[nectar]] feeders; many other parrots drink nectar, as well. Most Psittacidae are cavity-nesting birds which form monogamous pair bonds. |
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They have a [[beak]] with a characteristic curved shape, the [[jaw]] with a mobility slightly higher than where it connects with the skull, and a generally upright position. They also have a large cranial capacity and are one of the most intelligent bird groups. They live in tropical areas, are good fliers and skilful climbers on branches of trees. |
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===Distribution and habitat=== |
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The Parrots are distributed throughout the [[Southern Hemisphere]] on the planet, covering many different [[habitat]]s, from the humid tropical [[forest]]s to [[desert]]s of the inside of [[ Australia]], including [[India]], the [[Southeast Asia]] and West [[Africa]], and one species, now extinct, in the [[United States]] (the [[Conuropsis carolinensis|Carolina parakeet]]). However, the larger populations are native to [[Australasia]], [[South America]] and [[Central America]]. |
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The true parrots are distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mostly in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], covering many different [[habitat]]s, from the humid tropical [[forest]]s to [[desert]]s in [[Australia]], [[India]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[sub-Saharan Africa]], [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], and two species, one extinct (the [[Conuropsis carolinensis|Carolina parakeet]]), formerly in the United States. However, the larger populations are native to [[Australasia]], [[South America]], and [[Central America]]. |
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==Conservation status== |
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Some species can imitate the human voice and other sounds, although they do not have vocal cords - instead possessing a vocal organ at the base of the [[trachea]] known as the [[Syrinx (bird anatomy)|syrinx]]. |
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Many species are classified as [[threatened]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (see [[IUCN Red List]] of birds), as well as national and nongovernmental organizations. Trade in birds and other wild animals is governed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Nearly all parrots are listed on CITES appendices, trade limited or prohibited. [[Animal trapping|Trapping]] wild parrots for the [[wildlife trade|pet trade]], [[hunting]], [[habitat loss]], and [[competition]] from [[invasive species]] have diminished wild populations, with parrots being subjected to more exploitation than any other group of birds.<ref>Snyder, N; McGowan, P; Gilardi, J; & A Grajal (2000), ''[http://www.parrots.org/index.php/ourpublication/papfiles/ Parrots: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2000-2004]''. Chapter 1. vii. [[IUCN]] {{ISBN|2-8317-0504-5}}. Chapter 1. vii.</ref> Of the animals removed from the wild to be sold, very few survive during capture and transport, and those that do often die from poor conditions of captivity, poor diet, and stress. Measures taken to conserve the habitats of some high-profile [[charismatic megafauna|charismatic species]] have also protected many of the less charismatic species living in the same [[ecosystem]]s.<ref name="Chapter2p12">Snyder, N; McGowan, P; Gilardi, J; & A Grajal (2000), ''[http://www.parrots.org/index.php/ourpublication/papfiles/ Parrots: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2000-2004]''. Chapter 1. vii. [[IUCN]] {{ISBN|2-8317-0504-5}}. Chapter 2. page 12.</ref> |
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About 18 species of parrots have gone extinct since 1500 (see [[List of extinct birds#Psittaciformes]]), nearly all in superfamily Psittacoidea. |
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Many species are defined as endangered species, although besides some not globally threatened species, locally are extinct in great available areas. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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This condition is mainly due to permanent alteration of their habitat: depletion, destruction and fragmentation, hunting for being considered a threat to crops and because they have historically suffered the capture of chicks and juveniles from communal nest to be sold as pets. But there are a number of different threats: To make space for more agricultural land, large areas of forest are cut down, taking away its habitat. Wild animals populations are stealing, killing and [[poaching]] illegally taking wild animals contrarily to local and international [[conservation (ethic)|conservation]] and [[wildlife management]] laws. Hunting or capture includes the destruction of nests, egg collecting and capturing young. This violations of hunting laws and regulations are punished by law in these countries, but in practice the actions go unpunished. |
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{{Further|Parrot#Taxonomy}} |
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This combination of factors [[Local extinction|extirpated]] the species from most of its range from the early years of the 20th century. Of the animals removed from the wild to be sold, very few survive during capture and transport, and those who fail to do so, usually can not resist and they die by the poor conditions of captivity, poor diet and stress. [[Animal trapping|Trapping]] wild parrots for the [[wildlife trade|pet trade]], as well as [[hunting]], [[habitat loss]] and [[competition]] from [[invasive species]], has diminished wild populations, with parrots being subjected to more exploitation than any other group of birds.<ref>Snyder, N; McGowan, P; Gilardi, J; & A Grajal (2000), ''[http://www.parrots.org/index.php/ourpublication/papfiles/ Parrots: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2000-2004]''. Chapter 1. vii. [[IUCN]] ISBN 2-8317-0504-5. Chapter 1. vii.</ref> Measures taken to conserve the habitats of some high-profile [[charismatic megafauna|charismatic species]] have also protected many of the less charismatic species living in the same [[ecosystem]]s.<ref name="Chapter2p12">Snyder, N; McGowan, P; Gilardi, J; & A Grajal (2000), ''[http://www.parrots.org/index.php/ourpublication/papfiles/ Parrots: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2000-2004]''. Chapter 1. vii. [[IUCN]] ISBN 2-8317-0504-5. Chapter 2. page 12.</ref> |
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<div class="noprint"> |
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{{cladogram|width=300|cladogram= |
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{{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75% |
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|label1=[[Psittaciformes]] |
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|1={{clade |
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|label1= |
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|1={{clade |
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|label1='''[[Psittacoidea]]''' |
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|1={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|label1=[[Psittaculidae]] |
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|1={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[Agapornithinae]] |
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|2=[[Loriinae]] |
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}} |
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|2=[[Platycercinae]] |
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}} |
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|2=[[Psittacellinae]] |
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}} |
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|2=[[Psittaculinae]] |
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}} |
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|label2=[[Psittrichasiidae]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Psittrichasinae]] |
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|2=[[Coracopsinae]] |
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}} |
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}} |
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|label2= |
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|2={{clade |
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|label1=[[Psittacidae]] |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[Arinae]] |
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|2=[[Psittacinae]] |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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|2=[[Cacatuoidea]] |
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}} |
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|2=[[Strigopoidea]] |
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}} |
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}} |
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|caption=Phylogeny and relationships of Psittacoidea<ref name=Joseph2012/> |
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}} |
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</div> |
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The parrot family Psittacidae (along with the family Cacatuidae comprising the order Psittaciformes) was traditionally considered to contain two [[subfamily|subfamilies]], the [[Psittacinae]] (typical parrots and allies) and the Loriinae ([[lories and lorikeets]]).<ref name="Collar, N.">{{cite book|last=del Hoyo|title=Handbook of Birds of the World, Vol.4|year=1997|publisher=Lynx Editions|page=281}}</ref> However, the tree of the parrot family now has been reorganized under the superfamily Psittacoidea: family Psittacidae has been split into three families, tribes Strigopini and Nestorini split out and placed under superfamily Strigopoidea and a new monotypic superfamily Cacatuoidea created containing family Cacatuidae.<ref name=Joseph2012/> |
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The researcher [[Irene Pepperberg]] has published work on the [[learning capacity of an African grey parrot]] named [[Alex (parrot)|Alex]], <ref> http://www.eurekalert .org/pub_releases/2005-07/bu-agp070805.php </ref> that was trained to use words in order to identify objects, describing, counting, and even answer complex questions, such as "How many red squares are there? "(with an accuracy of 80%). However, some researchers argue that parrots merely repeat words without thought of meaning. |
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The following classification is based on the most recent proposal, which in turn is based on all the relevant recent findings.<ref name=Joseph2012>{{cite journal | last1 = Joseph | first1 = Leo | last2 = Toon | first2 = Alicia | last3 = Schirtzinger | first3 = Erin E. | last4 = Wright | first4 = Timothy F. | last5 = Schodde | first5 = Richard | year = 2012 | title = A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes) | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3205 | pages = 26–40 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2 }}</ref><ref name="White">{{cite journal|title=The evolutionary history of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|year=2011|volume=59|pages=615–622|author1= Nicole E. White|author2=Matthew J. Phillips|author3=M. Thomas P. Gilbert|author4=Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez|author5=Eske Willerslev|author6=Peter R. Mawson|author7=Peter B.S. Spencer|author8=Michael Bunce|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.011|pmid=21419232|issue=3|url=http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4397/1/history_of_cockatoos.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Schweizer2011">{{cite journal|title=Macroevolutionary patterns in the diversification of parrots: effects of climate change, geological events and key innovations|year=2011|author1=Manuel Schweizer, Ole Seehausen |author2=Stefan T. Hertwig |name-list-style=amp |journal=Journal of Biogeography |volume=38|issue=11|pages=2176–2194|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02555.x|url=https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag%3A8824}}</ref><ref name="Joseph2011">{{cite journal|title=Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera ''Psittacella'' and ''Pezoporus'' illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)|author1=Leo Joseph |author2=Alicia Toon |author3=Erin E. Schirtzinger |author4=Timothy F. Wright |year=2011|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=59|pages=675–684|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017|pmid=21453777|issue=3}}</ref><ref name="Wright">{{cite journal|title=A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous|journal=Mol Biol Evol|year=2008|first=T.F. |last=Wright |author2=Schirtzinger E. E. |author3=Matsumoto T. |author4=Eberhard J. R. |author5=Graves G. R. |author6=Sanchez J. J. |author7=Capelli S. |author8=Muller H. |author9=Scharpegge J. |author10=Chambers G. K. |author11=Fleischer R. C.|volume=25|issue=10|pages=2141–2156|pmid=18653733|doi=10.1093/molbev/msn160|pmc=2727385}}</ref><ref name="Schweizer2010">{{cite journal|title=The evolutionary diversification of parrots supports a taxon pulse model with multiple trans-oceanic dispersal events and local radiations|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|year=2009|first=M. |last=Schweizer |author2=Seehausen O |author3=Güntert M |author4=Hertwig ST|volume=54|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.021 |pmid=19699808 |issue=3 |pages=984–94}}</ref><ref name=deKloet>{{cite journal|last=de Kloet|first=RS|author2=de Kloet SR |year=2005|title=The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: Sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=36|pages=706–721|pmid=16099384|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.013|issue=3}}</ref> |
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==Phylogeny== |
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{{see|Parrot}} |
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The following sources:Brown and Toft (1999), Ribas et al. (2005), Schweizer et al. (2010), White et al. (2011), Wright et al. (2008). |
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Family [[Psittacidae]], New World and African parrots |
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*Subfamily [[African parrot|Psittacinae]]: Two African genera, ''[[Psittacus]]'' and ''[[Poicephalus]]'' |
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** Subfamily [[Psittrichadini|Psittrichadinae]] (Pesquet's Parrot) |
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*Subfamily [[Neotropical parrot|Arinae]] |
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*** Tribe Psittrichadini |
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**Tribe [[Arini (tribe)|Arini]]: 17 genera, and one extinct genus |
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** Subfamily [[Vasa parrot|Coracopsinae]] (vasa parrots){{or|Name is not used anywhere in the literature|date=December 2011}} |
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**Tribe [[Androglossini]]: seven genera |
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*** Tribe [[Coracopsini]]{{or|Name is not used anywhere in the literature|date=December 2011}} |
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**clade (proposed tribe ''Amoropsittacini'') four genera |
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** Subfamily [[Psittacini|Psittacinae]] (African parrots) |
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**clade (proposed tribe ''Forpini'') one genus |
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*** Tribe Psittacini |
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**(other tribes) five genera |
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** Subfamily Arinae (American parrots) |
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Family [[Psittrichasiidae]], Indian Ocean island parrots |
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*** Tribe [[Forpus|Forpini]] (parrotletts){{or|Name is not used anywhere in the literature|date=December 2011}} |
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*Subfamily [[Pesquet's parrot|Psittrichasinae]]: one species, [[Pesquet's parrot]] |
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*** Tribe Brotogerini{{or|Name is not used anywhere in the literature|date=December 2011}} |
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*Subfamily [[Vasa parrot|Coracopsinae]]: one genus with several species |
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*** Tribe Bolborhynchini{{or|Name is not used anywhere in the literature|date=December 2011}} |
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Family [[Psittaculidae]], Asian and Australasian parrots, and lovebirds |
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*** Tribe Amazonini (Amazons and kin){{or|Name is not used anywhere in the literature|date=December 2011}} |
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*Subfamily [[Platycercinae]] |
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*** Tribe [[Neotropical parrot|Arini]] (macaws and conures and kin) |
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** Tribe [[Pezoporini]]: ground parrots and allies |
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** Subfamily Psittaculinae |
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** Tribe [[Broad-tailed parrot|Platycercini]]: broad-tailed parrots |
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*Subfamily [[Tiger parrot|Psittacellinae]]: one genus (''[[Tiger parrot|Psittacella]]'') with several species |
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*** Tribe [[Pezopornini]] (ground parrots) |
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*Subfamily [[Loriinae]] |
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*** Tribe [[Platycercini]] (broad-tailed parrots) |
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** Tribe [[Lories and lorikeets|Loriini]]: lories and lorikeets |
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** Tribe [[Budgerigar|Melopsittacini]]: one species, the [[budgerigar]] |
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*** Tribe [[Lorini]] (lories and lorikeets, fig parrots and pygmy parrots, and [[Budgerigar]]) |
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** Tribe [[Fig parrot|Cyclopsittini]]: fig parrots |
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*Subfamily [[Agapornithinae]]: three genera |
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==Image gallery== |
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*Subfamily [[Psittaculinae]] |
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<gallery> |
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** Tribe [[Polytelini]]: three genera |
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Image:Parrot_in_venezuela_near_National_park_of_Canaima.jpg|[[Scarlet Macaw]] |
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** Tribe [[Psittaculini]]: Asian psittacines |
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Image:Ara macao - two at Lowry Park Zoo.jpg|[[Scarlet Macaw]]s |
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** Tribe [[Pygmy parrot|Micropsittini]]: [[pygmy parrot]]s |
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Image:Blackhoodedparakeet.jpg|[[Black-hooded Parakeet]] or Nanday Conure, a popular South American species. |
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Image:Parrot clay lick.jpg|[[Chestnut-fronted Macaw]]s, [[Yellow-crowned Amazon]]s and [[Dusky-headed Conure]]s at a clay lick in Ecuador |
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Image:Amazona vittata.jpg|[[Puerto Rican Amazon]]s at nesting site |
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Image:Senegal-parrot-montage-2.jpg|[[Senegal Parrot]]s |
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Image:Rose-ringed Parakeet (Male) I IMG 9141.jpg|[[Rose-ringed Parakeet]], a common species in Africa and Asia and feral in Europe And United States. |
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Image:Kakariki.jpg|The [[Red-fronted Parakeet]] of New Zealand |
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Image:Pale-headed Rosela.jpg|The [[Pale-headed Rosella]] of Australia |
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Image:Musk Lorikeet.jpg|The [[Musk Lorikeet]] of Australia |
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Image:Loriflammeche.jpg|[[Yellow-streaked Lory]] of New Guinea |
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Image:Papagaio (Fêmea) REFON 010907.jpg|[[Blue-fronted Amazon]] parrot |
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Image:Zebrabudgie.jpg|The [[Budgerigar]] of Australia |
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Image:Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri).jpg|Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) |
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</gallery> |
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==Species lists== |
==Species lists== |
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*[[list of parrots (family)|Species list in taxonomic order]] |
*[[list of parrots (family)|Species list in taxonomic order]] |
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==Books== |
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* Bruce Thomas Boehner - ''Parrot Culture. Our 2,500-year-Long Fascination with the World's Most Talkative Bird'' (2004) |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* Bruce Thomas Boehner - ''Parrot Culture. Our 2,500-year-Long Fascination with the World's Most Talkative Bird'' (2004) |
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==Notes== |
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{{Reflist|group=Notes}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{ |
{{Commons|Psittacidae}} |
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{{ |
{{Wikispecies|Psittacidae}} |
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*{{ |
*{{EOL|1591}} |
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*[http://www.cityparrots.org City Parrots] |
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*[http://www.freeparrots.net FreeParrots.net - News and info about parrot studies, conservation efforts, and captive welfare from around the world.] |
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*[http://www.xeno-canto.org/browse.php?query=psittacidae Parrot sounds] in the xeno canto collection |
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*{{ITIS |id=177405 |taxon=Psittacidae}} |
*{{ITIS |id=177405 |taxon=Psittacidae}} |
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*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/parrots-psittacidae Parrot videos] on the Internet Bird Collection |
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/parrots-psittacidae Parrot videos] on the Internet Bird Collection |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q13624220}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:True Parrots}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:True Parrots}} |
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[[Category:Parrots|*]] |
[[Category:Parrots|*]] |
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[[Category:Psittacidae|*]] |
[[Category:Psittacidae|*]] |
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[[ay:K'allalla]] |
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[[az:Tutuquşular]] |
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[[br:Psittacidae]] |
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[[bg:Палеотропични папагали]] |
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[[ca:Psitàcid]] |
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[[cs:Papouškovití]] |
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[[de:Eigentliche Papageien]] |
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[[et:Papagoilased]] |
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[[es:Psittacidae]] |
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[[eo:Papagedoj]] |
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[[fa:طوطی]] |
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[[fr:Perroquet]] |
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[[gl:Papagaio]] |
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[[hr:Papige]] |
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[[io:Papagayo]] |
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[[id:Bayan sejati]] |
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[[it:Psittacidae]] |
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[[he:תוכיים]] |
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[[lt:Papūginiai]] |
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[[hu:Papagájfélék]] |
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[[mg:Boloky]] |
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[[nl:Papegaaien]] |
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[[ja:インコ亜科]] |
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[[no:Parakitter]] |
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[[nn:Parakittar]] |
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[[pl:Papugowate]] |
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[[pt:Papagaio]] |
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[[qu:Luru]] |
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[[ru:Попугаевые]] |
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[[scn:Pappajaddu]] |
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[[simple:Parrot]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:16, 29 November 2024
| True parrots | |
|---|---|
| |
| Blue-and-yellow macaws at Campo Grande, Brazil | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Psittaciformes |
| Superfamily: | Psittacoidea Illiger, 1811 |
| Families | |
The true parrots are about 350 species of hook-billed, mostly herbivorous birds forming the superfamily Psittacoidea, one of the three superfamilies in the biological order Psittaciformes (parrots).[Notes 1] True parrots are widespread, with species in Mexico, Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and eastwards across the Pacific Ocean as far as Polynesia. The true parrots include many of the familiar parrots including macaws, conures, lorikeets, eclectus, Amazon parrots, grey parrot, and budgerigar. Most true parrots are colourful and flighted, with a few notable exceptions.[Notes 2]
Overview
[edit] |
True parrots have a beak with a characteristic curved shape, the jaw with a mobility slightly higher than where it connects with the skull, and a generally upright position. They also have a large cranial capacity and are one of the most intelligent bird groups. They are good fliers and skillful climbers on branches of trees.
Some species can imitate the human voice and other sounds, although they do not have vocal cords — instead possessing a vocal organ at the base of the trachea known as the syrinx.[1]
Like most parrots, the Psittacidae are primarily seed eaters. Some variation is seen in the diet of individual species, with fruits, nuts, leaves, and even insects and other animal prey being taken on occasion by some species. The lorikeets are predominantly nectar feeders; many other parrots drink nectar, as well. Most Psittacidae are cavity-nesting birds which form monogamous pair bonds.
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The true parrots are distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, covering many different habitats, from the humid tropical forests to deserts in Australia, India, Southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America, and two species, one extinct (the Carolina parakeet), formerly in the United States. However, the larger populations are native to Australasia, South America, and Central America.
Conservation status
[edit]Many species are classified as threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (see IUCN Red List of birds), as well as national and nongovernmental organizations. Trade in birds and other wild animals is governed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Nearly all parrots are listed on CITES appendices, trade limited or prohibited. Trapping wild parrots for the pet trade, hunting, habitat loss, and competition from invasive species have diminished wild populations, with parrots being subjected to more exploitation than any other group of birds.[2] Of the animals removed from the wild to be sold, very few survive during capture and transport, and those that do often die from poor conditions of captivity, poor diet, and stress. Measures taken to conserve the habitats of some high-profile charismatic species have also protected many of the less charismatic species living in the same ecosystems.[3]
About 18 species of parrots have gone extinct since 1500 (see List of extinct birds#Psittaciformes), nearly all in superfamily Psittacoidea.
Taxonomy
[edit]The parrot family Psittacidae (along with the family Cacatuidae comprising the order Psittaciformes) was traditionally considered to contain two subfamilies, the Psittacinae (typical parrots and allies) and the Loriinae (lories and lorikeets).[5] However, the tree of the parrot family now has been reorganized under the superfamily Psittacoidea: family Psittacidae has been split into three families, tribes Strigopini and Nestorini split out and placed under superfamily Strigopoidea and a new monotypic superfamily Cacatuoidea created containing family Cacatuidae.[4]
The following classification is based on the most recent proposal, which in turn is based on all the relevant recent findings.[4][6][7][8][9][10][11]
Family Psittacidae, New World and African parrots
- Subfamily Psittacinae: Two African genera, Psittacus and Poicephalus
- Subfamily Arinae
- Tribe Arini: 17 genera, and one extinct genus
- Tribe Androglossini: seven genera
- clade (proposed tribe Amoropsittacini) four genera
- clade (proposed tribe Forpini) one genus
- (other tribes) five genera
Family Psittrichasiidae, Indian Ocean island parrots
- Subfamily Psittrichasinae: one species, Pesquet's parrot
- Subfamily Coracopsinae: one genus with several species
Family Psittaculidae, Asian and Australasian parrots, and lovebirds
- Subfamily Platycercinae
- Tribe Pezoporini: ground parrots and allies
- Tribe Platycercini: broad-tailed parrots
- Subfamily Psittacellinae: one genus (Psittacella) with several species
- Subfamily Loriinae
- Tribe Loriini: lories and lorikeets
- Tribe Melopsittacini: one species, the budgerigar
- Tribe Cyclopsittini: fig parrots
- Subfamily Agapornithinae: three genera
- Subfamily Psittaculinae
- Tribe Polytelini: three genera
- Tribe Psittaculini: Asian psittacines
- Tribe Micropsittini: pygmy parrots
Species lists
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Beckers, Gabriël J.L.; Nelson, Brian S.; Suthers, Roderick A. (7 September 2004). "Vocal-Tract Filtering by Lingual Articulation in a Parrot". Current Biology. 14 (17): 1592–1597. PMID 15341748. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
- ^ Snyder, N; McGowan, P; Gilardi, J; & A Grajal (2000), Parrots: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2000-2004. Chapter 1. vii. IUCN ISBN 2-8317-0504-5. Chapter 1. vii.
- ^ Snyder, N; McGowan, P; Gilardi, J; & A Grajal (2000), Parrots: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2000-2004. Chapter 1. vii. IUCN ISBN 2-8317-0504-5. Chapter 2. page 12.
- ^ a b c Joseph, Leo; Toon, Alicia; Schirtzinger, Erin E.; Wright, Timothy F.; Schodde, Richard (2012). "A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)". Zootaxa. 3205: 26–40. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2.
- ^ del Hoyo (1997). Handbook of Birds of the World, Vol.4. Lynx Editions. p. 281.
- ^ Nicole E. White; Matthew J. Phillips; M. Thomas P. Gilbert; Alonzo Alfaro-Núñez; Eske Willerslev; Peter R. Mawson; Peter B.S. Spencer; Michael Bunce (2011). "The evolutionary history of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (3): 615–622. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.011. PMID 21419232.
- ^ Manuel Schweizer, Ole Seehausen & Stefan T. Hertwig (2011). "Macroevolutionary patterns in the diversification of parrots: effects of climate change, geological events and key innovations". Journal of Biogeography. 38 (11): 2176–2194. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02555.x.
- ^ Leo Joseph; Alicia Toon; Erin E. Schirtzinger; Timothy F. Wright (2011). "Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera Psittacella and Pezoporus illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (3): 675–684. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017. PMID 21453777.
- ^ Wright, T.F.; Schirtzinger E. E.; Matsumoto T.; Eberhard J. R.; Graves G. R.; Sanchez J. J.; Capelli S.; Muller H.; Scharpegge J.; Chambers G. K.; Fleischer R. C. (2008). "A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous". Mol Biol Evol. 25 (10): 2141–2156. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn160. PMC 2727385. PMID 18653733.
- ^ Schweizer, M.; Seehausen O; Güntert M; Hertwig ST (2009). "The evolutionary diversification of parrots supports a taxon pulse model with multiple trans-oceanic dispersal events and local radiations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54 (3): 984–94. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.021. PMID 19699808.
- ^ de Kloet, RS; de Kloet SR (2005). "The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: Sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 36 (3): 706–721. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.013. PMID 16099384.
Further reading
[edit]- Bruce Thomas Boehner - Parrot Culture. Our 2,500-year-Long Fascination with the World's Most Talkative Bird (2004)
Notes
[edit]- ^ The other superfamilies are the Cacatuoidea (cockatoos) and New Zealand Strigopoidea which are also parrots, but not classified as true parrots.
- ^ 4 species are ground dwelling: three in genus Pezoporus and the Antipodes parakeet.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psittacidae.
Wikispecies has information related to Psittacidae.
- "True parrot". The Encyclopedia of Life.
- "Psittacidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- Parrot videos on the Internet Bird Collection