Phyllomedusa bicolor: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of amphibian}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Giant leaf frog |
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| image = Phyllomedusa bicolor01a.jpg |
| image = Phyllomedusa bicolor01a.jpg |
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| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/55841/61405317 |
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] |
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|publisher=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |
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| classis = [[Amphibia]] |
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| ordo = [[Anura]] |
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|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |
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| familia = [[Hylidae]] |
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|year=2023 |
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| subfamilia = [[Phyllomedusinae]] |
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|accessdate=January 28, 2024 |
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|volume= 2023 |
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|id=55841 |
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|page= e.T55841A61405317 |
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| binomial_authority = |
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|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T55841A61405317.en}}</ref> |
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| authority = ([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1772) |
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| synonyms = |
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* ''Rana bicolor'' <small>Boddaert, 1772</small> |
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* ''Hyla bicolor'' <small>(Boddaert, 1772)</small> |
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}} |
}} |
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{{about|the frog|the drug|Kambo (drug)|other uses|Kambo (disambiguation)}} |
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'''''Phyllomedusa bicolor''''', the '''giant leaf frog''', '''bicolor tree-frog''', '''giant monkey frog''',<ref name="frost">{{cite web|title=''Phyllomedusa bicolor'' (Boddaert, 1772)|url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Hylidae/Phyllomedusinae/Phyllomedusa/Phyllomedusa-bicolor|author=Frost, Darrel R.|year=2015|work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0|publisher=American Museum of Natural History|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> or '''waxy-monkey treefrog''',<ref name=AmphibiaWeb>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Phyllomedusa&where-species=bicolor&account=amphibiaweb |title=''Phyllomedusa bicolor'' |year=2015 |work=AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application] |publisher=Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb |access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> is a species of [[leaf frog]]. It can be found in the [[Amazon basin]] of [[Brazil]], Colombia ([[Amazonas (Colombian department)|Amazonas]]), [[Bolivia]], and Peru, and can also be found in the Guianan Region of [[Venezuela]] and [[the Guianas]], and in [[Cerrado]] of the state of [[Maranhão]] in [[Brazil]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Venâncio|first1=Nathocley|last2=Melo-Sampaio|first2=Paulo|date=2010|title=Reproductive behavior of the giant leaf frog Phyllomedusa bicolor (Anura: Hylidae) in the western Amazon|url=http://www.revistas.usp.br/phyllo/article/view/42726|journal=Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology|volume=9|issue=1|pages=63–67|doi=10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v9i1p63-67|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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The '''Giant leaf frog''' (''Phyllomedusa bicolor'') is a [[Hylidae|hylid]] [[frog]] found throughout the [[Amazon Rainforest]] of northern [[Bolivia]], western and northern [[Brazil]], south-eastern [[Colombia]], eastern [[Peru]], southern and eastern [[Venezuela]], and the [[Guianas]]. Locally, it also occurs in riverine forest in the [[Cerrado]]. This species is now jeopardized by [[biopiracy]] because it produces a waxy secretion that may have medicinal uses against [[AIDS]], [[cancer]] and other diseases. The [[Matses]] and [[Mayoruna]] people apply the poison of the frog to self-inflicted burns in order to enter an altered state of consciousness[http://www.erowid.org/archive/sonoran_desert_toad/bicolor.htm]. The poison has been reported to produce a variety of effects ranging from stimulation, to sedation, anorexia, and hallucinations. The poison contains [[dermorphin]] and [[deltorphin]] which act on [[opioid receptor]]s. |
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== Description == |
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Some of the components isolated from the waxy secretion have been patented in the past, but none of those patents have led to successful products yet. The Leaf frog Stole its name From Leaf a soon to be famous Director/actor |
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Males measure {{convert|91|-|103|mm|abbr=on}} and females {{convert|111|-|119|mm|abbr=on}} in snout–vent length. The [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsum]] is lime green whereas the belly is white to yellow-white or cream. Lower lips, chest and front legs bear sparse white spots with dark frames; these are more dense on the flanks and hind legs. Fingers are transparent brown and have large, green adhesive discs. There is a prominent gland extending from behind each eye over the [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]]. The [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]] is dark gray.<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> |
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== Distribution and habitat== |
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The Giant Leaf Frog is [[nocturnal]]. As in several other [[species]] of frogs, the eggs are laid in a leaf-nest above a forest pool. When they hatch, the tadpoles fall into the water where they continue the development into adult frogs. |
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It is found throughout the [[Amazon Rainforest]] in Bolivia, the Guianas, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, and Peru. This frog has been found in gallery forest.<ref name= IUCN /> |
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==Ecology and behaviour== |
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[[File:Phyllomedusa bicolor (10.5852-ejt.2022.836.1919) Figure 6 (cropped).png|left|thumb|[[Amplexus]]. [[Amapá]], [[Brazil]]]] |
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* {{IUCN2006|assessors= Azevedo-Ramos, C. & La Marca, E.|year=2004|id=55841|title=Phyllomedusa bicolor|downloaded=February 11, 2007}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is least concern and the criteria used |
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[[File:Jielbeaumadier phyllomeduse singe mjp paris 2014.jpeg|thumb|A giant leaf frog seated.]] |
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The giant leaf frog is a nocturnal, arboreal frog. Males call from trees in tropical humid forests. Males fight each other for mating rights by using their heads to attempt to separate another male who is attached to a female. Males fend off rivals using a series of aggressive calls and use their hind legs to push away the rival.<ref name=":0" /> During mating season, males may be targeted more by predators as the fights between males are very vocal and can be easily heard by predators. However, to combat this, giant leaf frogs produce peptides in their skin that serves as a chemical defence.<ref name=":0" /> Giant leaf frogs reproduce like most frog species through amplexus, where the male climbs onto the female's back to fertilize the eggs.<ref name=":0" /> The female and male construct a leaf-nest above forest pools, where the eggs are laid in a gelatinous mass of about 70 cm above the water. The eggs hatch from these nests in approximately 14 days, and the [[tadpole]]s fall into the water, where they continue the development into adult frogs. Peak reproduction occurs during the rainy season.<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/><ref name=":0" /> Eggs of the giant leaf frog are heavily predated and have a predation rate of up to 61%. Species that prey on the eggs include [[Rove beetle|rove beetles]], [[Phoridae|phorid flies]], mammals – specifically [[Capuchin monkey|capuchin monkeys]]– and other predators, such as snakes. The eggs are predated because they are source of protein for predators.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Neckel-Oliveira|first1=Selvino|last2=Wachlevski|first2=Milena|date=2004|title=Predation on the Arboreal Eggs of Three Species of Phyllomedusa in Central Amazonia|journal=Journal of Herpetology|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290299144|volume=38|issue=2|pages=244–248|doi=10.1670/162-03A|s2cid=86277566}}</ref> |
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==Conservation== |
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The [[IUCN]] [[endangered species]] database lists them in the "[[Least Concern]]" category, in view of their current wide distribution and large population.<ref name=IUCN /> |
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* [http://www.viceland.com/int/v16n5/htdocs/the-sapo-diaries-872.php Vice Magazine - The Sapo Diaries] |
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* [http://www.mariri.net/content/view/31/1/ Mariri Magazine - Kampú - Taking the Frog Vaccine] |
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==Medicinal use== |
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* [http://www.mariri.net/content/view/22/1/ Mariri Magazine - Frog Sweat ~ Matses Rainforest Medicine] |
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{{Main|Kambo cleanse}} |
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The skin secretion of the giant leaf frog is known as Vacina do sapo (frog vaccine) and contains the [[opioid peptide]]s [[deltorphin]], [[deltorphin I]], deltorphin II and [[dermorphin]].<ref name="pmid2544892">{{cite journal |vauthors=Erspamer V, Melchiorri P, Falconieri-Erspamer G, etal | title = Deltorphins: a family of naturally occurring peptides with high affinity and selectivity for delta opioid binding sites | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] | volume = 86 | issue = 13 | pages = 5188–92 |date=July 1989 | pmid = 2544892 | pmc = 297583 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.86.13.5188| bibcode = 1989PNAS...86.5188E | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Peptide secretion in the cutaneous glands of South American tree frog Phyllomedusa bicolor: an ultrastructural study">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lacombe C, Cifuentes-Diaz C, Dunia Iz Auber-Thomay M, Nicolas P, Amiche M | title = Peptide secretion in the cutaneous glands of South American tree frog Phyllomedusa bicolor: an ultrastructural study | journal = European Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 79 | issue = 9 | pages = 631–641 |date=September 2000 | doi = 10.1078/0171-9335-00085| pmid = 11043404 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Melchiorri P, Negri L |title=The dermorphin peptide family |journal=General Pharmacology: The Vascular System |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=1099–107 |year=1996 |pmid=8981054 |doi=10.1016/0306-3623(95)02149-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Amiche M, Delfour A, Nicolas P |title=Opioid peptides from frog skin |journal=Exs |volume=85 |pages=57–71 |year=1998 |pmid=9949868 |doi=10.1007/978-3-0348-8837-0_4|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |isbn=978-3-0348-9794-5 }}</ref> The secretion, known as ''Kambo'' or ''Sapo'', has seen increasing popularity in cleansing rituals, where it induces intense vomiting.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after giant leaf frog (''Phyllomedusa bicolor'') venom exposure|author1=Leban, V|author2=Kozelk, G|author3=Brvar, M |journal=[[Toxicon]]|volume=120|pages=107–109|year=2016|doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.007|pmid=27421671|bibcode=2016Txcn..120..107L }}</ref><ref name="Treatment for Addiction">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en_au/article/gqkxa9/kambo-ceremony-alcoholism-purging-uk|title=How Amazonian Tree Frog Poison Became the Latest Treatment for Addiction|last=Daly|first=Max |work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|date=May 10, 2016|access-date=October 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907171541/https://www.vice.com/en_au/article/gqkxa9/kambo-ceremony-alcoholism-purging-uk|archive-date=September 7, 2018}}</ref> |
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{{Reflist|40em}} |
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* [http://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDoc1&ID=6657 Frog secretions and hunting magic in the upper Amazon] |
* [http://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDoc1&ID=6657 Frog secretions and hunting magic in the upper Amazon] |
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{{Clear}} |
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{{Phyllomedusinae-stub}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q2697105}} |
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[[Category:Fauna of Brazil]] |
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[[ |
[[Category:Phyllomedusa|bicolor]] |
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[[fr:Phyllomedusa bicolor]] |
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[[lt:Dvispalvė beždžionvarlė]] |
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[[ja:フタイロネコメガエル]] |
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[[pt:Phyllomedusa bicolor]] |
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[[vi:Phyllomedusa bicolor]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:43, 15 November 2024
| Phyllomedusa bicolor | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylidae |
| Genus: | Phyllomedusa |
| Species: | P. bicolor
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| Binomial name | |
| Phyllomedusa bicolor (Boddaert, 1772)
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| Synonyms | |
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Phyllomedusa bicolor, the giant leaf frog, bicolor tree-frog, giant monkey frog,[2] or waxy-monkey treefrog,[3] is a species of leaf frog. It can be found in the Amazon basin of Brazil, Colombia (Amazonas), Bolivia, and Peru, and can also be found in the Guianan Region of Venezuela and the Guianas, and in Cerrado of the state of Maranhão in Brazil.[4]
Description
[edit]
Males measure 91–103 mm (3.6–4.1 in) and females 111–119 mm (4.4–4.7 in) in snout–vent length. The dorsum is lime green whereas the belly is white to yellow-white or cream. Lower lips, chest and front legs bear sparse white spots with dark frames; these are more dense on the flanks and hind legs. Fingers are transparent brown and have large, green adhesive discs. There is a prominent gland extending from behind each eye over the tympanum. The iris is dark gray.[3]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]It is found throughout the Amazon Rainforest in Bolivia, the Guianas, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, and Peru. This frog has been found in gallery forest.[1]
Ecology and behaviour
[edit]_Figure_6_(cropped).png)
The giant leaf frog is a nocturnal, arboreal frog. Males call from trees in tropical humid forests. Males fight each other for mating rights by using their heads to attempt to separate another male who is attached to a female. Males fend off rivals using a series of aggressive calls and use their hind legs to push away the rival.[4] During mating season, males may be targeted more by predators as the fights between males are very vocal and can be easily heard by predators. However, to combat this, giant leaf frogs produce peptides in their skin that serves as a chemical defence.[4] Giant leaf frogs reproduce like most frog species through amplexus, where the male climbs onto the female's back to fertilize the eggs.[4] The female and male construct a leaf-nest above forest pools, where the eggs are laid in a gelatinous mass of about 70 cm above the water. The eggs hatch from these nests in approximately 14 days, and the tadpoles fall into the water, where they continue the development into adult frogs. Peak reproduction occurs during the rainy season.[3][4] Eggs of the giant leaf frog are heavily predated and have a predation rate of up to 61%. Species that prey on the eggs include rove beetles, phorid flies, mammals – specifically capuchin monkeys– and other predators, such as snakes. The eggs are predated because they are source of protein for predators.[5]
Conservation
[edit]The IUCN endangered species database lists them in the "Least Concern" category, in view of their current wide distribution and large population.[1]
Medicinal use
[edit]The skin secretion of the giant leaf frog is known as Vacina do sapo (frog vaccine) and contains the opioid peptides deltorphin, deltorphin I, deltorphin II and dermorphin.[6][7][8][9] The secretion, known as Kambo or Sapo, has seen increasing popularity in cleansing rituals, where it induces intense vomiting.[10][11]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2023). "Blue-and-Yellow Frog: Phyllomedusa bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T55841A61405317. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T55841A61405317.en. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
- ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Phyllomedusa bicolor (Boddaert, 1772)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ a b c "Phyllomedusa bicolor". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ a b c d e Venâncio, Nathocley; Melo-Sampaio, Paulo (2010). "Reproductive behavior of the giant leaf frog Phyllomedusa bicolor (Anura: Hylidae) in the western Amazon". Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology. 9 (1): 63–67. doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v9i1p63-67.
- ^ Neckel-Oliveira, Selvino; Wachlevski, Milena (2004). "Predation on the Arboreal Eggs of Three Species of Phyllomedusa in Central Amazonia". Journal of Herpetology. 38 (2): 244–248. doi:10.1670/162-03A. S2CID 86277566.
- ^ Erspamer V, Melchiorri P, Falconieri-Erspamer G, et al. (July 1989). "Deltorphins: a family of naturally occurring peptides with high affinity and selectivity for delta opioid binding sites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (13): 5188–92. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.5188E. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.13.5188. PMC 297583. PMID 2544892.
- ^ Lacombe C, Cifuentes-Diaz C, Dunia Iz Auber-Thomay M, Nicolas P, Amiche M (September 2000). "Peptide secretion in the cutaneous glands of South American tree frog Phyllomedusa bicolor: an ultrastructural study". European Journal of Cell Biology. 79 (9): 631–641. doi:10.1078/0171-9335-00085. PMID 11043404.
- ^ Melchiorri P, Negri L (1996). "The dermorphin peptide family". General Pharmacology: The Vascular System. 27 (7): 1099–107. doi:10.1016/0306-3623(95)02149-3. PMID 8981054.
- ^ Amiche M, Delfour A, Nicolas P (1998). "Opioid peptides from frog skin". Exs. 85: 57–71. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8837-0_4 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-3-0348-9794-5. PMID 9949868.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ Leban, V; Kozelk, G; Brvar, M (2016). "The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after giant leaf frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor) venom exposure". Toxicon. 120: 107–109. Bibcode:2016Txcn..120..107L. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.007. PMID 27421671.
- ^ Daly, Max (May 10, 2016). "How Amazonian Tree Frog Poison Became the Latest Treatment for Addiction". Vice. Archived from the original on September 7, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
External links
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Media related to Phyllomedusa bicolor at Wikimedia Commons