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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Taxobox
{{speciesbox
| name = Indian Spotted Eagle
| image = Indian spotted eagle.jpg
| image = Indian Spotted Eagle near Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary.jpg
| image_caption = Adult<br/>Note wide mouth and dark eyes
| image_caption = Adult Indian spotted eagle, [[Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary]], [[Gujarat]]
| status = VU
| status = VU
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Clanga hastata'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |date=2016 |page=e.T22729779A95021573 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22729779A95021573.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| genus = Clanga
| classis = [[Aves]]
| species = hastata
| authority = ([[René-Primevère Lesson|Lesson, RP]], 1831)
| ordo = [[Falconiformes]]<br>(or [[Accipitriformes]], q.v.)
| range_map = Clanga hastata map.png
| familia = [[Accipitridae]]
| range_map_caption = Range of ''C. hastata'' in dark green
| subfamilia = [[Buteoninae]] <small>(disputed)</small>
| genus = ''[[Aquila (genus)|Aquila]]''
| synonyms = ''Aquila hastata''
| species = '''''A. hastata'''''
| binomial = ''Aquila hastata''
| binomial_authority = ([[René-Primevère Lesson|Lesson]], 1834)
| range_map = Aquila pomarina dis.PNG
| range_map_caption = Range of ''A. hastata'' in dark green
}}
}}


The '''Indian Spotted Eagle''' (''Aquila hastata'') is a large [[South Asia]]n [[bird of prey]]. Like all typical [[eagle]]s, it belongs to the family [[Accipitridae]]. The typical eagles are often united with the [[buteo]]s, [[sea eagle]]s and other more heavyset [[Accipitridae]], but more recently it appears as if they are less distinct from the more slender [[accipitrinae|accipitrine]] hawks.
The '''Indian spotted eagle''' ('''''Clanga hastata''''') is a large [[bird of prey]] native to [[South Asia]]. Like all typical [[eagle]]s, it belongs to the family [[Accipitridae]]. The typical eagles are often united with the [[buteo]]s, [[sea eagle]]s and other more heavy-set [[Accipitridae]], but more recently it appears as if they are less distinct from the more slender [[accipitrinae|accipitrine]] hawks.


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Indian spotted eagle.jpg|left|thumb|Indian Spotted Eagle]]
The Indian Spotted Eagle is a stocky, mid-sized eagle at about 60&nbsp;cm in length and has a wingspan of 150&nbsp;cm. It is broad-headed, with the widest mouth of all spotted eagles.<ref name="parry+al2002">Parry, S.J., Clark, W.S., Prakash, V. (2002) On the taxonomic status of the Indian Spotted Eagle ''Aquila hastata''. Ibis Volume 144 Issue 4: 665 - 675</ref> This species has a lighter coloration overall compared to its relatives, with a darker [[iris (eye)|iris]] that makes the eyes appear darker than the plumage (rather than the other way around as in the northern spotted eagles). Adults can be told apart from the Greater Spotted Eagle by its lighter color, darker eyes, and habitat preferences (see below). After about three or four months the young birds are glossy brown with the tips of the head and neck feathers being creamy and giving a spotted appearance. The upper tail coverts are light brown with white giving a barred appearance. The median coverts have large creamy spots. After about eighteen months the bird moults and becomes a darker shade and has less spots.<ref>{{cite journal|pages=16–27|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen75zool#page/23/mode/1up|author=Anderson A|year=1875|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|title=Corrections of and Additions to "Raptorial Birds of North-western India}}</ref> Some older juveniles, unlike the Lesser and Greater species, are not strongly spotted at all, making the common name somewhat misleading, and also lack the creamy buff nape patch of the juvenile Lesser Spotted Eagle.
The Indian spotted eagle is about 60&nbsp;cm in length and has a wingspan of 150&nbsp;cm. It is broad-headed, with the widest mouth of all spotted eagles.<ref name="parry+al2002">Parry, S.J., Clark, W.S., Prakash, V. (2002) On the taxonomic status of the Indian Spotted Eagle ''Aquila hastata''. Ibis Volume 144 Issue 4: 665 - 675</ref> This species is a lighter overall compared to its relatives, with a darker [[iris (eye)|iris]] that makes the eyes appear darker than the plumage (rather than the other way around as in the two northern spotted eagle species). Adults can be told apart from the [[greater spotted eagle]] by its lighter colour, darker eyes, and habitat preference. After about three or four months the young birds are glossy brown with the tips of the head and neck feathers being creamy and giving a spotted appearance. The upper tail coverts are light brown with white giving a barred appearance. The median coverts have large creamy spots. After about eighteen months the bird moults and becomes a darker shade and has less spots.<ref>{{cite journal|pages=16–27|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen75zool#page/23/mode/1up|author=Anderson A|year=1875|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|title=Corrections of and Additions to "Raptorial Birds of North-western India}}</ref> Some older juveniles, unlike the lesser and greater species, are not strongly spotted at all, making the common name somewhat misleading, and also lack the creamy buff nape patch of the juvenile [[lesser spotted eagle]].


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
The Indian Spotted Eagle is native in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Nepal]], where it prefers subtropical and tropical dry forests to plantations and arable land. It is vagrant in [[Pakistan]]. In Nepal, it is resident and breeding in [[Chitwan National Park|Chitwan]] and [[Bardia National Park]]s, in [[Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve|Sukla Phanta]] and [[Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve]]s and in some unprotected areas in the [[Terai]].<ref name="bli2009">BirdLife International (2009) Species factsheet: ''Aquila hastata''. [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=31036&m=1 online]</ref> In India, it is distributed sparingly over the [[Gangetic plains]], in the east up to [[Manipur]], in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and southern [[Orissa]], but in the south limited to [[Kotagiri]] and [[Mudumalai]], [[Nilgiris district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Tumakuru]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name="">Shivprakash, A. Kishen Das, K.R., Shivanand, T., Girija, T., Sharath, A. (2006) Notes on the breeding of the Indian Spotted Eagle Aquila hastata. Indian Birds Vol. 2 No. 1 (January–February 2006): 2-4 [http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/Notes%20on%20the%20breeding.pdf download pdf]</ref>
The Indian spotted eagle is native to [[Bangladesh]], [[Cambodia]], [[India]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], and (marginally) in [[Pakistan]].<ref name=iucn/> It occurs in agricultural landscapes and [[tropical dry forest]]s.<ref name="bli2009">BirdLife International (2009) Species factsheet: ''Aquila hastata''. [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=31036&m=1 online]</ref><ref>Shivprakash, A. Kishen Das, K.R., Shivanand, T., Girija, T., Sharath, A. (2006) Notes on the breeding of the Indian Spotted Eagle Aquila hastata. Indian Birds Vol. 2 No. 1 (January–February 2006): 2-4 [http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/Notes%20on%20the%20breeding.pdf download pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720174954/http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/Notes%20on%20the%20breeding.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref>

This species can often be approached quite closely for a large [[Bird of prey|raptor]]. Unlike the Greater Spotted Eagle, which is a winter visitor to Indian wetlands, this species does not show any special affinity for wetland habitats.


==Systematics, taxonomy and evolution==
==Systematics, taxonomy and evolution==
[[File:Aquila hastata.jpg|thumb|Underwing pattern]]
[[File:AquilaHastataSmit.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of an adult and a juvenile by [[Joseph Smit]] (1875)]]
[[File:AquilaHastataSmit.jpg|thumb|Illustration of an adult and a juvenile by [[Joseph Smit]] (1875)]]
The Indian Spotted Eagle was earlier considered as the resident of eastern [[subspecies]] of the [[Lesser Spotted Eagle]] but has proven quite distinct and readily separable by [[morphology (biology)|morphological]], [[behavior]]al, [[ecology|ecological]] and [[DNA sequence]] data. The Indian lineage seems to have diverged around the middle [[Pliocene]], perhaps some 3.6 million years ago,<ref>The estimate in Väli (2006) is certainly incorrect; it uses a [[molecular clock]] that is appropriate for small [[passerine]]s with half the [[generation time]]s of eagles.</ref> from the common ancestor of the Lesser and [[Greater Spotted Eagle]]s. The "proto-Spotted Eagle" probably lived in the general region of [[Afghanistan]], being split into a northern and a southern lineage when both [[glaciers]] and [[desert]]s advanced in Central Asia as the [[last ice age]] began.<ref name="parry+al2002" /><ref>Rasmussen, P.C., Anderton, J.C. (2005) Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions, Washington, DC and Barcelona.</ref><ref>Väli, Ü (2006) Mitochondrial DNA sequences support species status for the Indian Spotted Eagle ''Aquila hastata''. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 126 (3): 238-242. [http://www.zbi.ee/~yvali/artiklid/Vali2006BBOC.pdf download pdf]</ref>
The Indian spotted eagle was earlier considered as the resident of eastern [[subspecies]] of the [[lesser spotted eagle]] but has proven quite distinct and readily separable by [[morphology (biology)|morphological]], [[behavior]]al, [[ecology|ecological]] and [[DNA sequence]] data. The Indian lineage seems to have diverged around the middle [[Pliocene]], perhaps some 3.6 million years ago,<ref>The estimate in Väli (2006) is certainly incorrect; it uses a [[molecular clock]] that is appropriate for small [[passerine]]s with half the [[generation time]]s of eagles.</ref> from the common ancestor of the lesser and [[greater spotted eagle]]s. The "proto-spotted eagle" probably lived in the general region of [[Afghanistan]], being split into a northern and a southern lineage when both [[glaciers]] and [[desert]]s advanced in Central Asia as the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]] began.<ref name="parry+al2002" /><ref>Rasmussen, P.C., Anderton, J.C. (2005) Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions, Washington, DC and Barcelona.</ref><ref>Väli, Ü (2006) Mitochondrial DNA sequences support species status for the Indian Spotted Eagle ''Aquila hastata''. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 126 (3): 238-242. [http://www.zbi.ee/~yvali/artiklid/Vali2006BBOC.pdf download pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927164924/http://www.zbi.ee/~yvali/artiklid/Vali2006BBOC.pdf |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>


The spotted eagles as a group are quite distinct from the typical members of ''[[Aquila (genus)|Aquila]]'', the "true eagles". They will probably be separated in ''[[Lophaetus]]'', ''[[Ictinaetus]]'' or a genus of their own in the near future.
The spotted eagles as a group although quite distinct from the typical members, were formerly included in the genus ''[[Aquila (genus)|Aquila]]'', the "true eagles". They are now placed in their separate genus ''[[Clanga (genus)|Clanga]].''


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Parry, S.J.; Clark, W.S. & Prakash, V. (2002): On the taxonomic status of the Indian Spotted Eagle ''Aquila hastata''. ''[[Ibis (journal)|Ibis]]'' '''144'''(4): 665–675. <small>{{doi|10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00109.x}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{IUCN2007|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2007|id=54299|title=Aquila hastata|downloaded=24 September 2007}}
* Parry, S.J.; Clark, W.S. & Prakash, V. (2002): On the taxonomic status of the Indian Spotted Eagle ''Aquila hastata''. ''[[Ibis (journal)|Ibis]]'' '''144'''(4): 665-675. <small>{{doi|10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00109.x}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* [[Pamela C. Rasmussen|Rasmussen, Pamela C.]] & Anderton, John C. (2005): ''Birds of South Asia - The Ripley Guide''. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. <small>{{ISBN|84-87334-67-9}}</small>
* Väli, Ülo (2006): Mitochondrial DNA sequences support species status for the Indian Spotted Eagle ''Aquila hastata''. ''[[Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|Bull. B.O.C.]]'' '''126'''(3): 238–242. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927164924/http://www.zbi.ee/~yvali/artiklid/Vali2006BBOC.pdf PDF fulltext]
* [[Pamela C. Rasmussen|Rasmussen, Pamela C.]] & Anderton, John C. (2005): ''Birds of South Asia - The Ripley Guide''. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. <small>ISBN 84-87334-67-9</small>
* Väli, Ülo (2006): Mitochondrial DNA sequences support species status for the Indian Spotted Eagle ''Aquila hastata''. ''[[Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|Bull. B.O.C.]]'' '''126'''(3): 238-242. [http://www.zbi.ee/~yvali/artiklid/Vali2006BBOC.pdf PDF fulltext]


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commonscat|Clanga hastata}}
* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=31036&m=1 BirdLife Species Factsheet: ''Indian Spotted Eagle'']
{{Wikispecies|Clanga hastata}}
* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=31036&m=1 BirdLife Species Factsheet: ''Indian spotted eagle'']


{{Taxonbar|from=Q22810735}}
{{Buteoninae}}


[[Category:Eagles]]
[[Category:Eagles]]
[[Category:Aquila]]
[[Category:Clanga (genus)]]
[[Category:Birds of Nepal]]
[[Category:Birds of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Birds of Iran|Eagle, Indian Spotted]]
[[Category:Birds of India]]
[[Category:Birds of India]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1834]]

[[Category:Taxa named by René Lesson]]
[[az:Aquila hastata]]
[[ca:Aquila hastata]]
[[es:Aquila hastata]]
[[eo:Hindia kriaglo]]
[[fr:Aigle lancéolé]]
[[hu:Indiai békászósas]]
[[mn:Энэтхэг цоохор бүргэд]]
[[pnb:ھندستانی تبیاں آلا عقاب]]
[[pl:Orlik hinduski]]
[[tr:Hint benekli kartalı]]

Latest revision as of 22:46, 26 September 2024

Indian spotted eagle
Adult Indian spotted eagle, Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, Gujarat
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Clanga
Species:
C. hastata
Binomial name
Clanga hastata
(Lesson, RP, 1831)
Range of C. hastata in dark green
Synonyms

Aquila hastata

The Indian spotted eagle (Clanga hastata) is a large bird of prey native to South Asia. Like all typical eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. The typical eagles are often united with the buteos, sea eagles and other more heavy-set Accipitridae, but more recently it appears as if they are less distinct from the more slender accipitrine hawks.

Description

[edit]
Indian Spotted Eagle

The Indian spotted eagle is about 60 cm in length and has a wingspan of 150 cm. It is broad-headed, with the widest mouth of all spotted eagles.[2] This species is a lighter overall compared to its relatives, with a darker iris that makes the eyes appear darker than the plumage (rather than the other way around as in the two northern spotted eagle species). Adults can be told apart from the greater spotted eagle by its lighter colour, darker eyes, and habitat preference. After about three or four months the young birds are glossy brown with the tips of the head and neck feathers being creamy and giving a spotted appearance. The upper tail coverts are light brown with white giving a barred appearance. The median coverts have large creamy spots. After about eighteen months the bird moults and becomes a darker shade and has less spots.[3] Some older juveniles, unlike the lesser and greater species, are not strongly spotted at all, making the common name somewhat misleading, and also lack the creamy buff nape patch of the juvenile lesser spotted eagle.

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The Indian spotted eagle is native to Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and (marginally) in Pakistan.[1] It occurs in agricultural landscapes and tropical dry forests.[4][5]

Systematics, taxonomy and evolution

[edit]
Underwing pattern
Illustration of an adult and a juvenile by Joseph Smit (1875)

The Indian spotted eagle was earlier considered as the resident of eastern subspecies of the lesser spotted eagle but has proven quite distinct and readily separable by morphological, behavioral, ecological and DNA sequence data. The Indian lineage seems to have diverged around the middle Pliocene, perhaps some 3.6 million years ago,[6] from the common ancestor of the lesser and greater spotted eagles. The "proto-spotted eagle" probably lived in the general region of Afghanistan, being split into a northern and a southern lineage when both glaciers and deserts advanced in Central Asia as the last ice age began.[2][7][8]

The spotted eagles as a group although quite distinct from the typical members, were formerly included in the genus Aquila, the "true eagles". They are now placed in their separate genus Clanga.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Clanga hastata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22729779A95021573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22729779A95021573.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Parry, S.J., Clark, W.S., Prakash, V. (2002) On the taxonomic status of the Indian Spotted Eagle Aquila hastata. Ibis Volume 144 Issue 4: 665 - 675
  3. ^ Anderson A (1875). "Corrections of and Additions to "Raptorial Birds of North-western India". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 16–27.
  4. ^ BirdLife International (2009) Species factsheet: Aquila hastata. online
  5. ^ Shivprakash, A. Kishen Das, K.R., Shivanand, T., Girija, T., Sharath, A. (2006) Notes on the breeding of the Indian Spotted Eagle Aquila hastata. Indian Birds Vol. 2 No. 1 (January–February 2006): 2-4 download pdf Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ The estimate in Väli (2006) is certainly incorrect; it uses a molecular clock that is appropriate for small passerines with half the generation times of eagles.
  7. ^ Rasmussen, P.C., Anderton, J.C. (2005) Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions, Washington, DC and Barcelona.
  8. ^ Väli, Ü (2006) Mitochondrial DNA sequences support species status for the Indian Spotted Eagle Aquila hastata. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 126 (3): 238-242. download pdf Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]