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{{Short description|Pakistani politician}} |
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{{other people}} |
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{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}} |
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{{Infobox officeholder |
{{Infobox officeholder |
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| name = Nurul Amin |
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|honorific-prefix =<small>Patriot</small><br> |
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| native_name = {{nobold|নুরুল আমিন}}{{break}}{{nobold|نور الامین}} |
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|name Nurul Amin</br><small>নূরুল আমীন</small></br><small>نورالامین</small> |
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| image = Nurul amin.jpg |
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|honorific-suffix =</br>নূরুল আমীন</br>نورالامین |
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| office = 8th [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] |
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|colorcode = <!-- HTML color code (e.g. red, #FF0000 or affiliated Party metadata color template) or transparent for no coloring --> |
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| president = [[Yahya Khan]] |
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| term_start = 7 December 1971 |
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| term_end = 20 December 1971 |
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|smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> |
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| predecessor = [[Feroz Khan Noon]] <br /> [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] (acting) |
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|alt = |
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| successor = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] |
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| deputy = Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
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|order =[[List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan|8th]] [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] |
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| office1 = Acting [[President of Pakistan]] |
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| president1 = Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
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| term_start1 = 20 January 1972 |
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| term_end1 = 28 January 1972 |
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|alongside = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)--> |
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| predecessor1 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] |
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|vicepresident =[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]<br>(<small>appointed, never took this office</small>) |
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| successor1 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] |
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| office2 = |
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| president2 = Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
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| term_start2 = 1 April 1972 |
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| term_end2 = 21 April 1972 |
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| predecessor2 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] |
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|primeminister = |
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| successor2 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] |
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| office3 = [[Vice President of Pakistan]] |
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| president3 = Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
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| term_start3 = 20 December 1971 |
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|governor-general = |
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| term_end3 = 14 August 1973 |
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|governor_general = |
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| predecessor3 = ''Post created'' |
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|succeeding = <!--For President-elect or equivalent--> |
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| successor3 = ''Post abolished'' |
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|predecessor =Sir [[Feroz Khan Noon]] |
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| office4 = [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|Leader of the Opposition]] |
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|successor =[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] |
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| term_start4 = 9 July 1967 |
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| term_end4 = 7 December 1970 |
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| predecessor4 = [[Fatima Jinnah]] |
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|order2 =[[Line of succession to the President of Pakistan|1st]] [[Vice President of Pakistan]] |
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| successor4 = [[Khan Abdul Wali Khan]] |
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|office2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| office5 = [[Chief Minister of East Pakistan]] |
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|term_start2 =December 7, 1970 |
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| governor5 = [[Feroz Khan Noon]]<br />[[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]] |
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|term_end2 =April 2 1972 |
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| term_start5 = 14 September 1948 |
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|alongside2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| term_end5 = 3 April 1954 |
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|vicepresident2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| predecessor5 = [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] |
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|viceprimeminister2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| successor5 = [[A. K. Fazlul Huq|Fazlul Huq]] |
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|deputy2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1893|7|15}} |
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|lieutenant2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| birth_place = [[Shahbazpur Union, Sarail|Shahbazpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] |
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|monarch2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1974|10|2|1893|7|15}} |
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|president2 =[[Yahya Khan]]<br>[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] |
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| death_place = [[Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]] |
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|primeminister2 = |
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| resting_place = [[Mazar-e-Quaid]],<br/> [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], Pakistan |
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|governor2 = |
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| nationality = {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Pakistani]] |
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|governor-general2 = |
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| party = [[Council Muslim League]] (since 1962) |
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|governor_general2 = |
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| otherparty = {{ubl|[[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Pakistan Muslim League]] (1947–1958)|[[All-India Muslim League]] (pre-1947)}} |
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|succeeding2 = |
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| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Ananda Mohan College]]|[[University of Calcutta]]}} |
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|predecessor2 =''Office created'' |
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| relatives = {{ubl|[[Razia Khan]] (daughter-in-law)|[[Aasha Mehreen Amin]] (granddaughter)}} |
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|successor2 =''Post abolished'' |
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| native_name_lang = bn |
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|constituency2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|majority2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|order3 =[[East Pakistan#Chief Ministers|1st]] [[Chief Minister of Pakistan|Chief Minister of]] [[East Pakistan]] |
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|office3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|term_start3 =September 14 1948 |
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|term_end3 =October 17 1952 |
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|alongside3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|vicepresident3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|viceprimeminister3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|deputy3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|lieutenant3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|monarch3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|president3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|primeminister3 =[[Liaquat Ali Khan|Lyakat Ali Khan]] |
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|governor3 =[[Muhammad Ali Bogra]] |
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|governor-general3 =[[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] |
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|governor_general3 =[[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] |
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|succeeding3 = |
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|predecessor3 =[[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] |
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|successor3 =[[A. K. Fazlul Huq|Fazlul Haq]] |
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|constituency3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|majority3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|birth_date ={{birth date|1893|7|15|df=y}} |
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|birth_place =[[Bhola Island|Shahbazpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] |
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|death_date = {{death date and age|1974|10|2|1893|7|15|df=y}} |
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|death_place = [[Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab Province]], [[Pakistan]] |
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|restingplace =Ralwapindi Cemetery |
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|restingplacecoordinates = |
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|birthname =Nurul Amin |
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|citizenship =[[British Subject]] (1893-1947)<br>[[Pakistan]] (1947-1974) |
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|nationality =[[People of Pakistan|Pakistan]] |
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|party = [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] |
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|otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations--> |
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|spouse = |
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|partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--> |
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|relations = |
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|children = |
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|residence = |
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|alma_mater =[[Calcutta University]] |
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|occupation =[[Statesman]] |
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|profession =Lawyer |
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|committees = |
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|portfolio = |
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|religion =[[Islam]] |
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|signature = |
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|website = |
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'''Nurul Amin'''{{efn|{{langx|bn|নুরুল আমিন}}; {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|نور الامین}}}}}} (15 July 1893 – 2 October 1974) was a Pakistani politician and jurist who served as the eighth [[prime minister of Pakistan]] from 7 December to 20 December 1971. His term of only 13 days as prime minister was the shortest served in Pakistani parliamentary history. He was also the only [[Vice President of Pakistan]]. |
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'''Nurul Amin''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects|English IPA:<small>nʊɾul əmin</small>]], {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|نورالامین}}, {{lang-bn|নূরুল আমীন}}}}, July 15, 1893 - October 2, 1974), famously referred as '''Patriot of Pakistan''', was a prominent [[Bengali people|Bengali]] leader, [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|jurist]], [[Pakistan Muslim League|national conservative]]<ref name="Space Publishers,">{{cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Mushtaq|title=Government and politics in Pakistan|year=1970|publisher=Space Publishers,|location=United States|isbn=the University of Michigan|pages=392 pages|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L0YFAAAAMAAJ&q=nurul+amin&dq=nurul+amin&hl=en&ei=K5kjT--6CeiRiQKF27jKBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=3&ved=0CEkQ6wEwAjgo}}</ref> , and [[Party Chair|party chairman]] of the [[Pakistan]]'s [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]]— founding party of Pakistan.<ref name="Space Publishers,"/> |
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Starting his |
Starting his political career in 1948 as [[Chief Minister of East Bengal]], he headed the [[Ministry of Supply]]. Despite being a [[Bengalis|Bengali]], Amin was against the [[Bengali language movement]] of 1952. After participating in the [[1970 Pakistani general election]], He was appointed as the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]. He was the first and only [[Vice President of Pakistan]] from 1970 to 1972 and also led Pakistan during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Liberation War of Bangladesh]]. |
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An anti-war and principle [[:Category:Pakistan Movement activists|Pakistan movement activist]], Amin is widely regarded and considered a patriot who used his entire assets and struggle to keep the country united, and remained a respectable Bengali figure, although Amin opposed the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|movements]] that eventually led to the severing of ties between his Bengali people and the concept of a Muslim homeland in South Asia. |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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Amin was born in the small poor village of Shahbazpur, in what was then undivided Bengal's [[Brahmanbaria District]]. Amin grew up in hardness at the [[Mymensingh District]], working with his father to support the family income and his education.<ref name="Scarecrow Publication Inc.">{{cite book|last=Syedur Rehman|first=Craig Baxter|title=Dictionary of Bangladesh|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Publication Inc.|location=Library of Congress|isbn=978-0-8108-6766-6|pages=101-223|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bJfcCPUr0OoC&pg=PA223&dq=nurul+amin&hl=en&ei=c0cjT8TtLdPoiAL-5K3tBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=5&ved=0CFkQ6wEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> In 1915, Amin passed college entrance examination from Mymensingh Zila School, to attend the college.<ref name="Pakistan Herald">{{cite web|last=Press Release|title=Nurul Amin|url=http://www.pakistanherald.com/Profile/Nurul-Amin-1190|work=Pakistan Herald|publisher=Pakistan Herald|accessdate=27 January 2012}}</ref> In 1917, Amin attended the [[Ananda Mohan College|Mymensingh Ananda Mohan College]], obtaining the Intermediate in Arts (I.A) and further proceeded to gain the [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[English literature|English literature]] in 1919 respectively.<ref name="Scarecrow Publication Inc."/><ref name="Pakistan Herald"/> |
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Nurul Amin was born on 15 July 1893 in [[Shahbazpur Union, Sarail|Shahbazpur]], [[Sarail Upazila|Sarail]] located in the [[Comilla District|Tippera District]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]] (now in [[Brahmanbaria District]], [[Bangladesh]]).<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite Banglapedia |author=Khan, Muazzam Hussain |article=Amin, Nurul}}</ref> He belonged to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family from the village of Bahadurpur in [[Nandail Upazila|Nandail]], [[Mymensingh District]].<ref name="Scarecrow Publication Inc.">{{cite book|author1=Syedur Rehman|author2=Craig Baxter|author2-link = Craig Baxter|title=Dictionary of Bangladesh|year=2010|publisher=[[Scarecrow Publication Inc.]]|location=[[Library of Congress]]|isbn=978-0-8108-6766-6|pages=101–223|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJfcCPUr0OoC&q=nurul+amin&pg=PA223}}</ref> His father was a ''[[zamindar]]'', and his grandfather served as the ''Aʻlā Ṣadr'' (district judge) under the [[Nawabs of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book|page=854|year=1949|publisher=[[Kitabistan]]|editor=Bilgarami, S. A. R.|title=The Pakistan Year Book & Who's who}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=133|year=1949|title=Introducing Pakistan|author=Abdul Khaliq, Muhammad|publisher=Kitabistan}}</ref> |
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After graduating, Amin took the position of teaching at the local school in [[Calcutta]], but decided to pursue his career in law.<ref name="Scarecrow Publication Inc."/><ref name="Pakistan Herald"/> In 1920, Amin attended [[Calcutta University]] where he gained the [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] in Law and Justice in 1924, passed the Bar exam the same year.<ref name="Pakistan Herald"/> Amin started his career in law after joining the Mymensingh Judge Court Bar.<ref name="Pakistan Herald"/> |
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In 1915, Amin passed the college entrance examination from [[Mymensingh Zilla School]], joining [[Ananda Mohan College]] two years later to obtain his Intermediate in Arts (I.A); he graduated with a bachelor's degree in [[English literature]] in 1919.<ref name="Scarecrow Publication Inc."/> After graduating, Amin took a position teaching at the local school Gaffargaon Islamia Government High School and then another local school in [[Calcutta]], but decided to pursue his career in law.<ref name="Scarecrow Publication Inc."/> In 1920, Amin began at the [[University of Calcutta]]; he gained an LLB in Law and Justice in 1924, and passed the Bar exam the same year. Amin started his career in law after joining the Mymensingh Judge Court Bar.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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==Public service== |
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In 1929, Amin was appointed as a member of the [[Mymensingh Local Board]], and later became a member of the [[Mymensingh District Board]] in 1930. In 1932, the [[British Indian Government]] appointed him as commissioner of Mymensingh Municipality. In 1937, Amin was appointed as the Chairman of Mymensingh District Board, an assignment he continued until 1945.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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During this time, Amin's interest in politics increased. He became an early member of the [[All-India Muslim League]] led by [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]]. During this time, Amin was appointed as President of the Muslim League's Mymensingh district unit. In 1944, he was elected vice-president of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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In 1945, Amin participated in the Indian general elections, securing a landslide victory. He became a Member, and the following year was elected as the Speaker General of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} |
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==Public Service== |
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In 1929, Amin was appointed as a member of Mymensingh Local Board, and later became a member of Mymensingh District Board in 1930.<ref name="Pakistan Herald"/> In 1932, the [[British Indian Department|British Indian Government]] appointed Amin as commissioner of Mymensingh Municipality in 1932. In 1937, Amin was elevated as the Chairman of Mymensingh District Board from 1937, an assignment he continued until 1945.<ref name="Pakistan Herald"/> |
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==Political role== |
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During this time, Amin's interest in politics began to take place and became a early of [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] led under [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]].<ref name="Pakistan Herald"/> During this time, Amin was appointed as President of Mymensingh district unit of Muslim league, and was elected the vice president of Bengal Provincial Muslim League in 1944.<ref name="Pakistan Herald"/> In 1945, Amin participated in [[Elections in India|Indian general elections, 1945]], securing a landslide victory and was the [[Member of Parliament|Member]] of the Bengal Legislative Assembly in 1946 and, was elected its Speaker General.<ref name="Pakistan Herald"/> |
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==Pakistan== |
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===Pakistan Movement=== |
===Pakistan Movement=== |
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Amin became a trusted lieutenant of [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] in East Bengal, fighting for rights of Bengali Muslims in British India.<ref name="Parliament of Pakistan">{{cite book|last=Minister of Parliamentary Affairs|title=Parliamentary Debates. Official Report (Honorary Speech by the Prime minister)|year=1976|publisher=Parliament of Pakistan|location=Parliament of Pakistan, Capital Territory Zone|isbn=University of California|pages=3-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=4T0jT9acBOixiQKxntndBw&id=hSsdAAAAIAAJ&dq=nurul+amin+pakistan+movement&q=nurul+amin+#search_anchor}}</ref> Amin took active part in [[Pakistan Movement]], organizing the Bengali Muslims, while he continued to strengthened the Muslim League's stronghold in Bengal.<ref name="Parliament of Pakistan"/> In 1946, Jinnha came to visit to Bengal, Amin assisted Jinnah while Jinnah took the Bengali nation in confidence and promised the Bengali nation to build a democratic country.<ref name="Parliament of Pakistan"/> In East Bengal, Amin proved himself to be a crusader of the country's solidarity and earned for himself the highest pedestal by dint of his intelligence. By the time of creation of Pakistan, Amin has became one of the leading advocate and activist of Pakistan Movement, with a wide approve ratings of Bengali population.<ref name="Parliament of Pakistan"/> |
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Amin became a trusted lieutenant of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] in [[East Bengal]], fighting for the rights of [[Bengali Muslims]] in British India.<ref name="Parliament of Pakistan">{{cite book|last=Minister of Parliamentary Affairs|title=Parliamentary Debates. Official Report (Honorary Speech by the Prime minister)|year=1976|publisher=[[Parliament of Pakistan]]|location=Parliament of Pakistan, Capital Territory Zone|pages=3–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSsdAAAAIAAJ&q=nurul+amin+}}</ref> Amin took an active part in the [[Pakistan Movement]], organising Bengali Muslims, while he continued to strengthen the Muslim League in Bengal.<ref name="Parliament of Pakistan"/> |
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In 1946, Jinnah came to visit Bengal, where Amin assisted him. He promised the Bengali nation that, he would build a democratic country.<ref name="Parliament of Pakistan"/> In East Bengal, Amin promoted the unity of Muslims. By the time of the creation of Pakistan, Amin had become one of the leading advocates and activists of the Pakistan Movement; he had wide approval ratings by the Bengali population.<ref name="Parliament of Pakistan"/> |
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===Chief Minister=== |
===Chief Minister=== |
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After the death of Jinnah, Amin was nominated as the Chief Minister of East Bengal in September 1948 by [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], who succeeded Jinnah as Governor General.<ref name="Northern Book Center">{{cite book|last=Nair|first=N.B|title=Politics in Bangladesh|year=1990|publisher=Northern Book Center|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=978-81-85119-79-3 |pages=44; 53; 73; 142|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mB9N4oxuSY8C&q=nurul+amin&pg=PA164}}</ref> |
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His close association and public image has brought him to prominence, and Jinnah appointed Amin as the Chief Minister of East Pakistan. Amin worked for the pride of Muslim League in East Pakistan, while continued his relief programme for East Pakistani population. As Chief Minister, his relations were significantly with Prime minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] and [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], rising influence in Ali Khan's government. Soon after the [[Assassination of liaqat ali khan|assassination]] of Liaquat Ali Khan, Amin was appointed as [[Ministry of Supply]], and became was also a member of [[Pakistan National Assembly]] from 1947 until 1954. |
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Amin worked for the Muslim League in East Bengal, while continuing his relief programme for the population. As Chief Minister, his relations were significantly strained with Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] and the [[Governor-General of Pakistan]] Khawaja Nazimuddin. Soon after the [[assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan]], Amin was appointed as [[Minister of Supply]]. He was elected as a member of the [[Pakistan National Assembly]] from 1947 until 1954.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Amin assumed the office of Chief Minister in a few weeks.<ref name="Northern Book Center"/> |
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After the death of Jinnah, Amin was nominated as the [[Chief Minister of Pakistan|Chief Minister]] of [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]] in September 1948 by [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] who succeed Jinnha as [[Governor General of Pakistan|Governor General]].<ref name="Nothern Book Center">{{cite book|last=Nair|first=N.B|title=Politics in Bangladesh|year=1990|publisher=Nothern Book Center|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-85119-78-1|pages=44; 53; 73; 142|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mB9N4oxuSY8C&pg=PA164&dq=nurul+amin&hl=en&ei=A5YjT9_QCuLniAL97fz6Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=9&ved=0CGMQ6wEwCDge#v=onepage&q=nurul%20amin&f=false}}</ref> Amin subsequently left his ministerial post and assumed the office of Chief Minister in few weeks.<ref name="Nothern Book Center"/> Historians noted that Nurul Amin's government was not strong enough to administer the provisional state, and it was completely under the directional control of central government of Nazimuddin.<ref name="Nothern Book Center"/> His government did not enjoyed the enough power, and lacked the vision, imagination, and initiatives.<ref name="Nothern Book Center"/> Amin failed to counter the [[Communist Party of Pakistan|Communist Party]]'s influence in the region and widely took the credit for turning the language movement in 1952 into large unified mass protest.<ref name="Nothern Book Center"/> |
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Historians have noted that Amin's government was not strong enough to administer the provincial state; it was completely under the control of the central government of Nazimuddin.<ref name="Northern Book Center"/> His government did not enjoy enough power, and lacked vision, imagination and initiatives.<ref name="Northern Book Center"/> Amin failed to counter the [[Communist Party of Pakistan|Communist Party]]'s influence in the region, which widely took the credit for turning the language movement in 1952 into a large unified mass protest.<ref name="Northern Book Center"/> |
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===Language Movement=== |
===Language Movement=== |
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{{Main|Bengali Language Movement|Communist Party of Pakistan}} |
{{Main|Bengali Language Movement|Communist Party of Pakistan}} |
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During Amin's term as Chief Minister, Governor General Nazimuddin, although also a Bengali, reiterated the federal government's position that [[Bengali language|Bengali]], the language of the overwhelming majority of East Pakistanis in addition to the majority of Pakistanis as a whole, was not to be considered a national language on par with [[Urdu language|Urdu language]].<ref name="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1997">{{cite book|last=Aklam Hussain|first=Sirajul Islam,|title=History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971|year=1997|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1997|location=Dacca|isbn=978-9-8451-2337-2|pages=398; 440; 470|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K-FtAAAAMAAJ&q=nurul+amin&dq=nurul+amin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=K5kjT--6CeiRiQKF27jKBw&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBTgo}}</ref> This proposal was highly considered unpopular in East-Pakistan, and subsequently led to what is now known as the [[Bengali Language Movement|Language Movement]], as well as a general loss of power for the ruling Muslim League. Both Nazimuddin and Amin failed to bring the East population fully integrated in Pakistan, and East Pakistan Muslim League significantly lost the administrative control of the provisional state.<ref name="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1997"/> Amin on other hand, held Communist Party responsible for this failure, accusing the "communist agents" provocateur behind the language movement.<ref name="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1997"/> Problems within Muslim arise after Nazimuddin became Prime minister, and the Prime minister expressed the strong opposition to Chief minister.<ref name="Oxford University Press, 1997">{{cite book|last=Ziring|first=Lawrence|title=Pakistan in the twentieth century: a political history|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press, 1997|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9780195778168|pages=647|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tmSgAAAAMAAJ&q=nurul+amin&dq=nurul+amin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z5sjT7eXH4TJiQLk9MzEBw&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBDgy}}</ref> Soon a visit was paid by the Prime minister and Amin stressed the importance that: Pakistan would die if Muslim League died fell on deaf ears".<ref name="Oxford University Press, 1997"/> |
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Amin's |
During Amin's term as Chief Minister, Governor General Nazimuddin (also from East Bengal but bilingual) reiterated the federal government's position that while [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was the language of virtually all East Pakistanis as well as the majority of Pakistanis as a whole, it was not to be considered a national language on a par with [[Urdu language|Urdu]].<ref name="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1997">{{cite book|last=Aklam Hussain|first=Sirajul Islam|title=History of Bangladesh, 1704–1971|year=1997|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|location=[[Dacca]]|isbn=978-984-512-337-2|pages=398; 440; 470|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-FtAAAAMAAJ&q=nurul+amin}}</ref> In response, the [[Bengali Language Movement]] developed, and the ruling Muslim League lost popularity in East Pakistan. Both Nazimuddin and Amin failed to integrate the East Pakistani population with that of West Pakistan, and eventually the East Pakistan Muslim League lost significant administrative control of the province.<ref name="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1997"/> Amin on the other hand, held Communist Party responsible for this failure, accusing them of provoking the language movement.<ref name="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1997"/> |
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Public dissatisfaction with Amin had grown since October 1951, when Nazimuddin became prime minister. Amin expelled dissidents from within the ranks of the Muslim League, but doing so simply strengthened opposition to the party.<ref name="Ziring1997">{{cite book |last=Ziring |first=Lawrence |year=1997 |title=Pakistan in the Twentieth Century: A Political History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=153–154 |isbn=0-19-577816-2}}</ref> In early 1952, students protested against Prime Minister Nazimuddin's declaration in the provincial capital Dacca (now [[Dhaka]]) that Urdu would be the sole national language. During the unrest, the civilian [[East Pakistan Rifles|East-Pakistan police]] opened fire, killing four student activists. This raised more opposition in the region to the Muslim League.<ref name="Mahmood1997">{{cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Safdar |title=Pakistan: Rule of Muslim League & Inception of Democracy (1947-54) |year=1997 |location=[[Lahore]] |publisher=Jang Publishers |page=116 |oclc=39399433}}</ref> [[Mohammad Ali Bogra|Prime Minister Bogra]] (also a Bengali) visited East Bengal in early 1954 in an attempt to rally support for the League, but it was too late.<ref name="Ziring1997" /> Leading politicians in West and East Pakistan called for Amin's resignation, and new elections were soon held. |
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===1954 elections=== |
===1954 elections=== |
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{{Main|Elections in Pakistan}} |
{{Main|Elections in Pakistan}} |
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In the 1954 provisional elections, the Muslim League was comprehensively defeated by the United Front, an alliance between the [[Awami League|East Pakistan Peoples League]], presided under[ one of leading Founding Father of Pakistan, [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] who also became Prime minister as a result of the elections; and the Krishak Sramik Party, chaired by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], the Nizam Islam Party headed by Maulana Athar Ali, and the Ganatantri Dal, led by Haji Muhammad Danish and Mahmud Ali Sylheti.<ref name="Peter Lang Publications">{{cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Pranab|title=A Story of ambivalent modernization|year=2010|publisher=Peter Lang Publications|location=U.S.|isbn=978-1-4331-0820-4|pages=275|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lAR1D0Wi2rsC&pg=PA21&dq=nurul+amin+pakistan&hl=en&ei=Mp4jT9yqGaGFiALd6qjcBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=7&ved=0CFYQ6wEwBjgo#v=onepage&q=nurul%20amin%20pakistan&f=false}}</ref> |
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In the 1954 provisional elections, the Muslim League was defeated by the United Front, an alliance between the [[Awami League]] (led by [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]), the [[Krishak Sramik Party]] (chaired by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]), the Nizam Islam Party (headed by Maulana Athar Ali), and the [[Ganatantri Dal]] (led by [[Haji Mohammad Danesh]] and [[Mahmud Ali (statesman)|Mahmud Ali]]), eventually becoming more and more influential in Pakistani politics.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Pranab |year=2010 |title=A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAR1D0Wi2rsC&pg=PA23 |publisher=Peter Lang |page=23 |isbn=978-1-4331-0820-4}}</ref> It was in this turnover that Amin lost his assembly seat to a veteran student leader of East Pakistan, [[Khaleque Nawaz Khan]], who had also been active in the Language Movement.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaman|first=Habibuz|date=1999|title=Seventy Years in a Shaky Subcontinent |publisher=Janus Publishing Company Limited|isbn=1-85756-405-7|page=182}}</ref> The Muslim League was effectively eliminated from the provincial political landscape.<ref name="Electronic Government of Pakistan">{{cite web |url=http://elections.com.pk/contents.php?i=10#Nurul |url-status=dead |title=Elections in Pakistan: Nurul Amin |website=Election Commission of Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118180755/http://elections.com.pk/contents.php?i=10 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref> |
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Amin lost his assembly seat to a veteran student leader of the then East Pakistan and language movement hero Khaleque Nawaz Khan and the Muslim League was effectively eliminated from the provincial political landscape.<ref name="Peter Lang Publications"/><ref name="Electronic Government of Pakistan">{{cite web|last=Pakistan Government|title=Elections in Pakistan: Nurul Amin|url=http://elections.com.pk/contents.php?i=10#Nurul|work=ELection Commission of Pakistan|publisher=Electronic Government of Pakistan|accessdate=28 January 2012}}</ref> It is worth to mention Nurul Amin lost only one election in his whole political carrier and that was in 1954 Jukto front election while he was in office and it is still a record in political arena of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.<ref name="Peter Lang Publications"/> Amin served as the President of East Pakistan Muslim League, working tirelessly for the positive image of Muslime League, but all efforts were wasted when [[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|Army Commander]] General [[General Mohammad Ayub Khan|Ayub Khan]] imposed a force [[Military coups in Pakistan|Martial law]] after commencing a successful [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup d'état]] against the government of [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Iskander Mirza|Sikander Mirza]].<ref name="Electronic Government of Pakistan"/> His career was over after Ayub Khan disbanded all of the political parties in the country.<ref name="Electronic Government of Pakistan"/> |
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Amin served as the president of the East Pakistan Muslim League, and worked to improve its standing. During this time, the Pakistani authorities made reforms, including granting official status to the Bengali language in 1956 alongside Urdu.<ref name="Global Nonviolent Action Database">{{cite web |last=Swarthmore College |title=Global Nonviolent Action Database |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/pakistanis-demand-their-government-recognize-bengali-official-language-1947-1952 |access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref> But after [[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|Army Commander]] [[General Mohammad Ayub Khan]] imposed martial law following the successful October [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état]] against the government of President [[Iskander Mirza]], Amin's political career was halted as Ayub Khan disbanded all political parties in the country.<ref name="Electronic Government of Pakistan"/> |
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===Pakistan Democratic Party=== |
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===Leader of the opposition=== |
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In 1962, Amin joined the National Democratic Front (NDF) headed by former Prime minister [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], and was thus associated with the movement against autocratic rule of President General [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]]. After the death of Suhrawardy Amin was elected president of NDF in 196, evolving the party into Pakistan Democratic Party (PDP). |
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=====Leader of the Opposition===== |
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Amin took full participation in the [[Pakistani presidential election, 1965|1965 presidential elections]], in East Pakistan, wining the majority vote in the [[Parliament of Pakistan]] but declined to work with Ayub Khan. The same year, after the death of [[Fatima Jinnah]], Amin succeeded Jinnah as [[Leader of Opposition, Pakistan|Leader of Opposition]] which he held until 1969 after General Yahya Khan imposed the martial law. |
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Amin ran as a candidate in the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|1965 presidential elections]] in East Pakistan, winning the majority vote in the [[Parliament of Pakistan]]. He declined working with Ayub Khan. The same year, after the death of [[Fatima Jinnah]], Amin succeeded Jinnah as [[Leader of the Opposition, Pakistan|Leader of the Opposition]], which he held until 1969, after General [[Yahya Khan]] imposed martial law again.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} |
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Nurul Amin was made the chairman of Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM) formed in 1967 as a united platform of National Democratic Front, Jamaat-e-Islami, Nezam-e-Islam, Council Muslim League, and Awami League (pro 8-point). He played an important role in floating the Democratic Action Committee (DAC) in 1969, and as one of the top leaders of the forum participated in anti-Ayub movement. As a representative of NDF he attended Round Table Conference at [[Rawalpindi]] (1969) convened by President Ayub Khan with a view to mitigate the political crisis between the government and the opposition parties. A new political party was floated by him as Pakistan Democratic Party (PDP) in 1969, and he was made its president. Nurul Amin was elected member of the National Assembly in 1970. |
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Amin in June 1969 merged his National Democratic Front with a dissident group of the Awami League led by [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]], the [[Nizam-e-Islam Party]], and Air Marshal (Retd.) [[Asghar Khan]]'s Justice Party to form the [[Pakistan Democratic Party]] (PDP). The new party was [[Political moderate|ideologically moderate]]. It strongly supported a united Pakistan. Amin was elected president of the PDP at its first convention.<ref name="Mahmood2000">{{cite book |last1=Mahmood |first1=Safdar |title=Pakistan: Political Roots and Development, 1947 - 1999 |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-579373-0 |pages=130–131}}</ref> |
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===1971 Bangladesh-Pakistan War=== |
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In the 1970 elections, Amin was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] as one of only two non-Awami League members from East Pakistan. During this time, the Pakistani authority in East Pakistan had already become highly unpopular as the struggle to promote Bengali as a national language was further suppressed. Civil unrest ignited by the Language Movement and fuelled by alleged discriminatory practices against the Bengali people eventually led to East Pakistan's declaration of independence. |
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===1970 elections=== |
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The [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], as it is now known, further escalated as India formally declared war on Pakistan in 1971. As the situation in his home district of East Pakistan worsened under civil war, Amin was appointed Prime Minister by [[President of Pakistan|President]] General [[Yahya Khan|Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan]] on December 6, 1971. On December 20, 1971, however, Yahya Khan resigned, leaving the Deputy Prime Minister (and Foreign Minister) [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] to be sworn in as the new President. Two days later, Amin was appointed as Vice President of Pakistan, the only person to have held this post. He continued to hold this post until the lifting of [[martial law]] on April 21, 1972. |
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In the [[1970 Pakistani general election]], the PDP fielded 21 candidates in West Pakistan and 81 in East Pakistan. Of all of them, only Amin won his seat,<ref name="Mahmood2000" /> NE-83-Mymensingh-VIII.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Khaled |title=Bangladesh: Elections, Parliament & the Cabinet, 1970-91 |year=1991 |location=Dhaka |publisher=A. R. Murshed |oclc=27146030 |page=26}}</ref> He was one of only two non-[[Awami League]] candidates elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] that year from East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baxter |first1=Craig |author-link=Craig Baxter |title=Pakistan Votes -- 1970 |journal=Asian Survey |date=March 1971 |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=212 |doi=10.2307/3024655 |jstor=3024655}}</ref> |
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===Postwar and emotions of Pakistan === |
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{{Rquote|right|So Dhaka has fallen, and East Pakistan has gone and you are enjoying.... [[Whisky]]!.|Nurul Amin <small>scolding Yahya Khan</small>, 1971.|<ref>[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P083 Nurul Amin - The story of Pakistan]</ref>}} |
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While his political career lasted through war and civil unrest, Amin is considered by many Pakistanis to be a patriot, as he opposed the movements that eventually led to the severing of ties between his Bengali people and the concept of a Muslim homeland in South Asia. Many Bangladeshis, however, view him as a traitor and collaborator with a genocidal occupation force. |
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===Liberation War of 1971=== |
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Disappointed and frustrated with the apparent indifference portrayed by the Pakistani government when it was clear that East Pakistan had been lost, Amin is said to have remarked to President Yahya and his military advisers, "So Dhaka has fallen, and East Pakistan is gone, and you are enjoying yourselves..."<ref>[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P083 Nurul Amin - The story of Pakistan]</ref> |
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In March 1971, the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] broke out. Amin, long dedicated to a united Pakistan, opposed the separatist movement in his home province of [[East Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Singh |editor-first1=Nagendra Kumar |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Muslim biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |title=Nurul Amin (1897 — 1974) |year=2001 |location=New Delhi |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |volume=IV |isbn=81-7648-234-X |page=379}}</ref> |
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===Death and state funeral=== |
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As an anti-war and principal [[Pakistan Movement]] activist, Amin is considered in Pakistan as a patriot who worked to retain Pakistan as a united nation, however he is considered by many [[Bangladeshis]] as a traitor who collaborated with an occupying force accused of [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|genocide]] and other war crimes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2015 |title=Notes on the 1971 collaborators |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2015/07/30/notes-on-the-1971-collaborators |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> |
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Amin continued to deliberately stay in West Pakistan, while his home region of East Pakistan won its independence as the [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]] following a bloody civil war and the deaths of between 1 and 3 million people. Following the war, Amin did not return home and died in Rawalpindi on 2 October 1974, less than three years after the dissolution of the united Pakistan. |
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===Legacy=== |
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Amin was given a public state funeral by Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1974, where the national anthem was song and played, and an honorary speech was given by Bhutto to honor his services done for Pakistan.<ref name="The News International">{{cite news|last=Shah|first=Sabir|title=An overview of Quaid’s mausoleum|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=11283&Cat=13|accessdate=27 January 2012|newspaper=The News International|date=Monday, December 26, 2011}}</ref> Amin is buried in [[Mazar-e-Quaid|Jinnah Mausoleum]], next to Jinnah, where grave was specially designed and is made of Italian white marble, with golden letters composing his name and his contribution.<ref name="The News International"/> |
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===Prime Ministership and Vice Presidency=== |
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Amin was a great patriot, cherishing his love to see a strong and healthy Pakistan, and is one of the notable Bengali who brought a great name for the Bengali population and community who decided to ally with Pakistan after the war.<ref name="Parliament of Pakistan"/> |
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[[File:Mr Nurul Amin.jpg|thumb|Amin being sworn in as [[Vice President of Pakistan]], by President [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].]] |
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{{quote|text=Nurul Amin was a trusted lieutenant of Quaid-i-Azam and a valiant fighter for the Pakistan Movement, and for Pakistan. He proved himself to be a crusader of (Pakistan's) solidarity and earned for himself the highest pedestal by dint of his efforts, intelligence, and his struggle... |sign=[[Malik Meraj Khalid|Malick Mirage]],<small> minister of law and parliamentary affairs, tribute to Nurul Amin, at [[Pakistan Parliament|ninth parliamentary session, 1976]]</small> |source=<ref name="Parliament of Pakistan"/>}} |
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Yahya Khan appointed Amin [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] on 6 December 1971.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hiro |first1=Dilip |author-link=Dilip Hiro |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry between India and Pakistan |year=2015 |location=New York |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=978-1-56858-734-9 |page=210}}</ref> On 20 December 1971, however, Amin's term as prime minister was cut short as Khan resigned, leaving the deputy prime minister (and foreign minister) [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] to be sworn in as the new president. Two days later, Amin was appointed as [[Vice President of Pakistan]], the only person to have held this post. He was sworn into the post again on 23 April 1972 after the interim constitution came into effect and [[martial law]] was lifted. He continued to hold the post until the office was abolished with the entry into force of the new constitution on 14 August 1973. |
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==Death and legacy== |
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Amin stayed in West Pakistan, while his home region achieved independence as the [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]]. He died of cardiac arrest aged 81 in [[Rawalpindi]] on 2 October 1974 and was given a public state funeral by Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].<ref name="The News International">{{cite news|last=Shah|first=Sabir|title=An overview of Quaid's mausoleum|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=11283&Cat=13|access-date=27 January 2012|newspaper=[[The News International]]|date=26 December 2011|archive-date=26 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226214858/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=11283&Cat=13|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was buried in [[Mazar-e-Quaid|Jinnah Mausoleum]], next to Jinnah. His tomb was specially designed, made of Italian white marble, with golden letters for his name and contributions.<ref name="The News International"/> |
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{{quote|text=Nurul Amin was a trusted lieutenant of Quaid-i-Azam and a valiant fighter for the Pakistan Movement, and for Pakistan. He proved himself to be a crusader of (Pakistan's) solidarity and earned for himself the highest pedestal by dint of his efforts, intelligence, and his struggle... |sign=[[Malik Meraj Khalid|Malick Meraj Khalid]],<small> minister of law and parliamentary affairs, tribute to Nurul Amin, at [[Pakistan Parliament|ninth parliamentary session, 1976]]</small> |source=<ref name="Parliament of Pakistan"/>}} |
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Amin had written an unpublished autobiography. His second-eldest son, [[Anwarul Amin Makhon]], was the former general manager of [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI Bangladesh]] and opened [[Bangladesh Bank]]'s first branch abroad (in [[London]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/anwarul-amins-memoir-revisits-the-first-bangladeshi-bank-established-abroad-2920311|title=Anwarul Amin's memoir revisits the first Bangladeshi bank established abroad|date=18 December 2021|author=Syeda, Maisha|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref> Anwarul Amin Makhon was married to the [[Ekushey Padak]]-winning writer and poet [[Razia Khan]], the daughter of [[Pakistan]] Assembly Speaker [[Tamizuddin Khan]], and had two children: banker [[Kaiser Tamiz Amin]] and journalist [[Aasha Mehreen Amin]].<ref>{{citation|script-title=bn:ব্যাঙ্কারদের সামাজিক দায়বদ্ধতা ও মানবিকতা|work=রাস্তা থেকে বলছি|year=2011|author=Mazumder, Ershad|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsg24.com/feature-news/8078/|script-title=bn:সাহিত্যিক রাজিয়া খানের জন্মদিন আজ|language=bn|work=NewsG24|date=16 February 2022}}</ref> |
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== Notes == |
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{{Notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Amin, Nurul |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 July 1893 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Bhola Island|Shahbazpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] |
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| DATE OF DEATH = 2 October 1974 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]] |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Amin, Nurul}} |
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Latest revision as of 04:36, 27 December 2024
Nurul Amin | |
|---|---|
নুরুল আমিন نور الامین | |
 | |
| 8th Prime Minister of Pakistan | |
| In office 7 December 1971 – 20 December 1971 | |
| President | Yahya Khan |
| Deputy | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Preceded by | Feroz Khan Noon Ayub Khan (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Acting President of Pakistan | |
| In office 20 January 1972 – 28 January 1972 | |
| President | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Preceded by | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Succeeded by | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| In office 1 April 1972 – 21 April 1972 | |
| President | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Preceded by | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Succeeded by | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Vice President of Pakistan | |
| In office 20 December 1971 – 14 August 1973 | |
| President | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Preceded by | Post created |
| Succeeded by | Post abolished |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
| In office 9 July 1967 – 7 December 1970 | |
| Preceded by | Fatima Jinnah |
| Succeeded by | Khan Abdul Wali Khan |
| Chief Minister of East Pakistan | |
| In office 14 September 1948 – 3 April 1954 | |
| Governor | Feroz Khan Noon Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman |
| Preceded by | Khawaja Nazimuddin |
| Succeeded by | Fazlul Huq |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 15 July 1893 Shahbazpur, Bengal Presidency, British India |
| Died | 2 October 1974 (aged 81) Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan |
| Resting place | Mazar-e-Quaid, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan |
| Nationality |  Pakistani |
| Political party | Council Muslim League (since 1962) |
| Other political affiliations |
|
| Relatives |
|
| Alma mater | |
Nurul Amin[a] (15 July 1893 – 2 October 1974) was a Pakistani politician and jurist who served as the eighth prime minister of Pakistan from 7 December to 20 December 1971. His term of only 13 days as prime minister was the shortest served in Pakistani parliamentary history. He was also the only Vice President of Pakistan.
Starting his political career in 1948 as Chief Minister of East Bengal, he headed the Ministry of Supply. Despite being a Bengali, Amin was against the Bengali language movement of 1952. After participating in the 1970 Pakistani general election, He was appointed as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was the first and only Vice President of Pakistan from 1970 to 1972 and also led Pakistan during the Liberation War of Bangladesh.
Early life
[edit]Nurul Amin was born on 15 July 1893 in Shahbazpur, Sarail located in the Tippera District of the Bengal Presidency (now in Brahmanbaria District, Bangladesh).[1] He belonged to a Bengali Muslim family from the village of Bahadurpur in Nandail, Mymensingh District.[2] His father was a zamindar, and his grandfather served as the Aʻlā Ṣadr (district judge) under the Nawabs of Bengal.[3][4]
In 1915, Amin passed the college entrance examination from Mymensingh Zilla School, joining Ananda Mohan College two years later to obtain his Intermediate in Arts (I.A); he graduated with a bachelor's degree in English literature in 1919.[2] After graduating, Amin took a position teaching at the local school Gaffargaon Islamia Government High School and then another local school in Calcutta, but decided to pursue his career in law.[2] In 1920, Amin began at the University of Calcutta; he gained an LLB in Law and Justice in 1924, and passed the Bar exam the same year. Amin started his career in law after joining the Mymensingh Judge Court Bar.[citation needed]
Public service
[edit]In 1929, Amin was appointed as a member of the Mymensingh Local Board, and later became a member of the Mymensingh District Board in 1930. In 1932, the British Indian Government appointed him as commissioner of Mymensingh Municipality. In 1937, Amin was appointed as the Chairman of Mymensingh District Board, an assignment he continued until 1945.[citation needed]
During this time, Amin's interest in politics increased. He became an early member of the All-India Muslim League led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah. During this time, Amin was appointed as President of the Muslim League's Mymensingh district unit. In 1944, he was elected vice-president of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League.[citation needed]
In 1945, Amin participated in the Indian general elections, securing a landslide victory. He became a Member, and the following year was elected as the Speaker General of the Bengal Legislative Assembly.[citation needed]
Political role
[edit]Pakistan Movement
[edit]Amin became a trusted lieutenant of Muhammad Ali Jinnah in East Bengal, fighting for the rights of Bengali Muslims in British India.[5] Amin took an active part in the Pakistan Movement, organising Bengali Muslims, while he continued to strengthen the Muslim League in Bengal.[5]
In 1946, Jinnah came to visit Bengal, where Amin assisted him. He promised the Bengali nation that, he would build a democratic country.[5] In East Bengal, Amin promoted the unity of Muslims. By the time of the creation of Pakistan, Amin had become one of the leading advocates and activists of the Pakistan Movement; he had wide approval ratings by the Bengali population.[5]
Chief Minister
[edit]After the death of Jinnah, Amin was nominated as the Chief Minister of East Bengal in September 1948 by Khawaja Nazimuddin, who succeeded Jinnah as Governor General.[6]
Amin worked for the Muslim League in East Bengal, while continuing his relief programme for the population. As Chief Minister, his relations were significantly strained with Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and the Governor-General of Pakistan Khawaja Nazimuddin. Soon after the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan, Amin was appointed as Minister of Supply. He was elected as a member of the Pakistan National Assembly from 1947 until 1954.[citation needed] Amin assumed the office of Chief Minister in a few weeks.[6]
Historians have noted that Amin's government was not strong enough to administer the provincial state; it was completely under the control of the central government of Nazimuddin.[6] His government did not enjoy enough power, and lacked vision, imagination and initiatives.[6] Amin failed to counter the Communist Party's influence in the region, which widely took the credit for turning the language movement in 1952 into a large unified mass protest.[6]
Language Movement
[edit]During Amin's term as Chief Minister, Governor General Nazimuddin (also from East Bengal but bilingual) reiterated the federal government's position that while Bengali was the language of virtually all East Pakistanis as well as the majority of Pakistanis as a whole, it was not to be considered a national language on a par with Urdu.[7] In response, the Bengali Language Movement developed, and the ruling Muslim League lost popularity in East Pakistan. Both Nazimuddin and Amin failed to integrate the East Pakistani population with that of West Pakistan, and eventually the East Pakistan Muslim League lost significant administrative control of the province.[7] Amin on the other hand, held Communist Party responsible for this failure, accusing them of provoking the language movement.[7]
Public dissatisfaction with Amin had grown since October 1951, when Nazimuddin became prime minister. Amin expelled dissidents from within the ranks of the Muslim League, but doing so simply strengthened opposition to the party.[8] In early 1952, students protested against Prime Minister Nazimuddin's declaration in the provincial capital Dacca (now Dhaka) that Urdu would be the sole national language. During the unrest, the civilian East-Pakistan police opened fire, killing four student activists. This raised more opposition in the region to the Muslim League.[9] Prime Minister Bogra (also a Bengali) visited East Bengal in early 1954 in an attempt to rally support for the League, but it was too late.[8] Leading politicians in West and East Pakistan called for Amin's resignation, and new elections were soon held.
1954 elections
[edit]In the 1954 provisional elections, the Muslim League was defeated by the United Front, an alliance between the Awami League (led by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy), the Krishak Sramik Party (chaired by A. K. Fazlul Huq), the Nizam Islam Party (headed by Maulana Athar Ali), and the Ganatantri Dal (led by Haji Mohammad Danesh and Mahmud Ali), eventually becoming more and more influential in Pakistani politics.[10] It was in this turnover that Amin lost his assembly seat to a veteran student leader of East Pakistan, Khaleque Nawaz Khan, who had also been active in the Language Movement.[11] The Muslim League was effectively eliminated from the provincial political landscape.[12]
Amin served as the president of the East Pakistan Muslim League, and worked to improve its standing. During this time, the Pakistani authorities made reforms, including granting official status to the Bengali language in 1956 alongside Urdu.[13] But after Army Commander General Mohammad Ayub Khan imposed martial law following the successful October 1958 Pakistani coup d'état against the government of President Iskander Mirza, Amin's political career was halted as Ayub Khan disbanded all political parties in the country.[12]
Leader of the opposition
[edit]Amin ran as a candidate in the 1965 presidential elections in East Pakistan, winning the majority vote in the Parliament of Pakistan. He declined working with Ayub Khan. The same year, after the death of Fatima Jinnah, Amin succeeded Jinnah as Leader of the Opposition, which he held until 1969, after General Yahya Khan imposed martial law again.[citation needed]
Amin in June 1969 merged his National Democratic Front with a dissident group of the Awami League led by Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan, the Nizam-e-Islam Party, and Air Marshal (Retd.) Asghar Khan's Justice Party to form the Pakistan Democratic Party (PDP). The new party was ideologically moderate. It strongly supported a united Pakistan. Amin was elected president of the PDP at its first convention.[14]
1970 elections
[edit]In the 1970 Pakistani general election, the PDP fielded 21 candidates in West Pakistan and 81 in East Pakistan. Of all of them, only Amin won his seat,[14] NE-83-Mymensingh-VIII.[15] He was one of only two non-Awami League candidates elected to the National Assembly that year from East Pakistan.[16]
Liberation War of 1971
[edit]In March 1971, the Bangladesh Liberation War broke out. Amin, long dedicated to a united Pakistan, opposed the separatist movement in his home province of East Pakistan.[17]
As an anti-war and principal Pakistan Movement activist, Amin is considered in Pakistan as a patriot who worked to retain Pakistan as a united nation, however he is considered by many Bangladeshis as a traitor who collaborated with an occupying force accused of genocide and other war crimes.[18]
Prime Ministership and Vice Presidency
[edit]
Yahya Khan appointed Amin Prime Minister on 6 December 1971.[19] On 20 December 1971, however, Amin's term as prime minister was cut short as Khan resigned, leaving the deputy prime minister (and foreign minister) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to be sworn in as the new president. Two days later, Amin was appointed as Vice President of Pakistan, the only person to have held this post. He was sworn into the post again on 23 April 1972 after the interim constitution came into effect and martial law was lifted. He continued to hold the post until the office was abolished with the entry into force of the new constitution on 14 August 1973.
Death and legacy
[edit]Amin stayed in West Pakistan, while his home region achieved independence as the People's Republic of Bangladesh. He died of cardiac arrest aged 81 in Rawalpindi on 2 October 1974 and was given a public state funeral by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.[20] He was buried in Jinnah Mausoleum, next to Jinnah. His tomb was specially designed, made of Italian white marble, with golden letters for his name and contributions.[20]
Nurul Amin was a trusted lieutenant of Quaid-i-Azam and a valiant fighter for the Pakistan Movement, and for Pakistan. He proved himself to be a crusader of (Pakistan's) solidarity and earned for himself the highest pedestal by dint of his efforts, intelligence, and his struggle...
— Malick Meraj Khalid, minister of law and parliamentary affairs, tribute to Nurul Amin, at ninth parliamentary session, 1976, [5]
Amin had written an unpublished autobiography. His second-eldest son, Anwarul Amin Makhon, was the former general manager of BCCI Bangladesh and opened Bangladesh Bank's first branch abroad (in London).[21] Anwarul Amin Makhon was married to the Ekushey Padak-winning writer and poet Razia Khan, the daughter of Pakistan Assembly Speaker Tamizuddin Khan, and had two children: banker Kaiser Tamiz Amin and journalist Aasha Mehreen Amin.[22][23]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). "Amin, Nurul". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
- ^ a b c Syedur Rehman; Craig Baxter (2010). Dictionary of Bangladesh. Library of Congress: Scarecrow Publication Inc. pp. 101–223. ISBN 978-0-8108-6766-6.
- ^ Bilgarami, S. A. R., ed. (1949). The Pakistan Year Book & Who's who. Kitabistan. p. 854.
- ^ Abdul Khaliq, Muhammad (1949). Introducing Pakistan. Kitabistan. p. 133.
- ^ a b c d e Minister of Parliamentary Affairs (1976). Parliamentary Debates. Official Report (Honorary Speech by the Prime minister). Parliament of Pakistan, Capital Territory Zone: Parliament of Pakistan. pp. 3–5.
- ^ a b c d e Nair, N.B (1990). Politics in Bangladesh. New Delhi: Northern Book Center. pp. 44, 53, 73, 142. ISBN 978-81-85119-79-3.
- ^ a b c Aklam Hussain, Sirajul Islam (1997). History of Bangladesh, 1704–1971. Dacca: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. pp. 398, 440, 470. ISBN 978-984-512-337-2.
- ^ a b Ziring, Lawrence (1997). Pakistan in the Twentieth Century: A Political History. Oxford University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 0-19-577816-2.
- ^ Mahmood, Safdar (1997). Pakistan: Rule of Muslim League & Inception of Democracy (1947-54). Lahore: Jang Publishers. p. 116. OCLC 39399433.
- ^ Chatterjee, Pranab (2010). A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal. Peter Lang. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4331-0820-4.
- ^ Zaman, Habibuz (1999). Seventy Years in a Shaky Subcontinent. Janus Publishing Company Limited. p. 182. ISBN 1-85756-405-7.
- ^ a b "Elections in Pakistan: Nurul Amin". Election Commission of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ Swarthmore College. "Global Nonviolent Action Database". Retrieved 12 March 2019.
- ^ a b Mahmood, Safdar (2000). Pakistan: Political Roots and Development, 1947 - 1999. Oxford University Press. pp. 130–131. ISBN 0-19-579373-0.
- ^ Habib, Khaled (1991). Bangladesh: Elections, Parliament & the Cabinet, 1970-91. Dhaka: A. R. Murshed. p. 26. OCLC 27146030.
- ^ Baxter, Craig (March 1971). "Pakistan Votes -- 1970". Asian Survey. 11 (3): 212. doi:10.2307/3024655. JSTOR 3024655.
- ^ Singh, Nagendra Kumar, ed. (2001). "Nurul Amin (1897 — 1974)". Encyclopaedia of Muslim biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Vol. IV. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 379. ISBN 81-7648-234-X.
- ^ "Notes on the 1971 collaborators". Dhaka Tribune. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
- ^ Hiro, Dilip (2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry between India and Pakistan. New York: Nation Books. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-56858-734-9.
- ^ a b Shah, Sabir (26 December 2011). "An overview of Quaid's mausoleum". The News International. Archived from the original on 26 December 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ Syeda, Maisha (18 December 2021). "Anwarul Amin's memoir revisits the first Bangladeshi bank established abroad". The Daily Star (Bangladesh).
- ^ Mazumder, Ershad (2011), ব্যাঙ্কারদের সামাজিক দায়বদ্ধতা ও মানবিকতা, রাস্তা থেকে বলছি (in Bengali)
- ^ সাহিত্যিক রাজিয়া খানের জন্মদিন আজ. NewsG24 (in Bengali). 16 February 2022.
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