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{{Short description|Governor-General and Prime Minister of Pakistan (1894–1964)}} |
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{{Infobox officeholder |
{{Infobox officeholder |
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|honorific-prefix = |
| honorific-prefix = [[Sir]] |
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| name = Khawaja Nazimuddin |
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|name =Khawaja Nazimuddin<br><small>خواجہ ناظم الدین</small><br><small>খাজা নাজিমুদ্দীন</small><br>[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] |
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| native_name = {{nobold|খাজা নাজিমুদ্দিন}}<br />{{nobold|خواجہ ناظِمُ الدّین}} |
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|native_name = |
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| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100%|country=GBR|KCIE|NPK}} |
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|native_name_lang = |
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| image = Khawaja Nazimuddin.jpg |
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|honorific-suffix = |
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| caption = Nazimuddin in 1948 |
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| order = 2nd [[Governor-General of Pakistan]] |
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|imagesize = |
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| office = <!-- Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number --> |
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| term_start = 14 September 1948 |
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| term_end = 17 October 1951 |
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| alongside = <!-- Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number --> |
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| monarch = [[George VI]] |
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| governor_general = <!-- Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number --> |
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|term_start =October 17, 1951 |
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| primeminister = [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] |
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| predecessor = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] |
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|alongside = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)--> |
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| successor = [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]] |
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|monarch =[[George VI]]<br>[[Elizabeth II]] |
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<!-- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -->| order2 = |
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|president = |
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| office2 = 2nd [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] |
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|primeminister = |
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| term_start2 = 17 October 1951 |
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| term_end2 = 17 April 1953 |
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| monarch2 = [[George VI]]<br />[[Elizabeth II]] |
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| governor_general2 = [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Sir Malik Ghulam Muhammad]] |
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| predecessor2 = [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] |
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|governor_general = |
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| successor2 = [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]] |
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|succeeding = <!--For President-elect or equivalent--> |
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| prior_term2 = <!-- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --> |
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|predecessor =[[Liaquat Ali Khan|Lyakat Ali Khan]] |
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| order3 = [[East Bengal|Chief Minister of East Bengal]] |
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| term_start3 = 15 August 1947 |
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| term_end3 = 14 September 1948 |
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| alongside3 = |
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|order2 =[[Governor-General of Pakistan#List of office-holders|2nd]] [[Governor-General of Pakistan]] |
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| monarch3 = [[George VI]] |
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|office2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| governor_general3 = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] |
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|term_start2 =September 14, 1948 |
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| primeminister3 = [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] |
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|term_end2 =October 17, 1951<br><small>Acting until 11 November 1948</small> |
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| governor3 = [[Frederick Chalmers Bourne|Sir Fredrick Chalmers Bourne]] |
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|alongside2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| predecessor3 = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Huseyn Suhrawardy]] '' (as Prime minister of Bengal)'' |
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|vicepresident2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| successor3 = [[Nurul Amin]] |
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|viceprimeminister2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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<!-- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -->| order4 = 2nd [[Prime Minister of Bengal]] |
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|deputy2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| term_start4 = 29 April 1943 |
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|lieutenant2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| term_end4 = 31 March 1945 |
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| monarch4 = [[George VI]] |
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|president2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| governor_general4 = {{Plainlist| |
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|primeminister2 =[[Liaquat Ali Khan]] |
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* [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow]] |
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|governor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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* [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell]] |
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|succeeding2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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}} |
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|predecessor2 =[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] |
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| governor4 = [[Richard Casey, Baron Casey]] |
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| predecessor4 = [[A. K. Fazlul Huq|Fazlul Haq]] |
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|constituency2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| successor4 = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Huseyn Suhrawardy]] |
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|majority2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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<!-- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -->| order5 = [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|President of Muslim League]] |
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|order3 =[[Defence Minister of Pakistan#List of Defence Ministers of Pakistan|2nd]] [[Defence Minister of Pakistan]] |
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| term_start5 = 17 October 1951 |
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|office3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| term_end5 = 17 April 1953 |
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| predecessor5 = [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] |
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| successor5 = [[Mohammad Ali of Bogra]] |
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<!-- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -->| pronunciation = |
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|president3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1894|7|19}} |
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|primeminister3 =[[Liaquat Ali Khan]] |
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| birth_place = [[Dacca]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]] |
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|governor3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1964|10|22|1894|7|19}} |
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|succeeding3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| death_place = Dacca, [[East Pakistan]], Pakistan |
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|predecessor3 =Lyakat Ali Khan |
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| resting_place = [[Mausoleum of Three Leaders]],<br />[[Dhaka, Bangladesh]] |
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|constituency3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|majority3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| citizenship = [[British Indian Empire|British Indian]] (1894–1947)<br />[[Pakistani]] (1947–1964) |
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|order4 =[[Chief Minister of Pakistan|2nd]] [[Chief Minister of Pakistan|Chief Minister of]] [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]] |
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| party = [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] (1947–1958) |
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|office4 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| otherparty = [[All-India Muslim League]]<br />(1922–1947)<br />[[Pakistan Muslim League]]<br />(1947–1964) |
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|term_start4 =April 24, 1943 |
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| spouse = Shahbano Ashraf |
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| relations = [[Khwaja Shahabuddin]] (brother) |
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| children = |
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|president4 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| residence = |
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|primeminister4 =[[Liaquat Ali Khan]] |
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| education = |
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|governor_general4 =[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] |
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| alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])<br />[[Aligarh Muslim University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) |
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|governor4 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| occupation = |
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|succeeding4 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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| profession = Barrister, politician |
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| native_name_lang = ur |
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|successor4 =[[Nurul Amin]] |
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|constituency4 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|majority4 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
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|birth_date = {{birth date|1894|7|19|df=y}} |
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|birth_place = [[Dhaka|Dacca]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] |
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|death_date ={{death date and age|1964|10|22|1894|7|19|df=y}} |
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|death_place =[[Dhaka|Dacca]], [[East Pakistan]] |
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|party =[[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] |
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|partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--> |
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|alma_mater =[[Aligarh Muslim University]]<br>[[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]] |
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|religion =[[Islam]] |
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|signature = |
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|footnotes = |
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|blank1 =Honors |
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|data1 =[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] |
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}} |
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'''Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|NPk}} ({{langx|bn|খাজা নাজিমুদ্দীন}}; {{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|خواجہ ناظِمُ الدّین}}}}; 19 July 1894 – 22 October 1964) was a Pakistani politician and statesman who served as the second [[Governor-General of Pakistan|governor-general of Pakistan]] from 1948 to 1951, and later as the second [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|prime minister of Pakistan]] from 1951 to 1953. |
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Born into an [[Dhaka Nawab Family|aristocratic ''Nawab'']] family in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] in 1894, he was educated at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] before pursuing his post-graduation studies at the [[Cambridge University]]. Upon returning, he embarked on his journey as a politician on the platform of [[All-India Muslim League]]. Initially, his political career revolved around advocating for educational reforms and development in Bengal. Later on he started supporting the [[Independence of Pakistan|cause for a separate Muslim homeland]], rising to become the party's principal Bengali leader and a close associate of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. He served as [[Prime Minister of Bengal]] in [[British India]] from 1943 to 1945, and later as the 1st [[East Bengal|Chief Minister of East Bengal]] in independent Pakistan. |
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His government lasted only two years but saw the civil unrest, political differences, foreign challenges, and threat of [[Communism in Pakistan|communism]] in [[East Pakistan]] and [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialism]] in [[West Pakistan]], that led the final dismissal of his government. As in response to [[1953 Lahore riots|Lahore riots]] in 1953, Nazimuddin was the first one to have declared the [[Military coups in Pakistan|Martial law]] in [[Punjab Province (Pakistan)|Punjab Province]] under Major-General [[Muhammad Azam Khan|Azam Khan]] and Colonel [[General Rahimuddin Khan|Rahimuddin Khan]], initiating a massive repression of the [[Islam in Pakistan|Right-wing sphere]] in the country. His short tenure also saw the quick rise of [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialists]] in [[West Pakistan|West-Pakistan]] after failing to enforce to alleviated [[Poverty in Pakistan|poverty reduce expenditure]] programme, and failed to counter the [[Communism in Pakistan|communist]] influence in the [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]] (his native province) after the successful demonstration of the [[Bengali Language Movement|Language Movement]]— in both states the Muslim league was diminished in public circle. At foreign events, the [[Foreign relations of Pakistan|relations]] with [[Pakistan-United States relations|United States]], [[Pakistan-Russia relations|Soviet Union]], and [[Indo-Pakistani relations|India]], gradually went down, and was failed to reduce the [[Anti-Pakistan sentiment|anti-Pakistan sentiment]] in those country. |
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Nazimuddin ascended to Governor-General in 1948 after the death of Jinnah, before becoming Prime Minister in 1951 following the [[Assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan|assassination of his predecessor]], [[Liaquat Ali Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistanherald.com/Profile/Khawaja-Nazimuddin-1176 |website=PakistanHerald.com website|title= Khawaja Nazimuddin profile|access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121140206/http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/khawaja-nazimuddin-1176 }}</ref> His term was marked by constant power struggles with his own successor as Governor-General, [[Ghulam Muhammad (governor-general)|Ghulam Muhammad]], as law and order deteriorated amid the rise of the [[Bengali Language Movement|Bengali language movement and protests in his native Dhaka]] in 1952, and [[1953 Lahore riots|religious riots in Lahore]] a year later. The latter crisis saw the first instance of [[martial law]], limited to the city, and led to Governor-General [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]] dismissing Nazimuddin on 17 April 1953. |
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On April 17 1953, Nazimuddin was dismissed and forced out of the government, and conceded his defeat in [[Elections in Pakistan|1954 general elections]], and was succeeded by another Bengali statesman [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]]. After a long illness, Nazimuddin died in 1964 at the age of 70, and was given a state funeral and now buried at [[Suhrawardy Udyan]], in his hometown of Dhaka, his home town. |
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==Early life== |
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He was born in Dacca, [[Bengal]] (now [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]) into the family of the ''[[Dhaka Nawab Family|Nawabs of Dhaka]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nawabbari.com/main_bio.html|title= The Official webite of the Dhaka Nawab Family: Biographies|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> He received his education from [[Dunstable Grammar School]] in England, then [[Aligarh Muslim University]], and later [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity Hall]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], until the mid-1930s. He was knighted in 1934. |
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Nazimuddin's ministry was the first federal government to be dismissed in Pakistan's history, though his former ministers [[Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar]], [[Abdul Sattar Pirzada]], and [[Mahmud Husain]] refused to take the [[oath of office]] in the new cabinet.<ref name="Pakistan: A Political Study">{{cite book |last1=Callard |first1=Keith |year=1957 |title=Pakistan: A Political Study |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |location=London |pages=135–136 |oclc=16879711}}</ref> He retired from [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]], dying after a brief illness in 1964. He is buried at the [[Mausoleum of Three Leaders]] in Dhaka.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/memory-the-three-leaders-1268149|title = In Memory of the Three Leaders|date = 12 August 2016|access-date = 21 July 2017|archive-date = 14 October 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181014193644/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/memory-the-three-leaders-1268149|url-status = live}}</ref> He was one of the leading [[List of Pakistan Movement activists|founding fathers of Pakistan]] and the first Bengali to have governed Pakistan. |
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==Politics== |
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After returning to [[British India]], he became involved in politics in his native Bengal. He was the Chairman of Dhaka Municipality from 1922 to 1929.<ref name=pakstory>{{cite web|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P011|title=Khwaja Nazimuddin|publisher=Story of Pakistan |accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> In the arena of provincial politics, Nazimuddin was initially the Education Minister of Bengal, but climbed the ranks to become the Chief Minister of the province in 1943.<ref name=pakstory/> Sir Khawaja also became the head of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] in Eastern India. He set up a committee [[Basic Principles Committee]] in 1949 on the advice of Liaquat Ali Khan to determine the future constitutions of Pakistan. |
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== Biography == |
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==Governor-General of Pakistan== |
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Upon the formation of [[Pakistan]], he became an important part of the early government. After the early death of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], Sir Khawaja succeeded him as the Governor-General of [[Pakistan]]. At this point in time, the position was largely ceremonial, and executive power rested with the Prime Minister. The first Prime Minister of Pakistan, [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] was assassinated in 1951, and Sir Khawaja stepped in to replace him. |
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=== Family background, early life and education === |
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==Prime Minister== |
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During Sir Khawaja's time as [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]], Pakistan saw a growing rift within the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]], especially between [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjabi]] and [[Bengali people|Bengali]] groups, as those were the two largest ethnic groups of Pakistan, but were separated by [[India]]. On 21 February 1952, a demonstration in the [[Language movement]] demanding equal and official status to the [[Bengali language]] turned bloody, with many fatalities caused by police firings. During his time in office, a framework was begun for a constitution that would allow Pakistan to become a republic, and end its [[Dominion status]]. Progress was made, but Sir Khawaja's time as Prime Minister would be cut short in 1953. |
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Khawaja Nazimuddin was born into a wealthy [[Bengali Muslims|Muslim]] family of the [[Nawab of Dhaka|Nawabs]] of Dhaka on 19 July 1894 then under [[British Raj]] rule.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nawabbari.com/main_bio.html|title=The Official website of the Dhaka Nawab Family: Biographies|access-date=12 January 2012|archive-date=7 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307222133/http://www.nawabbari.com/main_bio.html}}</ref><ref name="Routledge, Lentz">{{cite book |last1=Lentz |first1=Harris M |title=Heads of States and Governments |year=1993 |orig-date=1994 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-26497-1 |page=605 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6HKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA605 |access-date=27 November 2023 |language=en |chapter=Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Heads of State}}</ref><ref name="pakstory" /><ref name="Avalon Publishing, Oberst, Malik, Kennedy">{{cite book|last1=Oberst|first1=Robert C.|last2=Malik|first2=Yogendra K.|last3=Kennedy|first3=Charles|last4=Kapur|first4=Ashok|last5=Lawoti|first5=Mahendra|last6=Rahman|first6=Syedur|last7=Ahmad|first7=Ahrar|title=Government and Politics in South Asia|date=2014|publisher=Avalon Publishing|location=Boulder, CO, U.S|isbn=978-0-8133-4880-3|edition=1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfcUAgAAQBAJ&q=Khawaja+Nazimuddin+Aligarh&pg=PT200|access-date=17 March 2017|language=en|chapter-format=googlebooks|chapter=The National Elites of Pakistan}}</ref> His father was Khwaja Nizamuddin and paternal grandfather was Khwaja Fakhruddin. His family hailed from Kashmir and was long settled in Dhaka.<ref name="Baxter1991">{{cite book|author=Craig Baxter|author-link = Craig Baxter|title=Government and politics in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDWLAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Westview Press|page=250|isbn=978-0-8133-7905-0|quote=Nazimuddin, a member of the wealthy landed nawab of Dhaka family, was related to an earlier nawab whose palace was the site of the founding of the Muslim League in 1906. The family is Kashmiri in origin, often associated with British rule, Urdu-speaking at home, rarely politically fluent in Bengali, and part of the national elite.}}</ref> He was the maternal grandson of Nawab Bahadur Sir [[Khwaja Ahsanullah]] and his mother, Nawabzadi Bilqis Banu, notable for her own statue.<ref name="SAGE Publications India, Sobhan">{{cite book |last=Sobhan |first=Rehman |year=2016 |title=Untranquil Recollections: The Years of Fulfilment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qeMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT24 |publisher=SAGE Publications |pages=24– |isbn=978-93-5150-320-0}}</ref> Nazimuddin had a younger brother, [[Khwaja Shahabuddin]], who would later play a vital role in Pakistani politics.<ref name="Hamid1986">{{cite book |last1=Hamid |first1=S. Shahid |title=Disastrous Twilight: A Personal Record of the Partition of india |year=1986 |publisher=Leo Cooper |page=76 |isbn=978-0-85052-396-6 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keXNAwAAQBAJ&q=Khawaja+Nazimuddin+Muslim+University&pg=PA76 |access-date=17 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SAGE Publications India, Sobhan"/>{{rp|xxx}} They were the first cousin of Nawab Khwaja Habibullah son of Nawab Sir [[Khwaja Salimullah]] Bahadur who helped laid foundation of [[All India Muslim League|Muslim League]] in 1906.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Chattarji">{{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Joya |year=2002 |orig-date=1994 |title=Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNAQcoVqoMC&pg=PA80 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=80–81 |isbn=978-0-521-52328-8}}</ref><ref name="Kalpaz Publications, Sundarajan">{{cite book |last=Sundararajan |first=Saroja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xntfrAZkbsC&pg=PA375 |title=Kashmir Crisis: Unholy Anglo-Pak Nexus |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7835-808-6 |location=Delhi |pages=375–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2015 |title=দিল্লির সিংহাসনে প্রথম বাঙালি এবং তাঁর ভূমিকা | মতামত |url=http://opinion.bdnews24.com/bangla/archives/30517 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825215813/http://opinion.bdnews24.com/bangla/archives/30517 |archive-date=25 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2003 |title=Khawaja Nazimuddin - Former Governor General of Pakistan |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/khawaja-nazimuddin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601132931/http://storyofpakistan.com/khawaja-nazimuddin/ |archive-date=1 June 2020 |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> He grew up speaking Urdu.<ref name="Coakley2005">{{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Charles H. |editor-last=Coakley |editor-first=John |year=2005 |orig-date=2003 |chapter=Pakistan: Ethnic Diversity and Colonial Legacy |title=The Territorial Management of Ethnic Conflict |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |edition=2nd |publisher=Frank Cass |isbn=978-0-7146-4988-7 |page=151}}</ref> |
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In 1953, a religious movement began to agitate for the removal of the [[Ahmadi]] religious minority from power positions, and demanded a declaration of this minority as non-[[Muslims]]. Sir Khawaja resisted such pressures; but [[Lahore riots of 1953|mass rioting]] broke out in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] against both the government and followers of this religious minority. He responded by changing the governor of that province to [[Feroz Khan Noon]], but the decision came late. |
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He was educated at the [[Dunstable Grammar School]] in England, but returned to British India following his matriculation where he enrolled to attend the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College|MAO College]] of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU) in [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="Excerpts I">{{cite book|title=Excerpts I|date=1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfQpAQAAMAAJ&q=barrister-at-law.&pg=PA449|access-date=18 March 2017|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217235358/https://books.google.com/books?id=EfQpAQAAMAAJ&q=barrister-at-law.&pg=PA449|url-status=live}}</ref> Nazimuddin secured his graduation with a bachelor's degree in sociology from AMU{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} and returned to England to pursue higher education.<ref name="Routledge, Khan">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Feisal |title=Islamic Banking in Pakistan: Shariah-Compliant Finance and the Quest to make Pakistan more Islamic |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |page=26 |isbn=978-1-317-36652-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1pACwAAQBAJ&q=Khawaja+Nazimuddin+school&pg=PT58 |access-date=17 March 2017 |language=en |quote=Khawaja Nazimuddin ... was educated at a British Grammar School before attending first Aligarh Muslim University and then Trinity Hall, Cambridge.}}</ref> |
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==Dismissal== |
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[[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]], the Governor-General, asked the Prime Minister to step down. Sir Khawaja refused, but Ghulam Muhammad got his way by invoking a [[reserve power]] that allowed him to dismiss the Prime Minister. The Chief Justice, [[Muhammad Munir]], of the "Federal Court of Pakistan" (''now named as the Supreme Court of Pakistan''), did not rule on the legality of the dismissal, but instead forced new elections. The new prime-minister was another Bengali born statesman, [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]]. |
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After AMU, Nazimuddin went to England. He attended [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity Hall]] in the University of Cambridge, and earned a Master of Arts.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Rothe |editor-first1=Anna |title=Current Biography: Who's News and Why, 1949 |year=1950 |publisher=The H. W. Wilson Company |page=449 |oclc=03851870}}</ref> His training in England enabled him to practice law and become a [[Barrister-at-Law]] in England.<ref name="Excerpts I"/> |
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The dismissal of Sir Khawaja, the Prime Minister, by the Governor-General, Muhammad, signalled a troubling trend in Pakistani political history. |
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He was knighted in 1934.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Watt|first1=Andrew|title=9 celebrities you might not know have a connection with Dunstable|url=http://www.luton-dunstable.co.uk/celebrities-know-connection-Dunstable/story-27967216-detail/story.html|website=Luton on Sunday|access-date=21 January 2016|language=en-GB|archive-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013121035/http://www.luton-dunstable.co.uk/celebrities-know-connection-Dunstable/story-27967216-detail/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1947–49, Nazimuddin was granted the degree of [[Doctor of Law]]s by the vice-chancellor of [[University of Dhaka|Dhaka University]], Dr. [[Mahmud Hasan (academic)|Mahmud Hasan]].<ref name="Report">{{cite book|last1=Dacca|first1=University of|title=Report|publisher=Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyDOAAAAMAAJ&q=khawaja+nazimuddin+|access-date=18 March 2017|language=en|year=1966}}</ref>{{rp|161}} |
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== |
== Politics == |
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Sir Khawaja died in 1964, aged 70.[[Image:Tomb Of Three Leader 3.A.M.R.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb of Khawaja Nazimuddin at [[Dhaka]]]] He was buried at [[Suhrawardy Udyan]] in his hometown of [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=15078964Cached|title= Find A Grave Memorial|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> |
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=== Public service and independence movement === |
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==Honours== |
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He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in 1926, and was [[knight]]ed in 1934 by the [[King-Emperor]], [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]], when he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE).<ref>http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34056/pages/3560</ref> However, he renounced his knighthood in 1946 due to his belief in independence from Britain. |
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{{Main|Prime Minister of Bengal}} |
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The [[Nazimabad]] and [[North Nazimabad]] suburbs of [[Karachi]] and Nazimuddin Roads of [[Dhaka]] and [[Islamabad]] have been named in honour of Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin. |
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Nazimuddin returned to India to join his brother [[Khwaja Shahabuddin|Khwaja Shahbuddin]] from England, taking interest in civil and public affairs that led him to join the [[Politics of Bangladesh|Bengali politics]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ikram |first=S.M. |year=1995 |orig-date=1992 |title=Indian Muslims and Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&pg=PA311 |edition=2nd |location=Delhi |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |pages=310–311 |isbn=978-81-7156-374-6}}</ref> Both brother joined the [[All India Muslim League|Muslim League]], and Nazimuddin successfully ran for the municipality election and elected as [[Mayor|Chairman]] of Dhaka Municipality from 1922 until 1929.<ref name=pakstory>{{cite web|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P011|title=Khwaja Nazimuddin|date=June 2003|publisher=Story of Pakistan website|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203085410/http://storyofpakistan.com/khawaja-nazimuddin/}}</ref> During this time, he was appointed as [[Ministry of Education (Bangladesh)|Education minister]] of Bengal. He remained minister of Education till 1934. Later he was appointed in [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] in 1934 which he served until 1937.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Chatterji">{{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Joya |year=2002 |orig-date=1994 |title=Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNAQcoVqoMC&pg=PA80 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=80 |isbn=978-0-521-52328-8}}</ref> In the former capacity he successfully piloted the Compulsory Primary Education Bill. He piloted the Bengal Agriculture Debtors' Bill and the Bengal Rural Development Bill in 1935-1936.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pakistan: industry, agriculture, commerce |year=1949 |publisher=British Industries Fair |location=London |page=16 |quote=As Education Minister he successfully piloted the Compulsory Primary Education Bill in 1930 in the Bengal Legislative Council. He was appointed a Member of the Bengal Executive Council in May, 1934, and piloted the Bengal Agricultural Debtors’ Bill and the Bengal Rural Development Bill in 1935-36.}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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*[[List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan]] |
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*[[Politics of Pakistan]] |
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*[[Bangladeshi political families]] |
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He participated in regional elections held in 1937 on a Muslim League's platform but conceded his defeat in favour of [[A. K. Fazlul Huq|Fazlul Haq]] of [[Krishak Praja Party]] (KPP) who was appointed as [[Prime Minister of Bengal]], while assuming his personal role as member of the legislative assembly.<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Rahman">{{cite book|last1=Rahman|first1=Syedur|title=Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Uk|isbn=978-0-8108-7453-4|page=442|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJfcCPUr0OoC&q=khawaja+nazimuddin+politics+1934&pg=PA219|access-date=19 March 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{rp|219}}{{cite book|last1=Shibly|first1=Atful Hye|title=Abdul Matin Chaudhury (1895–1948): trusted lieutenant of Mohammad Ali Jinnah|date=2011|publisher=Juned A. Choudhury|location=Dhaka|isbn=978-984-33-2323-1|page=69|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|69}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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=== Home and Prime Minister of Bengal and Chief Minister of East Bengal === |
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''Current Events Biography'', 1949 |
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Upon the formation of the [[coalition government]] in an agreement facilitated between Muslim League and the Krishak Praja Party, Nazimuddin was appointed as the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|home minister]] under Haq's premiership., which he continued until 1943.<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Kunal and Shubhra Chakrabarti">{{cite book|last1=Chakrabarti|first1=Kunal|last2=Chakrabarti|first2=Shubhra|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis|date=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=UK|isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&q=khawaja+nazimuddin+politics+1934&pg=PA331|access-date=19 March 2017|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|331}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://therepublicofrumi.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan] |
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Due to his conservative elite position, he became close associate of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], then-president of the Muslim League, who appointed him as a member of the executive committee to successfully promote Muslim League' party agenda and program that gained popularity in East Bengal.<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Kunal and Shubhra Chakrabarti"/>{{rp|332}}<ref name="Random House India, Jaffrelot">{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=73 |isbn=978-0-19023-518-5 |quote=Khawaja Nazimuddin ... was Jinnah's main lieutenant in the province [Bengal] ... This loyal follower of Jinnah was a member of the [Muslim] League's executive body for ten year 1937–47).}}</ref> In 1940–41, Nazimuddin broke away from the coalition led by Premier Fazlul Haq and decided to become a leader of the opposition, leading campaign against Haq's premiership and primarily focused on Bengali nationalism issues.<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Kunal and Shubhra Chakrabarti"/>{{rp|332}} In 1943, Nazimuddin took over the government from Premier Haq when the latter was dismissed by the Governor, [[John Herbert (Conservative politician)|John Herbert]], amid controversies surrounding in his political campaigns.<ref name="Roger Partridge">{{cite book|last1=Partridge|first1=Roger|title=Bengal 1943: The Forgotten Famine: A Novel|year=2012|publisher=Roger Partridge|isbn=978-1-909424-00-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ga7qAgAAQBAJ&q=khawaja+nazimuddin+bengal+minister+1943&pg=PT214|access-date=19 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> During this time, Nazimuddin played a crucial political role for the [[Idea of Pakistan|cause]] for the separate Muslim homeland, [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Kunal and Shubhra Chakrabarti"/>{{rp|332}} |
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*[http://www.storyofpakistan.com Story of Pakistan] |
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His premiership lasted until 1945, when his ministry's appropriation for agriculture was defeated in the assembly by 106 to 97 votes. The next day, 29 March, Speaker of the Assembly [[Syed Nausher Ali]], an Indian nationalist Muslim and a prominent member of [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]], ruled that the vote was effectively one of [[motion of no confidence|no confidence]]. On 31 March, the administration was taken over by Governor of Bengal [[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|Richard Casey]] under section 93 of the [[Government of India Act 1935]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Molla |first1=M. K. U. |title=The Bengal Cabinet Crisis of 1945 |journal=Journal of Asian History |date=1980 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=141–143 |jstor=41930376 |issn=0021-910X}}</ref> |
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From 1945 to 1947, Nazimuddin continued to be served as the chairman of the Muslim League in Bengal, ardently supporting the political cause for Pakistan against the Congress Party.<ref name="Scarecrow Press, Kunal and Shubhra Chakrabarti"/>{{rp|333}} This despite Nazimuddin and other Muslim League leaders not having thought through the consequences of the [[Pakistan Movement]]. As late as February 1947, [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Governor of Punjab]] Sir [[Evan Meredith Jenkins|Evan Jenkins]] reported that Nazimuddin said "he did not know what Pakistan means and that nobody in the Muslim League knew."<ref name="PublicAffairs, Haqqani">{{cite book |last=Haqqani |first=Husain |author-link=Husain Haqqani |title=Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNAiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |year=2015 |publisher=PublicAffairs |page=17 |isbn=978-1-61039-317-1}}</ref> During this time, Nazimuddin had been in conflict with Premier Suhrawardy and strongly opposed the United Bengal Movement. The conflict between two men mainly existed because Suhrawardy represented the middle class while Nazimuddin was representing the aristocracy.<ref name="Routledge, Bidyut Chakrabarty">{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Bidyut |year=2004 |title=The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932–1947: Contour of Freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=in1_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT236 |publisher=Routledge |page=136 |isbn=978-1-134-33274-8}}</ref> |
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In 1947, he again contested in the party elections in the Muslim League against Suhrawardy's platform and securing his nomination as the party chairman for the Muslim League's East Bengal chapter.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Nair">{{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=M. Bhaskaran|title=Politics in Bangladesh: A Study of Awami League, 1949–58|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-85119-79-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mB9N4oxuSY8C&q=khawaja+nazimuddin+bengal+minister+1947&pg=PA50|access-date=19 March 2017|language=en|year=1990}}</ref>{{rp|49–50}} His success in the party election eventually led him to the appointed as the first Chief Minister of East Bengal after the [[Partition of India]] in 1947 and effectively gained controlled of the Muslim League in the province.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Nair"/>{{rp|50}} |
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As the Chief Minister, he led the motion of confidence that ultimately voted in favour of joining the [[Dominion of Pakistan|Federation of Pakistan]] and reorganized the [[Government of East Pakistan]] by delegating conservative members in his administration.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Nair"/>{{rp|49–50}} |
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== Governor-General of Pakistan (1948–51) == |
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On [[Fourteenth of August|14 August]] of 1947, Governor-General [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] relinquished the party presidency of the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (PML) to Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin who took over the party of the [[President of Pakistan Muslim League]] (PML), due to his party electoral performance.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Nair" />{{rp|50–51}} After the death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Nazimuddin was appointed acting governor-general. at the urging of Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], on 14 September 1948.<ref name="Pakistan Affairs, 1948">{{cite magazine |title=Khwaja Nazimuddin Appointed Acting Governor-General |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HE8dAQAAMAAJ&q=Nazimuddin+acting+Governor |magazine=Pakistan Affairs |volume=11 |issue=7 |date=22 September 1948 |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> His oath of office was supervised by Chief Justice Sir [[Abdul Rashid (judge)|Abdul Rashid]] of the Federal Court of Pakistan, with Liaquat Ali Khan in attendance.<ref name="pakstory" /> |
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As Governor-General, Nazimuddin set a precedent of neutrality and non-interference in the government, and provided his political support to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan's government, which was seen as essential to the working of the [[Good governance|responsible government]] at that time.<ref name="Mittal Publications, Akbar">{{cite book|last1=Akbar|first1=M. K.|title=Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcIniHQAHfUC&q=Nazimuddin+Governor&pg=PA102|year=1998|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7099-674-3|page=102}}</ref> |
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In 1949, Governor-General Nazimuddin established the parliamentary committee, the [[Basic Principles Committee]], on the advice of Prime Minister Ali Khan to underlying basic principles that would lay foundation of [[Constitution of Pakistan]].<ref name="SOP_01">{{cite web |
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| url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A136 |
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| title=Basic Principles Committee |
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| date=June 2003 |
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| publisher=Story of Pakistan |
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| access-date=19 December 2013 |
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| archive-date=9 February 2012 |
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| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209071742/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A136 |
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| url-status=live |
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}}</ref> |
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== Prime Ministership (1951–53) == |
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[[File:Khwaja Nazimuddin was named as the second Governor-General of Pakistan.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Khawaja Nazimuddin, with [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|M.G. Muhammad]] in New York City, 1946.]] |
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After the [[assassination of Liaqat Ali Khan]] in 1951, the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]] leaders asked Governor-General Nazimuddin to take over the prime ministership<ref name="Ferozsons, Noon">{{cite book |last1=Noon |first1=Feroz Khan |author-link=Feroz Khan Noon |year=1966 |title=From Memory |location=Lahore |publisher=Ferozsons |oclc=5671964 |page=233 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xxsSwIUPf4C&q=nazimuddin+took+overprime+minister |access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> as well as the [[President of Pakistan Muslim League|party's presidency]] as there was no other person found suitable for the post.<ref name="pakstory" /> He appointed Finance Minister [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Sir Malik Ghulam]] to the Governor-General's post.<ref name="pakstory" /> Nazimuddin's government focused towards promoting the political programs aimed towards [[Conservatism in Pakistan|conservative ideas]].<ref name="Oxford University Press, Ispahani">{{cite book |last1=Ispahani |first1=Farahnaz |title=Purifying the Land of the Pure: A History of Pakistan's Religious Minorities |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-062167-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jl7ODQAAQBAJ&q=nazimuddin+conservatism+ministry&pg=PT76 |access-date=21 March 2017 |language=en |year=2017 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218000445/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jl7ODQAAQBAJ&q=nazimuddin+conservatism+ministry&pg=PT76 |url-status=live}}</ref> During his time in office, a framework was begun for a constitution that would allow Pakistan to become a [[republic within the Commonwealth]], and end its [[Dominion status|British Dominion status]] under the [[British Monarchy|Crown]]. |
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Nazimuddin's administration took place during a poor economy and the rise of [[Nationalism in Pakistan|provincial nationalism]] in [[Four Provinces (Pakistan)|four provinces]] and [[East Bengal]] which made him unable to run the country's affairs effectively.<ref name="Sterling Publishers, Kulkarni">{{cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=V. B. |title=Pakistan, its origin & relations with India |date=1987 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-81-207-0885-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PT1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Nazimuddin+ |access-date=21 March 2017 |language=en |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218000425/https://books.google.com/books?id=PT1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Nazimuddin+ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|121–122}} |
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In 1951, Prime Minister Nazimuddin's government conducted the country's first nationwide [[Census in Pakistan|census]] where it was noted that 57% of the population of [[Karachi]] were [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|refugees from India]], which further complicated the situation in the country.<ref name="I.B.Tauris, Pike">{{cite book |last1=Pike |first1=Francis |year=2010 |title=Empires at War: A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II |publisher=I.B. Tauris |page=439 |isbn=978-1-84885-079-8}}</ref> |
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In January 1952, Prime Minister Nazimuddin announced publicly in [[Dacca]] that [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] had been right: for the sake of [[Faith Unity Discipline|Pakistan's national unity]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]] must be the [[Languages of Pakistan|official language]] of Pakistan–[[East Pakistan|East]] and [[Geography of Pakistan|West]].<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Owen Bennett |author-link=Owen Bennett-Jones |title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm |year=2002 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-10147-3 |page=153 |language=en}}</ref> On 21 February 1952, a demonstration in the [[Bengali Language Movement|Bengali Language movement]] demanding equal and official status to the [[Bengali language]] turned bloody, with many [[Language Movement Day|fatalities caused by police firings]].<ref name="Greenwood Publishing Group, Mitra">{{cite book |last1=Molla |first1=Gyasuddin |editor1-last=Mitra |editor1-first=Subrata K. |editor2-last=Enskat |editor2-first=Mike |editor3-last=Spiess |editor3-first=Clement |year=2004 |chapter=The Awami League: From Charismatic Leadership to Political Party |title=Political Parties in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&q=nazimuddin+took+over+prime+minister&pg=PA217 |publisher=Praeger |page=217 |isbn=978-0-275-96832-8}}</ref> This demonstration was held when he declared Urdu the National Language of Pakistan, following the previous statement of Muhammad Ali Jinnah that Urdu shall be 'one and only' language of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wali Janjua |first1=Raashid |title=Secession of East Pakistan |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/print/82162-Secession-of-East-Pakistan |work=The News International |access-date=21 January 2016 |archive-date=20 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120215102/http://www.thenews.com.pk/print/82162-Secession-of-East-Pakistan |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In 1953, a violent religious movement led by far-right [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] began to agitate for the removal of the [[Ahmadi]] religious minority from power positions, and demanded a declaration of this minority as non-[[Muslims]].<ref name="Oneworld, Ziring">{{cite book |last1=Ziring |first1=Lawrence |title=Pakistan: At the Crosscurrent of History |date=2003 |publisher=Oneworld |isbn=978-1-85168-327-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanatcrossc0000ziri |url-access=registration |access-date=21 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|60}} |
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Nazimuddin was held morally responsible for riots being spread and resisted such pressures;<ref name="Oneworld, Ziring"/>{{rp|60}} but [[Lahore riots of 1953|mass rioting]] broke out in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] against both the government and followers of this [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community|religious minority]].<ref name="Oneworld, Ziring"/>{{rp|60–61}} To quell the unrest, Nazimuddin declared [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]] in Punjab.<ref name="ABC-CLIO, Mohiuddin">{{cite book |last1=Mohiuddin |first1=Yasmeen Niaz |title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-801-9 |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&q=nazimuddin+martial+law&pg=PA158 |access-date=21 March 2017 |language=en |year=2007 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205200929/https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&q=nazimuddin+martial+law&pg=PA158 |url-status=live}}</ref> Major General [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]] was made Chief Martial Law Administrator and brought Lahore under control within a couple of days.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cloughley |first1=Brian |title=A history of the Pakistan Army: wars and insurrections |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=37 |isbn=978-0-19-547334-6 |edition=3rd.}}</ref> Nazimuddin forced out the Chief Minister of Punjab, [[Mumtaz Daultana]], and replaced him with [[Feroz Khan Noon]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Syed |first1=Anwar H. |title=Factional Conflict in the Punjab Muslim League, 1947-1955 |journal=Polity |date=1989 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=59–60 |doi=10.2307/3234846 |jstor=3234846|s2cid=155123002 }}</ref> |
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=== Dismissal === |
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The agitations and violence spread through the successful [[Bengali language movement]] and the [[1953 Lahore riots|riots in Lahore]] proved the inability of Nazimuddin's government as he was widely seen as weak in running the government administration.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Jennings">{{cite book |last1=Jennings |first1=Sir Ivor |title=Constitution-Maker |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-09111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A853CgAAQBAJ&q=nazimuddin+weak&pg=PA228 |access-date=21 March 2017 |language=en |year=2015 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218000449/https://books.google.com/books?id=A853CgAAQBAJ&q=nazimuddin+weak&pg=PA228 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|288}} |
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In a view of attempting to improve the [[Economy of Pakistan|economy]] and [[Law and order in Pakistan|internal security]], Malik Ghulam asked Prime Minister Nazimuddin to step down in the wider interest of the country.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Jennings"/>{{rp|289}} Nazimuddin refused to oblige and Malik Ghulam used [[reserve power]]s granted in the [[Government of India Act 1935]], dismissed Nazimuddin.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Jennings"/>{{rp|289}} |
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Nazimuddin then requested the [[Federal Court of Pakistan]]'s intervention against this action but the [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]], [[Muhammad Munir]] did not rule on the legality of the dismissal, but instead forced [[1954 East Pakistani legislative election|new elections]] to be held in 1954.<ref name="Routledge, Chak">{{cite book |last1=Chak |first1=Farhan Mujahid |title=Islam and Pakistan's Political Culture |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York, U.S. |isbn=978-1-317-65794-1 |page=180 |edition=1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xndsBAAAQBAJ&q=moulvi+tamizuddin+khan&pg=PA117 |access-date=6 March 2017 |language=en |chapter=The Constitutional cases}}</ref> Malik Ghulam appointed another Bengali politician, [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]] who was then tenuring as the [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan ambassador to the United States]], as the new prime minister until the new elections to be held in 1954.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Jennings"/>{{rp|289}} |
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== Death and legacy == |
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=== Later life and death === |
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[[Image:Tomb Of Three Leader 3.A.M.R.jpg|thumb|right|Mausoleum of three leaders at [[Dhaka]]]] |
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After his dismissal, he and his family remained active in parliamentary politics; his nephew, [[Khwaja Wasiuddin]], was an army general serving as [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief|GOC-in-C]] [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]] and later repatriated to [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] in 1974. |
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His younger brother, [[Khwaja Shahabuddin|Shahabuddin]], remained active in politics and became [[Ministry of Information, Broadcasting and National Heritage (Pakistan)|Information minister]] in [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]]'s administration.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Khan">{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Mohammad Ayub|title=Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1966–1972|date=1966|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547442-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuRtAAAAMAAJ&q=khawaja+nazimuddin+shahabuddin+ayub|access-date=22 March 2017|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|559}} |
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Sir Khwaja died in 1964, aged 70. He was buried in the [[Mausoleum of three leaders]] in his hometown of Dhaka.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Qasmi|first1=Ali Usman|title=1971 war: Witness to history|url=http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153304|website=herald.dawn.com|access-date=21 January 2016|date=16 December 2015|archive-date=24 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124221240/http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153304|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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=== Wealth and honours === |
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Nazimuddin and his brother, Shahabuddin, belonged to an aristocratic family who were known for their wealth. In a thesis written by Joya Chatterji, Nazimuddin was described for unquestionable loyalty to the [[Viceroy of India|British administration]] in [[British Rule of India|India]]: |
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{{Blockquote|text=Short statured with a bulging pear-like figure, he was known for his insatiable appetite and his unfailing submission to the ... Britishers ... Dressed in British-styled ''[[Sherwani]]'' and breechers-like [[Churidar|''Churidar pajamas'']] with a ''[[Fez (hat)|Fez]]'' cap and wearing little shoes, he carried a... cane of knob and represented an age and tradition.|author=[[Joya Chatterji]], ''Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition''<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Chatterji"/>{{rp|80}}}} |
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By 1934, the family had estates that covered almost 200,000 acres and was well spread over different districts of [[East Bengal|Eastern Bengal]], together with properties in Shillong, Assam and Kolkata, had a yearly rent of [[British pound|£]]120,000 ([[United States Dollar|$]]2,736,497.94 in 2017).<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Chatterji"/>{{rp|80}} By the 1960s, the majority of estate was relocated from [[East Pakistan]] to the different areas of Pakistan, leaving very little of his estate in East.<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Chatterji"/>{{rp|80}} |
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He was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in 1926, and was [[Knight of the Order of the Star of India|knighted]] in the [[1934 King's Birthday Honours]] by the [[King-Emperor]], [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]], when he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE).<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34056 |date=1 June 1934 |page=3560}}</ref> |
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In 1958, he was awarded the highest civilian award titled [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]]. Later by the [[Government of Pakistan]], Nazimuddin has been honoured from time to time after his death. In [[Karachi]], the residential areas, [[Nazimabad]] and [[North Nazimabad]] in suburbs of Karachi, had been named after him. In [[Islamabad]], there is a road intersection, Nazimuddin Road, that has been |
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==Commemorative postage stamp== |
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In his honour, the [[Pakistan Post]] issued a commemorative stamp in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|title=Postage Stamp of Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin|url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/khawaja_nazimuddin.html|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212113/http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/khawaja_nazimuddin.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The official web site of the Dhaka Nawab Family: Things You Should Know... | website=Dhaka Nawab Family (Official Web Site) | url=http://www.nawabbari.com/main.html?string=stamps.html }}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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* [[List of prime ministers of Pakistan]] |
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* [[Politics of Pakistan]] |
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* [[Nawab of Dhaka]] |
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== Notes == |
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{{notelist}} |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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* ''Current Events Biography'', 1949 |
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== External links == |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090402114442/http://therepublicofrumi.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan] |
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* [http://www.storyofpakistan.com Story of Pakistan] |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME =Nazimuddin, Khawaja |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
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| DATE OF BIRTH =19 July 1894 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Dhaka|Dacca]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] |
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| DATE OF DEATH =22 October 1964 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH =[[Dhaka|Dacca]], [[East Pakistan]] |
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}} |
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[[simple:Al-Hajj Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:55, 16 December 2024
Khawaja Nazimuddin | |
|---|---|
খাজা নাজিমুদ্দিন خواجہ ناظِمُ الدّین | |
 Nazimuddin in 1948 | |
| 2nd Governor-General of Pakistan | |
| In office 14 September 1948 – 17 October 1951 | |
| Monarch | George VI |
| Prime Minister | Liaquat Ali Khan |
| Preceded by | Muhammad Ali Jinnah |
| Succeeded by | Malik Ghulam Muhammad |
| 2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan | |
| In office 17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953 | |
| Monarchs | George VI Elizabeth II |
| Governor General | Sir Malik Ghulam Muhammad |
| Preceded by | Liaquat Ali Khan |
| Succeeded by | Mohammad Ali Bogra |
| Chief Minister of East Bengal | |
| In office 15 August 1947 – 14 September 1948 | |
| Monarch | George VI |
| Governor General | Muhammad Ali Jinnah |
| Prime Minister | Liaquat Ali Khan |
| Governor | Sir Fredrick Chalmers Bourne |
| Preceded by | Huseyn Suhrawardy (as Prime minister of Bengal) |
| Succeeded by | Nurul Amin |
| 2nd Prime Minister of Bengal | |
| In office 29 April 1943 – 31 March 1945 | |
| Monarch | George VI |
| Governors General | |
| Governor | Richard Casey, Baron Casey |
| Preceded by | Fazlul Haq |
| Succeeded by | Huseyn Suhrawardy |
| President of Muslim League | |
| In office 17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953 | |
| Preceded by | Liaquat Ali Khan |
| Succeeded by | Mohammad Ali of Bogra |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 19 July 1894 Dacca, Bengal, British India |
| Died | 22 October 1964 (aged 70) Dacca, East Pakistan, Pakistan |
| Resting place | Mausoleum of Three Leaders, Dhaka, Bangladesh |
| Citizenship | British Indian (1894–1947) Pakistani (1947–1964) |
| Political party | Muslim League (1947–1958) |
| Other political affiliations | All-India Muslim League (1922–1947) Pakistan Muslim League (1947–1964) |
| Spouse | Shahbano Ashraf |
| Relations | Khwaja Shahabuddin (brother) |
| Alma mater | Cambridge University (MA) Aligarh Muslim University (BA) |
| Profession | Barrister, politician |
Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin KCIE (Bengali: খাজা নাজিমুদ্দীন; Urdu: خواجہ ناظِمُ الدّین; 19 July 1894 – 22 October 1964) was a Pakistani politician and statesman who served as the second governor-general of Pakistan from 1948 to 1951, and later as the second prime minister of Pakistan from 1951 to 1953.
Born into an aristocratic Nawab family in Bengal in 1894, he was educated at the Aligarh Muslim University before pursuing his post-graduation studies at the Cambridge University. Upon returning, he embarked on his journey as a politician on the platform of All-India Muslim League. Initially, his political career revolved around advocating for educational reforms and development in Bengal. Later on he started supporting the cause for a separate Muslim homeland, rising to become the party's principal Bengali leader and a close associate of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He served as Prime Minister of Bengal in British India from 1943 to 1945, and later as the 1st Chief Minister of East Bengal in independent Pakistan.
Nazimuddin ascended to Governor-General in 1948 after the death of Jinnah, before becoming Prime Minister in 1951 following the assassination of his predecessor, Liaquat Ali Khan.[1] His term was marked by constant power struggles with his own successor as Governor-General, Ghulam Muhammad, as law and order deteriorated amid the rise of the Bengali language movement and protests in his native Dhaka in 1952, and religious riots in Lahore a year later. The latter crisis saw the first instance of martial law, limited to the city, and led to Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad dismissing Nazimuddin on 17 April 1953.
Nazimuddin's ministry was the first federal government to be dismissed in Pakistan's history, though his former ministers Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar, Abdul Sattar Pirzada, and Mahmud Husain refused to take the oath of office in the new cabinet.[2] He retired from national politics, dying after a brief illness in 1964. He is buried at the Mausoleum of Three Leaders in Dhaka.[3] He was one of the leading founding fathers of Pakistan and the first Bengali to have governed Pakistan.
Biography
[edit]Family background, early life and education
[edit]Khawaja Nazimuddin was born into a wealthy Muslim family of the Nawabs of Dhaka on 19 July 1894 then under British Raj rule.[4][5][6][7] His father was Khwaja Nizamuddin and paternal grandfather was Khwaja Fakhruddin. His family hailed from Kashmir and was long settled in Dhaka.[8] He was the maternal grandson of Nawab Bahadur Sir Khwaja Ahsanullah and his mother, Nawabzadi Bilqis Banu, notable for her own statue.[9] Nazimuddin had a younger brother, Khwaja Shahabuddin, who would later play a vital role in Pakistani politics.[10][9]: xxx They were the first cousin of Nawab Khwaja Habibullah son of Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur who helped laid foundation of Muslim League in 1906.[11][12][13][14] He grew up speaking Urdu.[15]
He was educated at the Dunstable Grammar School in England, but returned to British India following his matriculation where he enrolled to attend the MAO College of the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) in Uttar Pradesh, India.[16] Nazimuddin secured his graduation with a bachelor's degree in sociology from AMU[citation needed] and returned to England to pursue higher education.[17]
After AMU, Nazimuddin went to England. He attended Trinity Hall in the University of Cambridge, and earned a Master of Arts.[18] His training in England enabled him to practice law and become a Barrister-at-Law in England.[16] He was knighted in 1934.[19] In 1947–49, Nazimuddin was granted the degree of Doctor of Laws by the vice-chancellor of Dhaka University, Dr. Mahmud Hasan.[20]: 161
Politics
[edit]Public service and independence movement
[edit]Nazimuddin returned to India to join his brother Khwaja Shahbuddin from England, taking interest in civil and public affairs that led him to join the Bengali politics.[21] Both brother joined the Muslim League, and Nazimuddin successfully ran for the municipality election and elected as Chairman of Dhaka Municipality from 1922 until 1929.[6] During this time, he was appointed as Education minister of Bengal. He remained minister of Education till 1934. Later he was appointed in Viceroy's Executive Council in 1934 which he served until 1937.[22] In the former capacity he successfully piloted the Compulsory Primary Education Bill. He piloted the Bengal Agriculture Debtors' Bill and the Bengal Rural Development Bill in 1935-1936.[23]
He participated in regional elections held in 1937 on a Muslim League's platform but conceded his defeat in favour of Fazlul Haq of Krishak Praja Party (KPP) who was appointed as Prime Minister of Bengal, while assuming his personal role as member of the legislative assembly.[24][25]: 69
Home and Prime Minister of Bengal and Chief Minister of East Bengal
[edit]Upon the formation of the coalition government in an agreement facilitated between Muslim League and the Krishak Praja Party, Nazimuddin was appointed as the home minister under Haq's premiership., which he continued until 1943.[26]: 331
Due to his conservative elite position, he became close associate of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then-president of the Muslim League, who appointed him as a member of the executive committee to successfully promote Muslim League' party agenda and program that gained popularity in East Bengal.[26]: 332 [27] In 1940–41, Nazimuddin broke away from the coalition led by Premier Fazlul Haq and decided to become a leader of the opposition, leading campaign against Haq's premiership and primarily focused on Bengali nationalism issues.[26]: 332 In 1943, Nazimuddin took over the government from Premier Haq when the latter was dismissed by the Governor, John Herbert, amid controversies surrounding in his political campaigns.[28] During this time, Nazimuddin played a crucial political role for the cause for the separate Muslim homeland, Pakistan.[26]: 332
His premiership lasted until 1945, when his ministry's appropriation for agriculture was defeated in the assembly by 106 to 97 votes. The next day, 29 March, Speaker of the Assembly Syed Nausher Ali, an Indian nationalist Muslim and a prominent member of Congress Party, ruled that the vote was effectively one of no confidence. On 31 March, the administration was taken over by Governor of Bengal Richard Casey under section 93 of the Government of India Act 1935.[29]
From 1945 to 1947, Nazimuddin continued to be served as the chairman of the Muslim League in Bengal, ardently supporting the political cause for Pakistan against the Congress Party.[26]: 333 This despite Nazimuddin and other Muslim League leaders not having thought through the consequences of the Pakistan Movement. As late as February 1947, Governor of Punjab Sir Evan Jenkins reported that Nazimuddin said "he did not know what Pakistan means and that nobody in the Muslim League knew."[30] During this time, Nazimuddin had been in conflict with Premier Suhrawardy and strongly opposed the United Bengal Movement. The conflict between two men mainly existed because Suhrawardy represented the middle class while Nazimuddin was representing the aristocracy.[31]
In 1947, he again contested in the party elections in the Muslim League against Suhrawardy's platform and securing his nomination as the party chairman for the Muslim League's East Bengal chapter.[32]: 49–50 His success in the party election eventually led him to the appointed as the first Chief Minister of East Bengal after the Partition of India in 1947 and effectively gained controlled of the Muslim League in the province.[32]: 50
As the Chief Minister, he led the motion of confidence that ultimately voted in favour of joining the Federation of Pakistan and reorganized the Government of East Pakistan by delegating conservative members in his administration.[32]: 49–50
Governor-General of Pakistan (1948–51)
[edit]On 14 August of 1947, Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah relinquished the party presidency of the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) to Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin who took over the party of the President of Pakistan Muslim League (PML), due to his party electoral performance.[32]: 50–51 After the death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Nazimuddin was appointed acting governor-general. at the urging of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, on 14 September 1948.[33] His oath of office was supervised by Chief Justice Sir Abdul Rashid of the Federal Court of Pakistan, with Liaquat Ali Khan in attendance.[6]
As Governor-General, Nazimuddin set a precedent of neutrality and non-interference in the government, and provided his political support to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan's government, which was seen as essential to the working of the responsible government at that time.[34]
In 1949, Governor-General Nazimuddin established the parliamentary committee, the Basic Principles Committee, on the advice of Prime Minister Ali Khan to underlying basic principles that would lay foundation of Constitution of Pakistan.[35]
Prime Ministership (1951–53)
[edit]
After the assassination of Liaqat Ali Khan in 1951, the Muslim League leaders asked Governor-General Nazimuddin to take over the prime ministership[36] as well as the party's presidency as there was no other person found suitable for the post.[6] He appointed Finance Minister Sir Malik Ghulam to the Governor-General's post.[6] Nazimuddin's government focused towards promoting the political programs aimed towards conservative ideas.[37] During his time in office, a framework was begun for a constitution that would allow Pakistan to become a republic within the Commonwealth, and end its British Dominion status under the Crown.
Nazimuddin's administration took place during a poor economy and the rise of provincial nationalism in four provinces and East Bengal which made him unable to run the country's affairs effectively.[38]: 121–122
In 1951, Prime Minister Nazimuddin's government conducted the country's first nationwide census where it was noted that 57% of the population of Karachi were refugees from India, which further complicated the situation in the country.[39]
In January 1952, Prime Minister Nazimuddin announced publicly in Dacca that Jinnah had been right: for the sake of Pakistan's national unity, Urdu must be the official language of Pakistan–East and West.[40] On 21 February 1952, a demonstration in the Bengali Language movement demanding equal and official status to the Bengali language turned bloody, with many fatalities caused by police firings.[41] This demonstration was held when he declared Urdu the National Language of Pakistan, following the previous statement of Muhammad Ali Jinnah that Urdu shall be 'one and only' language of Pakistan.[42]
In 1953, a violent religious movement led by far-right Jamaat-e-Islami began to agitate for the removal of the Ahmadi religious minority from power positions, and demanded a declaration of this minority as non-Muslims.[43]: 60
Nazimuddin was held morally responsible for riots being spread and resisted such pressures;[43]: 60 but mass rioting broke out in Punjab against both the government and followers of this religious minority.[43]: 60–61 To quell the unrest, Nazimuddin declared martial law in Punjab.[44] Major General Azam Khan was made Chief Martial Law Administrator and brought Lahore under control within a couple of days.[45] Nazimuddin forced out the Chief Minister of Punjab, Mumtaz Daultana, and replaced him with Feroz Khan Noon.[46]
Dismissal
[edit]The agitations and violence spread through the successful Bengali language movement and the riots in Lahore proved the inability of Nazimuddin's government as he was widely seen as weak in running the government administration.[47]: 288
In a view of attempting to improve the economy and internal security, Malik Ghulam asked Prime Minister Nazimuddin to step down in the wider interest of the country.[47]: 289 Nazimuddin refused to oblige and Malik Ghulam used reserve powers granted in the Government of India Act 1935, dismissed Nazimuddin.[47]: 289
Nazimuddin then requested the Federal Court of Pakistan's intervention against this action but the Chief Justice, Muhammad Munir did not rule on the legality of the dismissal, but instead forced new elections to be held in 1954.[48] Malik Ghulam appointed another Bengali politician, Muhammad Ali Bogra who was then tenuring as the Pakistan ambassador to the United States, as the new prime minister until the new elections to be held in 1954.[47]: 289
Death and legacy
[edit]Later life and death
[edit]
After his dismissal, he and his family remained active in parliamentary politics; his nephew, Khwaja Wasiuddin, was an army general serving as GOC-in-C II Corps and later repatriated to Bangladesh in 1974.
His younger brother, Shahabuddin, remained active in politics and became Information minister in President Ayub Khan's administration.[49]: 559
Sir Khwaja died in 1964, aged 70. He was buried in the Mausoleum of three leaders in his hometown of Dhaka.[50]
Wealth and honours
[edit]Nazimuddin and his brother, Shahabuddin, belonged to an aristocratic family who were known for their wealth. In a thesis written by Joya Chatterji, Nazimuddin was described for unquestionable loyalty to the British administration in India:
Short statured with a bulging pear-like figure, he was known for his insatiable appetite and his unfailing submission to the ... Britishers ... Dressed in British-styled Sherwani and breechers-like Churidar pajamas with a Fez cap and wearing little shoes, he carried a... cane of knob and represented an age and tradition.
By 1934, the family had estates that covered almost 200,000 acres and was well spread over different districts of Eastern Bengal, together with properties in Shillong, Assam and Kolkata, had a yearly rent of £120,000 ($2,736,497.94 in 2017).[22]: 80 By the 1960s, the majority of estate was relocated from East Pakistan to the different areas of Pakistan, leaving very little of his estate in East.[22]: 80
He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in 1926, and was knighted in the 1934 King's Birthday Honours by the King-Emperor, George V, when he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE).[51]
In 1958, he was awarded the highest civilian award titled Nishan-e-Pakistan. Later by the Government of Pakistan, Nazimuddin has been honoured from time to time after his death. In Karachi, the residential areas, Nazimabad and North Nazimabad in suburbs of Karachi, had been named after him. In Islamabad, there is a road intersection, Nazimuddin Road, that has been
Commemorative postage stamp
[edit]In his honour, the Pakistan Post issued a commemorative stamp in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990.[52][53]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Khawaja Nazimuddin profile". PakistanHerald.com website. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ^ Callard, Keith (1957). Pakistan: A Political Study. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 135–136. OCLC 16879711.
- ^ "In Memory of the Three Leaders". 12 August 2016. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
- ^ "The Official website of the Dhaka Nawab Family: Biographies". Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ Lentz, Harris M (1993) [1994]. "Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Heads of State". Heads of States and Governments. Routledge. p. 605. ISBN 978-1-134-26497-1. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Khwaja Nazimuddin". Story of Pakistan website. June 2003. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
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Nazimuddin, a member of the wealthy landed nawab of Dhaka family, was related to an earlier nawab whose palace was the site of the founding of the Muslim League in 1906. The family is Kashmiri in origin, often associated with British rule, Urdu-speaking at home, rarely politically fluent in Bengali, and part of the national elite.
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Khawaja Nazimuddin ... was educated at a British Grammar School before attending first Aligarh Muslim University and then Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
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As Education Minister he successfully piloted the Compulsory Primary Education Bill in 1930 in the Bengal Legislative Council. He was appointed a Member of the Bengal Executive Council in May, 1934, and piloted the Bengal Agricultural Debtors' Bill and the Bengal Rural Development Bill in 1935-36.
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Khawaja Nazimuddin ... was Jinnah's main lieutenant in the province [Bengal] ... This loyal follower of Jinnah was a member of the [Muslim] League's executive body for ten year 1937–47).
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- ^ "The official web site of the Dhaka Nawab Family: Things You Should Know..." Dhaka Nawab Family (Official Web Site).
- Current Events Biography, 1949
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Categories:
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