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{{Short description|Chinese attack helicopter}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2011}}
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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
{{Infobox aircraft
|name= WZ-10
| name = Z-10
| image = File:PLAAF Changhe WZ-10 - Jordan.jpg
|image=
| caption = A Z-10 displaying at the 2012 [[China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition]].
|caption=
| type = [[Attack helicopter]]
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
| manufacturer = [[Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation]] (CAIC)
|type= [[Attack helicopter]]
| unit cost = US$ 17 million <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://stateofguns.com/caic-z-10-attack-helicopter-1454/#.V60MdPkrJQI |title=CAIC Z-10 Attack Helicopter |date=22 May 2014 |access-date=2016-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812173655/http://stateofguns.com/caic-z-10-attack-helicopter-1454/#.V60MdPkrJQI |archive-date=2016-08-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|manufacturer= [[Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation]] (CAIC)
| design_group = [[602nd Aircraft Design Institute]]<ref name="td_200226" /><br>[[Kamov Design Bureau]]<ref name="td_200226" />
|designer=Wu Ximing
| first_flight = 29 April 2003<ref name="maiden">{{cite web|url=https://www.stdaily.com/index/kejixinwen/202304/87f49734c5de490683eda12ec5f9c7cf.shtml |title=直10首飞20周年："霹雳火"铁翼飞旋二十载 |website=ST Daily |date=28 April 2023 }}</ref>
|first flight= 29 April 2003
| introduction = 2009
|introduced= December 2010
|retired=
| retired =
|status= In service<ref>http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/02/chinas-1st-attack-helo-goes-op.html</ref>
| status = In service<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/02/chinas-1st-attack-helo-goes-op.html|title=China's 1st attack helo goes operational? - The DEW Line|work=The DEW Line|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105023213/http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/02/chinas-1st-attack-helo-goes-op.html|archive-date=5 November 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|primary user= [[People's Liberation Army]]
| primary_user = [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force]]<br>[[People's Liberation Army Air Force]]<br>[[Pakistan Army Aviation Corps]]
| produced = 2003-present
|more users=
| number_built =
|produced=
| developed_from =
|number built=?
| variants =
|unit cost=
|developed from =
|variants with their own articles=
}}
}}
|}


The '''Changhe Z-10''' ({{lang-zh|s=直-10|p=Zhí-Shí|l=helicopter-10}}) is a Chinese medium-weight, twin-[[turboshaft]] [[attack helicopter]] built by the [[Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation]] for the [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force]]. Designed by [[602nd Aircraft Design Institute]] of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China]] (AVIC) and [[Kamov Design Bureau]],<ref name="td_200226" /> the aircraft is intended primarily for [[anti-tank warfare]] missions with secondary [[air-to-air combat]] capability.
The '''WZ-10''' (WZ, 武直 = Wuzhuang Zhishengji, 武装直升机, literally "Armed Helicopter") is an [[attack helicopter]] developed by the [[People's Republic of China]]. It is designed primarily for [[anti-tank]] missions but is believed to have a secondary air-to-air capability as well. It is being built by [[Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation]] (CAIC).


The plan to develop a medium-weight helicopter program was initiated in 1994 with the attack helicopter program formally beginning in 1998. The preliminary design of the aircraft was provided by Kamov, while [[prototyping]] was conducted by the 602nd Aircraft Design Institute of [[Aviation Industry Corporation]] of China (AVIC).<ref name="flightglobal_1303">{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/heli-expo-chinese-wz-10-attack-helicopter-based-on-kamov-383147/ |title=HELI-EXPO: Chinese WZ-10 attack helicopter based on Kamov design |last=Majumdar |first=Dave |date=7 Mar 2013 |website=Flight Global |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625214154/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/heli-expo-chinese-wz-10-attack-helicopter-based-on-kamov-383147/ |archive-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Donald">{{cite news |title=Kamov Reveals Involvement in China's Z-10 Attack Helicopter |last=Donald |first=David |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2013-03-15/kamov-reveals-involvement-chinas-z-10-attack-helicopter |work=Aviation International News |location=Midland Park, New Jersey |date=15 March 2013 |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011041026/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2013-03-15/kamov-reveals-involvement-chinas-z-10-attack-helicopter |archive-date=11 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="aw_1303">{{cite web |url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/russian-roots-revealed-chinas-z-10 |title=Russian Roots Revealed In China's Z-10 |date=7 Mar 2013 |website=Aviation Week |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215126/http://aviationweek.com/defense/russian-roots-revealed-chinas-z-10 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="kamovbi">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Chinas-Cutting-Edge-Attack-Helicopter-Is-Actually-A-Russian-Design/articleshow/21282170.cms |title=China's Cutting-Edge Attack Helicopter Is Actually A Russian Design |last=Ingersoll |first=Geoffrey |date=8 Mar 2013 |website=Business Insider |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185817/http://www.businessinsider.in/Chinas-Cutting-Edge-Attack-Helicopter-Is-Actually-A-Russian-Design/articleshow/21282170.cms |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Z-10 first flew on 29 April 2003<ref name="maiden"/> and entered Chinese Army Aviation service in 2009.<ref name="voa_1308"/><ref name="pd_12"/><ref name="xinhua_1707"/>
==Development==
===Early exploration===
In 1979, the Chinese military studied the problem of countering large armour formations. It concluded that the best [[Conventional warfare|conventional]] solution were [[attack helicopter]]s. Eight [[Aérospatiale Gazelle]] armed with [[Euromissile HOT]] were procured for evaluation.


Nicknames of characters in the Chinese classic novel ''[[Water Margin]]'' have been used to name Z-10 and its light-weight counterpart, the [[Harbin Z-19]] by Chinese Army Aviation Corps; Z-10 is called '''Fierce Thunderbolt''' (Pi Li Huo, 霹雳火), the nickname of [[Qin Ming]], while Z-19 is called '''Black Whirlwind''' (Hei Xuan Feng, 黑旋风), the nickname of [[Li Kui (Water Margin)|Li Kui]].<ref name="andreas_1803">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/eye-east-2 |title=CHINA'S ARMY AVIATION |website=Key Military |date=1 March 2018 |first=Andreas |last=Rupprecht}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.qq.com/a/20121115/001407.htm|title=直10直19绰号"霹雳火""黑旋风"取自水浒传|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113180143/http://news.qq.com/a/20121115/001407.htm|archive-date=13 November 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.s1979.com/news/china/201211/1261665612.shtml|title=官方公布武直10及武直19名称：霹雳火与黑旋风|author=Copyright@中国时刻网、深圳广播电影电视集团|access-date=4 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016013001/http://www.s1979.com/news/china/201211/1261665612.shtml|archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>
By the mid-1980s, the Chinese decided a dedicated attack helicopter was required. At the time, they used civilian helicopters converted for the military; these were no longer adequate in the attack role, and suitable only as scouts. Following this, China evaluated the [[Agusta A129 Mangusta]], and in 1988 secured an agreement with the [[USA]] to purchase [[AH-1 Cobra]]s and a license to produce [[BGM-71 TOW]] missiles; the latter was cancelled following the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]] and the resulting arms embargo. The [[colour revolution]]s prevented the purchase of attack helicopters from Eastern Europe in 1990 and 1991; [[Bulgaria]] and [[Russia]] rejected Chinese offers to purchase the [[Mil Mi-24]].


==Development and history==
While attempted to import foreign designs failed, war games determined that attack helicopters had to be commanded by the army, rather than the air force. This led to the formation of the [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force]] Air Force (PLAGFAF), with an initial strength of 9 [[Harbin Z-9]]. The PLAGFAF conducted tactical experiments that would help define the future WZ-10's requirements. Research also decided that [[anti-tank missile]]s like the BGM-71 TOW were inadequate, and favoured an analogue to the [[AGM-114 Hellfire]]. These findings ensured the WZ-10 would be based around the new missile.
===Background===
The [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force]] (PLAGF) established its army aviation units in January 1988. The unit used helicopters transferred from [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] (PLAAF), including [[Mil Mi-4]], [[Harbin Z-5]], [[Mil Mi-8]], and [[Aérospatiale Gazelle]]. By the mid-1980s, the Chinese decided to field dedicated [[attack helicopters]]. The brief honeymoon period between China and the West provided [[China]] opportunities to evaluate [[Agusta A129 Mangusta]], [[AH-1 Cobra]], and [[BGM-71 TOW]] missiles. However, the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]] and the proceeding arms embargo prevented many deals from going through. Nevertheless, China successfully imported or licensed aircraft types such as [[Changhe Z-8]], [[Harbin Z-9]], [[Sikorsky S-70]], [[Mi-17]], and [[Aerospatiale AS332 Super Puma]].<ref name="Rupprecht_1903">{{cite web|url=https://www.key.aero/article/pla-army-aviation-chinas-neglected-force |title=PLA ARMY AVIATION: CHINA'S NEGLECTED FORCE |website=Key Aero |date=7 March 2019 |first= Andreas |last=Rupprecht }}</ref>


There was also debate in China about whether the PLAGF or PLAAF should operate attack helicopters. Eventually, the PLAGF won and began to induct armed helicopters based on the [[Harbin Z-9]] design. The use of the Z-9WA modification helped China realize the requirement for a dedicated attack helicopter platform.<ref name="Rupprecht_1903" />
===Medium helicopter program===
The [[Gulf War]] highlighted the urgent need for attack helicopters, and revalidated the assessment that a purpose-built design was needed. (At the time, the Chinese military depended on armed utility helicopters such as the [[Changhe Z-11]] and [[Harbin Z-9]].) Also, it demonstrated that the new attack helicopter would need to be able to defend itself against other helicopters and aircraft. The military perceived that once the new attack helicopter entered service, the existing helicopters would be used as scouts.


===Development programs===
To fill the gap in the short term, the Chinese attempted to procure a license to manufacture [[Mil Mi-28]]s; the deal fell apart in 1994.
[[File:Changhe WZ-10.jpg|thumb|Changhe Z-10 showcased at Airshow China 2012]]
A preprimary plan to develop an attack helicopter in China began in 1992.<ref name="voa_1308">{{cite web|url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/wz-10-live-drill-20130826/1737209.html |title=中国武直-10编队实射空空导弹 |website=Voice of America |date=27 August 2013 |author=陆杨 |language=zh }}</ref><ref name="pd_12">{{cite web|url=http://paper.people.com.cn/hqrw/html/2012-11/26/content_1148171.htm?div=-1 |title="武直—10"，可与阿帕奇抗衡 |website=People's Daily |date=2012 |author=金凯 }}</ref> China began to develop the 6-ton class China Helicopter Medium (CHM) program in 1994, headed by the 602nd and 608th Research Institutes.<ref>Hewson, Robert, "China's Z-10 helicopter built on Western expertise", Jane's Defence Weekly, 13 April 2005</ref> This program was later developed into [[Harbin Z-20]].<ref name="Rupprecht_1903" /> In 1995, China commissioned Kamov to develop a preliminary design for the 6-ton helicopter, known as Project 941 internally. Project 941 was a large departure from traditional Soviet design, focusing entirely on the Chinese requirement. The concept was then handed to China for further development, which Kamov did not participate in.<ref name="flightglobal_1303" /> Based on the concept, Chinese engineers developed prototypes<ref name="flightglobal_1303" /> and iterate designs based on the testing results. The changes include modification on the airframe shapes to optimize [[radar cross section]] (RCS), changes on the engine bay shape to accommodate domestic engines, and the engine nozzle layout.<ref name="sina_1604">{{cite web|url=https://mil.sina.cn/sd/2016-04-20/detail-ifxriqqv6378899.d.html |title=深度：解析中国自研攻击直升机 为何比歼10还要保密 |website=Sina News |date=20 April 2016 }}</ref>


China also secured assistance from Eurocopter France for the rotor system and [[AgustaWestland]] in 1997 for the transmission system in 1998.<ref name="Donald" /> [[Pratt & Whitney Canada]] and [[Hamilton Sundstrand]] secretly provided PT6C-67C engines and digital engine control systems to aid the programs, leading to them receiving investigations and penalties from the United States government.<ref name="aw_1303"/><ref name="kamovbi"/><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/united-technologies-subsidiary-pleads-guilty-criminal-charges-helping-china-develop-new |title = United Technologies, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand Corporations Also Agree to Pay More Than $75 Million to U.S. Government |publisher = [[United States Department of Justice]] |date = 28 June 2012}}</ref>
This left the indigenous program. In 1990, or 1991, the Armed Helicopter Developmental Work Team (武装直升机开发工作小组) was formed to develop a new medium helicopter design, as opposed to basing the new design on the light helicopters then in service. The 602nd and 608th Research Institutes started development of the 6-ton class '''C'''hina '''M'''edium '''H'''elicopter (CHM) program<ref>Hewson, Robert, "China’s Z-10 helicopter built on Western expertise", Jane’s Defence Weekly, 13 April 2005</ref> in 1994. The program was promoted as a civilian project, and was able to secure significant Western technical assistance, such as from [[Eurocopter]] (rotor installation design consultancy), [[Pratt & Whitney]] Canada (PT6C turboshaft engine) and [[Agusta Westland]] (transmission).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mil.qianlong.com/4919/2006/07/28/2420@3335046.htm|title= Jane's Helicopter Markets & Systems}}</ref> The Chinese concentrated on areas where it could not obtain foreign help.


In 1998, the 602nd Research Institute proposed the Special Armed Project to develop the final design,<ref name="Rupprecht_1903" /> which was designated the Z-10.<ref name="xinhua_1707">{{cite web|title=第一种国产武装直升机："陆军之鹰"|publisher=Xinhua |date=19 July 2017 |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2017-07/19/c_129659336.htm |archive-date=13 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913180211/http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2017-07/19/c_129659336.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Initially, the Z-10 project was planned to share its propulsion system with the CHM program, however, the two programs were separated and the Z-10 was prioritized to be completed first.<ref name="andreas_1803"/> During the development in 2000, [[Denel]] also provided technical assistance to the project in the area of flight stability.<ref name="Donald"/> After the US government cut off engine sources from Pratt & Whitney, China turned to domestic replacements with lower thrust-rating, leading to further weight-saving design changes.<ref name="aw_1303"/> The replacement engine was the indigenous WZ-9 turboshaft.<ref name="Donald" />
===Attack helicopter program===
In 1998, the 602nd Research Institute proposed to either separate the armed helicopter program from the medium helicopter program, or devote all resources to the armed helicopter program. The 602nd Research Institute's called its proposed armed helicopter design the WZ-10 (Wu Zhi (武直)-10), with some sources outside of China calling it the Z-X armed helicopter. As a result, most of the resource went to the WZ-10, although the medium helicopter program continued with reduced priority; the medium helicopter could continue to develop technology used by both military and civilian aircraft.


David Donald of ''[[Aviation International News]]'' claimed the Z-10 had a universal engine bay capable of fitting various types of engines, including Ukrainian [[Motor Sich]] TV3-117.<ref name="Donald" /> However, Chinese sources indicated the TV3-117 is incompatible with the Z-10's engine bay due to the driveshaft shape and prototypes were fitted with either Pratt & Whitney PT6C-67C or Chinese-built [[Turbomeca Makila]] turboshaft engines, whereas the final version uses WZ-9 turboshaft engines due to its fully indigenous origin.<ref name="sina_1604" />
The WZ-10 program was called the Special Armed Project (专武工程), a short form for Special Use Armed Helicopter Project (专用武装直升机工程). Development was kept under stricter secrecy than the [[Chengdu J-10]] fighter. Nearly [[Renminbi|¥]] 4 billion was initially invested and the WZ-1- became one of the most important programs begun in the [[Five-Year Plans of China#The Ninth Five-Year Plan, 1996-2000|9th 5-yr plan]].


The Z-10 took its maiden flight on 29 April 2003.<ref name="maiden"/> The Z-10 entered PLA service in 2009<ref name="voa_1308"/><ref name="pd_12"/><ref name="xinhua_1707"/> or 2010.<ref name="Rupprecht_1903" />
The 602nd Research Institute was assigned as the chief designer, while [[Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation]] (HAMC) of [[China Aviation Industry Corporation II]] (AVIC II) was assigned as the primary manufacturer. Nearly four dozen other establishments participated in the program. In the summer of 1999, [[China Aviation Industry Corporation II|AVIC II]] began to use a [[CAMC Z-8]] to test newly developed WZ-10 sub-systems. In autumn of the same year, a [[Harbin Z-9]] was added to the test aircraft inventory. These tests concentrated on sub-systems such as the fire-control systems, [[HOTAS|HOTAS controls]] and navigation systems.


===Further development===
South Africa provided limited help in the area of flight stability based on experience from designing the [[Denel AH-2 Rooivalk]]. South Africans assistance ceased in 2001.
In March 2014, the Z-10 helicopter began deck trials with a [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] [[Type 072A-class landing ship]]. The purpose may be to qualify the helicopter on ships to provide air support for landing parties launched from the ship. Type 072A-class ships have a helipad but no hangar or support facilities for the aircraft on board. The Z-10 may also be qualified on the larger [[Type 071 amphibious transport dock]].<ref>[http://navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1663 Chinese Army Z-10 Attack Helicopter conducts trials at sea with Navy Type 072A Landing Ship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323194519/http://navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1663 |date=2014-03-23 }} - Navyrecognition.com, 23 March 2014</ref>


The Z-10 was one of the contenders to replace [[Pakistan]]'s [[Bell AH-1 Cobra|Bell AH-1F Cobra]] attack helicopters. In 2015, Pakistan acquired three Z-10s for trials,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |title=Did Pakistan Decide to Buy China's Newest Attack Helicopter? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/did-pakistan-decide-to-buy-chinas-newest-attack-helicopter/ |website=The Diplomat |date=24 March 2016 |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> but ultimately rejected the offer due to the inadequate WZ-9 engine.<ref name="sohu_me"/> After the failed bid, Chinese engineers began to upgrade to the Z-10 platform to improve its competitiveness.<ref name="sohu_me"/> A new prototype, designated Z-10ME, emerged in 2018 with a larger ammunition magazine size, new intake filtration systems, and new [[missile approach warning system]] (MAWS).<ref name="tkp_me0102"/> In the same year, more equipment was added to the prototype, such as a more powerful WZ-9C [[turboshaft]]<ref name="sohu_me"/> with {{cvt|1200|kW|shp}} power, new infrared signature-reducing engine exhaust nozzle, appliqué graphene-based armor plates, etc.<ref name="tkp_me0102"/><ref name="janes_2018_z10me"/>
===New manufacturer===
In 2000, the Chinese again attempted to obtain a Russian attack helicopter, but the deal for the [[Kamov Ka-50]] fell apart just as the [[Mil Mi-28]] deal several years earlier. The repeated failures in obtaining foreign attack helicopters reinforced feelings that China had no choice but to ignore foreign options and develop its own such aircraft and work on the WZ-10 accelerated. In the same year, [[Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation|HAMC]] transferred most of its production responsibilities to [[Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation|CAIC]] of [[China Aviation Industry Corporation II|AVIC II]]. The official reason given was excessive workload; HAMC was busy producing the [[Eurocopter EC120#Variants|HC120]] and [[Harbin Z-9]], as well as other fixed-wing aircraft such as the [[Harbin Y-12]], and thus was stretched to the limit. However, many speculated that HAMC was not performing well enough due to rigid and ineffective Soviet-style management practices, believed to have caused the company to go into debt.


The PLAGF's domestic Z-10 fleet were upgraded to the Z-10ME standard with the {{cvt|1200|kW|shp}} engines, armor plates, and infrared suppresion nozzles.<ref name=wzzsj10c/><ref name="janes_201209"/><ref name="janes_231108"/> The Pakistan Army eventually purchased the Z-10ME as well.<ref name="dn2024" />
Although HAMC was in the process of reform, which finally succeeded, the government and military were weary and impatient. The SH-5 factory had become very profitable after its successful restructuring and reform, but it had to get out of the aircraft manufacturing business for good, manufacturing pressurized tanks and other specialized containers. It was decided that the WZ-10 program was too important to be run by HAMC, so a more stable contractor was sought and [[Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation|CAIC]] was selected. HAMC still retained responsibility for production of certain sub-systems and components, for which it could utilize experience gained from manufacturing parts for foreign helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft such as the [[Embraer ERJ 145 family]].

In May 2002, the WZ-10 tail rotor and some other components were tested on the ground by the 602nd Research Institute. In April 2003, a WZ-10 prototype completed its maiden flight at Lumeng (吕蒙) airfield, the airfield having been assigned to [[Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation|CAIC]] for such use. According to Chinese sources, the initial test flights were concluded on December 17, 2003, whereas according to other sources they were completed nine month earlier in March 2003. According to [[Jane's Information Group]], a total of 3 prototypes had completed over 400 hours of test flights by this time. By [[2004]] 3 more prototypes were built, for a total of 6, and a second stage of test flights were concluded on December 15, 2004. In one of the test flights the future commander-in-chief of the [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force]] Air Force (PLAGAF), Song Xiangsheng (宋湘生), was on board the prototype. A third stage of intensive test flights followed, taking place during both day and night. By January 2006 weaponry and sensor tests, including firing of live ammunition, were taking place.

Prototypes and a small number of pre-production aircraft are in service with the Chinese military for evaluation. The design is undergoing continuous minor modification and upgrade based on the feedback.


==Design==
==Design==
=== Overview ===
The chief designer of WZ-10 is Mr. Wu Ximing (吴希明) of the 602nd Research Institute, one of the many top Chinese scientists play important roles in the [[863 Program]]. Mr. Wu had participated in the designs of the armed version of transport helicopters [[CAMC Z-8|Z-8A]] and [[Harbin Z-9|WZ-9]], and as the chief designer and project manager of WZ-10, he completed 5 years of work in just 2 years. WZ-10 is the first Chinese helicopter that eventually achieved paperless de
[[File:WZ-10 at Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution.jpg|thumb|Z-10 at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution]]
sign, and the all electronic / online design enabled the design work to be completed within a year. In order to complete the necessary development, the 602nd Research Institute and [[Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation|CAIC]] had jointly built brand-new engineering design center, industrial simulator, aircraft engine ground test center, fatigue laboratory, and full-scale rotary test platform (nicknamed as Iron Bird Platform, 铁鸟台). With the exception of the engineering design center, all of the rest facilities are claimed to be the largest of their kinds in Asia.
The Z-10 features a [[tandem cockpit]] compartment at the front section.<ref name="sina_1604" /> The airframe bulges below the cockpit, extending backward and merging with the stub wings and tail boom, creating a distinctive ridge dividing the top and bottom half of the blended fuselage, which are both canted inward, creating a [[hexagon]]-shaped frontal profile.<ref name="pd_12"/><ref name="eet">{{cite web|url=https://www.eet-china.com/mp/a164223.html |title=晴空霹雳，东方烈火：武直-10 |website=EET China |date=27 December 2022 }}</ref> This slim, [[Rhombus|rhombic]] configuration ensures structural strength, increases internal volumes for equipment, and reduces the frontal projected area and overall [[radar cross section]] (RCS).<ref name="eet"/><ref name="cyd">{{cite web|url=https://zqb.cyol.com/html/2018-10/25/nw.D110000zgqnb_20181025_3-05.htm |title=揭秘直-10武装直升机 |website=China Youth Daily |date=25 October 2018 }}</ref> The [[radar-absorbent material]] is applied to the fuselage, further reducing the radar reflection and providing a certain degree of [[stealth helicopter|low observability]].<ref name="sina_1604" />

The new facilities had helped China to overcome many difficulties it faced in the development and since the end of [[2001]], the longest test was completed on the full-scale rotary test platform, paving the way for the future test flights. Composite material is widely used in the WZ-10 but China faced difficulties in this field, particularly in the area of survivability during crashes. Huge efforts were spent to domestically develop composite materials able to provide comparable levels of survivability to Western counterparts. This achievement earned a 2nd place in the [[Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense]] (COSTIND) progress reward.

===Avionics (aircraft related)===
The main contractor of the avionics of WZ-10 is the 613th Research Institute, which was responsible of integrating all of the avionics subsystems provided by subcontractors. Although foreign technologies are utilized (particularly French and Israeli, as rumored), this is limited to hardware only. All software applicable to WZ-10 are completely indigenously developed by China on its own. Reportedly, the most time consuming part of the software engineering for WZ-10 was to develop all of the mathematic models needed for WZ-10. Instead of using French standard DIGIBUS, WZ-10 is built to Chinese GJV289A standard, the Chinese equivalent of [[MIL-STD-1553]]B. The adaptation of western military standard means that western weaponry can be readily deployed on WZ-10, and the developer claims that all it needed was to add a module or interface to accomplish this. The ease of being compatible with multiple weaponry would also help to expand the export market of WZ-10 in the future.

====Flight instrumentation====
There are two configurations of the flight instrumentation for WZ-10, one developed from similar foreign system (rumored to be French), and the other one is indigenously developed, and both configurations share the same holographic [[head-up display]]. The difference in layout between the two configurations is that in one configuration, there are three color [[liquid crystal display|LCD]] [[multi-function display]]s (MFD), while the other, these are replaced by two larger LCD MFDs. It’s not clear which one is originated from foreign system and which is indigenously developed, but it’s reported that the practice of having different configurations thanks to the modular design is for export purposes, to fit the potential customer countries’ pilots’ habits. However, there is a rumor that China initially lacked the faith in its domestic system during the early stage of the development of WZ-10, due to the backward Chinese industrial capability at the time, so a backup was developed in parallel as a precaution, and the help to potential export resulted later was just a coincidence. A small number of mechanical dial indicators are also retained as a backup in case the MFDs have failed.

WZ-10 is also the very first indigenous Chinese helicopter that adopts [[HOTAS]], but a traditional conventional control system had been developed in parallel as a backup, just as the case of cockpit MFDs, and for exactly the same reason why two configurations of flight instrumentation were developed in parallel. The erroneous claim of installing Russian K-36/37 ejection seat in the cockpit of WZ-10 proved to be false, and the survival of pilots in emergencies landing depends on the crashworthiness of helicopter. To counter balance the weight of the armor protecting the pilots, flight instrumentation panel is the place where composite material is mostly used, as in the case of the dashboard of automobiles, where plastic material concentrates. One of the greatest challenges was to find the right composite material that is fit to use, while at the same time, also meets the safety standard so that during a fire, the pilots would not be knocked out by the toxic fume released by the burning composite material.

====Navigation====
Unlike previous Chinese helicopters which had different navigational systems onboard independently, the navigational systems of WZ-10 are fully integrated, and these includes a laser gyro, which will be replaced in the future by an optical fiber gyro currently under development, one becoming available. A radar altimeter currently installed on WZ-10 is full interchangeable with laser altimeter. Early units of WZ-10 has a pulse Doppler navigational radar which only had weather and navigational capabilities, and a more advanced (and thus more costly) model has been developed, incorporating ground mapping, terrain-avoidance and terrain following capabilities.

The onboard [[inertial navigation system]] (INS) is fully integrated with [[GPS]]/[[GLONASS]] system, and provisions are made for future upgrades to include [[Galileo (satellite navigation)]]/[[Beidou navigation system]] when expanded capabilities of these systems become available. For potential export customers, it can selection any [[satellite navigation system]]s of its choice, though [[GPS]] is usually the norm. In addition, despite developer’s claim of the navigational system of WZ-10 can utilize a variety of satellite navigation to improve its accuracy, the integrated [[GPS]] corrected INS is the only system that has been shown to the public at Zhuhai Airshows and other defense exhibitions. A modified [[Blue Sky navigation pod]] can also carried by WZ-10. Information is shared via secured data-link that provide real time and near real time information.

===Avionics (mission related)===
====Electronic warfare====
The [[electronic warfare|electronic warfare (EW)]] system of WZ-10 is the first Chinese EW system that integrates the radar, [[radar warning receiver|radar warning receivers (RWR)]], [[laser warning receivers]] (LWR), [[electronic warfare support measures|electronic support measures (ESM)]] and [[electronic counter-measures|electronic counter-measures (ECM)]] together. The system is designated YH-96 (YH = Yu Huo, 浴火), named after the YH radar. YH-96 is claimed to have a high interception rate of hostile signals, and in the fully automatic mode, it can automatically analyze the threat and launch different decoys and jamming signals accordingly. Alternatively, pilots can choose to launch decoys or jamming enemy sensors themselves.

Like the modified [[Blue Sky navigation pod]], a modified [[BM/KG300G]] self protection [[jamming pod]] can also be carried, usually on one of the hard points of the stub wings. Similarly, a modified [[KZ900]] [[reconnaissance pod]] can be carried for reconnaissance missions, although all of these additions come at the cost of reducing the number of hardpoints available for carrying weaponry. Usually, only one of such pod is carried at any one time. The [[identification friend or foe|identification friend or foe (IFF)]] system of WZ-10 is specially designed to work in an environment of heavy enemy jamming. All internally mounted jamming and decoy launching systems are built with the concept of modular design, so that they can be readily replaced when newer technologies become available.

====Electro-optics====
One of the two primary fire control system (FCS) is the [[electro-optics|electro-optical]] (optronics) system, which utilizes experience gained from earlier manufacturing of similar French and Israeli systems, combining the best of two, but only hardware wise. The software is completely indigenously developed by China on its own. The optronics FCS is manufactured by the 218th Factory of [http://www.cngc.com.cn/ China North Industries Group Corp] (中国兵器工业集团公司), a small and relatively unknown factory which was hidden in the busy commercial and residential area for more than four decades in the [[Chongwen District|Chongwen Precinct]] of [[Beijing]], until its relocation in the beginning of the 21st century. In the first decade of the 21st century, the 218th Factory would first expanded to form Beijing China Optical Instruments Ltd. (北京华北光学仪器有限公司), and later further expanded to China North Industries Group Corporation Elctro-Opticals Science & Technology Ltd. ([http://www.zbgd.net.cn/zh/index.html 中兵光电科技股份有限公司].) The chief designer was Dr. Li Baoping (李保平), who were transferred from the 203rd Research Institute in [[Xi'an]] to [[Beijing]] in [[2001]] to become the deputy bureau chief of the Electro-Optical Bureau of the China North Industries Group Corp, and at the same time, the project manager of optronics FCS of WZ-10. The next year, Dr. Li was named as the [[chief executive officer]] of the 218th Factory in addition, and under his leadership, the company not only developed the optronics FCS of WZ-10 during its rapid expansion, but also developed the primary weapon of WZ-10, the [[HJ-10]] [[anti-tank missile]]. As a result of the success, the military sales of the company increased the original [[Renminbi|¥]] 30 million in [[2003]] to [[Renminbi|¥]] 20 billion in [[2006]]. Many Chinese internet sources have claimed that although the great surge in the production of the optronics FCS & the primary weapon HJ-10 occurred in the first half of the first decade of the 21st century, the program actually had much longer time in existence, first in the form of research: research work in small increments had actually continued for decades, with origins dating back as early as early 1980s. The optronics FCS of WZ-10 is named as Airborne Stabilized Aiming System (机载稳瞄系统) by China.

There are a total of four known types of optronics FCS that have been publicized, and all of them shares similar components for most parts. The common components of all three types include color daytime TV camera, night vision camera, imaging infrared camera. The only difference between the four known optronics FCS is in their laser targeting system. The earliest sample is the cheapest, with a laser range finder for [[HJ-8]] and similar [[wire-guided missile]]s. A more advanced version appeared shortly after, with a laser range finding and targeting system for laser beam riding missiles such as [[HJ-9]]. The latest version currently in service has a laser ranger / designator for semi-active laser guided missiles such as [[HJ-9]]A and [[HJ-10]]. The most recent system that is currently under development incorporates a laser ranging / targeting system that can perform all of the functions previously handled by separate system, and this latest developmental type is also the most expensive and most bulky one of all. During the [[Five-Year Plans of China#The Tenth Five-Year Plan, 2001-2005|10th 5-yr plan]], the 602nd Research Institute was tasked to develop a mast-mounting system for the optronics FCS, which was successfully completed in [[2003]] (test flew on [[Harbin Z-9]]). The optronics FCS is fully compatible and can be slaved to the pilots’ HMS/[[Helmet mounted display|HMD]], and the seekers of the missiles can also be slaved to the FCS.

====Helmet mounted targeting and night vision====
In addition to the millimeter wave fire control radar and optronic FCS, pilots of WZ-10 has another FCS, the helmet mounted sight (HMS) designed by the 613th Research Institute. The HMS is standard for WZ-10, and it is fully integrated into the overall FCS. The HMS of WZ-10 is based on the earlier HMS used on [[Harbin Z-9|WZ-9]], which was first shown at the 5th [[Zhuhai Airshow]] held at the end of [[2004]]. The photos of HMS of WZ-10 begun to appear on the Chinese website in [[2008]], and more information followed. At the 7th Zhuhai Airshow held at the end of [[2008]], the developer confirmed that the HMS is not only fully integrated into the FCS, but also integrated to onboard navigational system as well. Although the navigational info can be displayed on the MFD, pilots can also fly WZ-10 on their own, without using the navigational system onboard. This is achieved by using [[Night vision device|night vision goggles (NVG)]], which the HMS is fully compatible. The HMS of WZ-10 can control both the air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles, working in exactly the same way 613th Research Institute’s HMS for jet fighters (which was first shown to the public at the very 1st Zhuihai Airshow in [[1996]]).

Additionally, [[helmet mounted display]]s are also developed for WZ-10. Such HMD is similar to the [[Honeywell]] M142 Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) used on [[AH-64 Apache]], with a small display screen mounted on the side of the helmet. It’s rumored that such HMD is LCD, but this cannot be confirmed, because the actual device has not been shown in public yet. The developer, however, did confirm that HMD is not standard because when this HMD is mounted, NVGs cannot be used, and similarly, when NVG is mounted, HMD cannot be used. It is also unclear whether NVG is standard or not, because all of the official photos of WZ-10 helmet released by the governmental sources do not shown NVGs attached, despite the developer’s claim of the helmet and HMS are fully compatible with NVGs. All of the publicized photos released by the official sources of the Chinese government have shown that the NVGs used WZ-10 (as well as other helicopters in Chinese service) are in the binocular form. As with the case of optronic FCS, NVGs of WZ-10 is developed based on experienced gained in manufacturing similar French and Israeli systems.


The rotor system consists of a single [[Helicopter_rotor#Semirigid|semirigid]] five-blade main rotor at the top and a four-blade tail rotor at the aft section.<ref name="sina_1604" /><ref name="eet"/> The [[airfoil]] of the primary 95KT rotor blade<ref name="sina_1604" /> features a significant [[Camber (aerodynamics)|camber]] with swept tips, designed to reduce the blade length, vibration, and acoustic signature. The tail rotor consists of two sets of dual composite blades (four blades in total) mounted in an angled, non-orthogonal (scissor) arrangement<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2018-05-15/doc-ihapkuvm0957342.shtml |title=我军直19采用低噪声尾桨为何直10不用 推力减少10% |website=Sina News |date=25 August 2017 }}</ref> designed to reduce noise generated by the [[wingtip vortices]]. All blades are made with carbon fiber-wrapped [[Spar (aeronautics)|spars]] with layered honeycomb composite for the [[Skin (aeronautics)|skin]], capable of sustaining damage against {{cvt|12.7|mm|in}} rounds.<ref name="sina_1604" /><ref name="eet"/> The deicing device is fitted to the blades to increase flight safety in adverse weather.<ref name="eet"/>
====Radar====
Despite the original plan, the [[Extremely high frequency|millimeter wave]] (MMW) [[fire-control radar]] (FCR) is not standard for WZ-10, because the radar was not ready in time. The urgent need forced the early samples of WZ-10 to be evaluated without the planned radar, and it was only later did the radar become available. The MMW FCR for WZ-10 is developed by China Northern Electronic Co. (中国北方电子公司), a subsidiary of [[Norinco]]. This MMW FCR is fully solid state and fully digitized, weighing 69.5&nbsp;kg, less than half of similar former Soviet system. In comparison, both the Russian Arabelet / FH-101 MMW FCR used on [[Kamov Ka-50]]N and the Ukrainian Khinzhal MMW FCR used on [[Mil Mi-28]]N weight around 150&nbsp;kg. In contrast to Russian system that uses two antennas, the Chinese MMW FCR adopts western approach of using a single antenna, similar to AN/APG-78 used for AH-64D Apach Longbow. The radar is designated as YH, short for Yu Huo (浴火), meaning bathing in fire. YH MMW FCR is fully integrated with other subsystems of the onboard [[electronic warfare]] system, such as [[radar warning receiver]]s (RWR), laser warning receivers (LWR), [[electronic warfare support measures|electronic support measures]] (ESM), and [[electronic countermeasures]] (ECM), with the entire EW system onboard WZ-10 named after the radar. Final radar deployment configuration has yet to be determined.


The fuselage is primarily made of [[aluminum alloy]], with 30 percent of the mass being [[composite materials]].<ref name="maiden"/><ref name="sina_1604" /> The cockpit compartment is wrapped inside [[carbon fibers]], while the canopy is protected by bulletproof glasses of {{cvt|38|mm|in}} in thickness.<ref name="sina_1604" /> Additional protection layers made of aluminum alloy and [[kevlar]] are applied to the bottom of the cockpit, side of the engine bays, and around the [[self-sealing fuel tank]].<ref name="eet"/> The [[honeycomb structure|honeycomb]] composite layer is applied to the fuselage bottom, while the pilot seats, landing gears, and fuel tank are reinforced for improved [[crashworthiness]].<ref name="eet"/><ref name="cyd"/> The early model of Z-10 prioritizes protection in critical areas for weight reduction without sacrificing structural integrity, range, and payload. In later serial production, [[graphene]] armor plates are mounted on the side of the cockpit and engine housing to further improve the protection level.<ref name="eet"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/article/83756/image-shows-china-s-z-10-attack-helicopter-featuring-additional-armour | title=Image shows China's Z-10 attack helicopter featuring additional armour |website=Janes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012152926/https://www.janes.com/article/83756/image-shows-china-s-z-10-attack-helicopter-featuring-additional-armour | archive-date=12 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="wzzsj10c"/>
===Cockpit===
The stepped tandem cockpit houses two aviators - the gunner in front and the pilot in the back - as in the conventional layout of most attack helicopters. The flight control of both aviators serves to back each other up, and the pilot, who is also the team leader of the aircrew, may override the gunner’s commands. The bottom and sides of the cockpit are protected by composite armor, and so are the engines and the fuel tank located in the middle of the fuselage.


The Z-10's engine air intake is protected by a metal mesh to prevent foreign objects from being sucked in.<ref name="sina_1604" /> Newer variants can be installed with integrated inlet particle separators (IPS) for engine intake filtration, preventing harmful solid particulates such as sand and dust to damage the critical propulsion components.<ref name="janes_2018_z10me"/> The Z-10's engine system is fitted with the Hover Infrared Suppression System (HIRSS), mixing in the engine exhaust with cold air to reduce the helicopter's infrared characteristic.<ref name="eet"/> Later serial production of Z-10 modified the engine nozzle from sideway-facing to the upward-facing direction, further reducing the signature from [[heat radiation]].<ref name="janes_201209"/><ref name="janes_2018_z10me"/><ref name="ain_181113" /> The upward-facing exhaust nozzle, albeit beneficial for suppressing the infrared signature, would lead to additional drag, To resolve this, the engine on the Z-10 was upgraded to from {{cvt|1300|shp|kW}} to {{cvt|1600|shp|kW}} to make up the loss.<ref name="aw_240221">{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/shownews/singapore-airshow/video-international-debut-chinas-z-10me-singapore-airshow-2024 |title=Video: International Debut For China's Z-10ME At Singapore Airshow 2024 |website=Aviation Week |date=21 February 2024 |first=Steve |last=Trimble |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221151655/https://aviationweek.com/shownews/singapore-airshow/video-international-debut-chinas-z-10me-singapore-airshow-2024 |archive-date=21 February 2024}}</ref>
The canopy of the cockpit is specially treated to prevent glare from the sun, and, as an additional option, a tanned version is also available for camouflage purposes, though this is not standard. The bullet-proof glass of the canopy may be as thick as 38 millimeters, and is able to withstand direct hits from shrapnel and rounds fired from machine guns up to .50 caliber size.


===Propulsion===
===Propulsion===
[[File:Changhe Z-10.jpg|thumb|Changhe Z-10]]
====Powerplant and auxiliary power unit====
The Z-10 prototype was powered by two [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6|Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6C-67C]] [[turboshaft]] engines,<ref name="wzzsj10a" /> which is equipped with [[Full Authority Digital Engine Control]] (FADEC) system and sports a maximum continuous power of {{cvt|1142|kW|shp}}.<ref name="at_z10">{{cite web|url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/z-10-attack-helicopter-china-liberation-army/ |title=Z-10 Attack Helicopter, China |website=Z-10 Attack Helicopter, China |date=7 January 2013 }}</ref> The early batches of Z-10 was powered by domestic [[AVIC WZ-9|Zhuzhou WZ-9]] or WZ-9A turboshaft engine, providing {{cvt|957-1000|kW|shp}} of power.<ref name="eet"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/710560203_121738231 |title=武直10要"换心"了：爬升率提升20%，加速性能提高10% |website=Sohu |date=10 August 2023 }}</ref> The reduced performance of WZ-9 turboshaft engines prevented Z-10 to carry its maximum payload of 16 anti-tank guided missiles.<ref name="td_200226" />
The modular design of WZ-10 enables it to adopt a number of turboshaft engines. However, the multiple choices of engines have much more to do with the inability of Chinese industry to provide the necessary power plants for WZ-10 in time than the success of modular design concept. At least three type of turboshaft engines have been successfully tested for WZ-10, all of them foreign built. Russian [[Klimov]] VK-2500 turboshaft engine that powers [[Mil Mi-17]]s sold to China is among the ones used, and so are the [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6]]C-67C that powers civilian helicopters of western origin in Chinese service. Ukrainian [[Motor-Sich]] TV3-117 that powers [[Mil Mi-28]] has also successfully tested, and Ukrainians are helping Chinese to develop its own indigenous turboshaft engine. It’s rumored that European [[MTR390]] that powers [[Eurocopter Tiger]] has also been selected, but this cannot be confirmed. Due to the delay in the developing of Chinese domestic engines, all prototypes and pre-production series of WZ-10 are powered by foreign engines.


Multiple engines were developed to upgrade the propulsion of the Z-10. China and European partners reportedly developed WZ-16.<ref name="eet"/><ref name="td_200226" /> WZ-9 was upgraded to WZ-9C with {{cvt|1200|kW|shp}} of maximum power.<ref name="janes_231108" /> The engine was originally designed for export, but subsequently used to upgrade early Z-10s batches.<ref name=wzzsj10c/> The WZ-9C provides 30% more power than the original version,<ref name="ain_181113"/> providing the Z-10 with enough lift for a variety of payloads.<ref name="janes_231108" />
The future, long-term engines for the WZ-10 will be the domestic WZ-9 (WZ = Wo Zhou, 涡轴), designed by the 602nd Research Institute, with Ukrainian and Russian assistance. The previously erroneous claim of WZ-9 being a Chinese version of MTR390 proved to be false, because according to the publicized official Chinese governmental technical documents, VK-2500, TV3-117 and PT6 are all classified as third generation turboshaft engines, a category Wozhou-9 belongs to, while MTR390 is classified as a fourth generation turboshaft engine. Wozhou-9 is the least powerful engine out of the five tested for WZ-10, but enjoys the advantage of lowest operational cost because there is no foreign built component. Furthermore, since it is 100% built in China, there are no political issues that would affect the purchase of vital parts. Wozhou (WZ)-9 is scheduled to enter full operational service by the end of [[2009]]. The transmission system was developed with the help of [[Agusta Westland]].


The Z-10 emphasizes extended-range operation. The WZ-9A turboshaft engine allows the aircraft to fly at a maximum speed of {{cvt|290|km/h|knot}} and cruise speed of {{cvt|230|km/h|knot}}. The internal tank supports a range of {{cvt|800|km|nmi mi}}.<ref name="eet"/>
Specifications for Wo Zhou - 9 (涡轴-9) turboshaft engine which installed in WZ10 for mass production :
*'''Power:''' 1000&nbsp;kW
*'''Fuel consumption:''' 0.311&nbsp;kg/(kW·h)
*'''Pressure ratio:''' > 8
*'''Inlet temperature:''' 1355 degrees Celsius
*'''Power-to-weight ratio:''' 5.4


===Avionics===
Another new engine is under development, it is developed by China and Turbomeca. It is called the WZ16 (涡轴16) turboshaft engine. This development appeared in Tianjin Heli Expo in 2011. Its max out put power is 1500 kw, and will be installed in the WZ10 and Z-15 /EC175. After the installation of the new engines power would increase by 500 kw for WZ10. With WZ-9 turboshafts, WZ10 can carry 16 HJ-10 missiles with max take off weight, but the payload is very heavy for the WZ10 and engines and potentially risky for flying, so 8 missiles with other weapons serve as the max useful payload. After new WZ16 engines are installed in the WZ10, it can carry 16 of them like AH-64.
[[File:Z-10K releasing flares at CCAS2023 (20230724125905).jpg|thumb|[[PLAAF]] Z-10K releasing countermeasures]]
[[File:WZ-10.jpg|thumb|A Changhe Z-10 showing four underwing hardpoints. Defensive sensors such as MAWS, LWR, and RWR are visible on the nose section and wing edges.]]
====Countermeasures====
The Z-10 features a comprehensive self-defense suite. The YH-96 electronic warfare system includes a set of infrared [[missile approach warning system]] (MAWS),<ref name="cyd"/> [[radar warning receivers]] (RWR) and [[laser warning receivers]] (LWR), both are connected with the 6×4 countermeasure dispensers (two on each side, four in total<ref name="janes_2018_z10me"/>) to release [[Flare (countermeasure)|flare]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] when incoming missiles are detected.<ref name="eet"/> The system was upgraded on later variants with a different avionics layout,<ref name="sohu_me"/> replacing previously mounted radar and electro-optical sensors with integrated countermeasure suite, indicated by several [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar panels around the fuselage and two electro-optical suites mounted on the stub wings.<ref name="tkp_me0102"/> The radar panels are capable of passive signal detection, target searching, and active jamming, which also replace the function of missile approach warning system.<ref name="tkp_me0102"/><ref name="janes_2018_z10me"/><ref name="ain_181113" /> The electro-optical suites include new laser,<ref name="scmp_240221">{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3252744/china-debuts-latest-z-10me-attack-helicopter-singapore-air-show |title=China debuts latest Z-10ME attack helicopter at Singapore Airshow |website=South China Morning Post |date=21 February 2024 |first1=Hayley |last1=Wongin |first2=Seong Hyeon |last2=Choi }}</ref> infrared, ultraviolet warning receivers,<ref name="z10me_2024"/><ref name="tkp_me0102"/> and [[Directional Infrared Counter Measures|directional infrared countermeasure systems]] (DIRCM) to defend against [[infrared homing]] (IR) missiles.<ref name="dn2024"/>


==== Targeting ====
The [[auxiliary power unit]] (APU) of WZ-10 is centered on a brand-new [[brushless DC electric motor]] designed by Huafeng Avionics (华烽航空电器) Co, a subsidiary of [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|GAIC]]. The new electric motor is characterized by its low voltage, high power, high rpm, and stable current, and the entire development only took three months. In contrast to previous helicopter designs, the integrated APU also provides power to onboard avionics for WZ-10, where early designs had separately systems for starting the main engine and powering onboard avionics. Such system has never been used on Chinese helicopters before, and its adaptation on WZ-10 proved to be successful.
The primary sensor suite of Z-10 is the WXG1006 [[Electro-optics|electro-optical]] (EO) package located at the nose section. The ball-shaped package contains a forward-looking infrared sensor, a TV camera, a laser rangefinder, and a laser designator.<ref name="twz_200811">{{cite web|url=https://www.twz.com/35628/chinese-z-10a-attack-helicopter-shows-off-new-missile-during-live-fire-exercise |title=Chinese Z-10A Attack Helicopter Shows Off New Missile During Live-Fire Exercise |website=The War Zone |date=11 August 2020 |first=Thomas |last=Newdick }}</ref> The development of the primary [[electro-optics|electro-optical]] fire control systems (FCS) was influenced by French and Israeli systems but with locally programmed software.<ref name="sina_1604" /> The YH millimeter-wave radar was also developed for Z-10 to detect longer-range targets, and targets behind flog, smoke, and dust.<ref name="eet"/><ref name="edr2024" /> The mmWave radar can be installed on top of the main rotor mast.<ref name="edr2024" />


==== Cockpit and instrumentation ====
WZ-10 is not stealthy, but careful attentions have been given to reduce its electro-magnetic characteristics to reduce the probability of being detected. The planned procedure to reduce its radar cross section includes adopting radar absorbent paints. Another planned measure is to incorporate laser altimeter pioneered by Israel, which would reduce the probability of intercept by enemy’s electronic support measures in comparison to traditional radar altimeter, which emits radio/radar signals, while laser is far less prone to interception. Chinese have claimed that the avionics of WZ-10 is more advanced that of Russian attack helicopters, and the avionics suit enables WZ-10 to be able to conduct mission at a level that is just 10 meters above the ground.
The stepped [[tandem]] [[cockpit]] houses two pilots. The front pilot primarily controls the flight maneuver, while the back pilot handles the weapon system.<ref name="sina_1309">{{cite web|url=https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2013-09-06/1056739221.html |title=武直10飞行头盔堪比欧洲虎式 飞行时不用看仪表 |website=Sina News |date=6 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ygZPrXq8qk "WZ-10 helicopter training video report, details revealed."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112162746/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ygZPrXq8qk |date=2016-01-12 }} ''CNTV'', 10 Feb 2013.</ref> Both pilots have identical flight instrumentation,<ref name="sina_1309" /> serving as backups to each other, and both are capable of flight control and weapons operation.<ref name="cyd"/> Inside the cockpit is the digital flight instrument,<ref name="eet"/><ref name="cyd"/> with the [[fly-by-wire]] Hands-On Collective And Stick (HOCAS) flight control.<ref name="sina_1604" /> Each pilot has two [[liquid crystal display|LCD]] [[multi-function display]]s (MFD) and multiple small displays for other information.<ref name="eet"/><ref name="cyd"/><ref name=wzzsj10ybp>{{cite web |url=https://item.btime.com/m_991adededa64affe8 |title=见过武直-10座舱内部吗？曝光一下超乎你的想象啊！ |access-date=February 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182306/https://item.btime.com/m_991adededa64affe8 |archive-date=January 15, 2019 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> An additional holographic [[heads-up display]] (HUD) is provided for the front pilot.<ref name="sina_1604" />


Each pilot also wears a [[helmet-mounted sight]] (HMS), similar to the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) on the [[AH-64 Apache]].<ref name="sina_1604" /> The helmet sight is fully integrated with FCS to control guided and unguided munitions and display onboard navigation information.<ref name=wzzsj10tkmzj/> The pilots can [[Master–slave (technology)|slave]] the sensor suite and {{cvt|23|mm|in}} autocannon to their helmets, controlling the sensors and autocannon direction by turning their heads.<ref name="eet"/> For all-weather operation, the helmet visor can be attached with a binocular-like [[Night vision device|night vision goggles]] (NVG),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pic.mil.sohu.com/group-409686.shtml#0|title=直-10飞行员新型头盔罕见亮相-军事频道图片库-大视野-搜狐|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204181241/http://pic.mil.sohu.com/group-409686.shtml|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=wzzsj10tkmzj/> which was later replaced with integrated NVGs that can display night-vision image directly inside the visor.<ref name="sina_1309"/><ref name=wzzsj10tkmzj>{{cite web |url=https://new.qq.com/omn/20180424/20180424A0KLEJ.html |title=直10飞行员第二代头盔显示器曝光 |access-date=January 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182339/https://new.qq.com/omn/20180424/20180424A0KLEJ.html |archive-date=January 15, 2019 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
====Rotors====
The main rotor is mounted in the midsection of the fuselage, consisted of a total of five blades. From [[1994]] through [[2001]], the deputy chief engineer of [[Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation|CAIC]], Mr. Li Meng (李萌) led the team to successfully develop the main rotor for WZ-10, winning two patents in the process. The main rotor blade, Type 95KT composite rotor blade was a top priority of the [[Five-Year Plans of China#The Eighth Five-Year Plan, 1991-1995|8th 5-yr plan]] that first begun in that era, and it was one of the ten critical technologies of WZ-10. China never had such advanced technology and Mr. Li Meng had to lead his team to develop it on their own, and finished the job ahead of schedule. The early successful completion not only enabled WZ-10 to fly a full year ahead of the schedule, but Type 95KT blades have also been widely used afterward in new helicopters and upgrading old helicopters. Spheriflex Rotor Head is the type which WZ10 used with flaw damage tolerant design, Lowest vibration level in its class even at high speed, easy maintenance, excellent manoeuvrability and stability.


Other navigation instruments of Z-10 include [[Ring laser gyroscope|laser gyrocompass]], [[radio altimeter]], [[Doppler radar]], [[inertial navigation]], [[satellite navigation]], and [[identification friend or foe]] (IFF) systems.<ref name="cyd"/><ref name="AirForceWorld">{{cite web |url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/english/wz-10-attack-helicopter-china.html |title=WZ-10 Attack Helicopter China |work=AirForceWorld.com |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042655/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/english/wz-10-attack-helicopter-china.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Type 95KT foamed composite blade requires many new manufacturing technique that previously did not exist in China, including: the soaking of the prefabricated material in special solutions under medium temperature, foaming of the carbon fiber and glass fiber composite material, solidification process of the foaming material, adding composite skin layers, and mathematical models for predicting the thermal expansion of the molds used for composite materials. Mr. Li Meng and his team made breakthroughs in all of these area and with the new techniques they developed, the production was greatly improved, with the energy cost reduced by 90%, production cycles shortened by more than five sixth, and molds needed reduced by five sixth also. China has claimed that these breakthroughs enabled Chinese productivity to reach its western counterparts. In addition to the composite material, there are four titanium alloy layers on the leading edge of every blade.


===Armaments and payload===
WZ10's successful main rotor and blades will be also installed on the EC175 / Z-15, so like the UH-1Y and AH-1Z, EC175 and WZ10 share the similar engines, same rotors and blades, one for transport another for combat. This will rebuild the whole structure of the PLA Army Aviation.
[[File:Changhe Z-10 helicopter armament.jpg|thumb|An upgraded Z-10 variant with 19-tube rocket pod and guided missiles mounted, flanked by various armaments at Zhuhai Airshow 2024]]
[[File:(SGP-Singapore) Aviation Industry Corporation of China Changhe Z10-ME Z10ME-02 @ Singapore Airshow 2024-02-25.jpg|thumb|Z-10ME with avionics and armaments displayed at Singapore Airshow 2024]]
The Z-10 has a modular weapon system. The system uses the GJV289A standard, the Chinese equivalent of the [[MIL-STD-1553]]B databus architecture, which enables weaponry of Chinese, Soviet, and Western origin to be adopted by the Z-10.<ref name="sina_1604" /> Offensive weaponry consists of machine guns, cannons, rockets, and missiles. Internal armament consists of a gun mount installed on the chin of the aircraft with 180° of horizontal traverse.<ref name="eet"/> Two stub wings provide attachment points for external ordnance or gun pods.<ref name="cyd"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/helicopter/wz10.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424031842/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/helicopter/wz10.asp|url-status=dead|title=Sinodefence.com|archivedate=April 24, 2006|website=www.sinodefence.com}}</ref> Each stub wings have two [[hardpoint]]s,<ref name="cyd"/> for a total of four, and each [[hardpoint]] can carry up to 4 missiles, for a total of 16 missiles.<ref name="td_200226"/>


The autocannon on the serial production Z-10 is the {{cvt|23|mm|in}} PX-10A automatic chain gun,<ref name="eet"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=新浪军事|date=2016-05-28|title=深度：武直10先进航炮竟缘自二战苏联高射机枪？|url=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2016-05-28/doc-ifxsqxxs7820141.shtml|access-date=2021-01-12|website=mil.news.sina.com.cn}}</ref><ref name="janes_231108"/> but the aircraft can also mount {{cvt|20|mm|in}},<ref name="ain_181113"/> {{cvt|25|mm|in}},<ref name="sina_1604" /> and {{cvt|30|mm|in}} autocannons,<ref name="sina_1604" /><ref name="cyd"/><ref name="td_200226"/> with some of them marketed for export customers.
Based on the success of [[Harbin Z-9]] and [[Eurocopter EC120#Variants|HC120]], [[fenestron]] configuration was originally adopted for the tail rotor. However, due to the inherit disadvantages of the design, such as higher power requirement, higher construction and maintenance cost, higher resistance and weight, fenestron design was dropped after test flights, and a more conventional tail rotor configuration was adopted. The 4-blade tail rotor utilizes the similar to the tail rotor of [[AH-64]], with two pairs at unequal distance instead of 4 blades at the equal distance, and one of the main purposes of such arrangement was to reduce noise. The tail rotor blades are consisted of a total of 11 layers of [[glass-reinforced plastic]] and composite material, enable them to sustain direct bullet hits.


The [[air-to-surface missile]]s deployed by the Z-10 include [[HJ-8]], [[HJ-9]], [[HJ-10]],<ref name="sina_1604" /> AKD-9, and AKD-10 anti-tank missiles.<ref name="twz_200811"/> Early AKD-10 utilizes semi-active laser (SAL) guidance, while later variants reportedly incorporate [[millimeter wave]] (MMW) seekers.<ref name="twz_200811"/> The Z-10 can also fire BA-21 long-range anti-tank missiles with a millimeter wave/semi-active laser dual model guidance seeker.<ref name="twz_200811"/> The missile can be fired from Z-10 and data-linked by millimeter-wave radar mounted on friendly platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/more-details-emerge-about-new-chinese-helicopter-launched-atgm |title=More details emerge about new Chinese helicopter-launched ATGM |website=Janes |date=7 August 2020 |first=Andreas |last=Rupprecht |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614134318/https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/more-details-emerge-about-new-chinese-helicopter-launched-atgm |archive-date=14 June 2024 }}</ref> Aside from anti-tank missiles, the Z-10 can also carry SW6 air-launched drones,<ref name="ain_181113"/> [[CM-501G]]A none-line-of-sight air-to-surface missiles<ref name="key_1612"/> CM-502KG anti-tank missiles,<ref name="cm502"/><ref name="aw_240221"/> CM-501XA loitering munitions,<ref name="ain_181113"/> ET60 {{cvt|324|mm|in}} lightweight torpedo, with the last one providing Z-10 with useful, albeit limited, naval warfare capabilities.<ref name="ain_181113"/> The helicopter is compatible with [[GB PGB|GB25]] and [[GB PGB|GB50]] guided bombs.<ref name="z10me_2024"/>
===Weaponry===
Due to its modular design concept, WZ-10 can be armed with a wide variety of weaponry. The adaptation of Chinese GJV289A standard, the Chinese equivalent of the MIL-STD-1553B databus architecture, enables weaponry of both Soviet and western origin to be adopted by WZ-10. Offensive weaponry consists of machine guns, cannons, rockets and missiles. The stub wings have two [[hardpoints]] each for a total of four, each [[hardpoint]] being able to carry up to 4 missiles for a total of up to 16.


The main [[air-to-air missile]] deployed by the Z-10 is the [[TY-90]],<ref name="twz_200811"/><ref name="dn2024"/> a missile specifically designed for use by helicopters in aerial combat.<ref name="eet"/> The TY-90 is much heavier than the [[MANPAD]] missiles usually carried by helicopters, providing better lethality and range.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.missilery.info/missile/ty-90 |title=TY-90 |website=missilery}}</ref>
====Cannon and machine guns====
Internal armament consists of a gun mount installed on the chin of the aircraft (likely to be of 30mm calibre). Two stub wings provide attachment points for external ordnance or gun pods.<ref>[http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/helicopter/wz10.asp Z-10 Attack Helicopter - SinoDefence.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The guns are mounted either in the chain gun form, or in the turret. All guns on the WZ-10 can be used either against ground targets or aerial targets, and can be directly aimed by pilots’ HMS. In the turret form, automatic grenade launcher can also be housed next to the machine gun in the same turret.


The Z-10 can launch a great variety of unguided and guided rockets. Under the stub wings, a total of four rocket pods can be mounted on the [[hardpoints]]. Options include the 19-tube {{cvt|57|mm|3}} rocket pod,<ref name="thinkhk_z10">{{cite web|url=https://www.thinkhk.com/article/2023-07/25/60989.html |title=甘若水：「霹靂火」配「火蛇」制導火箭彈精確獵殺 |website=Think Hong Kong |date=25 July 2023 }}</ref> 7-tube {{cvt|70|mm|3}} Fire Snake rocket pod<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/I7N6KLHM051597CR.html |title=小飞棍来咯！直10装备"火蛇"新型制导火箭，多出14枚小导弹 |website=NatEase News |date=20 June 2023 }}</ref><ref name="janes_231108" /> with FS70A (GR-5) {{cvt|70|mm|3}} guided rocket<ref name="thinkhk_z10" /><ref name="dn2024" /> or FS70B {{cvt|70|mm|3}} air burst fragmentation rocket,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/shownews/singapore-airshow/singapore-hosts-foreign-debut-chinas-latest-attack-helicopter |title=Singapore Hosts Foreign Debut For China's Latest Attack Helicopter |website=Aviation Week |date=18 February 2024 |first=Steve |last=Trimble }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/shownews/singapore-airshow/video-international-debut-chinas-z-10me-singapore-airshow-2024 |title=Video: International Debut For China's Z-10ME At Singapore Airshow 2024 |website=Aviation Week |date=21 February 2024 |first=Steve |last=Trimble }}</ref> or 19-tube {{cvt|70|mm|3}} unguided rocket pod with anti-infantry fragmentation rockets.<ref name="janes_231108" /> 7-tube {{cvt|90|mm|3}} rocket pod is also available,<ref name="thinkhk_z10" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dw-media.tkww.hk/epaper/tkp/20230710/A11_Screen.pdf |title=直10火蛇奪島 攻碉堡獵戰車 |website=[[Ta Kung Pao]] |date=9 July 2023 |author=馬浩亮 }}</ref> capable of firing the larger FS90A {{cvt|90|mm|3}} guided rocket<ref name="thinkhk_z10" /> or [[TG PGB#TJ series|''Tianjian'']] {{cvt|90|mm|3}} rocket.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.cn/mil/2023-06/21/c_1212236367.htm |title=制导火箭弹：直-10武装直升机的新"点穴利器" |website=Xinhua |date=21 June 2023 }}</ref> Aside from the common calibers, the helicopter can support rockets from {{cvt|20|mm|3}} to {{cvt|130|mm|3}}.<ref name="sina_1604" />
Three types of chain-fed autocannons are available for WZ-10, with the first being a 23&nbsp;mm automatic chain gun indigenously developed by China. Like all other chain guns, this 23&nbsp;mm gun covers a sector of 130 degrees. The largest caliber of chain gun carried by WZ-10 is a 30&nbsp;mm automatic gun, a Chinese development of the Russian 2A72 [[autocannon]] for aircraft use. One of the primary reasons to adopt the 2A72 30&nbsp;mm gun for aerial use is its high reliability, and according to Russian claim, the failure rate of 2A72 is nearly zero. Another important reason for developing an aerial version of the 2A72 30&nbsp;mm gun is to simplify logistics. Older 30&nbsp;mm guns used on fighter jets such as [[Shenyang J-6]] is not compatible with ground and naval guns of the same caliber, and using the same ammo for air, ground and naval guns with the same caliber would greatly reduce the operational cost.


For other types of payloads, the Z-10 can carry a KG300G self-defense [[electronic warfare]] (EW) pod, providing organic survivability for frontline [[ELINT]] and [[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]] defense.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theaviationist.com/2024/08/03/chinas-z-10-ew-pod/ |title=China's Z-10 Attack Helicopter Seen Carrying Electronic Warfare Pod For The First Time |website= The Aviationist |date=3 August 2024 |first=Parth |last=Satam }}</ref> The EW pod features a stealth enclosure, and is capable of providing multi-target jamming, spectrum searching, and [[digital radio frequency memory]] (DRFM) signal processing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/chinese-z-10-operates-with-new-electronic-warfare-pod |title=Chinese Z-10 operates with new electronic warfare pod |website=Janes |date=7 August 2024 |first=Akhil |last=Kadidal }}</ref> External fuel tanks be attached to further its operational and ferry ranges.<ref name="twz_220510">{{cite web|url=https://www.twz.com/chinese-z-10-attack-helicopter-flew-into-taiwans-air-defense-zone-for-first-time |title=Chinese Z-10 Attack Helicopter Flew Into Taiwan's Air Defense Zone For First Time (Updated) |website=The War Zone |date=10 May 2022 |first=Thomas |last=Newdick }}</ref> The helicopter can also underslung [[all-terrain vehicles]] (ATV) for special operation insertion support.<ref name="ain_181113"/> The Z-10 can underslung around 3 tonnes.<ref name="ain_181113" />
The most powerful autocannon that can be mounted on the WZ-10 is the Chinese reverse-engineered 25&nbsp;mm [[M242 Bushmaster]] adopted for helicopter use. Originally mounted on the NVH-4 derivative of [[Type 85 AFV]], the Chinese military was thoroughly impressed with its performance and modified the gun for aerial use. According to Chinese claims, the 25&nbsp;mm [[M242 Bushmaster]] is the most accurate among all three autocannons of its kind in use with the Chinese military, in both ground and aerial formats. Furthermore, it is also said to be the most lethal of all, having the greatest penetrating power against armored vehicles. However, this gun is the most complex and thus the most costly, while being the least reliable type of chain-fed gun in use with the military. The relatively low reliability of the 25&nbsp;mm autocannon also has prevented the ground version form being widely adopted.


==Operational history==
Guns for WZ-10 can also be mounted in the turret form, but this is limited to small caliber machine guns. The largest type of machine gun that may be fitted to the WZ-10 turret is a single 14.5&nbsp;mm [[gatling gun]], while the smaller caliber 12.7&nbsp;mm or 7.62&nbsp;mm machine guns may be mounted either in single barrel or twin barrel forms. When armed with these smaller caliber machine guns, the coverage is increased to 180 degrees as opposed to the 130 degrees of larger caliber [[autocannon]]s.
===Deployment===
In 2011, the Z-10 can be observed operating at PLAGF bases.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zaobao.com/wencui/2011/01/hongkong110130b.shtml |title=中国解放军已列装「武直10」（联合早报） |access-date=2011-02-13 |archive-date=2012-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723074840/http://www.zaobao.com/wencui/2011/01/hongkong110130b.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2016, the PLA announced that all of its [[army aviation]] units had been equipped with the Z-10.<ref>[http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2016/september/2908-wz-10-attack-helicopter-now-deployed-in-all-pla-aviation-units.html WZ-10 attack helicopter now deployed in all PLA aviation units] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220063745/http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2016/september/2908-wz-10-attack-helicopter-now-deployed-in-all-pla-aviation-units.html |date=2016-12-20 }} - Airrecognition.com, 8 September 2016</ref> The helicopter is stationed in frontline regions, such as the [[Tibet plateau]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.china-arms.com/2024/05/z10-helicopters-combat-training/ |title=Z-10 Helicopters Conduct Live-Fire Training on the Tibetan Plateau |website=China Arms |date=26 May 2024 }}</ref> and [[Taiwan Strait]].<ref name="twz_220510"/>


===Export===
The turret is flexible enough to incorporate configurations such as a single barrel machine gun and an automatic grenade launcher with calibers ranging from 30&nbsp;mm to 40&nbsp;mm, as in the [[AH-1 Cobra]]. Grenade launchers are only effective against ground targets, while machine guns may be effectively used on both ground and air targets.
The Z-10 was one of the contenders to replace [[Pakistan]]'s [[Bell AH-1 Cobra|Bell AH-1F Cobra]] attack helicopters. In 2015, Pakistan acquired three Z-10s for trials,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |title=Did Pakistan Decide to Buy China's Newest Attack Helicopter? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/did-pakistan-decide-to-buy-chinas-newest-attack-helicopter/ |website=The Diplomat |date=24 March 2016 |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> but they rejected the offer due to the inadequate WZ-9 engine. Pakistan then chose Turkey's AH-1Z; however, contracts to acquire the AH-1Z and then the [[TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK]] (which uses the American [[LHTEC T800|LHTEC CTS800–4A]] engine) fell through because of worsening [[Pakistan–United States relations|relations]] with the [[United States]].<ref name="dip_pak_reconsider">{{cite web |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |title=Pakistan Reconsiders Chinese Z-10 Attack Helicopters |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/pakistan-reconsiders-chinese-z-10-attack-helicopters/ |website=The Diplomat |date=28 February 2020 |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> In January 2022, negotiations to acquire the Z-10ME were underway;<ref name="janes_pak_2022-01">{{cite web |last1=Herschelman |first1=Kerry |title=Pakistan cancels attack helicopter project with Turkey, opting for China |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pakistan-cancels-attack-helicopter-project-with-turkey-opting-for-china |website=Janes |date=6 January 2022 |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> the Z-10ME had been identified as a fallback option by February 2020.<ref name="dip_pak_reconsider"/> In June 2022, Pakistan's deal with T129 ATAK was reportedly canceled, and the Pakistan government was seeking the acquisition of Z-10ME.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesaerospace.aero/features/defence/us-sanctions-deal-double-blow-to-tai-helicopter-sales |title=US sanctions deal double blow to TAI helicopter sales |website=Times Aerospace |date=1 June 2022 }}</ref> Pakistan military reportedly received the first batch of Z-10ME in 2023.<ref name="dn2024" />


According to Boneham of [[Janes Information Services]], the advantages of the Z-10ME were its capabilities and affordability, when compared with similar Western platforms. The helicopter is suitable for countries without access to Western and Russian hardware.<ref name="scmp_240221"/> Malcolm Davis of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute believed the Z-10ME offered the capability gap of operating air-launched UAVs, and potential candidates included Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, etc. However, Davis believed the demand for advanced helicopters was quite small in these economies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/chinas-z-10-attack-helicopter-makes-foreign-debut-export-outlook-uncertain-2024-02-22/ |title=China's Z-10 attack helicopter makes foreign debut, but export outlook uncertain |website=Reuters |date=22 February 2024 |first=Gerry |last=Doyle }}</ref>
====Guided and unguided missiles====
The [[air-to-surface missiles]] deployed by WZ-10 include the domestic [[HJ-8]], [[HJ-9]] and [[HJ-10]] anti-tank missiles. The [[HJ-10]] is thought to be similar to [[AGM-114 Hellfire]] and it has an anti-helicopter capability in addition to anti-tank capability. July 2011, Xinhua News Agency released a photo of Z-9WA firing ADK10 air-to-ground missile. ADK10 is reported to be the official name of HJ10 missile.<ref name="AirForceWorld.com_WZ10_attack_helicopter_ADK10_missile">{{cite web|url=http://airforceworld.com/pla/wz10-helicopter-china.htm |title=WZ10 attack helicopter and ADK10 missile | work=AirForceWorld.com |accessdate=12 July 2011}}</ref>


===Strategic implications===
The main [[air-to-air missile]] deployed by WZ-10 is [[TY-90]], a missile specifically designed for use by helicopters in aerial combat. [[TY-90]] is claimed to have greater lethality than the [[MANPAD]] missiles usually carried by helicopters. The Chinese [[FN-6]] and [[QW-1 Vanguard|QW series]] missiles can also be deployed, as with other non-Chinese MANPADs. TY-90 and MANPADs are often carried in pairs, with a total of 4 carried. When using larger air-to-air missiles such as [[PL-9]] or similar missiles such as [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]], the total number is reduced to 2.
In June 2012, the United States charged [[United Technologies Corporation|United Technologies]] and two of its subsidiaries, [[Pratt & Whitney Canada]] and [[Hamilton Sundstrand]], of selling engine control software to China which aided in the development of the Changhe Z-10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/UTC-subsidiaries-guilty-for-aiding-China-s-3670550.php#ixzz1zCDcsqDv|title=UTC, subsidiaries guilty for aiding China's military attack helicopter|work=Connecticut Post|date=29 June 2012|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222649/http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/UTC-subsidiaries-guilty-for-aiding-China-s-3670550.php#ixzz1zCDcsqDv|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> While the Chinese defense ministry denied that China bought or used the software, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand agreed to pay more than $75 million to the U.S. government to settle the charges.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-helicopter-idUSBRE86P0CK20120726|title=China labels U.S. helicopter allegations fictitious|work=Reuters|date=26 July 2012|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204174653/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/26/us-china-usa-helicopter-idUSBRE86P0CK20120726|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>


==Variants==
WZ-10 can be armed with a wide variety of unguided rockets ranging from 20&nbsp;mm to 130&nbsp;mm caliber. The largest rockets tested were a type of 130&nbsp;mm rocket that were carried on the [[hardpoints]] just as missiles are carried, while smaller caliber rockets were mounted in conventional rocket pods. The most frequently used rockets are those ranging from 57&nbsp;mm to 90&nbsp;mm and a total of 4 pods can be carried under the stub wings, one under each [[hardpoint]].
[[File:Z-10K.jpg|thumb|Z-10K Variant]]

;Z-10 Prototype: Prototype for basic tests. Not all had the same layout in that some had a [[fenestron]] configuration while others had a traditional tail rotor configuration; some had a chin gun turret while others had a [[chain gun]]; some had nose-mounted electro-optical systems while others had mast-mounted electro-optical systems.
===Landing Gear===
;Z-10H: Pre-production series powered by [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6]]C-76 [[turboshaft]] engine.<ref name="wzzsj10a">{{cite web |title=武直十试飞削减防护甲和雷达减重：发动机动力不足 |url=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2019-01-15/doc-ihqfskcn7188407.shtml?cre=tianyi&mod=pcpager_mil&loc=40&r=9&doct=0&rfunc=100&tj=none&tr=9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182025/http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2019-01-15/doc-ihqfskcn7188407.shtml?cre=tianyi&mod=pcpager_mil&loc=40&r=9&doct=0&rfunc=100&tj=none&tr=9 |archive-date=January 15, 2019 |access-date=January 5, 2019 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
For protecting the aircraft and pilots from crash and high drops theres a placement of the frontal landing gear and tail wheel is a fixed style total three-point .
;Z-10: Equipped with the domestic Chinese WZ-9 engine, the Standard Z-10 initially launched without external armor panels due to the limitations of the engine. This model established the baseline for the Z-10 series' capabilities.

;Z-10K: Z-10K is modified variant derived from the standard Z-10 at the request of the [[People's Liberation Army Air Force Airborne Corps]].
===OADS===
;Z-10 Upgrade: In 2018, older batches began to be upgraded alongside newly manufactured models.<ref name="World Air Forces 2018">{{cite web |year=2018 |title=World Air Forces 2018 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/21905/waf/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206123925/https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/21905/waf/ |archive-date=6 February 2018 |access-date=14 August 2018 |publisher=Flightglobal Insight |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The ceramic/graphene composite armor plates (on the engine covering and below the cockpit windows) and a new MAWS, both introduced initially on the Z-10ME, were installed on some of the Z-10. The upward-facing engine nozzle was not installed during the early stage of the upgrade program, possibly waiting for the engine replacement.<ref name="wzzsj10c">{{cite web |title=央视曝光我直10升级型实战训练 发动机功率或增1/3 |url=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2018-12-06/doc-ihmutuec6668319.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206111905/https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2018-12-06/doc-ihmutuec6668319.shtml |archive-date=December 6, 2018 |access-date=December 6, 2018 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Subsequently, the fleet was upgraded to more powerful WZ-9C engines, new data-link enabled missiles, IRCM systems, and upward-facing exhaust nozzles (to lower infrared visibility). It also introduces an advanced IFF system and an enhanced BeiDou navigation system antenna, significantly improving Z-10's operational capabilities.<ref name="td_200226">{{cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |date=26 February 2020 |title=China Unveils Latest Z-10 Attack Helicopter Variant |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/china-unveils-latest-z-10-attack-helicopter-variant/ |website=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref name="janes_201209">{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/more-details-emerge-on-upgraded-z-10-helicopter-variant |title=More details emerge on upgraded Z-10 helicopter variant |website=janes | date=9 December 2020 |first=Andreas |last= Rupprecht |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105034639/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/more-details-emerge-on-upgraded-z-10-helicopter-variant |archive-date=5 November 2020 }}</ref><ref name="janes_231108"/>
OADS is mounted at the right side of the cockpit between the exit of the pilot and gunner .
;Z-10 Export Prototypes: 3 samples built for Pakistan,<ref name=wzzsj10ybp/> powered by the early WZ-9 engine with maximum power around {{cvt|930|kW|shp}}. It was not selected by Pakistan after evaluation due to insufficient engine power at the plateau condition.<ref name="sohu_me"/>
;Z-10ME (2018): "ME" stands for upgrade export variant. The first prototype, designated Z-10ME-01, was unveiled in 2018.<ref name="tkp_me0102"/> The ME-01 prototype was initially fitted with a larger ammunition magazine with tripled ammunition belts, a mesh-like intake filtration system, and a new [[missile approach warning system]] (MAWS).<ref name="tkp_me0102">{{cite web|url=https://www.tkww.hk/a/202402/26/AP65dbdd18e4b0eb64da0a9eeb.html |title=霹靂火飛躍 壓制地面火力 |date=26 February 2024 |website=Ta Kung Pao |author=馬浩亮 }}</ref> In Zhuhai Airshow 2018,<ref name=wzzsj10c/> the Z-10ME-01 was updated with additional equipment,<ref name="tkp_me0102"/> including active and passive countermeasures, [[radar warning receiver]], new engine exhaust nozzle pointed upwards to reduce infrared signature,<ref name="tkp_me0102"/> a more sophisticated intake filtration system, a more powerful WZ-9C<ref name="sohu_me"/> [[turboshaft]] with {{cvt|1200|kW|shp}} power, appliqué graphene-based armor panels,<ref name="tkp_me0102"/> infrared jammer, and a new IFF interrogator.<ref name="janes_2018_z10me">{{cite web |last1=Wong |first1=Kevin |title=Airshow China 2018: Upgraded Z-10ME attack helicopter breaks cover |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84433/airshow-china-2018-upgraded-z-10me-attack-helicopter-breaks-cover |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=10 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108211522/https://www.janes.com/article/84433/airshow-china-2018-upgraded-z-10me-attack-helicopter-breaks-cover |archive-date=2018-11-08 |location=Zhuhai |date=8 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ain_181113">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2018-11-13/chinas-z-10me-showcased-increased-capabilities |title=China's Z-10ME Showcased with Increased Capabilities |access-date=2018-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223455/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2018-11-13/chinas-z-10me-showcased-increased-capabilities |archive-date=2018-12-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> Z-10ME-01 can install a millimeter wave fire control radar at the top of the rotor masat.<ref name="z10me_2024">{{cite web|url=https://armyrecognition.com/news/aerospace-news/2024/discover-z-10me-chinas-attack-helicopter-presents-for-international-market-at-aad-2024 |title=Discover Z-10ME: China's Attack Helicopter Presents for International Market at AAD 2024. |website=armyrecognition |date=19 September 2024 }}</ref><ref name="defweb_240918">{{cite web|url=https://www.defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/china-shows-off-z-10me-attack-helicopter-at-aad/ |title=China shows off Z-10ME attack helicopter at AAD |website=Defense Web |date=18 September 2024 }}</ref> The Z-10ME-01 at Zhuhai Airshow 2018 served as the basis for upgrading PLAGF's domestic Z-10 fleet.<ref name=wzzsj10c/><ref name="defweb_240918"/>
;Z-10ME (2021): A configuration of Z-10ME first observed in 2021 as the second prototype named Z-10ME-02.<ref name="tkp_me0102"/> It was showcased internationally in 2024 Singapore Airshow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/singapore-airshow-2024-china-debuts-z-10me-attack-helicopter-for-export-market |title=Singapore Airshow 2024: China debuts Z-10ME attack helicopter for export market |website=Janes |date=22 February 2024 |first=Ridzwan |last=Rahmat }}</ref> The new variant improved low-altitude flight performance<ref name="scmp_240221"/> and has a different avionics layout around the fuselage.<ref name="sohu_me">{{cite web|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/534198405_120399893 |title=直10ME顶个"球"，无限接近阿帕奇，和歼10CE一样出口巴基斯坦？ |website=Sohu |date=31 March 2022 }}</ref> The new electronics warfare system consists of serveal multi-purpose [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar panels, capable of passive signal detection, target searching, missile approach warning, and active jamming.<ref name="tkp_me0102"/> It's also fitted with an over-the-rotor mast-mounted Yu Huo millimeter wave fire control radar to detect long-range targets.<ref name="tkp_me0102"/><ref name="edr2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.edrmagazine.eu/first-international-presence-for-china-z-10me-attack-helicopter |title=Singapore Airshow – First international presence for China Z-10ME attack helicopter |website=EDR |date=26 February 2024 |first=Paolo |last=Valpolini }}</ref> Beside radars, the Z-10ME-02 features an integrated [[Electro-optics|electro-optical]] (EO) countermeasure system with new detection sensors (replacing the previous laser/infrared/ultraviolet warning alarms) and new active [[Directional Infrared Counter Measures|directional infrared countermeasure systems]] (DIRCM) to counter against [[infrared homing]] (IR) missiles.<ref name="tkp_me0102"/><ref name="dn2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2024/02/20/china-unveils-export-version-of-attack-helicopter/ |title=China unveils export version of attack helicopter |website=Defense News |date=20 February 2024 |first=Leilani |last=Chavez }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://interestingengineering.com/military/first-ever-export-z-10-helicopter-unveiled |title=China has unveiled the export variant of its Changhe Z-10 for the first time |website=Interesting Engineering |date=23 February 2024 |first=Christopher |last=McFadden }}</ref> All radar and EO sensors on Z-10ME-02 are interconnected to provide comprehensive situation awareness and operational flexibility.<ref name="tkp_me0102"/>


==Operators==
==Operators==
[[File:PeacefulMission2018-07.jpg|thumb|PLAGF Z-10 ground crew]]
;{{PRC}}
;{{PRC}}
* [[People's Liberation Army]] — 208 units in service as of 2022.<ref name="IISS_2023">{{Cite book|author=The International Institute for Strategic Studies|title=The Military Balance 2023|date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |chapter=6 Asia |isbn=9781003400226 |doi=10.4324/9781003400226 |s2cid=256916955 }}</ref>
* [[People's Liberation Army]]
** [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force]] — 200 units of Z-10 variants<ref name="IISS_2023" />
** [[People's Liberation Army Air Force Airborne Corps]] — 8 units of Z-10K<ref name="IISS_2023" />
{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan|Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]
* [[Pakistan Army Aviation Corps]] — First batch of Z-10ME delivered in 2023.<ref name="dn2024" /> 40 Z-10ME to be delivered by 2026.


==Specifications (half estimated half data can be proved)==
==Specifications (Z-10)==
{{Aircraft specifications
<!-- if you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] -->
<!-- please answer the following questions -->
|plane or copter?=copter
|jet or prop?=prop


{{Aircraft specs
<!-- Now, fill out the specs. Please include units where appropriate (main comes first, alt in parentheses).
|ref= Military Digest <ref name="jczs">{{Cite web |url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2007-04-09/0721438818.html |title=欧美专家称中国武直10可媲美阿帕奇(组图)_新浪军事_新浪网<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102215356/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2007-04-09/0721438818.html |archive-date=2007-11-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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|prime units?=met
units with )</li> and start a new, fully formatted line with <li>
<!--
General characteristics
-->
-->
|crew=2
|ref= jczs<ref name="jczs">[http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2007-04-09/0721438818.html 欧美专家称中国武直10可媲美阿帕奇(组图)_新浪军事_新浪网<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|length m=14.2
|crew= 2
|length main= 14.15 m
|length note=<ref name="edr2024"/>
|height m=3.85
|length alt= ft
|height note={{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
|span main= 13.0 m<ref name="jczs"/>
|empty weight kg=5100
|span alt= ft
|empty weight note=
|height main= 3.85 m
|gross weight kg=5540
|height alt= ft
|gross weight note=
|area main= <!-- m² -->
|max takeoff weight kg=7200
|area alt= <!-- ft² -->
|empty weight main= 5,540 kg<ref name="jczs" />
|max takeoff weight note=<ref name="edr2024"/>
|fuel capacity=
|empty weight alt= lb
|more general=
|loaded weight main= 7,000 kg
<!--
|loaded weight alt= lb
Powerplant
|useful load main= 1,500 kg<ref name="jczs" />
-->
|useful load alt= lb
|eng1 number=2
|max takeoff weight main= 7,000+ kg
|eng1 name=[[WZ-9|WZ-9C]]
|max takeoff weight alt= lb
|type of prop=turboshaft<ref name="jczs" />
|eng1 type=[[turboshaft]] engines
|eng1 kw=1200<ref name="janes_231108" />
|engine (prop)= P&W PT6C-67C
|eng1 note=
|number of props= 2
|rot number=1
|power main=1142 kw
|rot dia m=13
|power alt=1100 shp
|rot dia note=<ref name="edr2024"/>
|rot area sqm=<!-- helicopters -->
|rot area note=
<!--
Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=290
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=230
|cruise speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=800
|range note=
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|g limits=+3
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|ceiling m=6400
|climb rate ms=12
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass=
|more performance=
|more performance=
<!--
|max speed main= 300+ km/h ( 315 km/h ) <ref name="jczs" />
Armament
|max speed alt=
-->
|cruise speed main= 270+ km/h ( 285 km/h )<ref name="jczs" />
[[File:23 mm (0.906 in) PX-10A revolver cannon.jpg|thumb|23 mm PX-10A revolver cannon]]
|cruise speed alt=
|guns= 1x {{cvt|23|mm|3}} PX-10A revolver cannon<ref name="janes_231108">{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/pla-arming-z-10-with-new-rocket-pods |title=PLA arming Z-10 with new rocket pods |website=Janes |date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720023208/https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/pla-arming-z-10-with-new-rocket-pods |archive-date=20 July 2024 }}</ref>
|ferry range main= 800+ km<ref name="jczs" />
|bombs=
|ferry range alt=
|rockets=
|ceiling main= 6,400 m
|missiles=
|ceiling alt= ft
|hardpoints=4
|climb rate main= over 12+ m/s<ref name="jczs" />
|hardpoint capacity={{cvt|1500|kg|0}} useful load<ref name="edr2024" />
|climb rate alt= ft/min
|hardpoint rockets= on each hard point with<br />
|loading main= <!-- kg/m² -->
*** {{cvt|57|mm|3}} rocket pod (19-tube)<ref name="thinkhk_z10">{{cite web|url=https://www.thinkhk.com/article/2023-07/25/60989.html |title=甘若水：「霹靂火」配「火蛇」制導火箭彈精確獵殺 |website=Think Hong Kong |date=25 July 2023 }}</ref>
|loading alt= <!-- lb/ft² -->
*** {{cvt|70|mm|3}} unguided rocket pod (7-tube)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/I7N6KLHM051597CR.html |title=小飞棍来咯！直10装备"火蛇"新型制导火箭，多出14枚小导弹 |website=NatEase News |date=20 June 2023 }}</ref>
|thrust/weight=*'''Maximum acceleration:''' +3 g (29 m/s²)
*** {{cvt|70|mm|3}} FS70 guided rocket pod (7-tube)<ref name="janes_231108" /> with FS70A (GR-5) {{cvt|70|mm|3}} guided rocket<ref name="thinkhk_z10" /><ref name="dn2024" /> or FS70B {{cvt|70|mm|3}} air burst fragmentation rocket<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/shownews/singapore-airshow/singapore-hosts-foreign-debut-chinas-latest-attack-helicopter |title=Singapore Hosts Foreign Debut For China's Latest Attack Helicopter |website=Aviation Week |date=18 February 2024 |first=Steve |last=Trimble }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/shownews/singapore-airshow/video-international-debut-chinas-z-10me-singapore-airshow-2024 |title=Video: International Debut For China's Z-10ME At Singapore Airshow 2024 |website=Aviation Week |date=21 February 2024 |first=Steve |last=Trimble }}</ref>
|guns= 23 mm or 30 mm [[autocannon]] mounted on chin turret with grenade launchers, or 14.5 mm [[Gatling gun]]
*** {{cvt|70|mm|3}} unguided rocket pod (19-tube)<ref name="janes_231108" />
|hardpoints= 4
*** {{cvt|90|mm|3}} rocket pod (7-tube)<ref name="thinkhk_z10" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dw-media.tkww.hk/epaper/tkp/20230710/A11_Screen.pdf |title=直10火蛇奪島 攻碉堡獵戰車 |website=[[Ta Kung Pao]] |date=9 July 2023 |author=馬浩亮 }}</ref> with FS90A {{cvt|90|mm|3}} guided rocket<ref name="thinkhk_z10" /> or [[TG PGB#TJ series|''Tianjian'']] {{cvt|90|mm|3}} rockets<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.cn/mil/2023-06/21/c_1212236367.htm |title=制导火箭弹：直-10武装直升机的新"点穴利器" |website=Xinhua |date=21 June 2023 }}</ref>
|hardpoint capacity=
|hardpoint missiles= on each hard point with<br />
|rockets= 57 mm, 90 mm multi-barrel unguided rocket pods
*** 4× [[HJ-8]], [[HJ-9]] laser-guided air-to-surface missiles<ref name="AirForceWorld"/>
|missiles=<br>
* Up to 8 [[KD-10 ATGM]] [[air-to-surface missile]]s
*** 4× AKD-10 (BA-7) laser-guided air-to-surface missiles
* Up to 8 [[TY-90]] [[air-to-air missile]]s
*** 4× AKD-9 (BA-9) laser-guided air-to-surface missiles
* Up to 4 [[PL-5]], [[PL-7]], [[PL-9]] air-to-air missiles
*** 4× AKD-21 (BA-21) millimetre-wave air-to-surface missiles
*** 4× AG300M or AG300L laser-guided air-to-surface missiles
|bombs=
*** 4× [[CM-501G|CM-502KG]] or CM-502V NLOS air-to-surface missiles<ref name="cm502">{{cite web|url= https://www.163.com/dy/article/HB4VU9A80535I3QJ.html |title= 国产武直两款新弹亮相？25km射程堪称国产长钉，体积大只能双联装 |website=NetEase News |date= 30 June 2022 }}</ref><ref name="dn2024" />
*** 2× [[CM-501G]]A NLOS air-to-surface missiles<ref name="key_1612">{{cite web|url= https://www.keymilitary.com/article/china-shows |title=China Shows Off |website=Key Military |date=15 December 2016 }}</ref>
*** 1× CM-501XA loitering munition
*** 4× [[TY-90]] [[air-to-air missile]]s<ref name="dn2024" />
|hardpoint bombs=<br />
***[[GB PGB|GB25]] and [[GB PGB|GB50]] guided bombs<ref name="z10me_2024"/>
|hardpoint other=<br />
***280kg drop tank<ref name="dn2024" />

|avionics=
|avionics=
* YH millimetre-wave [[fire-control radar]]
* Yu Huo (YH) millimetre-wave [[fire-control radar]]<ref name="edr2024" />
* YH-96 [[electronic warfare]] suite
* YH-96 [[electronic warfare]] suite
* WXG1006 eclectic optical package
* [[Helmet mounted sight]] with [[night vision goggle]]s
* KG300G self-protection jamming pod
* [[Blue Sky navigation pod]]
* [[KZ900]] reconnaissance pod

}}
}}


==See also==
==See also==
{{portal|Aviation}}
{{portal|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
{{Aircontent
|see also=<!-- other relevant information, not already linked in article -->
|see also=<!-- other relevant information, not already linked in article -->
* [[Harbin Z-19]], 2012 Chinese attack helicopter
|related=<!-- related developments -->
|related=<!-- related developments -->
|similar aircraft=<!-- similar or comparable aircraft -->
|similar aircraft=<!-- similar or comparable aircraft -->
* [[Agusta A129 Mangusta]]
* [[TAI/AgustaWestland T-129]]
* [[AH-64 Apache]]
* [[AgustaWestland Apache]]
* [[AH-1Z Viper]]
* [[Bell AH-1Z Viper]]
* [[Denel AH-2 Rooivalk]]
* [[Boeing AH-64 Apache]]
* [[Denel Rooivalk]]
* [[Eurocopter Tiger]]
* [[Eurocopter Tiger]]
* [[Kamov Ka-52]]
* [[Mil Mi-28]]
|lists=<!-- related lists -->
|lists=<!-- related lists -->
* [[List of helicopters]]
* [[List of helicopters]]
Line 241: Line 259:


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Changhe Z-10}}
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/wz-10.htm GlobalSecurity.org]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/wz-10.htm GlobalSecurity.org]
* [http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/helicopter/wz10.asp SinoDefence.com report]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060424031842/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/helicopter/wz10.asp SinoDefence.com report]
* [http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=560 Z-10 Attack helicopter on airrecognition.com]
* [http://airforceworld.com/pla/english/wz-10-attack-helicopter-china.html WZ10 Helicopter Photo Collection and Intro]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110418211351/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/english/wz-10-attack-helicopter-china.html WZ10 Helicopter Photo Collection and Intro]


{{AVIC Aero Products}}
{{PRC helicopters}}
{{PRC helicopters}}
{{Aviation lists}}
{{Chinese Military Aircraft}}
{{Chinese Military Aircraft}}


[[Category:People's Republic of China attack aircraft 2000–2009]]
[[Category:2000s Chinese attack aircraft]]
[[Category:Military helicopters|Z-10]]
[[Category:Attack helicopters|Changhe Z-10]]
[[Category:Changhe aircraft]]
[[Category:Changhe aircraft]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China helicopters 2000–2009]]
[[Category:2000s Chinese helicopters]]
[[Category:Twin-turbine helicopters]]

[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 2003]]
[[de:Wuzhuang Zhisheng]]
[[Category:China–Russia military relations]]
[[es:CAIC WZ-10]]
[[fr:WZ-10 (hélicoptère)]]
[[ko:CAIC WZ-10]]
[[hr:WZ-10]]
[[it:CAIC WZ-10]]
[[ms:CAIC WZ-10]]
[[ja:WZ-10 (航空機)]]
[[pl:Changhe WZ-10]]
[[ro:CAIC WZ-10]]
[[zh:武直-10]]

Latest revision as of 14:18, 30 November 2024

Z-10
A Z-10 displaying at the 2012 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition.
General information
TypeAttack helicopter
ManufacturerChanghe Aircraft Industries Corporation (CAIC)
Designer602nd Aircraft Design Institute[1]
Kamov Design Bureau[1]
StatusIn service[2]
Primary userPeople's Liberation Army Ground Force
People's Liberation Army Air Force
Pakistan Army Aviation Corps
History
Manufactured2003-present
Introduction date2009
First flight29 April 2003[3]

The Changhe Z-10 (Chinese: 直-10; pinyin: Zhí-Shí; lit. 'helicopter-10') is a Chinese medium-weight, twin-turboshaft attack helicopter built by the Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation for the People's Liberation Army Ground Force. Designed by 602nd Aircraft Design Institute of Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) and Kamov Design Bureau,[1] the aircraft is intended primarily for anti-tank warfare missions with secondary air-to-air combat capability.

The plan to develop a medium-weight helicopter program was initiated in 1994 with the attack helicopter program formally beginning in 1998. The preliminary design of the aircraft was provided by Kamov, while prototyping was conducted by the 602nd Aircraft Design Institute of Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC).[4][5][6][7] The Z-10 first flew on 29 April 2003[3] and entered Chinese Army Aviation service in 2009.[8][9][10]

Nicknames of characters in the Chinese classic novel Water Margin have been used to name Z-10 and its light-weight counterpart, the Harbin Z-19 by Chinese Army Aviation Corps; Z-10 is called Fierce Thunderbolt (Pi Li Huo, 霹雳火), the nickname of Qin Ming, while Z-19 is called Black Whirlwind (Hei Xuan Feng, 黑旋风), the nickname of Li Kui.[11][12][13]

Development and history

[edit]

Background

[edit]

The People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) established its army aviation units in January 1988. The unit used helicopters transferred from People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), including Mil Mi-4, Harbin Z-5, Mil Mi-8, and Aérospatiale Gazelle. By the mid-1980s, the Chinese decided to field dedicated attack helicopters. The brief honeymoon period between China and the West provided China opportunities to evaluate Agusta A129 Mangusta, AH-1 Cobra, and BGM-71 TOW missiles. However, the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre and the proceeding arms embargo prevented many deals from going through. Nevertheless, China successfully imported or licensed aircraft types such as Changhe Z-8, Harbin Z-9, Sikorsky S-70, Mi-17, and Aerospatiale AS332 Super Puma.[14]

There was also debate in China about whether the PLAGF or PLAAF should operate attack helicopters. Eventually, the PLAGF won and began to induct armed helicopters based on the Harbin Z-9 design. The use of the Z-9WA modification helped China realize the requirement for a dedicated attack helicopter platform.[14]

Development programs

[edit]
Changhe Z-10 showcased at Airshow China 2012

A preprimary plan to develop an attack helicopter in China began in 1992.[8][9] China began to develop the 6-ton class China Helicopter Medium (CHM) program in 1994, headed by the 602nd and 608th Research Institutes.[15] This program was later developed into Harbin Z-20.[14] In 1995, China commissioned Kamov to develop a preliminary design for the 6-ton helicopter, known as Project 941 internally. Project 941 was a large departure from traditional Soviet design, focusing entirely on the Chinese requirement. The concept was then handed to China for further development, which Kamov did not participate in.[4] Based on the concept, Chinese engineers developed prototypes[4] and iterate designs based on the testing results. The changes include modification on the airframe shapes to optimize radar cross section (RCS), changes on the engine bay shape to accommodate domestic engines, and the engine nozzle layout.[16]

China also secured assistance from Eurocopter France for the rotor system and AgustaWestland in 1997 for the transmission system in 1998.[5] Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand secretly provided PT6C-67C engines and digital engine control systems to aid the programs, leading to them receiving investigations and penalties from the United States government.[6][7][17]

In 1998, the 602nd Research Institute proposed the Special Armed Project to develop the final design,[14] which was designated the Z-10.[10] Initially, the Z-10 project was planned to share its propulsion system with the CHM program, however, the two programs were separated and the Z-10 was prioritized to be completed first.[11] During the development in 2000, Denel also provided technical assistance to the project in the area of flight stability.[5] After the US government cut off engine sources from Pratt & Whitney, China turned to domestic replacements with lower thrust-rating, leading to further weight-saving design changes.[6] The replacement engine was the indigenous WZ-9 turboshaft.[5]

David Donald of Aviation International News claimed the Z-10 had a universal engine bay capable of fitting various types of engines, including Ukrainian Motor Sich TV3-117.[5] However, Chinese sources indicated the TV3-117 is incompatible with the Z-10's engine bay due to the driveshaft shape and prototypes were fitted with either Pratt & Whitney PT6C-67C or Chinese-built Turbomeca Makila turboshaft engines, whereas the final version uses WZ-9 turboshaft engines due to its fully indigenous origin.[16]

The Z-10 took its maiden flight on 29 April 2003.[3] The Z-10 entered PLA service in 2009[8][9][10] or 2010.[14]

Further development

[edit]

In March 2014, the Z-10 helicopter began deck trials with a People's Liberation Army Navy Type 072A-class landing ship. The purpose may be to qualify the helicopter on ships to provide air support for landing parties launched from the ship. Type 072A-class ships have a helipad but no hangar or support facilities for the aircraft on board. The Z-10 may also be qualified on the larger Type 071 amphibious transport dock.[18]

The Z-10 was one of the contenders to replace Pakistan's Bell AH-1F Cobra attack helicopters. In 2015, Pakistan acquired three Z-10s for trials,[19] but ultimately rejected the offer due to the inadequate WZ-9 engine.[20] After the failed bid, Chinese engineers began to upgrade to the Z-10 platform to improve its competitiveness.[20] A new prototype, designated Z-10ME, emerged in 2018 with a larger ammunition magazine size, new intake filtration systems, and new missile approach warning system (MAWS).[21] In the same year, more equipment was added to the prototype, such as a more powerful WZ-9C turboshaft[20] with 1,200 kW (1,600 shp) power, new infrared signature-reducing engine exhaust nozzle, appliqué graphene-based armor plates, etc.[21][22]

The PLAGF's domestic Z-10 fleet were upgraded to the Z-10ME standard with the 1,200 kW (1,600 shp) engines, armor plates, and infrared suppresion nozzles.[23][24][25] The Pakistan Army eventually purchased the Z-10ME as well.[26]

Design

[edit]

Overview

[edit]
Z-10 at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution

The Z-10 features a tandem cockpit compartment at the front section.[16] The airframe bulges below the cockpit, extending backward and merging with the stub wings and tail boom, creating a distinctive ridge dividing the top and bottom half of the blended fuselage, which are both canted inward, creating a hexagon-shaped frontal profile.[9][27] This slim, rhombic configuration ensures structural strength, increases internal volumes for equipment, and reduces the frontal projected area and overall radar cross section (RCS).[27][28] The radar-absorbent material is applied to the fuselage, further reducing the radar reflection and providing a certain degree of low observability.[16]

The rotor system consists of a single semirigid five-blade main rotor at the top and a four-blade tail rotor at the aft section.[16][27] The airfoil of the primary 95KT rotor blade[16] features a significant camber with swept tips, designed to reduce the blade length, vibration, and acoustic signature. The tail rotor consists of two sets of dual composite blades (four blades in total) mounted in an angled, non-orthogonal (scissor) arrangement[29] designed to reduce noise generated by the wingtip vortices. All blades are made with carbon fiber-wrapped spars with layered honeycomb composite for the skin, capable of sustaining damage against 12.7 mm (0.50 in) rounds.[16][27] The deicing device is fitted to the blades to increase flight safety in adverse weather.[27]

The fuselage is primarily made of aluminum alloy, with 30 percent of the mass being composite materials.[3][16] The cockpit compartment is wrapped inside carbon fibers, while the canopy is protected by bulletproof glasses of 38 mm (1.5 in) in thickness.[16] Additional protection layers made of aluminum alloy and kevlar are applied to the bottom of the cockpit, side of the engine bays, and around the self-sealing fuel tank.[27] The honeycomb composite layer is applied to the fuselage bottom, while the pilot seats, landing gears, and fuel tank are reinforced for improved crashworthiness.[27][28] The early model of Z-10 prioritizes protection in critical areas for weight reduction without sacrificing structural integrity, range, and payload. In later serial production, graphene armor plates are mounted on the side of the cockpit and engine housing to further improve the protection level.[27][30][23]

The Z-10's engine air intake is protected by a metal mesh to prevent foreign objects from being sucked in.[16] Newer variants can be installed with integrated inlet particle separators (IPS) for engine intake filtration, preventing harmful solid particulates such as sand and dust to damage the critical propulsion components.[22] The Z-10's engine system is fitted with the Hover Infrared Suppression System (HIRSS), mixing in the engine exhaust with cold air to reduce the helicopter's infrared characteristic.[27] Later serial production of Z-10 modified the engine nozzle from sideway-facing to the upward-facing direction, further reducing the signature from heat radiation.[24][22][31] The upward-facing exhaust nozzle, albeit beneficial for suppressing the infrared signature, would lead to additional drag, To resolve this, the engine on the Z-10 was upgraded to from 1,300 shp (970 kW) to 1,600 shp (1,200 kW) to make up the loss.[32]

Propulsion

[edit]
Changhe Z-10

The Z-10 prototype was powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6C-67C turboshaft engines,[33] which is equipped with Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) system and sports a maximum continuous power of 1,142 kW (1,531 shp).[34] The early batches of Z-10 was powered by domestic Zhuzhou WZ-9 or WZ-9A turboshaft engine, providing 957–1,000 kW (1,283–1,341 shp) of power.[27][35] The reduced performance of WZ-9 turboshaft engines prevented Z-10 to carry its maximum payload of 16 anti-tank guided missiles.[1]

Multiple engines were developed to upgrade the propulsion of the Z-10. China and European partners reportedly developed WZ-16.[27][1] WZ-9 was upgraded to WZ-9C with 1,200 kW (1,600 shp) of maximum power.[25] The engine was originally designed for export, but subsequently used to upgrade early Z-10s batches.[23] The WZ-9C provides 30% more power than the original version,[31] providing the Z-10 with enough lift for a variety of payloads.[25]

The Z-10 emphasizes extended-range operation. The WZ-9A turboshaft engine allows the aircraft to fly at a maximum speed of 290 km/h (160 kn) and cruise speed of 230 km/h (120 kn). The internal tank supports a range of 800 km (430 nmi; 500 mi).[27]

Avionics

[edit]
PLAAF Z-10K releasing countermeasures
A Changhe Z-10 showing four underwing hardpoints. Defensive sensors such as MAWS, LWR, and RWR are visible on the nose section and wing edges.

Countermeasures

[edit]

The Z-10 features a comprehensive self-defense suite. The YH-96 electronic warfare system includes a set of infrared missile approach warning system (MAWS),[28] radar warning receivers (RWR) and laser warning receivers (LWR), both are connected with the 6×4 countermeasure dispensers (two on each side, four in total[22]) to release flare and chaff when incoming missiles are detected.[27] The system was upgraded on later variants with a different avionics layout,[20] replacing previously mounted radar and electro-optical sensors with integrated countermeasure suite, indicated by several active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar panels around the fuselage and two electro-optical suites mounted on the stub wings.[21] The radar panels are capable of passive signal detection, target searching, and active jamming, which also replace the function of missile approach warning system.[21][22][31] The electro-optical suites include new laser,[36] infrared, ultraviolet warning receivers,[37][21] and directional infrared countermeasure systems (DIRCM) to defend against infrared homing (IR) missiles.[26]

Targeting

[edit]

The primary sensor suite of Z-10 is the WXG1006 electro-optical (EO) package located at the nose section. The ball-shaped package contains a forward-looking infrared sensor, a TV camera, a laser rangefinder, and a laser designator.[38] The development of the primary electro-optical fire control systems (FCS) was influenced by French and Israeli systems but with locally programmed software.[16] The YH millimeter-wave radar was also developed for Z-10 to detect longer-range targets, and targets behind flog, smoke, and dust.[27][39] The mmWave radar can be installed on top of the main rotor mast.[39]

Cockpit and instrumentation

[edit]

The stepped tandem cockpit houses two pilots. The front pilot primarily controls the flight maneuver, while the back pilot handles the weapon system.[40][41] Both pilots have identical flight instrumentation,[40] serving as backups to each other, and both are capable of flight control and weapons operation.[28] Inside the cockpit is the digital flight instrument,[27][28] with the fly-by-wire Hands-On Collective And Stick (HOCAS) flight control.[16] Each pilot has two LCD multi-function displays (MFD) and multiple small displays for other information.[27][28][42] An additional holographic heads-up display (HUD) is provided for the front pilot.[16]

Each pilot also wears a helmet-mounted sight (HMS), similar to the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) on the AH-64 Apache.[16] The helmet sight is fully integrated with FCS to control guided and unguided munitions and display onboard navigation information.[43] The pilots can slave the sensor suite and 23 mm (0.91 in) autocannon to their helmets, controlling the sensors and autocannon direction by turning their heads.[27] For all-weather operation, the helmet visor can be attached with a binocular-like night vision goggles (NVG),[44][43] which was later replaced with integrated NVGs that can display night-vision image directly inside the visor.[40][43]

Other navigation instruments of Z-10 include laser gyrocompass, radio altimeter, Doppler radar, inertial navigation, satellite navigation, and identification friend or foe (IFF) systems.[28][45]

Armaments and payload

[edit]
An upgraded Z-10 variant with 19-tube rocket pod and guided missiles mounted, flanked by various armaments at Zhuhai Airshow 2024
Z-10ME with avionics and armaments displayed at Singapore Airshow 2024

The Z-10 has a modular weapon system. The system uses the GJV289A standard, the Chinese equivalent of the MIL-STD-1553B databus architecture, which enables weaponry of Chinese, Soviet, and Western origin to be adopted by the Z-10.[16] Offensive weaponry consists of machine guns, cannons, rockets, and missiles. Internal armament consists of a gun mount installed on the chin of the aircraft with 180° of horizontal traverse.[27] Two stub wings provide attachment points for external ordnance or gun pods.[28][46] Each stub wings have two hardpoints,[28] for a total of four, and each hardpoint can carry up to 4 missiles, for a total of 16 missiles.[1]

The autocannon on the serial production Z-10 is the 23 mm (0.91 in) PX-10A automatic chain gun,[27][47][25] but the aircraft can also mount 20 mm (0.79 in),[31] 25 mm (0.98 in),[16] and 30 mm (1.2 in) autocannons,[16][28][1] with some of them marketed for export customers.

The air-to-surface missiles deployed by the Z-10 include HJ-8, HJ-9, HJ-10,[16] AKD-9, and AKD-10 anti-tank missiles.[38] Early AKD-10 utilizes semi-active laser (SAL) guidance, while later variants reportedly incorporate millimeter wave (MMW) seekers.[38] The Z-10 can also fire BA-21 long-range anti-tank missiles with a millimeter wave/semi-active laser dual model guidance seeker.[38] The missile can be fired from Z-10 and data-linked by millimeter-wave radar mounted on friendly platforms.[48] Aside from anti-tank missiles, the Z-10 can also carry SW6 air-launched drones,[31] CM-501GA none-line-of-sight air-to-surface missiles[49] CM-502KG anti-tank missiles,[50][32] CM-501XA loitering munitions,[31] ET60 324 mm (12.8 in) lightweight torpedo, with the last one providing Z-10 with useful, albeit limited, naval warfare capabilities.[31] The helicopter is compatible with GB25 and GB50 guided bombs.[37]

The main air-to-air missile deployed by the Z-10 is the TY-90,[38][26] a missile specifically designed for use by helicopters in aerial combat.[27] The TY-90 is much heavier than the MANPAD missiles usually carried by helicopters, providing better lethality and range.[51]

The Z-10 can launch a great variety of unguided and guided rockets. Under the stub wings, a total of four rocket pods can be mounted on the hardpoints. Options include the 19-tube 57 mm (2.244 in) rocket pod,[52] 7-tube 70 mm (2.756 in) Fire Snake rocket pod[53][25] with FS70A (GR-5) 70 mm (2.756 in) guided rocket[52][26] or FS70B 70 mm (2.756 in) air burst fragmentation rocket,[54][55] or 19-tube 70 mm (2.756 in) unguided rocket pod with anti-infantry fragmentation rockets.[25] 7-tube 90 mm (3.543 in) rocket pod is also available,[52][56] capable of firing the larger FS90A 90 mm (3.543 in) guided rocket[52] or Tianjian 90 mm (3.543 in) rocket.[57] Aside from the common calibers, the helicopter can support rockets from 20 mm (0.787 in) to 130 mm (5.118 in).[16]

For other types of payloads, the Z-10 can carry a KG300G self-defense electronic warfare (EW) pod, providing organic survivability for frontline ELINT and ESM defense.[58] The EW pod features a stealth enclosure, and is capable of providing multi-target jamming, spectrum searching, and digital radio frequency memory (DRFM) signal processing.[59] External fuel tanks be attached to further its operational and ferry ranges.[60] The helicopter can also underslung all-terrain vehicles (ATV) for special operation insertion support.[31] The Z-10 can underslung around 3 tonnes.[31]

Operational history

[edit]

Deployment

[edit]

In 2011, the Z-10 can be observed operating at PLAGF bases.[61] In September 2016, the PLA announced that all of its army aviation units had been equipped with the Z-10.[62] The helicopter is stationed in frontline regions, such as the Tibet plateau,[63] and Taiwan Strait.[60]

Export

[edit]

The Z-10 was one of the contenders to replace Pakistan's Bell AH-1F Cobra attack helicopters. In 2015, Pakistan acquired three Z-10s for trials,[64] but they rejected the offer due to the inadequate WZ-9 engine. Pakistan then chose Turkey's AH-1Z; however, contracts to acquire the AH-1Z and then the TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK (which uses the American LHTEC CTS800–4A engine) fell through because of worsening relations with the United States.[65] In January 2022, negotiations to acquire the Z-10ME were underway;[66] the Z-10ME had been identified as a fallback option by February 2020.[65] In June 2022, Pakistan's deal with T129 ATAK was reportedly canceled, and the Pakistan government was seeking the acquisition of Z-10ME.[67] Pakistan military reportedly received the first batch of Z-10ME in 2023.[26]

According to Boneham of Janes Information Services, the advantages of the Z-10ME were its capabilities and affordability, when compared with similar Western platforms. The helicopter is suitable for countries without access to Western and Russian hardware.[36] Malcolm Davis of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute believed the Z-10ME offered the capability gap of operating air-launched UAVs, and potential candidates included Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, etc. However, Davis believed the demand for advanced helicopters was quite small in these economies.[68]

Strategic implications

[edit]

In June 2012, the United States charged United Technologies and two of its subsidiaries, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand, of selling engine control software to China which aided in the development of the Changhe Z-10.[69] While the Chinese defense ministry denied that China bought or used the software, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand agreed to pay more than $75 million to the U.S. government to settle the charges.[70]

Variants

[edit]
Z-10K Variant
Z-10 Prototype
Prototype for basic tests. Not all had the same layout in that some had a fenestron configuration while others had a traditional tail rotor configuration; some had a chin gun turret while others had a chain gun; some had nose-mounted electro-optical systems while others had mast-mounted electro-optical systems.
Z-10H
Pre-production series powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6C-76 turboshaft engine.[33]
Z-10
Equipped with the domestic Chinese WZ-9 engine, the Standard Z-10 initially launched without external armor panels due to the limitations of the engine. This model established the baseline for the Z-10 series' capabilities.
Z-10K
Z-10K is modified variant derived from the standard Z-10 at the request of the People's Liberation Army Air Force Airborne Corps.
Z-10 Upgrade
In 2018, older batches began to be upgraded alongside newly manufactured models.[71] The ceramic/graphene composite armor plates (on the engine covering and below the cockpit windows) and a new MAWS, both introduced initially on the Z-10ME, were installed on some of the Z-10. The upward-facing engine nozzle was not installed during the early stage of the upgrade program, possibly waiting for the engine replacement.[23] Subsequently, the fleet was upgraded to more powerful WZ-9C engines, new data-link enabled missiles, IRCM systems, and upward-facing exhaust nozzles (to lower infrared visibility). It also introduces an advanced IFF system and an enhanced BeiDou navigation system antenna, significantly improving Z-10's operational capabilities.[1][24][25]
Z-10 Export Prototypes
3 samples built for Pakistan,[42] powered by the early WZ-9 engine with maximum power around 930 kW (1,250 shp). It was not selected by Pakistan after evaluation due to insufficient engine power at the plateau condition.[20]
Z-10ME (2018)
"ME" stands for upgrade export variant. The first prototype, designated Z-10ME-01, was unveiled in 2018.[21] The ME-01 prototype was initially fitted with a larger ammunition magazine with tripled ammunition belts, a mesh-like intake filtration system, and a new missile approach warning system (MAWS).[21] In Zhuhai Airshow 2018,[23] the Z-10ME-01 was updated with additional equipment,[21] including active and passive countermeasures, radar warning receiver, new engine exhaust nozzle pointed upwards to reduce infrared signature,[21] a more sophisticated intake filtration system, a more powerful WZ-9C[20] turboshaft with 1,200 kW (1,600 shp) power, appliqué graphene-based armor panels,[21] infrared jammer, and a new IFF interrogator.[22][31] Z-10ME-01 can install a millimeter wave fire control radar at the top of the rotor masat.[37][72] The Z-10ME-01 at Zhuhai Airshow 2018 served as the basis for upgrading PLAGF's domestic Z-10 fleet.[23][72]
Z-10ME (2021)
A configuration of Z-10ME first observed in 2021 as the second prototype named Z-10ME-02.[21] It was showcased internationally in 2024 Singapore Airshow.[73] The new variant improved low-altitude flight performance[36] and has a different avionics layout around the fuselage.[20] The new electronics warfare system consists of serveal multi-purpose active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar panels, capable of passive signal detection, target searching, missile approach warning, and active jamming.[21] It's also fitted with an over-the-rotor mast-mounted Yu Huo millimeter wave fire control radar to detect long-range targets.[21][39] Beside radars, the Z-10ME-02 features an integrated electro-optical (EO) countermeasure system with new detection sensors (replacing the previous laser/infrared/ultraviolet warning alarms) and new active directional infrared countermeasure systems (DIRCM) to counter against infrared homing (IR) missiles.[21][26][74] All radar and EO sensors on Z-10ME-02 are interconnected to provide comprehensive situation awareness and operational flexibility.[21]

Operators

[edit]
PLAGF Z-10 ground crew
 People's Republic of China

Pakistan Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Specifications (Z-10)

[edit]

Data from Military Digest [76]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 14.2 m (46 ft 7 in) [39]
  • Height: 3.85 m (12 ft 8 in) [citation needed]
  • Empty weight: 5,100 kg (11,244 lb)
  • Gross weight: 5,540 kg (12,214 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 7,200 kg (15,873 lb) [39]
  • Powerplant: 2 × WZ-9C turboshaft engines, 1,200[25] kW (1,600 hp) each
  • Main rotor diameter: 13 m (42 ft 8 in) [39]

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 290 km/h (180 mph, 160 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 230 km/h (140 mph, 120 kn)
  • Range: 800 km (500 mi, 430 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 6,400 m (21,000 ft)
  • g limits: +3
  • Rate of climb: 12 m/s (2,400 ft/min)
    23 mm PX-10A revolver cannon

Armament

  • Guns: 1x 23 mm (0.906 in) PX-10A revolver cannon[25]
  • Hardpoints: 4 with a capacity of 1,500 kg (3,307 lb) useful load[39], with provisions to carry combinations of:
    • Rockets: on each hard point with
      • 57 mm (2.244 in) rocket pod (19-tube)[52]
      • 70 mm (2.756 in) unguided rocket pod (7-tube)[77]
      • 70 mm (2.756 in) FS70 guided rocket pod (7-tube)[25] with FS70A (GR-5) 70 mm (2.756 in) guided rocket[52][26] or FS70B 70 mm (2.756 in) air burst fragmentation rocket[78][79]
      • 70 mm (2.756 in) unguided rocket pod (19-tube)[25]
      • 90 mm (3.543 in) rocket pod (7-tube)[52][80] with FS90A 90 mm (3.543 in) guided rocket[52] or Tianjian 90 mm (3.543 in) rockets[81]
    • Missiles: on each hard point with
      • 4× HJ-8, HJ-9 laser-guided air-to-surface missiles[45]
      • 4× AKD-10 (BA-7) laser-guided air-to-surface missiles
      • 4× AKD-9 (BA-9) laser-guided air-to-surface missiles
      • 4× AKD-21 (BA-21) millimetre-wave air-to-surface missiles
      • 4× AG300M or AG300L laser-guided air-to-surface missiles
      • 4× CM-502KG or CM-502V NLOS air-to-surface missiles[50][26]
      • 2× CM-501GA NLOS air-to-surface missiles[49]
      • 1× CM-501XA loitering munition
      • 4× TY-90 air-to-air missiles[26]
    • Bombs:
    • Other:

Avionics

See also

[edit]

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ "China's 1st attack helo goes operational? - The DEW Line". The DEW Line. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d "直10首飞20周年："霹雳火"铁翼飞旋二十载". ST Daily. 28 April 2023.
  4. ^ a b c Majumdar, Dave (7 March 2013). "HELI-EXPO: Chinese WZ-10 attack helicopter based on Kamov design". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e Donald, David (15 March 2013). "Kamov Reveals Involvement in China's Z-10 Attack Helicopter". Aviation International News. Midland Park, New Jersey. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  6. ^ a b c "Russian Roots Revealed In China's Z-10". Aviation Week. 7 March 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  7. ^ a b Ingersoll, Geoffrey (8 March 2013). "China's Cutting-Edge Attack Helicopter Is Actually A Russian Design". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  8. ^ a b c 陆杨 (27 August 2013). "中国武直-10编队实射空空导弹". Voice of America (in Chinese).
  9. ^ a b c d 金凯 (2012). ""武直—10"，可与阿帕奇抗衡". People's Daily.
  10. ^ a b c "第一种国产武装直升机："陆军之鹰"". Xinhua. 19 July 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017.
  11. ^ a b Rupprecht, Andreas (1 March 2018). "CHINA'S ARMY AVIATION". Key Military.
  12. ^ "直10直19绰号"霹雳火""黑旋风"取自水浒传". Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  13. ^ Copyright@中国时刻网、深圳广播电影电视集团. "官方公布武直10及武直19名称：霹雳火与黑旋风". Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  14. ^ a b c d e Rupprecht, Andreas (7 March 2019). "PLA ARMY AVIATION: CHINA'S NEGLECTED FORCE". Key Aero.
  15. ^ Hewson, Robert, "China's Z-10 helicopter built on Western expertise", Jane's Defence Weekly, 13 April 2005
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "深度：解析中国自研攻击直升机 为何比歼10还要保密". Sina News. 20 April 2016.
  17. ^ "United Technologies, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand Corporations Also Agree to Pay More Than $75 Million to U.S. Government". United States Department of Justice. 28 June 2012.
  18. ^ Chinese Army Z-10 Attack Helicopter conducts trials at sea with Navy Type 072A Landing Ship Archived 2014-03-23 at the Wayback Machine - Navyrecognition.com, 23 March 2014
  19. ^ Gady, Franz-Stefan (24 March 2016). "Did Pakistan Decide to Buy China's Newest Attack Helicopter?". The Diplomat. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g "直10ME顶个"球"，无限接近阿帕奇，和歼10CE一样出口巴基斯坦？". Sohu. 31 March 2022.
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