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{{Short description|Love and attachment to one's country}} |
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{{Globalize|date=January 2012}} |
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{{otheruses}} |
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{{For|the Japanese movie|Patriotism (film)}} |
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{{Distinguish|Nationalism}} |
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{{wiktionary|patriotism}} |
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{{Globalize|article|West|date=July 2020}} |
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'''Patriotism''' is a devotion to one's [[country]], excluding differences caused by the dependencies of the term's meaning upon context, [[geography]] and [[philosophy]]. In a generalized sense applicable to all countries and peoples, patriotism is a devotion to one's country. |
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{{Use British English|date=November 2013}} |
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[[File:Patriotism by Francisco Pérez del Valle (Madrid) 01.jpg|thumb|[[Allegory]] of patriotism in the [[Monumento a los Caidos por España (Madrid)|''Monument to the Fallen for Spain'']] in [[Madrid]] (1840), by sculptor Francisco Pérez del Valle]] |
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{{Nationalism sidebar|core}} |
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'''Patriotism''' is the feeling of love, devotion, and a sense of attachment to a country or state. This attachment can be a combination of different feelings for things such as the language of one's homeland, and its ethnic, cultural, political, or historical aspects. It may encompass a set of concepts closely related to [[nationalism]], mostly [[civic nationalism]] and sometimes [[cultural nationalism]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000chis|url-access=registration |title= Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment |author= Harvey Chisick |date= 2005-02-10|publisher= Scarecrow Press |access-date= 2013-11-03|isbn= 9780810865488 }}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2023}}<ref>{{multiref2 |
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It is a related sentiment to [[nationalism]].<ref name="books.google.com">[http://books.google.com/books?id=5N-wqTXwiU0C&pg=PA313&lpg=PA313&dq=Patriotism+and+the+enlightenment&source=web&ots=085cTPNN3r&sig=X_jzMPlYg5tvovEGkty_SDVYCD8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment] By Harvey Chisick</ref><ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/ "Nationalism"] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</ref><ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/patriotism/ "Patriotism"] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</ref> |
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|1={{cite web|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/ |title= Nationalism |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2020-09-02|first=Nenad|last=Miscevic |access-date= 2013-11-03}} |
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|2={{cite web|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/patriotism/ |title= Patriotism |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=2020-12-16 |first=Igor|last=Primoratz|access-date= 2013-11-03}} }}</ref> |
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== Terminology and usage == |
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The English term ''[[:wikt:patriot|patriot]]'' is first attested in the [[Elizabethan era]], via Middle French from [[Late Latin]] (6th century) ''patriota'' "countryman", ultimately from [[Greek language|Greek]] πατριώτης (''patriōtēs'') "countryman", from πατρίς, "fatherland".<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpatriw%2Fths πατριώτης], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> The abstract noun ''[[:wikt:patriotism|patriotism]]'' appears in the early 18th century.<ref>[[OED]]</ref> |
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An excess of patriotism is called ''[[chauvinism]]''; another related term is ''[[jingoism]]''. |
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The [[English language|English]] word "patriot" derived from "compatriot", in the 1590s, from [[Middle French]] {{lang|frm|patriote}} in the 15th century. The French word's {{lang|fr|compatriote}} and {{lang|fr|patriote}} originated directly from Late Latin {{lang|la|patriota}} "fellow-countryman" in the 6th century. From [[Greek language|Greek]] {{transliteration|grc|patriotes}} "fellow countryman", from {{transliteration|grc|patrios}} "of one's fathers", {{transliteration|grc|patris}} "fatherland". The term ''patriot'' was "applied to barbarians who were perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive and who had only a common Patris or fatherland." The original European meaning of ''patriots'' applied to anyone who was a fellow countryman regardless of the socio-economic status.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kemiläinen |first=Aira |year=1989 |title=The idea of patriotism during the first years of the French Revolution |journal=History of European Ideas |volume=11 |issue=1–6 |pages=11–19 |doi=10.1016/0191-6599(89)90193-9}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Paul Stahr - Be Patriotic, Sign your Country's Pledge to Save the Food.jpg|thumb|An American poster with a patriotic theme (1917), issued by the [[United States Food Administration|U.S. Food Administration]] during World War I]] |
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The general notion of [[Civic virtue]] and group dedication has been attested in culture globally throughout the [[historical period]]. |
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[[File:I Want You for U.S. Army by James Montgomery Flagg.jpg|thumb|A patriotic World War I [[United States Army]] recruitment poster (1917)]] |
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[[File:Samuel Johnson by Joshua Reynolds.jpg|thumb|130px|right|[[Samuel Johnson]] famously referred to patriotism as "the last refuge of the scoundrel."]] |
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The notions of [[civic virtue]] and group dedication can be found in cultures globally throughout history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patriotism – 401 Words |url=https://www.studymode.com/essays/Patriotism-55662260.html|url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Studymode}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2023}} For [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] thinkers of 18th-century Europe, loyalty to the state was chiefly considered in contrast to loyalty to the [[Catholic Church|Church]]. It was argued that clerics should not be allowed to teach in public schools since their {{lang|fr|patrie}} was heaven, so they could not inspire a love of the homeland in their students. One of the most influential proponents of this notion of patriotism was [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]].<ref name="books.google.com"/>{{page needed|date=August 2023}} |
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===Enlightenment England and France === |
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In classical 18th century patriotism, loyalty to the State was chiefly considered in contrast to loyalty to the Church, and it was argued that clerics should not be allowed to teach in public schools as their ''patrie'' was heaven, so that they could not inspire love of the homeland in their students. One of the most influential proponents of this classical notion of patriotism was [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]].<ref name="books.google.com"/> |
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Enlightenment thinkers also criticized what they saw as the excess of patriotism. In 1774, [[Samuel Johnson]] published ''The Patriot'', a critique of what he viewed as false patriotism. On the evening of 7 April 1775, he made the famous statement, "Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel".<ref>{{Citation|last=Boswell|first=James|author-link=James Boswell|title=The Life of Samuel Johnson|title-link=Life of Samuel Johnson|year=1791|publisher=The Modern Library|location=New York|isbn=|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.262597/page/n540/mode/1up 525]}}</ref> [[James Boswell]], who reported this comment in his ''[[Life of Johnson]]'', does not provide context for the quote, and it has therefore been argued that Johnson was in fact attacking a false use of "patriotism" by contemporaries such as [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute]] (the patriot-minister) and his supporters; Johnson spoke elsewhere in favor of what he considered "true" patriotism.<ref name="Griffin p. 21">{{Citation|last=Griffin|first=Dustin|title=Patriotism and Poetry in Eighteenth-Century Britain|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2005|isbn=978-0-521-00959-1}}</ref> However, there is no direct evidence to contradict the widely held belief that Johnson's famous remark was a criticism of patriotism itself.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} |
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==Cultural aspects== |
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==Philosophical issues == |
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{{See also|Cultural nationalism}} |
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Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence to a [[national religion]] (a [[civil religion]] or even a [[theocracy]]). This is the opposite of the [[separation of church and state]] demanded by the Enlightenment thinkers who saw patriotism and faith as similar forces. |
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Others, such as [[Michael Billig]] or [[Jean Bethke Elshtain]] argue that the difference is difficult to discern and relies largely on the attitude of the labeller.<ref>Billig, Michael. ''[[Banal Nationalism]].'' London: Sage Publishers, 1995, p. 56-58.</ref> |
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Many patriotic people take pride in sharing a distinct, common culture, believing it to be central to their [[national identity]] and unity. Many are devoted to the preservation of their traditional culture and encourage [[cultural assimilation]] by people from other cultures. However, some of the more [[civic nationalism|civic]] forms of patriotism tend to de-emphasize ethnic culture in favor of a shared [[political culture]].<ref>{{multiref2 |
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===Region-specific issues=== |
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|1={{cite encyclopedia |title=Patriotism |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |last=Baumeister |first=Andrea |date=4 July 2023 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |location=United States |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/patriotism-sociology }} |
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|2={{cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=Royal J. |year=1956 |title=Cultural Nationalism in Herder |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=407–417 |doi=10.2307/2707552|jstor=2707552 }} }}</ref> |
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==Philosophical issues== |
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*In the [[European Union]], thinkers such as [[Jürgen Habermas|Habermas]] have advocated a [[Euro-patriotism]], but patriotism in Europe is usually directed at the [[nation-state]] and often coincides with [[Euroscepticism]]. |
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Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence to a [[State religion|national religion]] (a [[civil religion]] or even a [[theocracy]]). This is the opposite of the [[separation of church and state]] demanded by the Enlightenment thinkers who saw patriotism and faith as similar and opposed forces. [[Michael Billig]] and [[Jean Bethke Elshtain]] both argued that the difference between patriotism and faith is difficult to discern and relies largely on the attitude of the one doing the labeling.<ref>{{cite book|last=Billig|first=Michael|title=Banal Nationalism|title-link=Banal Nationalism|location=London|publisher=Sage Publishers|year=1995|pages=56–58}}</ref> |
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[[Christopher Heath Wellman]], professor of [[philosophy]] at [[Washington University in St. Louis]], says a popular view of the "patriotist" position is robust obligations to compatriots and only minimal [[good samaritan|samaritan]] responsibilities to foreigners.<ref name="LRRECS">{{Cite book|title=Liberal Rights and Responsibilities: Essays on Citizenship and Sovereignty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sco4AAAAQBAJ|url-access=limited|first=Christopher Heath|last=Wellman|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=2014|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Sco4AAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA32 32], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Sco4AAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA50 50]|isbn=9780199982189}}</ref> Wellman calls this position "patriotist" rather than "nationalist" to single out the members of territorial, political units rather than cultural groups.<ref name="LRRECS"/> |
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[[George Orwell]], in his influential essay ''[[Notes on Nationalism]]'', distinguished patriotism from the related concept of [[nationalism]]: |
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<blockquote>By 'patriotism' I mean devotion to a particular place and a particular way of life, which one believes to be the best in the world but has no wish to force upon other people. Patriotism is of its nature defensive, both militarily and culturally. Nationalism, on the other hand, is inseparable from the desire for power. The abiding purpose of every nationalist is to secure more power and more prestige, ''not'' for himself but for the nation or other unit in which he has chosen to sink his own individuality.<ref>{{cite book|last=Orwell|first=George|chapter=Notes on Nationalism|title=Essays|year=1994|publisher=Penguin|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/penguinessaysofg0000orwe|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/penguinessaysofg0000orwe/page/300/mode/2up 300–301]|isbn=9780140188035 }}</ref></blockquote> |
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=== Opposition === |
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{{Main|Anti-patriotism}} |
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[[Voltaire]] stated that "It is lamentable, that to be a good patriot one must become the enemy of the rest of mankind."<ref>{{cite book|author=Voltaire|chapter=Country|title=A Philosophical Dictionary|title-link=Dictionnaire philosophique|volume=II|year=1824|orig-year=1764|location=London|publisher=John & H.L. Hunt|page=327}}</ref> [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] wrote that "The cheapest sort of pride is national pride; for if a man is proud of his own nation, it argues that he has no qualities of his own of which a person can be proud."<ref>{{cite book|last=Schopenhauer|first=Arthur|chapter=The Wisdom of Life|title=The Wisdom of Life, and Other Essays|location=London|publisher=M. Walter Dunne|translator-first1=Bailey|translator-last1=Saunders|translator-first2=Ernest Belfort|translator-last2=Bax|series=Universal Classics Library|orig-year=1851|year=1901|url=https://archive.org/details/wisdomoflife0000scho|url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/wisdomoflife0000scho/page/n22/mode/1up|chapter-url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/wisdomoflife0000scho/page/52/mode/1up 52]}}</ref> |
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[[Kōtoku Shūsui]], a famous Japanese [[anarchist]] of the late 19th/early 20th century, devoted a large section of his widely read ''Imperialism, Monster of the Twentieth Century'' to a condemnation of patriotism.<ref name=Tierney>{{cite book|translator-last=Tierney|translator-first=Robert|title=Imperialism: Monster of the Twentieth Century|first=Shūsui|last=Kōtoku|year=1901|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/shusui-kotoku-imperialism}}</ref>{{rp|5}} One of the many arguments is based on the [[Confucianism|Confucian]] value of empathy: "I am as convinced as [[Mencius]] that any man would rush without hesitation to rescue a child who was about to fall into a well... A human being moved by such selfless love and charity does not pause to think whether the child is a family member or a close relative. When he rescues the child from danger, he does not even ask himself whether the child is his own or belongs to another."{{r|Tierney|page=143}} Patriotism is used to dehumanize others whom we would naturally have empathy for. He argues, "[P]atriotism is a discriminating and arbitrary sentiment confined to those who belong to a single nation-state or live together within common national borders",{{r|Tierney|page=59}} a sentiment cultivated and used by militarists in their drive for war. |
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[[Marxists]] have taken various stances regarding patriotism. On one hand, [[Karl Marx]] famously stated that "The working men have no country"<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm |title=Manifesto of the Communist Party|year=1848|chapter=II. Proletarians and Communists |publisher=Marxists.org |access-date=2013-11-03}}</ref> and that "the supremacy of the proletariat will cause [national differences] to vanish still faster." The same view is promoted by present-day [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]] such as [[Alan Woods (political theorist)|Alan Woods]], who is "in favor of tearing down all frontiers and creating a socialist world commonwealth."<ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Woods outlines the resistance to capitalism at Montreal's Concordia University|first=Isa|last=Al-Jaza'iri|date=2 November 2012|url=https://www.marxist.com/alan-woods-talks-at-concordia-u-montreal.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210133415/http://www.marxist.com/alan-woods-talks-at-concordia-u-montreal.htm|archive-date=December 10, 2014|website=In Defence of Marxism}}</ref> On the other hand, [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninists]] and [[Maoism|Maoists]] are usually in favor of [[socialist patriotism]] based on the theory of [[socialism in one country]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Motyl|first=Alexander J.|author-link=Alexander J. Motyl|title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-227230-1}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2023}} |
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Against [[Primordialism|primordial]] arguments in favour of national patriotism, [[Eric Hobsbawm]] wrote that such a concept was - for most of human history - "so remote from the real experience of most human beings".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hobsbawm |first=Eric | title=Nations and nationalism since 1780 |edition=2nd |year=1992 |page=46}}</ref> |
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[[Anarchism|Anarchists]] oppose patriotism.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Primoratz |first1=Igor |title=Philosophical and Political Perspectives |last2=Pavkovic |first2=Aleksandar |editor-first1=Aleksandar |editor-last1=Pavkovic |year=2016 |doi=10.4324/9781315599724|isbn=9781317083177 }}</ref> This was exemplified by [[Emma Goldman]], who stated: <blockquote>Indeed, conceit, arrogance, and egotism are the essentials of patriotism. Let me illustrate. Patriotism assumes that our globe is divided into little spots, each one surrounded by an iron gate. Those who have had the fortune of being born on some particular spot, consider themselves better, nobler, grander, and more intelligent than the living beings inhabiting any other spot. It is, therefore, the duty of everyone living in that chosen spot to fight, kill, and die in an attempt to impose his superiority upon all the others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman|first=Emma|title=Patriotism: a menace to liberty |year=1917|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-patriotism-a-menace-to-liberty |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=The Anarchist Library |language=en}}</ref></blockquote> |
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===Region-specific issues=== |
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In the [[European Union]], thinkers such as [[Jürgen Habermas]] have advocated a "[[Euro-patriotism]]", but patriotism in Europe is usually directed at the [[nation-state]] and more often than not coincides with "[[Euroscepticism]]".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Grygiel |first1=Jakub |title=The Return of Europe's Nation-States |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/return-europes-nation-states|url-access=subscription |website=Foreign Affairs Magazine |date=3 October 2016 |publisher=Hein Company |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> |
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==Surveys== |
==Surveys== |
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Several surveys have tried to measure patriotism, such as the [[Correlates of War]] project which found some correlation between war propensity and patriotism. The results from different studies are time-dependent. For example, according to the project, patriotism in [[Germany]] before [[World War I]] ranked at or near the top {{Compared to?|date=July 2023}}. According to a study by the Identity Foundation, 60% of [[Germans]] were proud of their country in 2009.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161005112907/http://www.identity-foundation.de/images/stories/downloads/Studie_Deutsch-Sein_final_klein.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> According to [[Statista]], the figure was as high as 83%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stolz Deutscher zu sein |url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/6573/umfrage/stolz-deutscher-zu-sein/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Statista |language=de}}</ref> In a 2020 [[Pew Research Center]] survey, 53% of participants surveyed in Germany said they were proud of their country, the highest figure among the nations surveyed ([[France]] (45 %), [[United Kingdom]] (41 %), [[United States]] (39 %)).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Silver |DUPLICATE_first=Laura |last2=Fagan |first2=Moira |last3=Connaughton |first3=Aidan |last4=Mordecai |first1=Mara |date=2021-05-05 |title=5. National pride and shame |work=Views About National Identity Becoming More Inclusive in U.S., Western Europe |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/05/05/5-national-pride-and-shame/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |publisher=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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<div style="float:right;"> |
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{|class="wikitable sortable" |
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!style="background-color:#cfcfcf; float:right;" |Country!! 1995-97 |
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| [[USA]] || 3.72 |
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| [[Venezuela]] || 3.73 |
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| [[South Africa]] || 3.72 |
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| [[India]] || 3.70 |
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|- |
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| [[Peru]] || 3.68 |
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|- |
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| [[Slovenia]] || 3.64 |
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| [[Poland]] || 3.55 |
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|- |
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| [[Australia]] || 3.54 |
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|- |
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| [[Spain]] || 3.38 |
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|- |
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| [[Argentina]] || 3.29 |
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|- |
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| [[Sweden]] || 3.13 |
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|- |
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| [[Moldova]] || 2.98 |
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|- |
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| [[Japan]] || 2.85 |
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| [[Russia]] || 2.69 |
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|- |
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| [[Switzerland]] || 2.59 |
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|- |
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| [[Lithuania]] || 2.47 |
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|- |
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| [[Latvia]] || 2.10 |
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|- |
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| [[Germany]] || 1.37 |
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|-class="sortbottom" |
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| Average || 3.12 |
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|} |
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</div> |
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Several surveys have tried to measure patriotism for various reasons, such as the [[Correlates of War]] project which found some correlation between war propensity and patriotism. The results from different studies are time dependent. For example, patriotism in [[Germany]] before the [[Great War]] (WWI) ranked at or near the top, whereas today it ranks at or near the bottom of patriotism surveys. |
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{{Asof|since=y|1981}}, the [[World Values Survey]] polls for national values and beliefs. The survey includes the question "Are you proud to be [insert nationality]?"; the answers to which range from 1 (not proud) to 4 (very proud). They then use the average answer given to create comparisons between not only nations but also high and low income citizens.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Morse |first1=Adair|last2=Shive|first2=Sophie Anne |title=Patriotism in Your Portfolio |journal=Journal of Financial Markets |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=411–40 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/35931|doi=10.1016/j.finmar.2010.10.006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125010752/http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/adair.morse/research/nat080211.pdf |archive-date=November 25, 2011 |year=2011 |hdl=2027.42/35931 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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The Patriotism Score tables here are from the [[World Values Survey]] and refer to the average answer ''for high income residents'' of a country to the question: "Are you proud to be [insert nationality]?" It ranges from 1 (not proud) to 4 (very proud).<ref>[http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/adair.morse/research/nat080211.pdf ''Patriotism in Your Portfolio"] Adair Morse, UofC 2008 ''Journal of Financial Markets'', 2010. Volume 14 (2), pg 411-440.</ref>. The higher value for Germany in 1990-92 likely reflects a temporary effect from reunification occurring then. |
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{|class="wikitable sortable" |
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In 2022, U.S. adults who said they were "extremely proud" to be an American hit an all-time low, according to a [[Gallup, Inc.|Gallup]] poll.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brenan |first=Megan |date=2023-06-29 |title=Extreme Pride in Being American Remains Near Record Low |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/507980/extreme-pride-american-remains-near-record-low.aspx |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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|- |
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!style="background-color:#cfcfcf;" align="right"|Country!!Score 1990-92 |
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|- |
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| [[Ireland]] || 3.74 |
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|- |
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| [[USA]] || 3.73 |
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|- |
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| [[India]] || 3.67 |
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|- |
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| [[South Africa]] || 3.55 |
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|- |
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| [[Canada]] || 3.53 |
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|- |
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| [[Spain]] || 3.46 |
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|- |
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| [[United Kingdom]] || 3.38 |
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|- |
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| [[Denmark]] || 3.27 |
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|- |
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| [[Italy]] || 3.25 |
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|- |
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| [[Sweden]] || 3.22 |
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|- |
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| [[France]] || 3.18 |
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|- |
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| [[Finland]] || 3.17 |
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|- |
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| [[Belgium]] || 3.07 |
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|- |
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| [[Netherlands]] || 2.93 |
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|- |
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| [[Germany]] || 2.75 |
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|-class="sortbottom" |
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| Average || 3.26 |
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|} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* {{annotated link|[[Collective narcissism]]}} |
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{| |
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* {{annotated link|[[Cultural identity]]}} |
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| |
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* {{annotated link|[[Patriot movement]]}} |
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* [[Anti-patriotism]] |
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* [[Chauvinism]] |
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==References== |
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* [[Collective narcissism]] |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* [[Communitarianism]] |
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* [[Cultural identity]] |
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* [[Identity politics]] |
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* [[Jingoism]] |
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* [[Nation]] |
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| |
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* [[Nationalism]] |
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* [[National flag]] |
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* [[National symbol]] |
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* [[National psychology]] |
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* [[Patriot movement]] |
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* [[Patriotic hacking]] |
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* [[Politics]] |
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* [[Social Patriotism]] |
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|} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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* {{cite book | last1=Bar-Tal | first1=Daniel | last2=Staub | first2=Ervin | title=Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations | publisher=Wadsworth Publishing Company | year=1999 | isbn=0-8304-1410-X}} |
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{{expand further|date=January 2012}} |
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* {{cite book|first=Charles|last=Blatberg|title=From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-19-829688-6}} |
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* {{cite book|first=Craig|last=Calhoun|chapter=Is it Time to Be Postnational?|title=Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority Rights|editor-first1=Stephen|editor-last1=May|editor-first2=Tariq|editor-last2=Modood|editor-first3=Judith|editor-last3=Squires|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|pages=231–56|isbn=9780511489235 }} |
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* {{cite book|first1=Joshua|last1=Cohen|author-link2=Martha C. Nussbaum|first2=Martha C.|last2=Nussbaum|title=For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism|publisher=Beacon Press|year=1996|isbn=0-8070-4313-3}} |
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* {{cite book|first=Paul|last=Gomberg|chapter=Patriotism is Like Racism|editor-link=Igor Primoratz|editor-first=Igor|editor-last=Primorac|title=Patriotism|publisher=Humanity Books|year=2002|pages=105–12|isbn=1-57392-955-7}} |
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* {{cite book|author-link=Jürgen Habermas|first=Jürgen|last=Habermas|chapter=Appendix II: Citizenship and National Identity|title=Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy|translator-first=William|translator-last=Rehg|publisher=MIT Press|year=1996}} |
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* {{cite book|first=Johan|last=Huizinga|chapter=Patriotism and Nationalism in European History|title=Men and Ideas. History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance|translator-first1=James S.|translator-last1=Holmes|translator-first2=Hans|translator-last2=van Marle|location=New York|publisher=Meridian Books|year=1959}} |
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* {{cite book|author-link=Alasdair MacIntyre|first=Alasdair|last=MacIntyre|chapter=Is Patriotism a Virtue?|editor-first=R.|editor-last=Beiner|title=Theorizing Citizenship|year=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press|pages=209–28}} |
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* {{cite book|author-link=George Orwell|first=George|last=Orwell|chapter=Notes on Nationalism|chapter-url=https://www.orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat|title=England Your England and Other Essays|publisher=Secker and Warburg|year=1953}} |
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* {{cite book | editor-last=Primoratz | editor-first=Igor | title=Patriotism | publisher=Humanities Press International | year=2002 | isbn=1-57392-955-7}} |
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* {{cite book | last=Viroli | first=Maurizio | title=For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism | publisher=Oxford University Press on Demand | year=1997 | isbn=0-19-829358-5}} |
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* {{cite web|author-link=John Witherspoon|first=John|last=Witherspoon|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Dominion_of_Providence_Over_the_Passions_of_Men|title=The Dominion of Providence Over The Passions of Man|location=Princeton|date=May 17, 1776}} |
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* Kornelia Kończal and A. Dirk Moses (ed.), ''"Patriotic History" and the (Re)Nationalization of Memory'', in: Journal of Genocide Research, 24 (2), 2022. |
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==External links== |
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{{wiktionary|patriotism}} |
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{{wikiquote}} |
{{wikiquote}} |
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{{Commons category|Patriotism}} |
{{Commons category|Patriotism}} |
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{{Collier's Poster|Patriotic Societies}} |
{{Collier's Poster|Patriotic Societies}} |
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{{Conformity}} |
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* [[Charles Blattberg]], ''From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First'', Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-829688-6. |
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{{Virtues}} |
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* Craig Calhoun, ''Is it Time to Be Postnational?'', in ''Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority Rights'', (eds.) Stephen May, Tariq Modood and Judith Squires. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. pp 231–256. Online at [http://www.ssrc.org/programs/calhoun/publications/TimetoBePostnational.pdf www.ssrc.org]. |
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* Paul Gomberg, “Patriotism is Like Racism,” in Igor Primoratz, ed., ''Patriotism'', Humanity Books, 2002, pp. 105–112. ISBN 1-57392-955-7. |
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* [[Jürgen Habermas]], “Appendix II: Citizenship and National Identity,” in ''Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy'', trans. William Rehg, MIT Press, 1996. |
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* [[Alasdair MacIntyre]], 'Is Patriotism a Virtue?', in: R. Beiner (ed.), ''Theorizing Citizenship'', 1995, State University of New York Press, pp. 209 – 228. |
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* Joshua Cohen and [[Martha C. Nussbaum]], ''For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism'', Beacon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8070-4313-3. |
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* [[George Orwell]], “[http://www.orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat Notes on Nationalism],” in ''England Your England and Other Essays'', Secker and Warburg, 1953. |
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* Igor Primoratz, ed., ''Patriotism'', Humanity Books, 2002. ISBN 1-57392-955-7. |
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* Daniel Bar-Tal and Ervin Staub, ''Patriotism'', Wadsworth Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0-8304-1410-X. |
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* Maurizio Viroli, ''For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism'', Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-829358-5. |
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Latest revision as of 19:44, 26 December 2024
 | The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (July 2020) |
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Patriotism is the feeling of love, devotion, and a sense of attachment to a country or state. This attachment can be a combination of different feelings for things such as the language of one's homeland, and its ethnic, cultural, political, or historical aspects. It may encompass a set of concepts closely related to nationalism, mostly civic nationalism and sometimes cultural nationalism.[1][page needed][2]
Terminology and usage
[edit]An excess of patriotism is called chauvinism; another related term is jingoism.
The English word "patriot" derived from "compatriot", in the 1590s, from Middle French patriote in the 15th century. The French word's compatriote and patriote originated directly from Late Latin patriota "fellow-countryman" in the 6th century. From Greek patriotes "fellow countryman", from patrios "of one's fathers", patris "fatherland". The term patriot was "applied to barbarians who were perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive and who had only a common Patris or fatherland." The original European meaning of patriots applied to anyone who was a fellow countryman regardless of the socio-economic status.[3]
History
[edit]
The notions of civic virtue and group dedication can be found in cultures globally throughout history.[4][better source needed] For Enlightenment thinkers of 18th-century Europe, loyalty to the state was chiefly considered in contrast to loyalty to the Church. It was argued that clerics should not be allowed to teach in public schools since their patrie was heaven, so they could not inspire a love of the homeland in their students. One of the most influential proponents of this notion of patriotism was Jean-Jacques Rousseau.[1][page needed]
Enlightenment thinkers also criticized what they saw as the excess of patriotism. In 1774, Samuel Johnson published The Patriot, a critique of what he viewed as false patriotism. On the evening of 7 April 1775, he made the famous statement, "Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel".[5] James Boswell, who reported this comment in his Life of Johnson, does not provide context for the quote, and it has therefore been argued that Johnson was in fact attacking a false use of "patriotism" by contemporaries such as John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (the patriot-minister) and his supporters; Johnson spoke elsewhere in favor of what he considered "true" patriotism.[6] However, there is no direct evidence to contradict the widely held belief that Johnson's famous remark was a criticism of patriotism itself.[citation needed]
Cultural aspects
[edit]Many patriotic people take pride in sharing a distinct, common culture, believing it to be central to their national identity and unity. Many are devoted to the preservation of their traditional culture and encourage cultural assimilation by people from other cultures. However, some of the more civic forms of patriotism tend to de-emphasize ethnic culture in favor of a shared political culture.[7]
Philosophical issues
[edit]Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence to a national religion (a civil religion or even a theocracy). This is the opposite of the separation of church and state demanded by the Enlightenment thinkers who saw patriotism and faith as similar and opposed forces. Michael Billig and Jean Bethke Elshtain both argued that the difference between patriotism and faith is difficult to discern and relies largely on the attitude of the one doing the labeling.[8]
Christopher Heath Wellman, professor of philosophy at Washington University in St. Louis, says a popular view of the "patriotist" position is robust obligations to compatriots and only minimal samaritan responsibilities to foreigners.[9] Wellman calls this position "patriotist" rather than "nationalist" to single out the members of territorial, political units rather than cultural groups.[9]
George Orwell, in his influential essay Notes on Nationalism, distinguished patriotism from the related concept of nationalism:
By 'patriotism' I mean devotion to a particular place and a particular way of life, which one believes to be the best in the world but has no wish to force upon other people. Patriotism is of its nature defensive, both militarily and culturally. Nationalism, on the other hand, is inseparable from the desire for power. The abiding purpose of every nationalist is to secure more power and more prestige, not for himself but for the nation or other unit in which he has chosen to sink his own individuality.[10]
Opposition
[edit]Voltaire stated that "It is lamentable, that to be a good patriot one must become the enemy of the rest of mankind."[11] Arthur Schopenhauer wrote that "The cheapest sort of pride is national pride; for if a man is proud of his own nation, it argues that he has no qualities of his own of which a person can be proud."[12]
Kōtoku Shūsui, a famous Japanese anarchist of the late 19th/early 20th century, devoted a large section of his widely read Imperialism, Monster of the Twentieth Century to a condemnation of patriotism.[13]: 5 One of the many arguments is based on the Confucian value of empathy: "I am as convinced as Mencius that any man would rush without hesitation to rescue a child who was about to fall into a well... A human being moved by such selfless love and charity does not pause to think whether the child is a family member or a close relative. When he rescues the child from danger, he does not even ask himself whether the child is his own or belongs to another."[13]: 143 Patriotism is used to dehumanize others whom we would naturally have empathy for. He argues, "[P]atriotism is a discriminating and arbitrary sentiment confined to those who belong to a single nation-state or live together within common national borders",[13]: 59 a sentiment cultivated and used by militarists in their drive for war.
Marxists have taken various stances regarding patriotism. On one hand, Karl Marx famously stated that "The working men have no country"[14] and that "the supremacy of the proletariat will cause [national differences] to vanish still faster." The same view is promoted by present-day Trotskyists such as Alan Woods, who is "in favor of tearing down all frontiers and creating a socialist world commonwealth."[15] On the other hand, Marxist-Leninists and Maoists are usually in favor of socialist patriotism based on the theory of socialism in one country.[16][page needed]
Against primordial arguments in favour of national patriotism, Eric Hobsbawm wrote that such a concept was - for most of human history - "so remote from the real experience of most human beings".[17]
Anarchists oppose patriotism.[18] This was exemplified by Emma Goldman, who stated:
Indeed, conceit, arrogance, and egotism are the essentials of patriotism. Let me illustrate. Patriotism assumes that our globe is divided into little spots, each one surrounded by an iron gate. Those who have had the fortune of being born on some particular spot, consider themselves better, nobler, grander, and more intelligent than the living beings inhabiting any other spot. It is, therefore, the duty of everyone living in that chosen spot to fight, kill, and die in an attempt to impose his superiority upon all the others.[19]
Region-specific issues
[edit]In the European Union, thinkers such as Jürgen Habermas have advocated a "Euro-patriotism", but patriotism in Europe is usually directed at the nation-state and more often than not coincides with "Euroscepticism".[20]
Surveys
[edit]Several surveys have tried to measure patriotism, such as the Correlates of War project which found some correlation between war propensity and patriotism. The results from different studies are time-dependent. For example, according to the project, patriotism in Germany before World War I ranked at or near the top [compared to?]. According to a study by the Identity Foundation, 60% of Germans were proud of their country in 2009.[21] According to Statista, the figure was as high as 83%.[22] In a 2020 Pew Research Center survey, 53% of participants surveyed in Germany said they were proud of their country, the highest figure among the nations surveyed (France (45 %), United Kingdom (41 %), United States (39 %)).[23]
Since 1981[update], the World Values Survey polls for national values and beliefs. The survey includes the question "Are you proud to be [insert nationality]?"; the answers to which range from 1 (not proud) to 4 (very proud). They then use the average answer given to create comparisons between not only nations but also high and low income citizens.[24]
In 2022, U.S. adults who said they were "extremely proud" to be an American hit an all-time low, according to a Gallup poll.[25]
See also
[edit]- Collective narcissism – Psychological tendency to exaggerate the positive image of one's social group
- Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group
- Patriot movement – American conservative political movement
References
[edit]- ^ a b Harvey Chisick (2005-02-10). Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810865488. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
- ^
- Miscevic, Nenad (2020-09-02). "Nationalism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
- Primoratz, Igor (2020-12-16). "Patriotism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
- ^ Kemiläinen, Aira (1989). "The idea of patriotism during the first years of the French Revolution". History of European Ideas. 11 (1–6): 11–19. doi:10.1016/0191-6599(89)90193-9.
- ^ "Patriotism – 401 Words". Studymode. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
- ^ Boswell, James (1791), The Life of Samuel Johnson, New York: The Modern Library, p. 525
- ^ Griffin, Dustin (2005), Patriotism and Poetry in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00959-1
- ^
- Baumeister, Andrea (4 July 2023). "Patriotism". Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- Schmidt, Royal J. (1956). "Cultural Nationalism in Herder". Journal of the History of Ideas. 17 (3): 407–417. doi:10.2307/2707552. JSTOR 2707552.
- ^ Billig, Michael (1995). Banal Nationalism. London: Sage Publishers. pp. 56–58.
- ^ a b Wellman, Christopher Heath (2014). Liberal Rights and Responsibilities: Essays on Citizenship and Sovereignty. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 32, 50. ISBN 9780199982189.
- ^ Orwell, George (1994). "Notes on Nationalism". Essays. New York: Penguin. pp. 300–301. ISBN 9780140188035.
- ^ Voltaire (1824) [1764]. "Country". A Philosophical Dictionary. Vol. II. London: John & H.L. Hunt. p. 327.
- ^ Schopenhauer, Arthur (1901) [1851]. "The Wisdom of Life". The Wisdom of Life, and Other Essays. Universal Classics Library. Translated by Saunders, Bailey; Bax, Ernest Belfort. London: M. Walter Dunne. p. 52.
- ^ a b c Kōtoku, Shūsui (1901). Imperialism: Monster of the Twentieth Century. Translated by Tierney, Robert.
- ^ "II. Proletarians and Communists". Manifesto of the Communist Party. Marxists.org. 1848. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
- ^ Al-Jaza'iri, Isa (2 November 2012). "Alan Woods outlines the resistance to capitalism at Montreal's Concordia University". In Defence of Marxism. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014.
- ^ Motyl, Alexander J. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-227230-1.
- ^ Hobsbawm, Eric (1992). Nations and nationalism since 1780 (2nd ed.). p. 46.
- ^ Primoratz, Igor; Pavkovic, Aleksandar (2016). Pavkovic, Aleksandar (ed.). Philosophical and Political Perspectives. doi:10.4324/9781315599724. ISBN 9781317083177.
- ^ Goldman, Emma (1917). "Patriotism: a menace to liberty". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
- ^ Grygiel, Jakub (3 October 2016). "The Return of Europe's Nation-States". Foreign Affairs Magazine. Hein Company. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20161005112907/http://www.identity-foundation.de/images/stories/downloads/Studie_Deutsch-Sein_final_klein.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Stolz Deutscher zu sein". Statista (in German). Retrieved 2024-06-03.
- ^ Silver, Mara; Fagan, Moira; Connaughton, Aidan; Mordecai (2021-05-05). "5. National pride and shame". Views About National Identity Becoming More Inclusive in U.S., Western Europe. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|DUPLICATE_first=ignored (help) - ^ Morse, Adair; Shive, Sophie Anne (2011). "Patriotism in Your Portfolio" (PDF). Journal of Financial Markets. 14 (2): 411–40. doi:10.1016/j.finmar.2010.10.006. hdl:2027.42/35931. Archived from the original on November 25, 2011.
- ^ Brenan, Megan (2023-06-29). "Extreme Pride in Being American Remains Near Record Low". Gallup.com. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
Further reading
[edit]- Bar-Tal, Daniel; Staub, Ervin (1999). Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations. Wadsworth Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8304-1410-X.
- Blatberg, Charles (2000). From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829688-6.
- Calhoun, Craig (2004). "Is it Time to Be Postnational?". In May, Stephen; Modood, Tariq; Squires, Judith (eds.). Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–56. ISBN 9780511489235.
- Cohen, Joshua; Nussbaum, Martha C. (1996). For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism. Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-4313-3.
- Gomberg, Paul (2002). "Patriotism is Like Racism". In Primorac, Igor (ed.). Patriotism. Humanity Books. pp. 105–12. ISBN 1-57392-955-7.
- Habermas, Jürgen (1996). "Appendix II: Citizenship and National Identity". Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Translated by Rehg, William. MIT Press.
- Huizinga, Johan (1959). "Patriotism and Nationalism in European History". Men and Ideas. History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance. Translated by Holmes, James S.; van Marle, Hans. New York: Meridian Books.
- MacIntyre, Alasdair (1995). "Is Patriotism a Virtue?". In Beiner, R. (ed.). Theorizing Citizenship. State University of New York Press. pp. 209–28.
- Orwell, George (1953). "Notes on Nationalism". England Your England and Other Essays. Secker and Warburg.
- Primoratz, Igor, ed. (2002). Patriotism. Humanities Press International. ISBN 1-57392-955-7.
- Viroli, Maurizio (1997). For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism. Oxford University Press on Demand. ISBN 0-19-829358-5.
- Witherspoon, John (May 17, 1776). "The Dominion of Providence Over The Passions of Man". Princeton.
- Kornelia Kończal and A. Dirk Moses (ed.), "Patriotic History" and the (Re)Nationalization of Memory, in: Journal of Genocide Research, 24 (2), 2022.
External links
[edit]
Look up patriotism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Patriotism.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patriotism.
