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{{About|the automaton design conceptualized by Leonardo da Vinci|for the robotic surgical device occasionally referred to as a "da Vinci robot”|Da Vinci Surgical System}}{{Short description|Automaton designed by Leonardo da Vinci}}
{{ref improve|date=December 2011}}
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[[File:Leonardo-Robot3.jpg|thumb|Model of Leonardo's robot with inner workings, on display in Berlin]]
'''Leonardo's robot''' refers to a humanoid [[automaton]] designed by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] around the year 1495.{{fact|date=January 2012}}
'''Leonardo's robot''', or '''Leonardo's mechanical knight''' ([[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Automa cavaliere'', lit. "Automaton knight"), is a humanoid [[automaton]] designed and possibly constructed by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] in the late 15th century.<ref name=":02">{{Citation |title=Leonardo's Knight |date=2006 |work=Leonardo’s Lost Robots |pages=69–113 |url=https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/3-540-28497-4_3?sharing_token=NdQiCWIO34-S2B3in1tAa_e4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY5rdytw2DBGfURjm_6v04inZMaBk3blSfDzPC3XPYDCDK3YK5SVbpCMODDyvLDFTZg6dslzgx0INVSmx28GYCjeY_iruu193nVuxDvxFxVqiA%3D%3D |access-date=2024-11-05 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/3-540-28497-4_3 |isbn=978-3-540-28440-6}}</ref>


The robot’s design largely consists of a series of [[Pulley|pulleys]] that allow it to mimic human motions.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Moran |first=Michael E. |date=December 2006 |title=Epochs in Endourology The da Vinci Robot |url=https://www.endourology.org/images/endourology-history-articles/The-da-Vinci-Robot.pdf |journal=Journal of Endourology |volume=20|doi=10.1089/end.2006.20.986 |pmid=17206888 }}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Rosheim |first=M.E. |date=August 6, 2002 |title=In the Footsteps of Leonardo |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/591641 |journal=IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=12–14 |doi=10.1109/100.591641 |via=IEEE}}</ref> Operational versions of the robot have been reconstructed by multiple researchers after the discovery of Leonardo’s sketches in the 1950s.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":42" /> Leonardo’s designs may have served as inspirations for robotics projects backed by [[NASA]] and [[Intuitive Surgical]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
The assho,e is big in this one design notes for the robot appear in sketchbooks that were rediscovered in the 1950s.{{fact|date=January 2012}} Leonardo displayed his "robot" at a celebration hosted by Duke Sforza at the court of Milan in 1495. The robot knight could stand, sit, raise its visor and independently maneuver its arms. The entire robotic system was operated by a series of pulleys and cables. Since the discovery of the sketchbook, the robot has been built faithfully based on Leonardo's design; this proved it was fully functional, as Leonardo had planned.<ref>Rosheim; Mark Elling. ''Leonardo's Lost Robots''. Springer, 2006, p. 69.</ref>


== History ==
The robot is a [[warrior]], clad in [[Germany|German]]-[[Italy|Italian]] [[medieval]] [[armour]], that is apparently able to make several human-like motions. These motions included sitting up, moving its arms, neck, and an anatomically correct jaw. Also it was most likely planned to be made with fluidity in combat. It is partially the fruit of Leonardo's anatomical research in the Canon of Proportions as described in the ''[[Vitruvian Man]]''.
Leonardo possibly started sketching ideas for his robot before he began work on [[The Last Supper (Leonardo)|The Last Supper]].<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2024 |title=Leonardo's Robot |url=https://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/genscheda.asp?appl=LIR&xsl=slideshow&lingua=ENG&chiave=101791#:~:text=This%20robot%20would%20influence%20his,more%20versatile%20general%20purpose%20robots |access-date=November 4, 2024 |website=Museo Galileo Institute and Museum of the History of Science}}</ref> Though no complete drawings of the automaton survived, Leonardo’s notes suggest he may have constructed a prototype around 1495, while he was under the patronage of [[Ludovico Sforza]], the Duke of Milan.<ref name=":02" />


Leonardo’s initial studies in [[anatomy]] and [[kinesiology]], as recorded in his Codex Huygens, may have informed his desire to design an automated device.<ref name=":12" /> The principles of his humanoid robot can be found among a set of folios composed of anatomical sketches that are believed to follow his [[Vitruvian Man|Vitruvian Canon of Proportions]].<ref name=":12" />
{{gallery|lines=3
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|File:Leonardo-Robot3.jpg|Model of Leonardo's robot with inner workings, as displayed in Berlin
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|Image:Leonardo_Da_Vinci_Robot_Leonardo3_2008-1.jpg|Building the robot of Leonardo da Vinci in the Leonardo3 laboratories by Mario Taddei.
}}


Leonardo’s interest in engineering may have also inspired him to create his automaton, which appears in the form of a mechanical knight.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal |last=Jose |first=Antony Merlin |date=2001 |title=Anatomy and Leonardo da Vinci |journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |volume=74 |issue=74 |pages=185–195|pmid=11501715 |pmc=2588719 }}</ref> Before Leonardo designed his mechanical knight, eyewitness accounts detail how he created a mechanical lion that could move independently of human intervention.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-16 |title=7 Early Robots and Automatons |url=https://www.history.com/news/7-early-robots-and-automatons |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> The mechanical lion was displayed in many public venues including the wedding of [[Marie de' Medici#:~:text=The marriage contract was signed,favorite the Duc de Bellegarde|Maria de Medici]] and at the arrival of the French King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] in [[Lyon]] in 1515.<ref name=":12" />
==Notes==
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[[File:Leonardo_Da_Vinci_Robot_Leonardo3_2008-1.jpg|thumb|A modern reconstruction of the robot of Leonardo da Vinci in the Leonardo3 laboratories, in 2007]]
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{{Reflist}}


== Design ==
{{Commons category}}
Leonardo’s robot is largely controlled by a system of pulleys composed of a central driver, individual drivers, and supporting [[Idler pulley|idler pulleys]].<ref name=":02" /> The inside of the robot's chest contains a mechanical controller for the arms.<ref name=":02" /> This controller triggers the [[Worm drive|worm gears]] connected to the robot’s pulley system, enabling the robot to wave its arms.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":32" /> The robot’s legs are controlled with an external [[Crank (mechanism)|crank]] and cable system attached to key pivots on the ankles, knees, and hips.<ref name=":12" /> The robot’s inner mechanisms are hidden behind a German-Italian suit of medieval armor.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Pasek |first=Anne |date=2014 |title=Renaissance Robotics: Leonardo da Vinci's Lost Knight and Enlivened Materiality |url=https://shiftjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/01_Pasek.pdf |journal=Graduate Journal of Visual and Material Culture |issue=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103212349/https://shiftjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/01_Pasek.pdf |archive-date=2023-11-03 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

The robot’s head has a hinged jaw and is attached to a flexible neck.<ref name=":12" /> The robot’s body can sit upright and move its arms around in various directions.<ref name=":12" /> The robot's lower body operates with three [[Degrees of freedom (mechanics)|degrees of freedom]] while the arms utilize a four-degree-of-freedom system, possibly so the robot can perform whole-arm grasping.<ref name=":32" />

Drums located inside of the robot produce sounds as the rest of the body moves.<ref name=":12" /> Like many other mechanical forms of palatial entertainment at the time, the robot may have been designed to scare audiences.<ref name=":22" />

== Modern reconstructions ==
Around the 1950s, researcher [[Carlo Pedretti]] discovered sketchbooks containing Leonardo’s notes on the mechanical knight, with numerous fragmented sketches and design details scattered across various pages.<ref name=":12" />

After meeting Pedretti in 1993, roboticist Mark Rosheim collaborated with him to piece together the fragmented sketches and develop a [[Computer-aided design|CAD]] reconstruction of the robot.<ref name=":82">{{Cite magazine |last=Vanderbilt |first=Tom |title=The Real da Vinci Code |url=https://www.wired.com/2004/11/davinci/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

In 2002, the [[BBC]] filmed Rosheim reconstructing Leonardo’s robot.<ref name=":02" /> Rosheim combined his own designs with Leonardo’s preliminary sketches for his reconstruction.<ref name=":02" /> He also used a photo of Renaissance armor to plan the exterior of the robot and ensure that all of the robot’s fragments aligned.<ref name=":02" /> To account for the compressed filming schedule of two weeks, Rosheim simplified the design and used a stock suit of armor.<ref name=":02" />

In 2007, [[Mario Taddei]], technical director and researcher at the [[Leonardo3 Museum|Leonardo3]] (L3) research center and museum in [[Milan]], also reconstructed Leonardo’s robot.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Angeles |title=A robot over five centuries old, Leonardo's mechanical knight |url=https://rosfilmfestival.com/en/a-robot-over-five-centuries-old-leonardos-mechanical-knight/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=ROS Robotic Online Shortfilm Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> Both Taddei and Rosheim’s reconstructions were operational.<ref name=":42" />

== Legacy ==
NASA commissioned Mark Rosheim to design an advanced humanoid robot called Surrogate and nicknamed "Surge”.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=JPL's Surrogate Robot |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia18792-jpls-surrogate-robot/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) |language=en-US}}</ref> Rosheim drew inspiration from Leonardo’s robotic designs, integrating principles from Leonardo's exploration of human-like movement and mechanical function into Surge's design.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2017-02-20 |title=Leonardo's Robot |url=https://www.indramat-us.com/leonardos-robot/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Indramat Products |language=en-US}}</ref>

Intuitive Surgical launched the first [[da Vinci Surgical System]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intuitive History |url=https://www.intuitive.com/en-us/about-us/company/history |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.intuitive.com}}</ref> It is believed that the robotic-assisted surgical system was named after Leonardo da Vinci as an homage to his contributions to the fields of human anatomy, mechanics, and automation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=November 13, 2024 |title=Why is the technology called the da Vinci? |url=https://www.genesishealth.com/a-z/surgery/robotic-surgery/davinci/frequently-asked-questions/#:~:text=Why%20is%20the%20technology%20called,made%20around%20the%20year%201495. |access-date=November 13, 2024 |website=Mercy One Genesis}}</ref> Some also argue that the name of the surgical system commemorates how Leonardo’s robot appears to be the first human automaton to prove that the mechanisms in human bodies could be replicated using machinery.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2011-04-02 |title=The Da Vinci Robot - USC Viterbi School of Engineering |url=https://illumin.usc.edu/the-da-vinci-robot/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=illumin.usc.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
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{{Reflist}}


{{Leonardo da Vinci}}
{{Leonardo da Vinci}}
{{Humanoid robots}}
{{Humanoid robots}}


[[Category:Leonardo da Vinci projects]]
[[Category:Historical robots]]
[[Category:Historical robots]]
[[Category:Humanoid robots]]
[[Category:Humanoid robots]]
[[Category:15th-century robots]]
[[Category:Leonardo da Vinci projects]]
[[Category:Robots of Italy]]
[[Category:Robots of Italy]]
{{robo-stub}}

[[ar:روبوت ليوناردو]]
[[ca:Robot de Leonardo]]
[[es:Robot de Leonardo]]
[[it:Automa cavaliere]]
[[pl:Robot (projekt Leonarda da Vinci)]]
[[ro:Robotul lui Leonardo da Vinci]]
[[ru:Робот Леонардо]]
[[uk:Робот Леонардо]]
[[zh:達文西機械人]]

Latest revision as of 08:05, 7 December 2024

This article is about the automaton design conceptualized by Leonardo da Vinci. For for the robotic surgical device occasionally referred to as a "da Vinci robot”, see Da Vinci Surgical System.
Model of Leonardo's robot with inner workings, on display in Berlin

Leonardo's robot, or Leonardo's mechanical knight (Italian: Automa cavaliere, lit. "Automaton knight"), is a humanoid automaton designed and possibly constructed by Leonardo da Vinci in the late 15th century.[1]

The robot’s design largely consists of a series of pulleys that allow it to mimic human motions.[1][2][3] Operational versions of the robot have been reconstructed by multiple researchers after the discovery of Leonardo’s sketches in the 1950s.[2][4] Leonardo’s designs may have served as inspirations for robotics projects backed by NASA and Intuitive Surgical.[5][6][7]

History

[edit]

Leonardo possibly started sketching ideas for his robot before he began work on The Last Supper.[8] Though no complete drawings of the automaton survived, Leonardo’s notes suggest he may have constructed a prototype around 1495, while he was under the patronage of Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan.[1]

Leonardo’s initial studies in anatomy and kinesiology, as recorded in his Codex Huygens, may have informed his desire to design an automated device.[2] The principles of his humanoid robot can be found among a set of folios composed of anatomical sketches that are believed to follow his Vitruvian Canon of Proportions.[2]

Leonardo’s interest in engineering may have also inspired him to create his automaton, which appears in the form of a mechanical knight.[9] Before Leonardo designed his mechanical knight, eyewitness accounts detail how he created a mechanical lion that could move independently of human intervention.[10] The mechanical lion was displayed in many public venues including the wedding of Maria de Medici and at the arrival of the French King Francis I in Lyon in 1515.[2]

A modern reconstruction of the robot of Leonardo da Vinci in the Leonardo3 laboratories, in 2007

Design

[edit]

Leonardo’s robot is largely controlled by a system of pulleys composed of a central driver, individual drivers, and supporting idler pulleys.[1] The inside of the robot's chest contains a mechanical controller for the arms.[1] This controller triggers the worm gears connected to the robot’s pulley system, enabling the robot to wave its arms.[1][3] The robot’s legs are controlled with an external crank and cable system attached to key pivots on the ankles, knees, and hips.[2] The robot’s inner mechanisms are hidden behind a German-Italian suit of medieval armor.[11]

The robot’s head has a hinged jaw and is attached to a flexible neck.[2] The robot’s body can sit upright and move its arms around in various directions.[2] The robot's lower body operates with three degrees of freedom while the arms utilize a four-degree-of-freedom system, possibly so the robot can perform whole-arm grasping.[3]

Drums located inside of the robot produce sounds as the rest of the body moves.[2] Like many other mechanical forms of palatial entertainment at the time, the robot may have been designed to scare audiences.[11]

Modern reconstructions

[edit]

Around the 1950s, researcher Carlo Pedretti discovered sketchbooks containing Leonardo’s notes on the mechanical knight, with numerous fragmented sketches and design details scattered across various pages.[2]

After meeting Pedretti in 1993, roboticist Mark Rosheim collaborated with him to piece together the fragmented sketches and develop a CAD reconstruction of the robot.[12]

In 2002, the BBC filmed Rosheim reconstructing Leonardo’s robot.[1] Rosheim combined his own designs with Leonardo’s preliminary sketches for his reconstruction.[1] He also used a photo of Renaissance armor to plan the exterior of the robot and ensure that all of the robot’s fragments aligned.[1] To account for the compressed filming schedule of two weeks, Rosheim simplified the design and used a stock suit of armor.[1]

In 2007, Mario Taddei, technical director and researcher at the Leonardo3 (L3) research center and museum in Milan, also reconstructed Leonardo’s robot.[4] Both Taddei and Rosheim’s reconstructions were operational.[4]

Legacy

[edit]

NASA commissioned Mark Rosheim to design an advanced humanoid robot called Surrogate and nicknamed "Surge”.[5][13] Rosheim drew inspiration from Leonardo’s robotic designs, integrating principles from Leonardo's exploration of human-like movement and mechanical function into Surge's design.[5]

Intuitive Surgical launched the first da Vinci Surgical System in 2000.[14] It is believed that the robotic-assisted surgical system was named after Leonardo da Vinci as an homage to his contributions to the fields of human anatomy, mechanics, and automation.[6] Some also argue that the name of the surgical system commemorates how Leonardo’s robot appears to be the first human automaton to prove that the mechanisms in human bodies could be replicated using machinery.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Leonardo's Knight", Leonardo’s Lost Robots, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 69–113, 2006, doi:10.1007/3-540-28497-4_3, ISBN 978-3-540-28440-6, retrieved 2024-11-05
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Moran, Michael E. (December 2006). "Epochs in Endourology The da Vinci Robot" (PDF). Journal of Endourology. 20. doi:10.1089/end.2006.20.986. PMID 17206888.
  3. ^ a b c Rosheim, M.E. (August 6, 2002). "In the Footsteps of Leonardo". IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine. 4 (2): 12–14. doi:10.1109/100.591641 – via IEEE.
  4. ^ a b c Angeles. "A robot over five centuries old, Leonardo's mechanical knight". ROS Robotic Online Shortfilm Festival. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  5. ^ a b c admin (2017-02-20). "Leonardo's Robot". Indramat Products. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  6. ^ a b "Why is the technology called the da Vinci?". Mercy One Genesis. November 13, 2024. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  7. ^ a b "The Da Vinci Robot - USC Viterbi School of Engineering". illumin.usc.edu. 2011-04-02. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  8. ^ "Leonardo's Robot". Museo Galileo Institute and Museum of the History of Science. November 4, 2024. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
  9. ^ Jose, Antony Merlin (2001). "Anatomy and Leonardo da Vinci". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 74 (74): 185–195. PMC 2588719. PMID 11501715.
  10. ^ "7 Early Robots and Automatons". HISTORY. 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
  11. ^ a b Pasek, Anne (2014). "Renaissance Robotics: Leonardo da Vinci's Lost Knight and Enlivened Materiality" (PDF). Graduate Journal of Visual and Material Culture (7). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-11-03 – via Internet Archive.
  12. ^ Vanderbilt, Tom. "The Real da Vinci Code". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  13. ^ "JPL's Surrogate Robot". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  14. ^ "Intuitive History". www.intuitive.com. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
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