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{{Short description|Property that money is useful later}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2006}}
A recognized form of exchange can be a form of [[money]] or [[currency]], a [[commodity]] like [[gold]], or [[financial capital]]. To act as a '''store of value''', these forms must be able to be saved and retrieved at a later time, and be predictably useful when retrieved.


A '''store of value''' is any commodity or [[asset]] that would normally retain [[purchasing power]] into the future and is the function of the asset that can be saved, retrieved and exchanged at a later time, and be predictably useful when retrieved.{{Cn|date=July 2018}}
Storage of value is one of several distinct functions of [[money]]. The other functions are the [[standard of deferred payment]], which requires acceptability to parties owed a [[debt]], and the [[unit of account]], which requires [[fungibility]] so accounts in any amount can be readily settled. It is also distinct from the [[medium of exchange]] function which requires durability when used in trade and to minimize fraud opportunities.<ref>[[Money#Functions]]</ref>


The most common store of value in modern times has been [[money]], [[currency]], or a [[commodity]] like a [[precious metal]] or [[financial capital]]. The point of any store of value is [[risk management]] due to a stable demand for the underlying asset.<ref name ="Essentials">{{cite book |title=Essentials of Economics |last=Mankiw |first=N. Gregory |year=2012 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1133418948 |page=437 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSY9AAAAQBAJ |accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>
With money being a storage of value was the start of monetary inflation cycles where the Federal Reserve bank creates new money to dilute the value of money currently in the system, creating an over abundance of money causing market goods and services to rise in price by 4% to 8% per year.


==Alternatives stores of value==
==Money as a store of value==
[[File:Currency, Money,before Euro.jpg|thumb|Various bills and coins]]
[[Monetary economics]] is the branch of economics which analyses the functions of money. Storage of value is one of the three generally accepted [[Money#Functions|functions of money]].<ref name="esoec">{{cite book |title=Essentials of Economics |last=Mankiw |first=N. Gregory |year=2012 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1133418948 |page=437 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSY9AAAAQBAJ |accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref> The other functions are the [[medium of exchange]], which is used as an intermediary to avoid the inconveniences of the [[coincidence of wants]], and the [[unit of account]], which allows the value of various goods, services, assets and liabilities to be rendered in multiples of the same unit. Money is well-suited to storing value because of its [[purchasing power]].<ref name="papc">{{cite book |title=Economics: Private and Public Choice |last=Gwartney |first=James |author2=Richard Stroup |author3=Russell Sobel |author4=David Macpherson |year=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0324580181 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIbH4R77OtMC |accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref> It is also useful because of its durability.<ref name="funofec">{{cite book |title=Fundamentals of Economics |last=Boyes |first=William |author2=Michael Melvin |year=2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1133172994 |page=295 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe08AAAAQBAJ |accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref>


Because of its function as a store of value, large quantities of money are [[Hoarding (economics)|hoarded]].<ref name="primon">{{cite book |title=Primitive Money: In its Ethnological, Historical and Economic Aspects, Edition 2 |last=Einzig |first=Paul |year=2014 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483157153 |page=425 |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=RhejBQAAQBAJ |accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref> Money's usefulness as a store of value declines if there are significant changes in the general level of [[price]]s.<ref name="mea">{{cite book |title=Macro Economic Analysis |last=Currie |first=David A. |year=1981 |publisher=Nirali Prakashan |isbn=9380064195 |page=2.14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01G0yTCZpB4C |accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref> So if inflation rises, purchasing power declines and a cost is placed on those holding money.<ref name="mpap">{{cite book |title=Macroeconomics: Public and Private Choice |last=Gwartney |first=James |author2=Richard Stroup |author3=Russell Sobel |author4=David Macpherson |year=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0324580198 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Byk5B7BJkr4C |accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref>
*[[real estate]] - ownership in actual deeds in protectible controllable land.
*Education, Ability, keenness, problem solving capability in mental processes, adaptability, a high performance brain can defend wealth and produce more wealth than someone without an education.
*Possession of superior DNA, quality of skin, symmetry of body, beauty, 20/20 vision, straight teeth, fully adapted autoimmune system, lack of genetic problems and conditions, heritage, men and women will exchange value to acquire this.
*[[precious metal]]s - ownership in [[gold]], [[silver]], [[platinum]], [[copper]], [[rhodium]], [[aluminum]], [[nickel]], [[lithium]], [[silicon]], etc.
*[[precious stones]], ancient artifacts, ancient coinage.
*Owning the option to acquire, or having an SSN and citizenship in a 1st world nation (which changes) has value in itself (labor and value can be exchanged to help people from 3rd world into 1st world, through marriage).
*collectibles, e.g. original [[art]] by a famous artist or [[antiques]].
*[[livestock]] ownership and control of Live Hogs, Fish, Cows, Chickens. (see [[African currency]])
*[[stock]] ownership in a company which is a system to exchange human labor for value.
*Equipment, backhoes, nail guns, roofing tiles, plywood, concrete, nails, generators, Oil, Fuel, bricks, sheetrock, solar panels, chainsaws, tubing, wiring, switches, furnature.


Workers who are paid in a currency which is experiencing high-[[inflation]] will prefer to spend their income quickly instead of [[saving]] it.<ref name="funofec"/> When a currency loses its store of value, or more accurately when a currency is perceived to lose its future purchasing power, it fails to function as money. This causes people to use currencies from other countries as a [[Currency substitution|substitute]].<ref name="funofec"/>


According to the Cambridge cash-balance theory, which is represented by the [[Cambridge equation]], money's ability to store value is more important than its function as a [[medium of exchange]].<ref name="ecam">{{cite book |title=Economic Concepts and Methods |date=2008 |publisher=FK Publications |isbn=978-8188597185 |page=297 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyrqBToCDgQC |accessdate=4 January 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Cambridge claims that the [[demand for money]] is derived from its ability to store value. This is contrary to [[Irving Fisher|Fisher]] economists' belief that demand arises because money is needed for exchange.<ref name="amtp">{{cite book |title=Advanced Monitory Theory & Policies |last=Reddy |first=R. Jayaprakash |year=2004 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=8176486124 |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qem_6XaNkF4C |accessdate=4 January 2017}}</ref>
While these items may be inconvenient to trade daily or store, and may vary in [[value (economics)|value]] quite significantly, they rarely or never lose all value. This is the point of any store of value, to impose a natural [[risk management]] simply due to inherent stable demand for the underlying asset. It need not be a [[capital asset]] at all, merely have economic value that is not known to disappear even in the worst situation. In principle, this could be true of any industrial commodity, but gold and precious metals are generally favored because of their demand and rarity in nature, which reduces the risk of [[devaluation]] associated with increased production and supply.

==Other stores of value==
[[File:Bond of National Loan issued by Polish National Government 1863.png|thumb|Polish National Government bond, 1863]]
[[File:Gold-295936.jpg|thumb|Commodities such as [[Gold reserve|gold]] and other precious metals have historically been good stores of value]]

The term [[cash]] is often used to indicate both [[currency]], which is usually represented by [[paper money]] or [[coins]] in [[developed country|industrialized countries]],<ref name=currency/> and sums [[Deposit (finance)|deposited]] and payable almost immediately on order.

Apart from [[cash]], [[legal tender]] issued on the ''[[Glossary_of_policy_debate_terms#Fiat|fiat]]'' of a [[sovereign government]],<ref>{{Britannica URL|money/cash-money|Cash}}</ref><ref>{{Britannica URL|money/money|Money}}</ref> examples of [[asset|assets]] used as potential stores of value are:

* [[Financial asset|Financial assets]], e.g. [[Stock|stocks]], [[Bond (finance)|bonds]] and other [[fixed income]] [[investments]], [[Investment fund|investment funds]], [[private equity]]
* [[Real estate investing|Real estate]], e.g. [[home-ownership]], [[rental property]], or through [[security (finance)|financial securities]] or [[Fractional ownership#Real_property|fractional ownership]]<ref>{{Britannica URL|money/real-estate-investing|Wondering how to invest in real estate? Four ways to get started}}</ref>
* [[Commodity|Commodities]] (especially through [[financial assets]]), such as [[natural gas]] or [[soybean]]<ref>{{Britannica URL|money/investing-in-gold|Gold-plated investing strategy? Shiny metal and your portfolio}}</ref>
* [[Gold as an investment#Investment_vehicles|Physical gold]] or other [[Precious metal|precious metals]], such as [[gold coin|gold coins]], [[platinum as an investment|platinum]] or [[silver as an investment|silver]] [[Bullion|bullions]]<ref>{{Britannica URL|money/what-are-commodities|What are commodities?}}</ref>
* [[Collectible]]s or [[Work of art|artworks]], e.g. [[gemstone]]s, [[antiques]], [[coin collecting|coins]], [[paintings]], [[investment wine|wines]]<ref>{{Britannica URL|money/how-to-invest-in-collectibles|How to invest in art and collectibles: From pastime to portfolio}}</ref><ref>{{Britannica URL|money/investment-types|Investment types}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/valuation/store-of-value/|title=Store of value|publisher=Corporate Finance Institute|access-date=August 1, 2024|quote=A store of value is an asset, currency, or commodity that maintains its value over a long period. An item would be considered a store of value if its value is either stable or increases over time but doesn’t depreciate.}}</ref>

In addition, [[currency]] can take many alternative forms, such as [[cryptocurrency]], [[livestock]] (e.g. some [[List of currencies in Africa#Pre-colonial era|pre-colonial African currencies]]),<ref name=currency>{{Britannica URL|money/currency|Currency}}</ref> [[labor voucher]]s, [[gift economy]] relationships or [[stored-value card]]s (value is recorded directly on [[computer chips]] of the cards).<ref>{{Britannica URL|money/Credit-and-money|Credit and money}}</ref>

While the above-mentioned assets may be inconvenient to trade daily or store, and may vary in [[value (economics)|value]] quite significantly, they are expected to rarely lose all value. It need not be a [[capital asset]] at all, merely have economic value that is not believed to disappear even in the worst situation.

The disadvantage for land, houses and property as a store for value is that it may take time to find a buyer for those assets.<ref name="mpap" />

As stores of value, gold and precious metals are generally favored to industrial commodities, because of their demand and rarity in nature, which reduces the risk of [[devaluation]] associated with increased production and supply.

[[Cryptocurrency|Cryptocurrency's]] role as a store of value is currently a matter of debate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/17/mark-cuban-bitcoin-is-a-store-of-value-that-is-more-religion.html|title=Mark Cuban: Bitcoin is 'more religion than solution' and won't help in 'doomsday scenarios'|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=17 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/625fbd5a-d90c-434f-998d-5e0eeb4c0f71 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/625fbd5a-d90c-434f-998d-5e0eeb4c0f71 |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription|title=Bitcoin has ambitions for gold's role|newspaper=Financial Times|date=10 January 2021|last1=Davies|first1=Gavyn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/15/business/bitcoin-investing.html|title=What is Bitcoin Really Worth? Don't Even Ask|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 December 2017|last1=Shiller|first1=Robert J.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/16/skeptics-say-bitcoin-has-no-value-heres-why-theyre-wrong.html|title=As bitcoin's price plunges, skeptics say the cryptocurrency has no value. Here's one argument for why they're wrong|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=16 January 2018}}</ref> The [[Internal Revenue Service]] has issued guidance on "virtual currencies" that refers to them as "a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and/or a store of value."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irs.gov/irb/2014-16_IRB#NOT-2014-21|title=Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2014-16 &#124; Internal Revenue Service}}</ref> The cryptocurrency [[Bitcoin]] is often compared by advocates to [[gold]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/04/tom-lee-on-bitcoins-price-and-why-its-better-than-gold.html|title=Tom Lee gives the long-term bullish case for bitcoin and why it's better than gold|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=4 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/05/jpmorgan-bitcoin-price-could-rise-to-146k-as-it-competes-with-gold.html|title=JPMorgan says bitcoin could rise to $146,000 long term as it competes with gold|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=5 January 2021}}</ref> In their role as a store of value, cryptocurrencies often elicit concern, due to their extreme [[volatility (finance)|volatility]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/15/business/bitcoin-investing.html|title=What is Bitcoin Really Worth? Don't Even Ask|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 December 2017|last1=Shiller|first1=Robert J.}}</ref> or due to concerns about the emergence of regulation and contradictory handling by governments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregreview.org/2020/08/31/feinstein-werbach-does-regulation-chill-cryptocurrency-trading/|title=Does Regulation Chill Cryptocurrency Trading? |work=The Regulatory Review|date=31 August 2020}}</ref> Note that the Bitcoin blockchain ledger is unalterable and that Bitcoin cannot be taken from someone, except by force, known as the 'five-dollar wrench attack'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamau |first=Rufas |title=How To Send And Receive Bitcoin Privately |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rufaskamau/2022/10/24/how-to-send--and-receive-bitcoin-privately/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
{{Multicol|60%}}
*[[Asset]]
⚫
*[[Value network]]
*[[Bretton Woods system]]
*[[Bretton Woods system]]
*[[Cincinnati Time Store]]
*[[Constant purchasing power accounting]]
*[[Full-reserve banking]]
*[[Full-reserve banking]]
{{Multicol-break}}
*[[Gold as an investment]]
*[[Great Depression]]
*[[Great Depression]]
*[[Official gold reserves]]
*[[Official gold reserves]]
⚫
*[[Value network]]}}
*[[Silver as an investment]]
{{Multicol-end}}


== References ==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.egwald.ca/ubcstudent/aboriginal/exchanges.php Linguistic and Commodity Exchanges] by Elmer G. Wiens. Examines the structural differences between barter and monetary commodity exchanges and oral and written linguistic exchanges.
* {{cite web |url= http://www.egwald.ca/ubcstudent/aboriginal/exchanges.php |work= First Nations Studies |title= Linguistic and Commodity Exchanges |first= Elmer G. |last= Wiens |date= 2005 |quote= Examines the structural differences between barter and monetary commodity exchanges and oral and written linguistic exchanges }}


{{Economics}}
⚫
[[Category:Currency]]
{{Means of Exchange}}
⚫
[[Category:Money]]
[[Category:Value]]


⚫
[[Category:Currency]]
[[it:Bene rifugio]]
⚫
[[Category:Valuation (finance)]]
[[nl:Oppotmiddel]]
[[ru:Средство сбережения]]

Latest revision as of 19:43, 10 November 2024

A store of value is any commodity or asset that would normally retain purchasing power into the future and is the function of the asset that can be saved, retrieved and exchanged at a later time, and be predictably useful when retrieved.[citation needed]

The most common store of value in modern times has been money, currency, or a commodity like a precious metal or financial capital. The point of any store of value is risk management due to a stable demand for the underlying asset.[1]

Money as a store of value

[edit]
Various bills and coins

Monetary economics is the branch of economics which analyses the functions of money. Storage of value is one of the three generally accepted functions of money.[2] The other functions are the medium of exchange, which is used as an intermediary to avoid the inconveniences of the coincidence of wants, and the unit of account, which allows the value of various goods, services, assets and liabilities to be rendered in multiples of the same unit. Money is well-suited to storing value because of its purchasing power.[3] It is also useful because of its durability.[4]

Because of its function as a store of value, large quantities of money are hoarded.[5] Money's usefulness as a store of value declines if there are significant changes in the general level of prices.[6] So if inflation rises, purchasing power declines and a cost is placed on those holding money.[7]

Workers who are paid in a currency which is experiencing high-inflation will prefer to spend their income quickly instead of saving it.[4] When a currency loses its store of value, or more accurately when a currency is perceived to lose its future purchasing power, it fails to function as money. This causes people to use currencies from other countries as a substitute.[4]

According to the Cambridge cash-balance theory, which is represented by the Cambridge equation, money's ability to store value is more important than its function as a medium of exchange.[8] Cambridge claims that the demand for money is derived from its ability to store value. This is contrary to Fisher economists' belief that demand arises because money is needed for exchange.[9]

Other stores of value

[edit]
Polish National Government bond, 1863
Commodities such as gold and other precious metals have historically been good stores of value

The term cash is often used to indicate both currency, which is usually represented by paper money or coins in industrialized countries,[10] and sums deposited and payable almost immediately on order.

Apart from cash, legal tender issued on the fiat of a sovereign government,[11][12] examples of assets used as potential stores of value are:

In addition, currency can take many alternative forms, such as cryptocurrency, livestock (e.g. some pre-colonial African currencies),[10] labor vouchers, gift economy relationships or stored-value cards (value is recorded directly on computer chips of the cards).[19]

While the above-mentioned assets may be inconvenient to trade daily or store, and may vary in value quite significantly, they are expected to rarely lose all value. It need not be a capital asset at all, merely have economic value that is not believed to disappear even in the worst situation.

The disadvantage for land, houses and property as a store for value is that it may take time to find a buyer for those assets.[7]

As stores of value, gold and precious metals are generally favored to industrial commodities, because of their demand and rarity in nature, which reduces the risk of devaluation associated with increased production and supply.

Cryptocurrency's role as a store of value is currently a matter of debate.[20][21][22][23] The Internal Revenue Service has issued guidance on "virtual currencies" that refers to them as "a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and/or a store of value."[24] The cryptocurrency Bitcoin is often compared by advocates to gold.[25][26] In their role as a store of value, cryptocurrencies often elicit concern, due to their extreme volatility,[27] or due to concerns about the emergence of regulation and contradictory handling by governments.[28] Note that the Bitcoin blockchain ledger is unalterable and that Bitcoin cannot be taken from someone, except by force, known as the 'five-dollar wrench attack'.[29]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Mankiw, N. Gregory (2012). Essentials of Economics. Cengage Learning. p. 437. ISBN 978-1133418948. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  2. ^ Mankiw, N. Gregory (2012). Essentials of Economics. Cengage Learning. p. 437. ISBN 978-1133418948. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  3. ^ Gwartney, James; Richard Stroup; Russell Sobel; David Macpherson (2008). Economics: Private and Public Choice. Cengage Learning. p. 264. ISBN 978-0324580181. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  4. ^ a b c Boyes, William; Michael Melvin (2011). Fundamentals of Economics. Cengage Learning. p. 295. ISBN 978-1133172994. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  5. ^ Einzig, Paul (2014). Primitive Money: In its Ethnological, Historical and Economic Aspects, Edition 2. Elsevier. p. 425. ISBN 9781483157153. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  6. ^ Currie, David A. (1981). Macro Economic Analysis. Nirali Prakashan. p. 2.14. ISBN 9380064195. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  7. ^ a b Gwartney, James; Richard Stroup; Russell Sobel; David Macpherson (2008). Macroeconomics: Public and Private Choice. Cengage Learning. p. 264. ISBN 978-0324580198. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  8. ^ Economic Concepts and Methods. FK Publications. 2008. p. 297. ISBN 978-8188597185. Retrieved 4 January 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  9. ^ Reddy, R. Jayaprakash (2004). Advanced Monitory Theory & Policies. APH Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 8176486124. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  10. ^ a b Currency at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  11. ^ Cash at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  12. ^ Money at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  13. ^ Wondering how to invest in real estate? Four ways to get started at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  14. ^ Gold-plated investing strategy? Shiny metal and your portfolio at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  15. ^ What are commodities? at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  16. ^ How to invest in art and collectibles: From pastime to portfolio at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  17. ^ Investment types at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  18. ^ "Store of value". Corporate Finance Institute. Retrieved August 1, 2024. A store of value is an asset, currency, or commodity that maintains its value over a long period. An item would be considered a store of value if its value is either stable or increases over time but doesn't depreciate.
  19. ^ Credit and money at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  20. ^ "Mark Cuban: Bitcoin is 'more religion than solution' and won't help in 'doomsday scenarios'". CNBC. 17 December 2020.
  21. ^ Davies, Gavyn (10 January 2021). "Bitcoin has ambitions for gold's role". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10.
  22. ^ Shiller, Robert J. (15 December 2017). "What is Bitcoin Really Worth? Don't Even Ask". The New York Times.
  23. ^ "As bitcoin's price plunges, skeptics say the cryptocurrency has no value. Here's one argument for why they're wrong". CNBC. 16 January 2018.
  24. ^ "Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2014-16 | Internal Revenue Service".
  25. ^ "Tom Lee gives the long-term bullish case for bitcoin and why it's better than gold". CNBC. 4 February 2021.
  26. ^ "JPMorgan says bitcoin could rise to $146,000 long term as it competes with gold". CNBC. 5 January 2021.
  27. ^ Shiller, Robert J. (15 December 2017). "What is Bitcoin Really Worth? Don't Even Ask". The New York Times.
  28. ^ "Does Regulation Chill Cryptocurrency Trading?". The Regulatory Review. 31 August 2020.
  29. ^ Kamau, Rufas. "How To Send And Receive Bitcoin Privately". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
[edit]
  • Wiens, Elmer G. (2005). "Linguistic and Commodity Exchanges". First Nations Studies. Examines the structural differences between barter and monetary commodity exchanges and oral and written linguistic exchanges
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