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{{short description|Flattened, embossed coin used as a souvenir token}}
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[[File:Penny Press, Royal Armouries, Leeds (24th June 2010).jpg|thumb|right|A 'penny Press' at the [[Royal Armouries Museum]] in [[Leeds]]. This machine produces elongated coins from one [[New penny]] pieces.]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Elongated coin Kansas City EC Meet 2010.jpg|thumb|An elongated coin]]
⚫
[[File:Penny Press, Royal Armouries, Leeds (24th June 2010).jpg|thumb|upright|A 'penny press' at the [[Royal Armouries Museum]] in [[Leeds]]. This produces elongated coins from one [[Penny (British decimal coin)|new penny]] piece.]]
An '''elongated coin''' (also known as a '''pressed penny''' or '''smashed penny''') is a [[coin]] that has been flattened or stretched, and embossed with a new design. Such coins are often used as commemorative or [[souvenir]] tokens, and it is common to find coin elongation machines in tourism hubs, such as museums, amusement parks, and natural or man-made [[landmarks]].


'''Elongated coins''' are [[coin]]s that have been elongated (flattened or stretched) and embossed with a new design with the purpose of creating a commemorative or [[souvenir]] token. The collecting of elongated coins is a branch of [[numismatics]]. Elongated coins are also categorized as [[exonumia]].
The collecting of elongated coins is a branch of [[numismatics]]. Elongated coins are also categorized as [[exonumia]].


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:1893 Columbia Exposition penny.jpg|thumb|right|The first elongated coins were made by a die and metal rollers.]]
[[File:1893 Columbia Exposition penny.jpg|thumb|left|The first elongated coins were made by a die and metal rollers.]]
The first elongated coins in the United States were created at the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] in Chicago, Illinois, held in 1893. Several designs<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20071009162242/http://www.liss.olm.net/ec/rarities/wce/index.html</ref> were issued to commemorate the fair, and are available in the elongated coin collecting community today.
The first elongated coins in the United States were created at the [[World's Columbian Exposition]], held in 1893 in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pennycollector.com/history.html|title=History of elongated coins|website=Penny Collector|access-date=2017-10-31|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929062959/http://www.pennycollector.com/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Several designs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liss.olm.net/ec/rarities/wce/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009162242/http://www.liss.olm.net/ec/rarities/wce/index.html|title=Columbian Exposition|archivedate=9 October 2007|work=olm.net}}</ref> were issued to commemorate the fair, and are available in the elongated coin collecting community today.<ref>{{cite web |title=NGC-certified Elongated Coins from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition |url=https://www.ngccoin.com/news/article/12103/ |website=ngccoin.com |publisher=Numismatic Guaranty Company |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref>


The earliest elongated coin designer on record is Charles Damm, who created the design for the elongated coins available at the [[Pan-American Exposition|1901 Pan American Exposition]] in Buffalo, New York.<ref>Rosato, Angelo A., ''Encyclopedia of the Modern Elongated: A Complete and Authentic Description of All Modern Elongateds'', 1960-1978. Angros Publishing, 1990</ref>
The earliest elongated coin designer on record is Charles Damm, who created the design for the elongated coins available at the [[Pan-American Exposition|1901 Pan-American Exposition]] in Buffalo, New York.<ref name="rosato">{{cite book |last=Rosato |first=Angelo A. |date=1990 |title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Elongated: A Complete and Authentic Description of All Modern Elongateds, 1960-1978 |location=New Milford, CT |publisher=Angros Publishers|isbn=0-9626996-2-4 }}</ref>


The production of elongated coins can be divided into three general classes, each of which covers a distinct period from 1893 to the present. The first of the three classes are referred to colloquially as "oldies", and were produced mainly for issuance at nationwide fairs like the 1893 Chicago Columbian Exhibition and the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|1904 Saint Louis World's Fair]].<ref>Dow, Dottie and Lee Martin., ''Yesterday's Elongateds'', The Elongated Collectors/Michigan Exonumia Publishers, 2006</ref> This period started with the issuance of the first elongateds in 1893, and ended with an influx of private rollers around 1965. The second class of elongated coins, the "Modern Elongateds", cover the years ca. 1965 to around 1985. Around 1965, the major source of elongated coins became private rollers, individuals that designed and rolled elongated coins for sale. The major rollers of this period include Dottie Dow, the "House of Elongateds" (Lee Martin/Warren Bunge), Ralph Jones, Ralph W. Jobe, Elmer Anderson, Don Adams, Cee Ceven, and Angelo A. Rosato..<ref>Rosato, Angelo A., ''Encyclopedia of the Modern Elongated: A Complete and Authentic Description of All Modern Elongateds'', Angros Publishing, 1990</ref> While many private rollers still operate (notables include Raymond W. Dillard, Tyler D. Tyson, Brad Ream, and Don Adams), the vast introduction of commercial elongated machines into the marketplace in around 1985, following the introduction of the coin-operated penny press machine 1971<ref>http://www.parkpennies.com/vancefowler.htm</ref>, decreased the demand for private issues. This event marks the beginning of the third class of elongated coins, the "Contemporary Elongateds" (ca. 1985–present). This class of elongateds covers issues that are prominent in amusement parks such as Disney Resorts <ref>http://www.parkpennies.com/</ref> and attractions throughout the [[United States]], and the world. Notable commercial elongated coin companies include The Penny Machine Company (http://pennybiz.com), The Penny Men (http://pennycollector.com), The Penny Smasher (http://pennysmasher.com), The Penny-Press Machine Company (http://tppmc.com), Copper Memories, and Eurolink Corporation.
The production of elongated coins can be divided into three general classes, each of which covers a distinct period from 1893 to the present. The first of the three classes are referred to colloquially as "oldies", and were produced mainly for issuance at nationwide fairs like the 1893 Chicago Columbian Exhibition and the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|1904 St. Louis World's Fair]].<ref name="martin">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Lee |last2=Dow|first2=Dottie |date=1981 |title=Yesterday's Elongateds |location=Beaumont, Calif. |publisher=L. Martin |oclc=8431040}}</ref> This period started with the issuance of the first elongateds in 1893, and ended with an influx of private rollers around 1965. The second class of elongated coins, the "Modern Elongateds", cover the years c. 1965 to c. 1985.<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Elongates |url=https://pennypresses.net/blog/blog.php?id=5a5b941996385 |website=pennypresses.net |publisher=Penny Presses |access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>


Around 1965, the major source of elongated coins became private rollers, individuals who designed and rolled elongated coins for sale. The major rollers of this period include Dottie Dow, the "House of Elongateds" (Lee Martin/Warren Bunge), Ralph Jones, Ralph W. Jobe, Elmer Anderson, Don Adams, Cee Ceven, and Angelo A. Rosato.<ref name="rosato"/> While many private rollers still operate (notables include Raymond W. Dillard, Tyler D. Tyson, Brad Ream, and Don Adams), the vast introduction of commercial stand alone elongated machines came into the marketplace in 1988, following the introduction of the coin-operated penny press machine 1971,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parkpennies.com/vancefowler.htm|title=Vance Fowler The Cimeter Group Inc. Penny Press Machines|author=Disney Pressed Penny Collectors R. and A. Hoff|work=parkpennies.com}}</ref> decreased the demand for private issues.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
⚫
The hobby of collecting elongated coins ([[token coin]]s) has expanded throughout the United States and the world. Most modern coin elongating machines can be found in museums or landmark gift shops, souvenir stores, zoos, amusement parks and other locations of this kind. Private engravers make special-issue elongated coins to commemorate historical events, personal landmarks (such as marriage or birth of a child), or other events warranting celebration. They also design elongated coins for private clubs and organizations.

This event marks the beginning of the third class of elongated coins, the "Contemporary Elongateds" (c. 1988 – present). This class of elongated coin machines were designed and built by Randy and Earl Vaughn from Dayton, Ohio, in 1988. These mechanical coin-operated machines are still prominent in amusement parks such as Disney resorts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parkpennies.com/|title=Elongated Coins and Pressed Pennies at Disneyland|author=Disney Pressed Penny Collectors R. and A. Hoff|work=parkpennies.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Elongated Coins & Penny Press Locations |url=https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/guest-services/coin-presses/ |website=disneyworld.disney.go |publisher=Disney |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> and attractions throughout the [[United States]], and the world.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goss |first1=Tricia |title=10 facts about pressed pennies you probably don't know |url=https://www.newschannel5.com/money/consumer/dont-waste-your-money/10-facts-pressed-pennies-probably-dont-know |website=newschannel5.com |date=8 June 2017 |publisher=Scripps Media, Inc. |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref>

The first known coin-operated stand-alone automated coin rolling vendor was designed by Vance Fowler and his Cimeter Group offering a "I Love Oregon" pressed penny which was placed in the Meier & Frank Company department store, a branch of The May Company Stores, in 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parkpennies.com/vance-fowler-automated-coin-press-machines.htm|title=Vance Fowler The Cimeter Group Inc. Penny Press Machines|author=Disney Pressed Penny Collectors R. and A. Hoff|work=parkpennies.com}}</ref> Vance Fowler's Cimeter Group also proposed the DN0001 prototype pressed coin as the first Disneyland Resort pressed coin in 1986. However, ultimately Centex Inc. was the first company to place a coin press machine at the Disneyland Resort, offering the DL0001 Mickey Mouse Rays pressed coin in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parkpennies.com/pressed-pennies-disneyland/dl1-disney-pressed-pennies.htm|title=Disneyland Pressed Penny Guide DL1-25|author=Disney Pressed Penny Collectors R. and A. Hoff|work=parkpennies.com}}</ref>

===Collecting===
⚫
The hobby of collecting elongated coins has expanded throughout the United States and the world. Most modern coin elongating machines can be found in museums or landmark gift shops, souvenir stores, zoos, amusement parks and other locations of this kind. Private engravers make special-issue elongated coins to commemorate historical events, personal landmarks (such as marriage or birth of a child), or other events warranting celebration. They also design elongated coins for private clubs and organizations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Jhai |last2=Stampfler |first2=Dianna |title=Pressed Pennies: Shiny Souvenirs from the Straits of Mackinac |url=https://www.mackinawcity.com/pressed-pennies-shiny-souvenirs-from-the-straits-of-mackinac/ |website=mackinawcity.com |publisher=Mackinaw Area Visitors Bureau |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref>

Several websites and online groups exist to support collectors offering locations and articles covering topics such as rolling, preserving, cleaning, and other related topics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thoughts About How to Clean Pressed Coins |url=https://www.parkpennies.com/how-to-clean-pressed-coins/how-to-clean-pressed-pennies.htm |website=parkpennies.com |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> '''The Elongated Collectors''' is a non-profit organization that was founded in 1966. The group's official mission is to "educate, encourage and promote the study, acquisition and exhibition of elongated coins." The organization publishes a quarterly newsletter, "TEC News", and periodic email updates, "TEC eNews", creates elongated coins, and hosts an annual meeting in conjunction with the [[American Numismatic Association]] World's Fair of Money.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAQs |url=https://tecnews.org/club/faqs/ |website=tecnews.org |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref>


==Locales==
==Locales==
It is common to find "pressed penny" machines in tourism hubs, such as museums, amusement parks, and natural/man-made landmarks.
It is common to find "pressed penny" machines in tourism hubs, such as museums, amusement parks,<ref>{{cite web |title=Coin Press Machines |url=https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/guest-services/coin-presses/ |website=disneyworld.disney.go.com |publisher=Disney |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref> and natural or man-made [[landmarks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome All Penny Collectors! |url=http://www.pennycollector.com/ |website=pennycollector.com |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref>

==Process==
==Process==
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2023}}
[[Image:Davidson County Rolled Penny.jpg|thumb|The county of Davidson, North Carolina selling elongated coins commemorating the 150th anniversary of the courthouse]]
An early and common method of coin elongation was smashing pennies by leaving them on a [[railroad]] track. When a train rolls over a penny, the force is sufficient to cause [[plastic deformation]] that flattens and stretches it into an oval, showing only the faintest trace of the original design. Some early railroad flattened cents were then hand engraved with the date and location.
An early and common method of coin elongation was smashing pennies by leaving them on a [[railroad]] track.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eire |first1=Grace |title=10 Things You Never Knew About Pressed Pennies |url=https://littlethings.com/lifestyle/pressed-pennies-1 |website=littlethings.com |access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref> When a train rolls over a penny, the force is sufficient to cause [[plastic deformation]] that flattens and stretches it into an oval, showing only the faintest trace of the original design. Some early railroad flattened cents were then hand engraved with the date and location.


Modern elongated coins are created by inserting a standard, small denomination coin into a small [[rolling mill]] consisting of two steel rollers pressed against each other with sufficient force to deform the coin. One of the rollers (called the "die") is engraved with a design that imprints a new image into the metal as the coin passes through it. The resulting coin is oval-shaped and shows a design corresponding to the design on the die in the mill.
Modern elongated coins are created by inserting a standard, small denomination coin into a small [[rolling mill]] consisting of two steel rollers pressed against each other with sufficient force to deform the coin. One of the rollers (called the "die") is engraved with a design that imprints a new image into the metal as the coin passes through it. The resulting coin is oval-shaped and shows a design corresponding to the design on the die in the mill. Some machines are hand operated, whereas others are fully automatic.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gilkes |first1=Paul |title=Elongated coins part of numismatic landscape |url=https://www.coinworld.com/news/us-coins/elongated-coins-part-of-numismatic-landscape.html |website=coinworld.com |publisher=Amos Media Company |access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref>


[[File:Squishing a Penny in a Mall.jpg|thumb|upright|Using a common crank style penny squishing/elongation machine.]]
⚫
Throughout the history of the production of elongated coins, various methods have been used to engrave the design into the roller. Early elongateds were hand engraved with [[burin]] gravers, and some are still engraved using this method. More popular modern and contemporary methods include [[etching]], [[pantograph]] engraving, and engraving using electric or air-powered [[rotary tool|rotary tools]].


⚫
Throughout the history of the production of elongated coins, various methods have been used to engrave the design into the roller. Early elongateds were hand engraved with [[Burin (engraving)|burin]] gravers, and some are still engraved using this method. More popular modern and contemporary methods include [[etching]], [[pantograph]] engraving, and engraving using electric or air-powered [[rotary tool]]s.
In America, cents are most commonly used in these vending machines, as they are thin, easy to emboss, and are the smallest denomination of American money (Most machines charge $.50 in addition to the cent rolled). Less common are machines that press designs into quarters, dimes, and nickels.<ref>Penny, nickle, dime, and quarter examples.[http://www.pennycollector.com/Details.aspx?location=366]</ref>

In the US, [[Penny (United States coin)|one-cent coins]] are most commonly used in these vending machines, as they are thin, easy to emboss, and are the smallest denomination of US money (most machines charge [[US$]]1.00 in addition to the cent rolled). All US cents produced after 1982 have a zinc core, and using them produces elongated coins with zinc streaks. This zinc streaking can be avoided by using coins produced before 1982. (The United States Mint produced both compositions during 1982.) Less common are machines that press designs into [[Quarter (United States coin)|quarters]], [[Dime (United States coin)|dimes]], and [[Nickel (United States coin)|nickels]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Disneyland Elongated Coin Machines |url=http://www.pennycollector.com/Details.aspx?location=366 |website=PennyCollector.com |accessdate=20 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814160432/http://www.pennycollector.com/Details.aspx?location=366 |archivedate=14 August 2014 }}</ref>


==Legality==
==Legality==
[[Image:Enlongatedcoins.jpg|thumb|Collection of elongated pennies]]
[[File:Enlongatedcoins.jpg|thumb|Collection of elongated pennies]]
The process of creating elongated coins is legal in the United States, almost all parts of [[Japan]], [[South Africa]] and parts of [[Europe]]. In the United States, U.S. Code Title 18, Chapter 17, Section 331 prohibits "the mutilation, diminution and falsification of United States coinage." The foregoing [[statute]], however, does not prohibit the mutilation of coins, if the mutilated coins are not used fraudulently, i.e., with the intention of creating counterfeit coinage or profiting from the [[base metal]] (the pre-1982 copper U.S. cent which, as of 2010, is worth more than one cent in the United States). Because elongated coins are made mainly as souvenirs, mutilation for this purpose is legal.
The process of creating elongated coins is legal in the United States, [[South Africa]] and parts of [[Europe]]. In the United States, [[Title 18 of the United States Code|U.S. Code Title 18]], Chapter 17, Section 331 prohibits "the mutilation, diminution and falsification of United States coinage." The foregoing [[statute]], however, does not prohibit the mutilation of coins, if the mutilated coins are not used fraudulently, i.e., with the intention of creating counterfeit coinage or profiting from the [[base metal]] (the pre-1982 copper U.S. cent which, as of 2010, is worth more than one cent in the United States).<ref>{{cite web|last=Acosta|first=Rocky|title=Currency as Art 1.0 - Defacing Coins |url=http://arttechlaw.com/currency-as-art-1-0-defacing-coins|accessdate=8 April 2013|publisher=Arttechlaw.com|date=6 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pennycollector.com/faq.html|title=FAQ|website=Penny Collector|access-date=2017-10-31|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022857/https://www.pennycollector.com/faq.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because elongated coins are made mainly as souvenirs, mutilation for this purpose is legal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Are Penny Press Machines Legal or Illegal? |url=https://www.parkpennies.com/-dl-disneyland-pressed-coin-guide/are-penny-press-machines-legal.htm |website=parkpennies.com |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref>


In the UK, the [[Coinage Act 1971|Coinage Act of 1971]], Section 10 states: "No person shall, except under the authority of a licence granted by the Treasury, melt down or break up any metal coin which is for the time being current in the United Kingdom or which, having been current there, has at any time after 16th May 1969 ceased to be so."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/24/section/10|title=Coinage Act 1971|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref> As the process of creating elongated coins does not require them to be melted nor broken up, Section 10 does not apply and coin elongation is legal within the UK with penny press machines a common sight at tourist attractions across the nation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ukpennies.co.uk/machinelocations.html|title=Machine locations|website=ukpennies.co.uk|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>
In the UK, the [[Coinage Offenses Act 1936]] prohibited the defacement of any current coins. This was repealed in its entirety by the [[Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981]], thus removing the prohibition on coin defacement.


In countries where such mutilation is illegal, such as [[Canada]], blank [[planchet]]s, slugs, or U.S. cents are occasionally used, though this law is often ignored both by the users of the machine and law enforcement. This method is also often used in countries, such as Australia, which never had or no longer have a one cent (or equivalent) coin.
In countries where such mutilation is illegal, such as [[Canada]],<ref>{{cite web |title=MORE ON CANADIAN ELONGATED CENTS |url=https://www.coinbooks.org/esylum_v12n19a18.html |website=coinbooks.com |publisher=The Numismatic Bibliomania Society (NBS) |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Pressed Penny |url=https://www.impressionssaratoga.com/blog/the-pressed-penny/ |website=impressionssaratoga.com |date=24 February 2018 |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref> [[planchet]]s, slugs, or U.S. cents are occasionally used, though this law is often ignored both by the users of the machine and law enforcement.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}


==See also==
==Collector organizations==
* [[Wooden nickel]]
⚫
*TEC: The Elongated Collector<ref>[http://www.tecnews.org/ The Elongated Collectors]</ref>
*Other small groups exist, mostly dedicated to subcategories, such as Disney elongateds.
*There are dozens of personal web pages by devoted collectors.<ref>http://www.exonumia.com/elongate.htm</ref><ref>http://ukpennies.co.uk</ref>
* Le forum Français


==References==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Lee |last2=Dow|first2=Dottie |date=1981 |title=Yesterday's Elongateds |location=Beaumont, Calif. |publisher=L. Martin |oclc=8431040}}
*''Yesterday's Elongateds'', Martin/Dow. Covers early 1892-1960 elongateds, pictured. Reprint. Hardbound 2004, 298 pp.
* {{cite book |last=Rosato |first=Angelo A. |date=1990 |title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Elongated: A Complete and Authentic Description of All Modern Elongateds, 1960-1978 |location=New Milford, CT |publisher=Angros Publishers|isbn=0-9626996-2-4 }}
*''Encyclopedia of the Modern Elongated'', Rosato. Hard-Bound 1990, 1760 pp.
* http://www.money.org/ana_custom/club_search/club_results.cfm?search_type=1a&club_id=1058324
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Elongated coins}}
⚫
* [https://www.tecnews.org/ The Elongated Collectors] - international collectors club
* [https://pennypresses.net PennyPresses.net] - a map of over 3300 "pressed penny" machines
* [http://209.221.138.252/AreaList.aspx PennyCollector.com-List of elongated penny machines worldwide]
* [https://www.hf-penny.de/ hf-penny.de] - Collector-Website with coins and locations in Germany and Europe


[[Category:Coin collecting]]
*[http://ukpennies.co.uk UKPennies.co.uk] Information of elongated pennies specifically from the UK
*[http://www.parkpennies.com/ ParkPennies.com] Extensive reference guides for Disneyland elongated coins, pressed pennies, in the USA, Japan, and China.
*[http://www.collection-originalz.fr Le forum Français]
*[http://elongatedpennies.com/ Elongated Pennies] Information and History of Elongated Coins
*[http://pennypressfactory.com/ Penny Press Factory] The newest and most visually impressive penny press on the market
*[http://www.pennypressprofits.co.uk/ Penny Press Profits], Supplier of innovative penny presses
*[http://www.pennybiz.com/ The Penny Machine Company]
*[http://www.elongando.com/ Elongando...] Catalog of Spanish Elongated Coins

[[Category:Exonumia]]
[[Category:Exonumia]]
[[Category:Memorabilia]]
[[Category:Memorabilia]]

[[de:Souvenir-Medaille]]
[[fr:Pièce écrasée]]
[[ru:Удлинённые монеты]]

Latest revision as of 03:07, 19 October 2024

An elongated coin
A 'penny press' at the Royal Armouries Museum in Leeds. This produces elongated coins from one new penny piece.

An elongated coin (also known as a pressed penny or smashed penny) is a coin that has been flattened or stretched, and embossed with a new design. Such coins are often used as commemorative or souvenir tokens, and it is common to find coin elongation machines in tourism hubs, such as museums, amusement parks, and natural or man-made landmarks.

The collecting of elongated coins is a branch of numismatics. Elongated coins are also categorized as exonumia.

History

[edit]
The first elongated coins were made by a die and metal rollers.

The first elongated coins in the United States were created at the World's Columbian Exposition, held in 1893 in Chicago, Illinois.[1] Several designs[2] were issued to commemorate the fair, and are available in the elongated coin collecting community today.[3]

The earliest elongated coin designer on record is Charles Damm, who created the design for the elongated coins available at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York.[4]

The production of elongated coins can be divided into three general classes, each of which covers a distinct period from 1893 to the present. The first of the three classes are referred to colloquially as "oldies", and were produced mainly for issuance at nationwide fairs like the 1893 Chicago Columbian Exhibition and the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair.[5] This period started with the issuance of the first elongateds in 1893, and ended with an influx of private rollers around 1965. The second class of elongated coins, the "Modern Elongateds", cover the years c. 1965 to c. 1985.[6]

Around 1965, the major source of elongated coins became private rollers, individuals who designed and rolled elongated coins for sale. The major rollers of this period include Dottie Dow, the "House of Elongateds" (Lee Martin/Warren Bunge), Ralph Jones, Ralph W. Jobe, Elmer Anderson, Don Adams, Cee Ceven, and Angelo A. Rosato.[4] While many private rollers still operate (notables include Raymond W. Dillard, Tyler D. Tyson, Brad Ream, and Don Adams), the vast introduction of commercial stand alone elongated machines came into the marketplace in 1988, following the introduction of the coin-operated penny press machine 1971,[7] decreased the demand for private issues.[citation needed]

This event marks the beginning of the third class of elongated coins, the "Contemporary Elongateds" (c. 1988 – present). This class of elongated coin machines were designed and built by Randy and Earl Vaughn from Dayton, Ohio, in 1988. These mechanical coin-operated machines are still prominent in amusement parks such as Disney resorts[8][9] and attractions throughout the United States, and the world.[10]

The first known coin-operated stand-alone automated coin rolling vendor was designed by Vance Fowler and his Cimeter Group offering a "I Love Oregon" pressed penny which was placed in the Meier & Frank Company department store, a branch of The May Company Stores, in 1979.[11] Vance Fowler's Cimeter Group also proposed the DN0001 prototype pressed coin as the first Disneyland Resort pressed coin in 1986. However, ultimately Centex Inc. was the first company to place a coin press machine at the Disneyland Resort, offering the DL0001 Mickey Mouse Rays pressed coin in 1987.[12]

Collecting

[edit]

The hobby of collecting elongated coins has expanded throughout the United States and the world. Most modern coin elongating machines can be found in museums or landmark gift shops, souvenir stores, zoos, amusement parks and other locations of this kind. Private engravers make special-issue elongated coins to commemorate historical events, personal landmarks (such as marriage or birth of a child), or other events warranting celebration. They also design elongated coins for private clubs and organizations.[13]

Several websites and online groups exist to support collectors offering locations and articles covering topics such as rolling, preserving, cleaning, and other related topics.[14] The Elongated Collectors is a non-profit organization that was founded in 1966. The group's official mission is to "educate, encourage and promote the study, acquisition and exhibition of elongated coins." The organization publishes a quarterly newsletter, "TEC News", and periodic email updates, "TEC eNews", creates elongated coins, and hosts an annual meeting in conjunction with the American Numismatic Association World's Fair of Money.[15]

Locales

[edit]

It is common to find "pressed penny" machines in tourism hubs, such as museums, amusement parks,[16] and natural or man-made landmarks.[17]

Process

[edit]

An early and common method of coin elongation was smashing pennies by leaving them on a railroad track.[18] When a train rolls over a penny, the force is sufficient to cause plastic deformation that flattens and stretches it into an oval, showing only the faintest trace of the original design. Some early railroad flattened cents were then hand engraved with the date and location.

Modern elongated coins are created by inserting a standard, small denomination coin into a small rolling mill consisting of two steel rollers pressed against each other with sufficient force to deform the coin. One of the rollers (called the "die") is engraved with a design that imprints a new image into the metal as the coin passes through it. The resulting coin is oval-shaped and shows a design corresponding to the design on the die in the mill. Some machines are hand operated, whereas others are fully automatic.[19]

Using a common crank style penny squishing/elongation machine.

Throughout the history of the production of elongated coins, various methods have been used to engrave the design into the roller. Early elongateds were hand engraved with burin gravers, and some are still engraved using this method. More popular modern and contemporary methods include etching, pantograph engraving, and engraving using electric or air-powered rotary tools.

In the US, one-cent coins are most commonly used in these vending machines, as they are thin, easy to emboss, and are the smallest denomination of US money (most machines charge US$1.00 in addition to the cent rolled). All US cents produced after 1982 have a zinc core, and using them produces elongated coins with zinc streaks. This zinc streaking can be avoided by using coins produced before 1982. (The United States Mint produced both compositions during 1982.) Less common are machines that press designs into quarters, dimes, and nickels.[20]

Legality

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Collection of elongated pennies

The process of creating elongated coins is legal in the United States, South Africa and parts of Europe. In the United States, U.S. Code Title 18, Chapter 17, Section 331 prohibits "the mutilation, diminution and falsification of United States coinage." The foregoing statute, however, does not prohibit the mutilation of coins, if the mutilated coins are not used fraudulently, i.e., with the intention of creating counterfeit coinage or profiting from the base metal (the pre-1982 copper U.S. cent which, as of 2010, is worth more than one cent in the United States).[21][22] Because elongated coins are made mainly as souvenirs, mutilation for this purpose is legal.[23]

In the UK, the Coinage Act of 1971, Section 10 states: "No person shall, except under the authority of a licence granted by the Treasury, melt down or break up any metal coin which is for the time being current in the United Kingdom or which, having been current there, has at any time after 16th May 1969 ceased to be so."[24] As the process of creating elongated coins does not require them to be melted nor broken up, Section 10 does not apply and coin elongation is legal within the UK with penny press machines a common sight at tourist attractions across the nation.[25]

In countries where such mutilation is illegal, such as Canada,[26][27] planchets, slugs, or U.S. cents are occasionally used, though this law is often ignored both by the users of the machine and law enforcement.[citation needed]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "History of elongated coins". Penny Collector. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  2. ^ "Columbian Exposition". olm.net. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007.
  3. ^ "NGC-certified Elongated Coins from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition". ngccoin.com. Numismatic Guaranty Company. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  4. ^ a b Rosato, Angelo A. (1990). Encyclopedia of the Modern Elongated: A Complete and Authentic Description of All Modern Elongateds, 1960-1978. New Milford, CT: Angros Publishers. ISBN 0-9626996-2-4.
  5. ^ Martin, Lee; Dow, Dottie (1981). Yesterday's Elongateds. Beaumont, Calif.: L. Martin. OCLC 8431040.
  6. ^ "The History of Elongates". pennypresses.net. Penny Presses. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  7. ^ Disney Pressed Penny Collectors R. and A. Hoff. "Vance Fowler The Cimeter Group Inc. Penny Press Machines". parkpennies.com.
  8. ^ Disney Pressed Penny Collectors R. and A. Hoff. "Elongated Coins and Pressed Pennies at Disneyland". parkpennies.com.
  9. ^ "Elongated Coins & Penny Press Locations". disneyworld.disney.go. Disney. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  10. ^ Goss, Tricia (8 June 2017). "10 facts about pressed pennies you probably don't know". newschannel5.com. Scripps Media, Inc. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  11. ^ Disney Pressed Penny Collectors R. and A. Hoff. "Vance Fowler The Cimeter Group Inc. Penny Press Machines". parkpennies.com.
  12. ^ Disney Pressed Penny Collectors R. and A. Hoff. "Disneyland Pressed Penny Guide DL1-25". parkpennies.com.
  13. ^ Smith, Jhai; Stampfler, Dianna. "Pressed Pennies: Shiny Souvenirs from the Straits of Mackinac". mackinawcity.com. Mackinaw Area Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  14. ^ "Thoughts About How to Clean Pressed Coins". parkpennies.com. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  15. ^ "FAQs". tecnews.org. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  16. ^ "Coin Press Machines". disneyworld.disney.go.com. Disney. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  17. ^ "Welcome All Penny Collectors!". pennycollector.com. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  18. ^ Eire, Grace. "10 Things You Never Knew About Pressed Pennies". littlethings.com. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  19. ^ Gilkes, Paul. "Elongated coins part of numismatic landscape". coinworld.com. Amos Media Company. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  20. ^ "Disneyland Elongated Coin Machines". PennyCollector.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  21. ^ Acosta, Rocky (6 March 2013). "Currency as Art 1.0 - Defacing Coins". Arttechlaw.com. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  22. ^ "FAQ". Penny Collector. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  23. ^ "Are Penny Press Machines Legal or Illegal?". parkpennies.com. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  24. ^ "Coinage Act 1971". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  25. ^ "Machine locations". ukpennies.co.uk. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  26. ^ "MORE ON CANADIAN ELONGATED CENTS". coinbooks.com. The Numismatic Bibliomania Society (NBS). Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  27. ^ "The Pressed Penny". impressionssaratoga.com. 24 February 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2023.

References

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  • Martin, Lee; Dow, Dottie (1981). Yesterday's Elongateds. Beaumont, Calif.: L. Martin. OCLC 8431040.
  • Rosato, Angelo A. (1990). Encyclopedia of the Modern Elongated: A Complete and Authentic Description of All Modern Elongateds, 1960-1978. New Milford, CT: Angros Publishers. ISBN 0-9626996-2-4.
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