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{{Short description|Heat-producing chemical reactions with aluminum}} |
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[[File:ThermiteReaction.jpg|thumb|right|An aluminothermic reaction using iron(III) oxide. The sparks flying outwards are globules of molten iron trailing smoke in their wake.]] |
[[File:ThermiteReaction.jpg|thumb|right|An aluminothermic reaction using iron(III) oxide. The sparks flying outwards are globules of molten iron trailing smoke in their wake.]] |
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[[File:Thermite.webm|thumb|Video of aluminothermic reaction to make stainless steel from iron ore]] |
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'''Aluminothermic reactions''' are [[exothermic reaction|exothermic]] chemical reactions using [[aluminium]] as the [[ |
'''Aluminothermic reactions''' are [[exothermic reaction|exothermic]] chemical reactions using [[aluminium]] as the [[reducing agent]] at high temperature. The process is industrially useful for production of [[alloy]]s of [[iron]].<ref name=Ullmann>{{ Ullmann | author = Rudolf Fichte | title = Ferroalloys | doi = 10.1002/14356007.a10_305}}</ref> The most prominent example is the [[thermite]] reaction between [[iron oxides]] and aluminium to produce [[iron]] itself: |
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: Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 2 Al |
: Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 2 Al → 2 Fe + Al<sub>2</sub>O<Sub>3</sub> |
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This specific reaction is however not relevant to the most important application of aluminothermic reactions, the production of ferroalloys. For the production of iron, a cheaper reducing agent, [[Coke (fuel)|coke]], is used instead via the [[carbothermic reaction]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Aluminothermy started from the experiments of [[Russia]]n scientist [[Nikolay Beketov]], who proved that [[aluminium]] restored metals from their [[oxide]]s under high temperatures. The reaction was first used for the carbon-free reduction of metal oxides. The reaction is highly exothermic, but it has a high activation energy since strong interatomic bonds in the solids must be broken first. The oxide was heated with aluminium in a crucible in a furnace. The runaway reaction made it possible to produce only small quantities of material. [[Hans Goldschmidt]] improved the aluminothermic process between 1893 and 1898, by igniting the mixture of fine metal oxide and aluminium powder by a starter reaction without heating the mixture externally. The process was patented in 1898 and used extensively in the later years for [[rail track]] welding. |
Aluminothermy started from the experiments of [[Russia]]n scientist [[Nikolay Beketov]] at the [[University of Kharkiv]] in Ukraine, who proved that [[aluminium]] restored metals from their [[oxide]]s under high temperatures. The reaction was first used for the carbon-free reduction of metal oxides. The reaction is highly [[exothermic]], but it has a high [[activation energy]] since strong interatomic bonds in the solids must be broken first. The oxide was heated with aluminium in a crucible in a furnace. The runaway reaction made it possible to produce only small quantities of material. [[Hans Goldschmidt]] improved the aluminothermic process between 1893 and 1898, by igniting the mixture of fine metal oxide and aluminium powder by a starter reaction without heating the mixture externally. The process was patented in 1898 and used extensively in the later years for [[rail track]] welding. |
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==Applications== |
==Applications== |
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The aluminothermic reaction is used for the production of several [[ferroalloys]], for example [[ferroniobium]] from [[niobium pentoxide]] and [[ferrovanadium]] from iron, vanadium(V) oxide, and aluminium.<ref name=Ullmann/><ref>{{cite web|title=The Production of Ferroniobium at the Niobec Mine MINE 1981-2001 |author=Claude Dufresne and Ghislain Goyette |url=http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/sub_1/images/pdfs/start.pdf |accessdate=2008-09-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217100559/http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/sub_1/images/pdfs/start.pdf |archivedate=2008-12-17 }}</ref> The process begins with the reduction of the oxide by the aluminium: |
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:3 V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> + 10 Al → 5 Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 6 V |
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A common use of this reaction is the welding of [[rail tracks]] on-site, useful for complex installations or local repairs that cannot be done using continuously welded rail. |
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| ⚫ | Other metals can be produced from their oxides in the same way.<ref name="alalloy">{{cite book | title = Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys | first = Joseph R. | last = Davis | publisher =ASM International | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-87170-496-2}}</ref><ref name="gupta">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2PAarkWieIQC&pg=PA387 | title = Chemical Metallurgy: Principles and Practice | first = Chiranjib Kumar | last = Gupta | publisher = Wiley-VCH | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-3-527-60525-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Thermite reactions: their utilization in the synthesis and processing of materials | journal = Journal of Materials Science | volume = 28 | issue = 14 | year = 1993 | doi = 10.1007/BF00353167 | pages = 3693–3708 | first = L. L. | last = Wang |author2= Munir Z. A.|author3= Maximov,Y. M.|bibcode = 1993JMatS..28.3693W | s2cid = 96981164 }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Aluminothermic reactions have been used for welding [[rail tracks]] on-site, useful for complex installations or local repairs that cannot be done using continuously welded rail. Another common use is the welding of copper cables (wire) for use in direct burial (grounding/earthing) applications. It is still the only type of electrical connection recognized by the IEEE (IEEE, Std 80–2001) as continuous un-spliced cable. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[ |
* [[Thermite]] |
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* [[Calciothermic reaction]] |
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* [[Silicothermic reaction]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Inorganic reactions]] |
[[Category:Inorganic reactions]] |
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[[Category:Metallurgy]] |
[[Category:Metallurgy]] |
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[[Category:Russian inventions]] |
[[Category:Russian inventions]] |
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[[Category:Ukrainian inventions]] |
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[[cs:Aluminotermická reakce]] |
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[[de:Aluminothermie]] |
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[[et:Aluminotermiline reaktsioon]] |
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[[fa:آلومینوترمی]] |
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[[fr:Aluminothermie]] |
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[[it:Alluminotermia]] |
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[[pl:Aluminotermia]] |
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[[pt:Aluminotermia]] |
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[[sk:Aluminotermia]] |
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[[uk:Алюмінотермія]] |
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[[vi:Phản ứng nhiệt nhôm]] |
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Latest revision as of 02:05, 12 January 2024
Aluminothermic reactions are exothermic chemical reactions using aluminium as the reducing agent at high temperature. The process is industrially useful for production of alloys of iron.[1] The most prominent example is the thermite reaction between iron oxides and aluminium to produce iron itself:
- Fe2O3 + 2 Al → 2 Fe + Al2O3
This specific reaction is however not relevant to the most important application of aluminothermic reactions, the production of ferroalloys. For the production of iron, a cheaper reducing agent, coke, is used instead via the carbothermic reaction.
History
[edit]Aluminothermy started from the experiments of Russian scientist Nikolay Beketov at the University of Kharkiv in Ukraine, who proved that aluminium restored metals from their oxides under high temperatures. The reaction was first used for the carbon-free reduction of metal oxides. The reaction is highly exothermic, but it has a high activation energy since strong interatomic bonds in the solids must be broken first. The oxide was heated with aluminium in a crucible in a furnace. The runaway reaction made it possible to produce only small quantities of material. Hans Goldschmidt improved the aluminothermic process between 1893 and 1898, by igniting the mixture of fine metal oxide and aluminium powder by a starter reaction without heating the mixture externally. The process was patented in 1898 and used extensively in the later years for rail track welding.
Applications
[edit]The aluminothermic reaction is used for the production of several ferroalloys, for example ferroniobium from niobium pentoxide and ferrovanadium from iron, vanadium(V) oxide, and aluminium.[1][2] The process begins with the reduction of the oxide by the aluminium:
- 3 V2O5 + 10 Al → 5 Al2O3 + 6 V
Other metals can be produced from their oxides in the same way.[3][4][5]
Aluminothermic reactions have been used for welding rail tracks on-site, useful for complex installations or local repairs that cannot be done using continuously welded rail. Another common use is the welding of copper cables (wire) for use in direct burial (grounding/earthing) applications. It is still the only type of electrical connection recognized by the IEEE (IEEE, Std 80–2001) as continuous un-spliced cable.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Rudolf Fichte. "Ferroalloys". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_305. ISBN 978-3527306732.
- ^ Claude Dufresne and Ghislain Goyette. "The Production of Ferroniobium at the Niobec Mine MINE 1981-2001" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
- ^ Davis, Joseph R. (1993). Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys. ASM International. ISBN 978-0-87170-496-2.
- ^ Gupta, Chiranjib Kumar (2006). Chemical Metallurgy: Principles and Practice. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-60525-5.
- ^ Wang, L. L.; Munir Z. A.; Maximov,Y. M. (1993). "Thermite reactions: their utilization in the synthesis and processing of materials". Journal of Materials Science. 28 (14): 3693–3708. Bibcode:1993JMatS..28.3693W. doi:10.1007/BF00353167. S2CID 96981164.
