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{{Short description|Shift in cultural norms}} |
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In [[sociology]], '''feminization''' is the shift in [[gender role]]s and [[sex role]]s in a society, group, or organization towards a focus upon the [[feminine]]. |
In [[sociology]], '''feminization''' is the shift in [[gender role]]s and [[sex role]]s in a society, group, or organization towards a focus upon the [[feminine]]. It can also mean the incorporation of women into a group or a profession that was once dominated by men.<ref name="douglas">[[Ann Douglas (historian)|Ann Douglas]] (1977). ''The Feminization of American Culture''. Farrar, Straus and Giroux {{ISBN|0-374-52558-7}}</ref> |
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Scholar Ann Douglas chronicled the rise of what she describes as sentimental "feminization" of American mass culture in the 19th century, in which writers of both sexes underscored popular convictions about women's weaknesses, desires, and proper place in the world.<ref name="douglas">Ann Douglas (1977). ''The Feminization of American Culture''. Farrar, Straus and Giroux ISBN 0-374-52558-7</ref> Strong male icons in American culture like [[Ward Cleaver]] and [[John Wayne]] have been replaced in recent years by strong female icons and "weak" male icons like [[Homer Simpson]]. |
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| ⚫ | * Feminization of education – Majority female teachers, a female majority of students in higher education and a curriculum which is better suited to the learning process of women.<ref>Carole Leathwood, Barbara Read, 'Gender and the Changing Face of Higher Education: A Feminized Future?', Open University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-335-22714-3}}, 2008.</ref> |
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* Feminization of the workplace – Lower paying female-dominated occupations such as (1) food preparation, food-serving and other food-related occupations, and (2) personal care and service.<ref name=":0">Snarr, C. Melissa. “Women's Working Poverty: Feminist and Religious Alliances in the Living Wage Movement.” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, vol. 27, no. 1, 2011, pp. 75–93. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jfemistudreli.27.1.75.</ref> |
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* Feminization of smoking – The phrase [[Torches of Freedom|torches of freedom]] is emblematic of the phenomenon of tobacco shifting from being seen as a male activity to also a feminine one. See [[women and smoking]] for a comprehensive treatment of this topic. |
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== Definition of feminization == |
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It can also mean the incorporation of women into a group or a profession that was once dominated only by men. |
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Feminization has two basic meanings. The first concerns a person who was not initially feminine but becomes feminine later in their life through the perceptions of both the individual and those around them. According to gender theorist [[Judith Butler]], a person's gender is not solely an act of will or self-description, as it is also shaped by the people who describe, categorize, and treat the person according to their own perceptions of their gender. The second meaning of the term feminization describes when a person who originally had feminine qualities begins to incorporate more feminine attributes into their personality in some way, shape, or form. The term has often been used to describe females, however over time it shifted to where the term can be used to describe the process of someone or something becoming more feminine by adopting feminine qualities.<ref name="Myth">{{cite journal | last = Imhoff | first = Sarah | title = The myth of American Jewish feminization | journal = Jewish Social Studies | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 126–152 | publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] | doi = 10.2979/jewisocistud.21.3.05 | jstor = 10.2979/jewisocistud.21.3.05 | date = Spring–Summer 2016 | hdl = 2022/21871 | s2cid = 151410820 | url = https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/21871/The%20Myth%20of%20American%20Jewish%20Feminization.pdf?sequence=1 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> |
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[[File:Women's suit (2).jpg|thumb|Woman in suit]] |
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* The ''feminization of television'' – Television network programming decisions. |
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* The ''[[feminization of poverty]]'' – Less income for females than males in the labour market, and female single-headed households seem to face poverty more severely than other women. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Atypical gender role]] |
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Women are more likely than men to live below the poverty line, a phenomenon known as the feminization of poverty. The 2015 poverty rates for men and women in the U.S. were 10% and 15% respectively. Women are less likely to pursue advanced degrees and tend to have low paying jobs. There is a [[gender pay gap]]: even with the same level of education and occupational role, women earn much less than men,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/followup/session/presskit/fs1.htm|title=Beijing +5 – Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the 21st Century Twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, 5-9 June 2000|website=www.un.org|access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref> though research suggests this is largely due to women working fewer hours than men overall for reasons such as caring for children or lifestyle factors, rather than direct discrimination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/harvard-prof.-takes-down-gender-wage-gap-myth/article/2580405|title=Harvard prof. takes down gender wage gap myth|last=Schow|first=Ashe|website=The Washington Examiner|date=January 13, 2016|access-date=May 9, 2017}}</ref> |
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* [[Emasculation]] |
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* [[Sociology of gender]] |
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* [[Kawaii|Cuteness in Japanese culture]] |
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== Feminization of the labor force == |
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[[Feminisation of the workplace|Feminization of the labor force]] in present-day associations is inescapable in that females make up half of the labor force and the revelation of them as a potential profitable asset.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/anisha-motwani/the-feminization-of-workp_b_8258716.html|title=Why The Feminisation Of The Workplace Is Good News For Everyone|work=Huffington Post India|access-date=2017-05-08}}</ref> Post-war, there have been considerable advances in balancing the workforce when comparing women and men's job status and pay rates in the North America and Europe economies.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1320929|title=Feminization of the labor force : paradoxes and promises in SearchWorks catalog|website=searchworks.stanford.edu|date=1988 |language=en|access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref> |
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* [[Feminisation of the workplace]] |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Gender |
[[Category:Gender roles]] |
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[[Category:Sociology of culture]] |
[[Category:Sociology of culture]] |
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[[Category:Cultural trends]] |
[[Category:Cultural trends]] |
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[[Category:Sociological |
[[Category:Sociological terminology]] |
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[[Category:Femininity]] |
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{{Socio-stub}} |
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[[ca:Feminització (sociologia)]] |
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[[fa:زنزدگی (جامعهشناسی)]] |
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[[ko:사회학적 여성화]] |
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[[nl:Feminisering (sociologie)]] |
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Latest revision as of 07:30, 19 February 2024
In sociology, feminization is the shift in gender roles and sex roles in a society, group, or organization towards a focus upon the feminine. It can also mean the incorporation of women into a group or a profession that was once dominated by men.[1]
Examples of feminization in society
[edit]- Feminization of education – Majority female teachers, a female majority of students in higher education and a curriculum which is better suited to the learning process of women.[2]
- Feminization of the workplace – Lower paying female-dominated occupations such as (1) food preparation, food-serving and other food-related occupations, and (2) personal care and service.[3]
- Feminization of smoking – The phrase torches of freedom is emblematic of the phenomenon of tobacco shifting from being seen as a male activity to also a feminine one. See women and smoking for a comprehensive treatment of this topic.
Definition of feminization
[edit]Feminization has two basic meanings. The first concerns a person who was not initially feminine but becomes feminine later in their life through the perceptions of both the individual and those around them. According to gender theorist Judith Butler, a person's gender is not solely an act of will or self-description, as it is also shaped by the people who describe, categorize, and treat the person according to their own perceptions of their gender. The second meaning of the term feminization describes when a person who originally had feminine qualities begins to incorporate more feminine attributes into their personality in some way, shape, or form. The term has often been used to describe females, however over time it shifted to where the term can be used to describe the process of someone or something becoming more feminine by adopting feminine qualities.[4]
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Feminization of poverty
[edit]Women are more likely than men to live below the poverty line, a phenomenon known as the feminization of poverty. The 2015 poverty rates for men and women in the U.S. were 10% and 15% respectively. Women are less likely to pursue advanced degrees and tend to have low paying jobs. There is a gender pay gap: even with the same level of education and occupational role, women earn much less than men,[5] though research suggests this is largely due to women working fewer hours than men overall for reasons such as caring for children or lifestyle factors, rather than direct discrimination.[6]
Feminization of the labor force
[edit]Feminization of the labor force in present-day associations is inescapable in that females make up half of the labor force and the revelation of them as a potential profitable asset.[7] Post-war, there have been considerable advances in balancing the workforce when comparing women and men's job status and pay rates in the North America and Europe economies.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ Ann Douglas (1977). The Feminization of American Culture. Farrar, Straus and Giroux ISBN 0-374-52558-7
- ^ Carole Leathwood, Barbara Read, 'Gender and the Changing Face of Higher Education: A Feminized Future?', Open University Press, ISBN 978-0-335-22714-3, 2008.
- ^ Snarr, C. Melissa. “Women's Working Poverty: Feminist and Religious Alliances in the Living Wage Movement.” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, vol. 27, no. 1, 2011, pp. 75–93. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jfemistudreli.27.1.75.
- ^ Imhoff, Sarah (Spring–Summer 2016). "The myth of American Jewish feminization" (PDF). Jewish Social Studies. 21 (3). Indiana University Press: 126–152. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.21.3.05. hdl:2022/21871. JSTOR 10.2979/jewisocistud.21.3.05. S2CID 151410820.
- ^ "Beijing +5 – Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the 21st Century Twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, 5-9 June 2000". www.un.org. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
- ^ Schow, Ashe (January 13, 2016). "Harvard prof. takes down gender wage gap myth". The Washington Examiner. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
- ^ "Why The Feminisation Of The Workplace Is Good News For Everyone". Huffington Post India. Retrieved 2017-05-08.
- ^ Feminization of the labor force : paradoxes and promises in SearchWorks catalog. 1988. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
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