American fugitives in Cuba: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Hooverwarrantforwilliams.jpg|thumb|The FBI's wanted poster for [[Robert F. Williams]], the first prominent American fugitive in Cuba.]] |
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This is a '''list of [[United States]] [[United States nationality law|citizens]]''' who have been '''granted [[right of asylum|political asylum]] in [[Cuba]].''' |
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Various '''American fugitives in Cuba''' have found political asylum in Cuba after participating in militant activities in the [[Black power movement]] or the [[Independence movement in Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/american-fugitives-hiding-cuba/story?id=27717127|title=These American Fugitives May Be Hiding Out in Cuba|author=Meghan Keneally|date=December 19, 2014|website=abcnews.go.com}}</ref> Other fugitives in Cuba include defected CIA agents and others.<ref name=ny>{{cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-american-fugitives-of-havana|title=The American Fugitives of Havana |
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House Concurrent Resolution 254, passed in 1998, put the number at 90.<ref>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:hc254: House Concurrent Resolution 254].</ref> One estimate, circa 2000, put the number at approximately 100.<ref>Reed Irvine and Cliff Kincaid. 2000, May 11. "[http://www.aim.org/media_monitor/A3047_0_2_0_C/ Sending Elian Back To A Terrorist State]." ''Accuracy in Media''.</ref> |
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|author=Jon Lee Anderson|date=August 13, 2016|website=newyorker.com}}</ref> The Cuban government formed formal ties with the [[Black Panther Party]] in the 1960s, and many fugitive Black Panthers would find political asylum in Cuba, but after their activism was seen being repressed in Cuba many became disillusioned.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reitan |first1=Ruth |title=Cuba, the black panther party and the US black movement in the 1960s: Issues of security |journal=New Political Science |date=June 1999 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=217–230 |doi=10.1080/07393149908429864 }}</ref> House Concurrent Resolution 254, passed in 1998, put the number at 90.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120718131205/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:hc254: House Concurrent Resolution 254].</ref> One estimate, c. 2000, put the number at approximately 100.<ref>Reed Irvine and Cliff Kincaid. 2000, May 11. "[http://www.aim.org/media_monitor/A3047_0_2_0_C/ Sending Elian Back To A Terrorist State] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201100603/http://www.aim.org/media_monitor/A3047_0_2_0_C/ |date=2006-12-01 }}." ''Accuracy in Media''.</ref> |
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==History== |
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===Beginnings=== |
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[[Fidel Castro]] had long tried to court African American support for Cuba ever since the victory of the [[Cuban Revolution]] and the promotions of Cuba as an island without racism perfect for African American tourists. [[Robert F. Williams]] was invited to live in Cuba after legal prosecutions against him in the [[United States]] in 1961. While in Cuba he edited ''The Crusader'' newspaper and hosted radio shows at [[Radio Free Dixie]]. Over Williams' time in Cuba he began to become disillusioned with Cuba believing the island was controlled by a "white petit bourgeoisie", while Afro-Cubans were feeling the pinch of fast returning subtle racism", and also later suggested against black militants without criminal histories hijacking planes to come to Cuba. Williams was also discouraged from promoting Black nationalist beliefs by the Cuban government.<ref name=Diaspora>{{cite journal |last1=Dunbar |first1=Jessie Lafrance |title=Where Diaspora Meets Disillusionment: Panther Politics in Castro's Cuba |journal=Interdisciplinary Literary Studies |date=2017 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=299–319 |doi=10.5325/intelitestud.19.3.0299 |s2cid=148762414 |id={{Project MUSE|672190}} }}</ref> |
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===Increase=== |
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Between 1967 and 1968 dozens of Black Panthers found refuge in Cuba. [[Eldridge Cleaver]] went to reside Cuba in 1968 and asked for Cuba to militarily train Black Panthers, the proposition was declined.<ref name=aisna>{{cite book |first1=Alberto |last1=Benvenuti |chapter=African American Radicals and Revolutionary Cuba from 1959 until the Black Power Years |editor1-first=Leonardo |editor1-last=Buonomo |editor2-first=Elisabetta |editor2-last=Vezzosi |title=Discourses of Emancipation and the Boundaries of Freedom. Selected Papers from the 22nd AISNA Biennial International Conference |publisher=EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste |date=2015 |pages=129–137 |hdl=10077/11634 |hdl-access=free |isbn=978-88-8303-689-7 }}</ref> By 1969 various Black Panthers in Cuba complained of not being allowed to organize their party or discuss African culture, and arrests following protesting conditions in Cuba or asking to leave the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/hijackers/raymond-johnson.htm|title=Life Worse in Cuba, Unhappy Black Panthers Wail |
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|author=Fenton Wheeler|date=June 26, 1969|website=latinamericanstudies.org}}</ref> |
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Actually, no Black Panther Party members hijacked any planes in 1967 or 1968. It wasn't until William Lee Brent, a Bay Area Black Panther, who on June 17, 1969, hijacked Trans World Airlines Flight 154 to Cuba. Hijackings committed by Blacks in the US bound to Cuba between 1968 and May 1969 were exclusively escaped criminals or political activists but none of them were Black Panther Party members. It was only after William Lee Brent's hijacking that other Black Panthers would find political exile in Cuba. Most moved on to Algiers where Eldridge Cleaver, Minister of Information for the Black Panther Party, headed the International Section of the BPP. Many exiled Panthers and former hijackers now turned Panthers, made up Cleavers group. |
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"He's the only North American who made an adjustment to Cuban life, " Stated D.R. Huey P. Newton of Panther William Lee Grant (The CoEvolution Journal, Fall 1977). |
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Most hijackers who complained about their mistreatment while in Cuba were disillusioned with Cuba being a utopia for Revolutionaries. Most of them were also barely out of their teens and idealistic, expecting a heroes' welcome by the communist government. They were not prepared for the reality of socialism and culture shock. |
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Between 1968 and 1972 over 130 airplane hijackings occurred in the United States, all hijackers aiming to fly their planes to Cuba to find refuge. Many hijackers regarded themselves as revolutionaries but one noted hijacker was a Cuban exile who simply wanted to return home to eat his mother's food. Most hijackers were interviewed by Cuban authorities and either sent to live in the "Hijackers House" dormitory or work in labor camps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/06/love-and-terror-in-the-golden-age-of-hijacking/|title=How Hijackers Commandeered Over 130 American Planes — In 5 Years |
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|author=Brendan Koerner|date=June 18, 2013|website=wired.com}}</ref> [[Huey P. Newton]] found himself residing in Cuba in 1974 and mostly kept to himself in his home in Santa Clara. Assata Shakur would find refuge in Cuba later in 1984.<ref name=aisna></ref> By the time Shakur resided in Cuba the Cuban government had relaxed procedures used on fugitives residing in Cuba and mainly left her to her own devices.<ref name=Diaspora></ref> |
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===Later status=== |
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Since the resumption of relations with the United States and the trades of imprisoned spies some have suspected fugitives in Cuba may be extradited to the United States but no extraditions have occurred.<ref name=ny></ref>{{Disputed inline|No Extraditions?|date=April 2022}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
The following people are fugitives who have or currently are finding refuge in Cuba, (in alphabetical order). |
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{| id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents" |
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! {{MediaWiki:Toc}} |
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|-m |
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| align="center" | |
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[[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#H|H]] [[#N|N]] [[#S|S]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] __NOTOC__ |
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|} |
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{{Expand list|date=May 2010}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
*[[Nehanda Abiodun]]<ref>Asha Bandele. 2003, January. "[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1264/is_9_33/ai_96195365/pg_2 Cuba's soul: the nation's spirit still thrives. Just ask the women]." ''Essence''.</ref> |
*[[Nehanda Abiodun]]<ref>Asha Bandele. 2003, January. "[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1264/is_9_33/ai_96195365/pg_2 Cuba's soul: the nation's spirit still thrives. Just ask the women]." ''Essence''.</ref> |
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*[[Philip Agee]] |
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*[[Hugo Almeida (physician)|Hugh Almeida]], U.S. Army physician<ref>Costello D. 1986, August 13. "Cuba claims U.S. officer in defection." ''Courier-Mail''.</ref> |
*[[Hugo Almeida (physician)|Hugh Almeida]], U.S. Army physician<ref>Costello D. 1986, August 13. "Cuba claims U.S. officer in defection." ''Courier-Mail''.</ref> |
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==B== |
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*[[William Lee Brent]]<ref>Larry Rohter. 1996, April 9. "Havana Journal;25 Years an Exile: An Old Black Panther Sums Up." ''New York Times''.</ref> |
*[[William Lee Brent]]<ref>Larry Rohter. 1996, April 9. "Havana Journal;25 Years an Exile: An Old Black Panther Sums Up." ''New York Times''.</ref> |
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==C== |
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*[[Eldridge Cleaver]] |
*[[Eldridge Cleaver]] |
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==E== |
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*[[Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin]]<ref>Aidan Smith. 2000, May 2. "The Gun-toting Black Panther who turned into a Pussycat." ''The Scotsman''.</ref> |
*[[Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin]]<ref>Aidan Smith. 2000, May 2. "The Gun-toting Black Panther who turned into a Pussycat." ''The Scotsman''.</ref> |
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*[[Víctor Manuel Gerena]] |
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*[[William Morales]] |
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==N== |
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*[[Huey P. Newton]] |
*[[Huey P. Newton]] |
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==S== |
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*[[Assata Shakur]]<ref name="nypost">New York Post. May 9, 1998. "Playing Chesimard with Cuba." p. 14.</ref> |
*[[Assata Shakur]]<ref name="nypost">New York Post. May 9, 1998. "Playing Chesimard with Cuba." p. 14.</ref> |
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*[[ |
*[[Frank Terpil]] |
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==V== |
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*[[Robert Vesco]]<ref name="nypost"/> |
*[[Robert Vesco]]<ref name="nypost"/> |
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==W== |
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*[[Robert F. Williams]] |
*[[Robert F. Williams]] |
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{{Portal|Cuba}} |
{{Portal|Cuba}} |
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*[[Cuba-United States relations]] |
*[[Cuba-United States relations]] |
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*[[List of people granted political asylum]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Cuba-United States relations}} |
{{Cuba-United States relations}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of United States Citizens Granted Political Asylum In Cuba}} |
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[[Category:Cuba–United States relations]] |
[[Category:Cuba–United States relations]] |
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[[Category:American defectors| ]] |
[[Category:American defectors| ]] |
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[[Category:American expatriates in Cuba|*]] |
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[[Category:Black Panther Party]] |
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[[Category:Black Power]] |
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[[Category:Fugitives wanted by the United States|Cuba]] |
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[[Category:Post–civil rights era in African-American history]] |
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[[Category:African-American diaspora in the Caribbean]] |
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Latest revision as of 02:50, 23 December 2024
Various American fugitives in Cuba have found political asylum in Cuba after participating in militant activities in the Black power movement or the Independence movement in Puerto Rico.[1] Other fugitives in Cuba include defected CIA agents and others.[2] The Cuban government formed formal ties with the Black Panther Party in the 1960s, and many fugitive Black Panthers would find political asylum in Cuba, but after their activism was seen being repressed in Cuba many became disillusioned.[3] House Concurrent Resolution 254, passed in 1998, put the number at 90.[4] One estimate, c. 2000, put the number at approximately 100.[5]
History
[edit]Beginnings
[edit]Fidel Castro had long tried to court African American support for Cuba ever since the victory of the Cuban Revolution and the promotions of Cuba as an island without racism perfect for African American tourists. Robert F. Williams was invited to live in Cuba after legal prosecutions against him in the United States in 1961. While in Cuba he edited The Crusader newspaper and hosted radio shows at Radio Free Dixie. Over Williams' time in Cuba he began to become disillusioned with Cuba believing the island was controlled by a "white petit bourgeoisie", while Afro-Cubans were feeling the pinch of fast returning subtle racism", and also later suggested against black militants without criminal histories hijacking planes to come to Cuba. Williams was also discouraged from promoting Black nationalist beliefs by the Cuban government.[6]
Increase
[edit]Between 1967 and 1968 dozens of Black Panthers found refuge in Cuba. Eldridge Cleaver went to reside Cuba in 1968 and asked for Cuba to militarily train Black Panthers, the proposition was declined.[7] By 1969 various Black Panthers in Cuba complained of not being allowed to organize their party or discuss African culture, and arrests following protesting conditions in Cuba or asking to leave the country.[8]
Actually, no Black Panther Party members hijacked any planes in 1967 or 1968. It wasn't until William Lee Brent, a Bay Area Black Panther, who on June 17, 1969, hijacked Trans World Airlines Flight 154 to Cuba. Hijackings committed by Blacks in the US bound to Cuba between 1968 and May 1969 were exclusively escaped criminals or political activists but none of them were Black Panther Party members. It was only after William Lee Brent's hijacking that other Black Panthers would find political exile in Cuba. Most moved on to Algiers where Eldridge Cleaver, Minister of Information for the Black Panther Party, headed the International Section of the BPP. Many exiled Panthers and former hijackers now turned Panthers, made up Cleavers group.
"He's the only North American who made an adjustment to Cuban life, " Stated D.R. Huey P. Newton of Panther William Lee Grant (The CoEvolution Journal, Fall 1977).
Most hijackers who complained about their mistreatment while in Cuba were disillusioned with Cuba being a utopia for Revolutionaries. Most of them were also barely out of their teens and idealistic, expecting a heroes' welcome by the communist government. They were not prepared for the reality of socialism and culture shock.
Between 1968 and 1972 over 130 airplane hijackings occurred in the United States, all hijackers aiming to fly their planes to Cuba to find refuge. Many hijackers regarded themselves as revolutionaries but one noted hijacker was a Cuban exile who simply wanted to return home to eat his mother's food. Most hijackers were interviewed by Cuban authorities and either sent to live in the "Hijackers House" dormitory or work in labor camps.[9] Huey P. Newton found himself residing in Cuba in 1974 and mostly kept to himself in his home in Santa Clara. Assata Shakur would find refuge in Cuba later in 1984.[7] By the time Shakur resided in Cuba the Cuban government had relaxed procedures used on fugitives residing in Cuba and mainly left her to her own devices.[6]
Later status
[edit]Since the resumption of relations with the United States and the trades of imprisoned spies some have suspected fugitives in Cuba may be extradited to the United States but no extraditions have occurred.[2][disputed – discuss]
List
[edit]The following people are fugitives who have or currently are finding refuge in Cuba, (in alphabetical order).
- Nehanda Abiodun[10]
- Philip Agee
- Hugh Almeida, U.S. Army physician[11]
- William Lee Brent[12]
- Eldridge Cleaver
- Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin[13]
- Víctor Manuel Gerena
- William Morales
- Huey P. Newton
- Assata Shakur[14]
- Frank Terpil
- Robert Vesco[14]
- Robert F. Williams
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Meghan Keneally (December 19, 2014). "These American Fugitives May Be Hiding Out in Cuba". abcnews.go.com.
- ^ a b Jon Lee Anderson (August 13, 2016). "The American Fugitives of Havana". newyorker.com.
- ^ Reitan, Ruth (June 1999). "Cuba, the black panther party and the US black movement in the 1960s: Issues of security". New Political Science. 21 (2): 217–230. doi:10.1080/07393149908429864.
- ^ House Concurrent Resolution 254.
- ^ Reed Irvine and Cliff Kincaid. 2000, May 11. "Sending Elian Back To A Terrorist State Archived 2006-12-01 at the Wayback Machine." Accuracy in Media.
- ^ a b Dunbar, Jessie Lafrance (2017). "Where Diaspora Meets Disillusionment: Panther Politics in Castro's Cuba". Interdisciplinary Literary Studies. 19 (3): 299–319. doi:10.5325/intelitestud.19.3.0299. S2CID 148762414. Project MUSE 672190.
- ^ a b Benvenuti, Alberto (2015). "African American Radicals and Revolutionary Cuba from 1959 until the Black Power Years". In Buonomo, Leonardo; Vezzosi, Elisabetta (eds.). Discourses of Emancipation and the Boundaries of Freedom. Selected Papers from the 22nd AISNA Biennial International Conference. EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste. pp. 129–137. hdl:10077/11634. ISBN 978-88-8303-689-7.
- ^ Fenton Wheeler (June 26, 1969). "Life Worse in Cuba, Unhappy Black Panthers Wail". latinamericanstudies.org.
- ^ Brendan Koerner (June 18, 2013). "How Hijackers Commandeered Over 130 American Planes — In 5 Years". wired.com.
- ^ Asha Bandele. 2003, January. "Cuba's soul: the nation's spirit still thrives. Just ask the women." Essence.
- ^ Costello D. 1986, August 13. "Cuba claims U.S. officer in defection." Courier-Mail.
- ^ Larry Rohter. 1996, April 9. "Havana Journal;25 Years an Exile: An Old Black Panther Sums Up." New York Times.
- ^ Aidan Smith. 2000, May 2. "The Gun-toting Black Panther who turned into a Pussycat." The Scotsman.
- ^ a b New York Post. May 9, 1998. "Playing Chesimard with Cuba." p. 14.
