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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|name = ''Lobelia''
|image = Lobelia laxiflora flower.jpg
|image = Lobelia (aka).jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Lobelia laxiflora]]''
|image_caption = ''[[Lobelia erinus]]''
|taxon = Lobelia
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6918 |title=Genus: ''Lobelia'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1999-01-27 |access-date=2011-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529233419/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6918 |archive-date=2010-05-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
|type_species= ''[[Lobelia cardinalis]]''
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>lectotype designated by Hitchcock & Green, Nomenclature, Proposals by British Botanists 184 (1929)</ref>
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Asterales]]
|familia = [[Campanulaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Lobelioideae]]
|genus = '''''Lobelia'''''
|genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6918 |title=Genus: ''Lobelia'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1999-01-27 |accessdate=2011-02-03}}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See text.
|subdivision = * See [[List of Lobelia species|List of ''Lobelia'' species]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=352399 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
|synonyms =''Enchysia'' <small>C.Presl</small><br>
|synonyms = {{collapsible list |
''Haynaldia'' <small>Kanitz</small><br>
''Isolobus'' <small>A.DC.</small><br>
*''Mecoschistum'' <small>Dulac</small>
''Laurentia'' <small>Adans.</small><br>
*''Rapuntium'' <small>Mill.</small>
''Mezleria'' <small>C.Presl</small><br>
*''Dortmanna'' <small>Hill</small>
''Neowimmeria'' <small>O.Deg. & I.Deg.</small><br>
*''Cardinalis'' <small>Fabr.</small>
''Parastranthus'' <small>G.Don</small><br>
*''Laurentia'' <small>Michx. ex Adans.</small>
''Rapuntium'' <small>Mill.</small><br>
*''Chamula'' <small>Noronha</small>
'' Tupa'' <small>G.Don</small><ref name="GRIN"/>
*''Pratia'' <small>Gaudich.</small>
*''Holostigma'' <small>G.Don</small>
|}}
*''Tupa'' <small>G.Don</small>
<!-- Commented out: [[File:BaleLobelias.jpg|thumb|right|Lobelias at about 4,000 m in the [[Bale Mountains]] in the [[Ethiopian Highlands]].]] -->
*''Enchysia'' <small>C.Presl</small>
*''Hypsela'' <small>C.Presl</small>
*''Trimeris'' <small>C.Presl</small>
*''Tylomium'' <small>C.Presl</small>
*''Rhynchopetalum'' <small>Fresen.</small>
*''Isolobus'' <small>A.DC.</small>
*''Piddingtonia'' <small>A.DC.</small>
*''Holostigmateia'' <small>Rchb.</small>
*''Colensoa'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
*''Speirema'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small>
*''Euhaynaldia'' <small>Borbás</small>
*''Dortmannia'' <small>Kuntze</small>
*''Galeatella'' <small>(E.Wimm.) O.Deg. & I.Deg. in O.Degener</small>
*''Neowimmeria'' <small>O.Deg. & I.Deg</small>
*''Calcaratolobelia'' <small>Wilbur</small>
}}
}}
[[File:Lobelia erinus in an alpine border.jpg|thumb|''[[Lobelia erinus]]'' in an alpine border]]


'''''Lobelia''''' ({{IPAc-en|l|oʊ|ˈ|b|iː|l|i|ə|,_|l|ə|-}}{{refn|{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Lobelia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220042358/https://www.lexico.com/definition/lobelia |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-12-20 |title=Lobelia |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}} }}{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|access-date=2016-01-21|Lobelia}}}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref>) is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Campanulaceae]] comprising 415 species,<ref name=Lammers>{{cite journal
'''''Lobelia''''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|l|ɵ|ˈ|b|iː|l|i|ə}})<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]] comprising 360–400 species, with a [[cosmopolitan distribution|subcosmopolitan]] distribution primarily in tropical to warm temperate regions of the world, a few species extending into cooler temperate regions.<ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.</ref> English names include '''Lobelia''', '''Asthma Weed''', '''Barfweed''', '''Indian Tobacco''', '''Heaveleaf''', '''Sickbud''', '''Pukeweed''', '''Retchwort''', '''Fool's Bane''', and '''Vomitwort'''.
| last = Lammers
| first = Thomas
| title = Revision of the Infrageneric Classification of Lobelia L. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)
| journal =Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
| doi =10.3417/2007150
| volume=98
| pages=37–62
| year = 2011
| s2cid = 84676862
}}</ref> with a [[cosmopolitan distribution|subcosmopolitan]] distribution primarily in tropical to warm temperate regions of the world, a few species extending into cooler temperate regions.<ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.</ref> They are known generally as '''lobelias'''.<ref name=usda>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LOBEL ''Lobelia''.] USDA PLANTS.</ref>


[[File:Starr 080716-9272 Lobelia boninensis.jpg|thumb|''[[Lobelia boninensis]]'']]
Some botanists place the genus and its relatives in the separate family [[Lobeliaceae]], others as a subfamily [[Lobelioideae]] within the [[Campanulaceae]]. The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] did not make a firm decision in this, listing the genus under both families.


==Description==
''Lobelia'' is probably the base form from which many other [[Lobelioideae|lobelioid]] genera are derived; it is therefore highly [[paraphyletic]] and not a good genus.{{Nonspecific|date=July 2009}}{{Or|date=July 2009}} For example, the [[Hawaii]]an species (see [[Hawaiian lobelioids]]) originated from a single introduction to Hawaii 15 million years ago, probably from an Asian ''Lobelia'' in ''Lobelia'' subg. ''Tupa''.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3558341 | title = Seed Coat Morphology and Its Systematic Implications in Cyanea and Other Genera of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae) | year = 2001 | author = Craig C. Buss; Thomas G. Lammers; Robert R. Wise; Craig C. Buss; Thomas G. Lammers; Robert R. Wise | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 88 | pages = 1301–1308 | pmid = 11454630 | issue = 7 | jstor = 3558341 }}</ref> However, the group has not yet been studied adequately to rearrange the classification.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}
The genus ''Lobelia'' comprises a substantial number of large and small annual, perennial and shrubby species, hardy and tender, from a variety of habitats, in a range of colours. Many species appear totally dissimilar from each other. However, all have simple, alternate leaves and two-lipped tubular flowers, each with five lobes. The upper two lobes may be erect while the lower three lobes may be fanned out. Flowering is often abundant and the flower colour intense, hence their popularity as ornamental garden subjects.<ref name=RHSAZ />


==Taxonomy==
''Lobelia'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including the [[Setaceous Hebrew Character]].
The genus ''Lobelia'' was first formally described in 1753 by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in ''[[Species plantarum]]'' and was named after the [[Flemish people|Flemish]] botanist [[Matthias de Lobel]] (1538–1616).<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Lobelia''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/505361|publisher=APNI|access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="L.">{{cite book |last1=Linnaeus |first1=Carl |title=Species Plantarum |date=1753 |page=929 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/371/mode/1up |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=JohnsonSmithStockdalev>{{Citation |last1=Johnson |first1=A.T. |last2=Smith |first2=H.A. |last3=Stockdale |first3=A.P. |year=2019|title=Plant Names Simplified : Their Pronunciation Derivation & Meaning |location=Sheffield, Yorkshire |publisher=5M Publishing |isbn=9781910455067 |name-list-style=amp}}, p. 89</ref>


''Lobelia'' is probably the base form from which many other [[Lobelioideae|lobelioid]] genera are derived; it is therefore highly [[paraphyletic]] and not a good [[genus]] in a [[cladistic]] sense. For example, the Hawaiian species (see [[Hawaiian lobelioids]]), currently classified in several genera, originated from a single introduction to a now-submerged [[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaiian Island]] 15 million years ago, probably from an Asian ''Lobelia'' in ''Lobelia'' subg. ''Tupa''.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3558341 | title = Seed Coat Morphology and Its Systematic Implications in ''Cyanea'' and Other Genera of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae) | year = 2001 |author1=Craig C. Buss |author2=Thomas G. Lammers |author3=Robert R. Wise |author4=Craig C. Buss |author5=Thomas G. Lammers |author6=Robert R. Wise | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 88 | pages = 1301–1308 | pmid = 11454630 | issue = 7 | jstor = 3558341| doi-access = free }}</ref>
The genus is named after the Belgian botanist [[Matthias de Lobel]] (1538–1616).<ref name=rhs/>
== Selected species ==
{|
|- valign=top
|
* ''[[Lobelia aberdarica]]'' <small>R.E. & T.C.E.Fries</small> ([[Kenya]] and [[Uganda]])
* ''[[Lobelia anatina]]'' <small>F.Wimmer</small> &ndash; Southwestern Blue Lobelia
* ''[[Lobelia anceps]]'' <small>L.f.</small>
* ''[[Lobelia appendiculata]]'' <small>[[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|A.DC]]</small>
* ''[[Lobelia arnhemiaca]]'' <small>E.Wimm</small> ([[Western Australia]]) <ref>http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile.php/37480</ref>
* ''[[Lobelia assurgens]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Lobelia bambuseti]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Lobelia berlandieri]]'' <small>A.DC.</small>
* ''[[Lobelia boykinii]]'' <small>Torr. & A.Gray ex A.DC.</small>
* ''[[Lobelia canbyi]]'' <small>A.Gray</small>
* ''[[Lobelia cardinalis]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> (syn. ''L. fulgens'') &ndash; Cardinal flower ([[Americas]])
* ''[[Lobelia chinensis]]'' <small>[[João de Loureiro|Lour.]]</small> &ndash; {{zh|s=[[wiktionary:半|半]][[wiktionary:边|边]][[wiktionary:莲|莲]]|p=''bàn biān lián''}} ([[East Asia|East]] and [[South Asia]])
* ''[[Lobelia collina]]'' <small>[[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]]</small> ([[Ecuador]])
* ''[[Lobelia comosa]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Lobelia coronopifolia]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Lobelia deckenii]]'' <small>[[William Botting Hemsley|Hemsl.]]<!--[[1877]]--></small> (Eastern [[Africa]])
* ''[[Lobelia dentata]]'' <small>[[Cav.]]</small> Eastern [[Australia]]
* ''[[Lobelia dortmanna]]'' <small>L.</small> (Northern North America and [[Europe]])
* ''[[Lobelia erinus]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; Edging Lobelia (Southern Africa)
* ''[[Lobelia flaccidifolia]]'' <small>Small</small>
* ''[[Lobelia flaccida]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Lobelia gaudichaudii]]'' <small>A.DC</small> (island of [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] in Hawaii)
* ''[[Lobelia gerardii]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Lobelia gibberoa]]'' <small>Hemsl.</small>
* ''[[Lobelia heterophylla]]'' <small>Labill.</small>
* ''[[Lobelia hypoleuca]]'' <small>[[William Hillebrand|Hillebr.]]</small> &ndash; ''Kuhi{{okina}}aikamo{{okina}}owahie'' ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])
* ''[[Lobelia ilicifolia]]'' <small></small> (syn. ''L. purpurascens'') &ndash; Purple Lobelia
* ''[[Lobelia inflata]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; Indian Tobacco (Eastern North America)
|
* ''[[Lobelia kalmii]]'' <small>L.</small> (Northern North America)
* ''[[Lobelia laxiflora]]'' <small>Kunth</small> &ndash; Sierra Madre Lobelia<!-- Biotropica 23: 98 -->
* ''[[Lobelia leschenaultiana]]'' <small>(C.Presl) Skottsb.</small>
* ''[[Lobelia monostachya]]'' <small>(Rock) Lammers</small> (island of O{{okina}}ahu in Hawaii)
* ''[[Lobelia nicotianifolia]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Lobelia niihauensis]]'' <small>[[Harold St. John|H.St.John]]</small> (islands of [[Niihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]], [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]], and O{{okina}}ahu in Hawaii)
* ''[[Lobelia oahuensis]]'' <small>Rock</small> (island of O{{okina}}ahu in Hawaii)
* ''[[Lobelia persicifolia]]'' <small>Lam.</small>
* ''[[Lobelia pratioides]]'' <small>Benth.</small> &ndash; Poison Lobelia (Australia)
* ''[[Lobelia pinifolia]]'' <small></small>
* ''[[Lobelia puberula]]'' <small>Michx.</small>
* ''[[Lobelia pyramidalis]]'' <small>Wall.</small>
* ''[[Lobelia rhombifolia]]'' <small>de Vriese</small>
* ''[[Lobelia rosea]]'' <small>Wall. ex Roxb.</small>
* ''[[Lobelia sessilifolia]]'' <small>Lamb.</small>
* ''[[Lobelia siphilitica]]'' <small>L.</small> (Eastern and Central North America)
* ''[[Lobelia spicata]]'' <small>Lam.</small>
* ''[[Lobelia telekii]]'' <small>Scwheinf</small> (mountains of Uganda and Kenya)
* ''[[Lobelia tenuior]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
* ''[[Lobelia thapsoidea]]'' <small>Schott</small> (Southeastern [[Brazil]])
* ''[[Lobelia tupa]]'' <small>L.</small> (Central [[Chile]])
* ''[[Lobelia urens]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; Heath Lobelia
* ''[[Lobelia valida]]'' <small>L.Bolus</small>
* ''[[Lobelia zeylanica]]'' <small>L.</small><ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6918 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Lobelia'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1999-01-27 |accessdate=2011-02-03}}</ref><ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=34503 |taxon=''Lobelia''}}</ref>
|}
[[Image:Lobelia (aka).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Lobelia erinus]]'']]
[[Image:MtKenyaLobelia.jpg|thumb|right|Giant Lobelias, [[Mount Kenya]].]]


A [[New Zealand]] study concluded that local species of'' Hypsela, [[Isotoma (plant)|Isotoma]]'' and ''[[Pratia]]'' should be treated as Lobelia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Knox|first1=E. B.|last2=Heenan|first2=P. B.|last3=Muasya|first3=A. M.|last4=Murray|first4=B. G.|title=Phylogenetic position and relationships of Lobelia glaberrima (Lobeliaceae), a new alpine species from southern South Island (New Zealand)|journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany|volume=46|issue=1|pages=77–85|doi=10.1080/00288250809509755|year=2008|s2cid=84665178|doi-access=free|bibcode=2008NZJB...46...77K }}</ref>


===Mexican spurred lobelias===
===Species list===
See [[List of Lobelia species|List of ''Lobelia'' species]]
About eleven species native to Mexico and Central America have spurs on the flowers. These spurred lobelias appear to form a monophyletic group. Most have been classified in the genera ''Heterotoma'' (or sometimes ''Calcaratolobelia''). However, since their closest relatives, such as ''[[Lobelia anatina]]'', are in ''Lobelia'', Koopman and Ayers classify them in ''Lobelia''.<ref name="koopman">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.92.3.558 | title = Nectar spur evolution in the Mexican lobelias (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) | year = 2005 | author = Koopman, M. M. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 92 | pages = 558–62 | last2 = Ayers | first2 = T. J. | issue = 3 | pmid = 21652434 }}</ref>


==Ecology==
Partial list:
''Lobelia'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including the [[Setaceous Hebrew Character]].
*''[[Lobelia aurita]]'' (''Heterotoma aurita''). One of the most common understory plants in the [[Sierra de la Laguna pine-oak forests]].<ref>{{Cite journal | title = A tree-ring reconstruction of past precipitation for Baja California Sur, Mexico | doi = 10.1002/joc.664 | year = 2001 | author = Díaz, Sara C. | journal = International Journal of Climatology | volume = 21 | pages = 1007 | last2 = Touchan | first2 = Ramzi | last3 = Swetnam | first3 = Thomas W. | issue = 8 }}</ref>
*''[[Lobelia calcarata]]'' (''Heterotoma lobelioides''<ref>ipni.org</ref> or ''Lobelia lobelioides''<ref name="koopman"/>)
*''[[Lobelia cordifolia]]'' (''Heterotoma cordifolia'')<ref name="kew"/>
*''[[Lobelia flexuosa]]'' (''Heterotoma flexuosa'')<ref name="kew">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do World Checklist]</ref>
*''[[Lobelia mcvaughii]]''<ref name="kew"/>
*''[[Lobelia volcanica]]'' (''Heterotoma tenella'')<ref name="kew"/>

===Formerly placed here===
*''[[Apteria aphylla]]'' <small>(Nutt.) Barnhart ex Small</small> (as ''L. aphylla'' <small>Nutt.</small>)
*''[[Centropogon cornutus]]'' <small>(L.) Druce</small> (as ''L. cornuta'' <small>L.</small> or ''L. surinamensis'' <small>L.</small>)
*''[[Cyanea angustifolia]]'' <small>(Cham.) Hillebr.</small> (as ''L. angustifolia'' <small>Cham.</small>)
*''[[Cyanea calycina]]'' <small>(Cham.) Lammers</small> (as ''L. calycina'' <small>Cham.</small>)
*''[[Cyanea crispa]]'' <small>(Gaudich.) Lammers et al.</small> (as ''L. crispa'' <small>(Gaudich.) Endl.</small>)
*''[[Cyanea pinnatifida]]'' <small>(Cham.) E. Wimm.</small> (as ''L. pinnatifida'' <small> Cham.</small>)
*''[[Cyanea superba]]'' <small>(Cham.) A.Gray</small> (as ''L. superba'' <small>Cham.</small>)
*''[[Hippobroma longiflora]]'' <small>(L.) G.Don</small> (as ''L. longiflora'' <small>L.</small>)
*''[[Mazus pumilus]]'' <small>(Burm.f.) Steenis</small> (as ''L. pumila'' <small>Burm.f.</small>)
*''[[Pratia angulata]]'' <small>(G.Forst.) Hook.f.</small> (as ''L. angulata'' <small>G.Forst.</small>)
*''[[Pratia concolor]]'' <small>(R.Br.) Druce</small> (as ''L. concolor '' <small>R.Br.</small>)
*''[[Pratia montana]]'' <small>(Reinw. ex Blume) Hassk.</small> (as ''L. montana'' <small>Reinw. ex Blume</small>)
*''[[Pratia nummularia]]'' <small>(Lam.) A.Braun & Asch.</small> (as ''L. begoniifolia'' <small>Wall.</small>)<ref name="GRINSpecies"/>


==Cultivation and uses==
==Cultivation and uses==
Several species are cultivated as [[ornamental plant]]s in gardens. These include ''[[Lobelia cardinalis]]'' (syn. ''Lobelia fulgens'': Cardinal Flower or Indian Pink), ''[[Lobelia siphilitica]]'' (Blue Lobelia), and ''[[Lobelia erinus]]'', as well as some hybrids. Note Lobelia x speciosa refers to a hybrid derived from ''Lobelia fulgens'', ''L. cardinalis'' & ''L. siphilitica''. The term "Fan hybrids" is also used.
Several species are cultivated as [[ornamental plant]]s in gardens. These include ''[[Lobelia cardinalis]]'' [[synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Lobelia fulgens'' (cardinal flower or Indian pink), ''[[Lobelia siphilitica]]'' (blue lobelia), and ''[[Lobelia erinus]]'', which is used for edging and window boxes.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref>
<ref>[http://www.paghat.com/lobelia_fanburgundy.html Paghat's Garden: "Fan Burgundy" Cardinal Flower]</ref>


===Hybrids===
''Lobelia erinus'', a South African [[annual plant]] that includes many cultivated selections in a wide variety of colours. They are grown in beds, large pots, [[window box]]es and in [[hanging basket]]s. The plants are most often grown away from sunny hot southern exposures (northern exposures in the southern hemisphere) in soils that are moisture retentive.
Numerous [[Hybrid (biology)#Hybrid plants|hybrid]]s have been produced, notably ''Lobelia'' × ''speciosa'', a hybrid derived from ''L. fulgens'', ''L. cardinalis'' & ''L. siphilitica''. The term "fan hybrids" is also used.<ref>[http://www.paghat.com/lobelia_fanburgundy.html Paghat's Garden: "Fan Burgundy" Cardinal Flower]</ref> This plant is borderline [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] and requires fertile, moist soil. It is suitable for summer [[bedding (horticulture)|bedding]] schemes or growing in containers. The cultivars 'Kompliment Scharlach'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Lobelia'' × ''speciosa'' 'Kompliment Scharlach'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/231217/Lobelia-x-speciosa-Kompliment-Scharlach-(Kompliment-Series)/Details | access-date = 2 October 2020}}</ref> and 'Pink Elephant'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Lobelia'' × ''speciosa'' 'Pink Elephant'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/231186/Lobelia-x-speciosa-Pink-Elephant/Details | access-date = 2 October 2020}}</ref>
have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = March 2020 | page = 66 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 25 October 2020}}</ref>
<!-- AGM withdrawn
* 'Fan Orchidrosa'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Lobelia x speciosa'' 'Fan Orchidrosa'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1184|access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref>
* 'Fan Scharlach'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Lobelia x speciosa'' 'Fan Scharlach'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3405|access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref>
* 'Fan Tiefrot'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Lobelia x speciosa'' 'Fan Tiefrot'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5033|access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref>
* 'Fan Zinnoberrosa'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Lobelia x speciosa'' 'Fan Zinnoberrosa'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5037|access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref>-->


===Traditional medicine===
In the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[language of flowers]], the lobelia symbolizes malevolence and ill will.
The species used most commonly in modern herbalism is ''[[Lobelia inflata]]'' (Indian tobacco).<ref name="EBSCO">{{cite web | url = http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=2e7354b6-ae71-4dab-90df-c7026eb1c66f&chunkiid=111703 | title = Lobelia | publisher = EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board |date=January 2006 | access-date = 2007-09-12}}</ref> Use of lobelia for [[cardiovascular diseases]] may cause [[adverse effects]].<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=20633025|year=2010|last1=Cohen|first1=P. A.|title=Safety of herbal supplements: A guide for cardiologists|journal=Cardiovascular Therapeutics|volume=28|issue=4|pages=246–53|last2=Ernst|first2=E|doi=10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00193.x|doi-access=free}}</ref>


Lobelia has been used as "[[asthmador]]" in Appalachian [[traditional medicine]].<ref>AJ Giannini, AE Slaby, MC Giannini. Handbook of Overdose and Detoxification Emergencies. New Hyde Park, NY Medical Examination Publishing,1982. Pp.53-56. {{ISBN|0-87488-182-X}}</ref> Two species, ''L. siphilitica'' and ''L. cardinalis'', were once considered a cure for [[syphilis]].<ref>Guédon, Marie-Françoise (2000). ''Sacred Smudging in North America''. Walkabout Press.</ref> Herbalist [[Samuel Thomson]] popularized medicinal use of lobelia in the United States in the early 19th century.<ref name="EBSCO" />
===Medicinal use===
[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] used lobelia to treat respiratory and muscle disorders, and as a [[purgative]]. The species used most commonly in modern herbalism is ''[[Lobelia inflata]]'' (Indian Tobacco).<ref name="EBSCO">{{cite web | url = http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=2e7354b6-ae71-4dab-90df-c7026eb1c66f&chunkiid=111703 | title = Lobelia | publisher = EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board | month = January | year = 2006 | accessdate = 2007-09-12}}</ref> However, there are adverse effects that limit the use of lobelia.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 18488285 | year = 2008 | title = Risky pills: Supplements to avoid | volume = 73 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–7 | journal = Consumer reports}}</ref>


==Adverse effects==
Extracts of ''Lobelia inflata'' contain [[lobeline]], which showed positive effects in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tumor cells.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ma Y, Wink M |title=Lobeline, a piperidine alkaloid from Lobelia can reverse P-gp dependent multidrug resistance in tumor cells |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=754–8 |year=2008 |month=Sep |pmid=18222670 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.028 }}</ref> Furthermore, lobeline can be modified to [[lobelane]] which decreased [[methamphetamine]] self-administration in rats.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Neugebauer NM, Harrod SB, Stairs DJ, Crooks PA, Dwoskin LP, Bardo MT |title=Lobelane decreases methamphetamine self-administration in rats |journal=Eur J Pharmacol. |volume=571 |issue=1 |pages=33–8 |year=2007 |month=Sep |pmid=17612524 |pmc=2104779 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.06.003 }}</ref> It therefore opens a perspective in methamphetamine dependency treatment.<ref>[http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/0216/wissenschaft/0001/index.html Eine explosive Droge : Textarchiv : Berliner Zeitung Archiv<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Many members of the genus are considered poisonous, with some containing the toxic principle [[lobeline]].<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Bergner P. | date = 1998 |journal = Medical Herbalism | volume = 10 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 15–34 | title = Lobelia toxicity: A literature review}}</ref> Because of lobeline's similarity to [[nicotine]], the internal use of lobelia may be dangerous to susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women,<ref>[http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/herb/lobelia Lobelia], [[Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center]]</ref> and individuals with cardiac disease. Excessive use will cause nausea and vomiting.<ref>[https://www.drugs.com/npp/lobelia.html Lobelia], [[drugs.com]]</ref> It is not recommended for use by pregnant women and is best administered by a practitioner qualified in its use. It also has a chemical known as [[lobellicyonycin]],{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} which may cause dizziness.


==Chemical constituents==
Lobelia has been used as "asthmador" in Appalachian folk medicine <ref>AJ Giannini, AE Slaby, MC Giannini. Handbook of Overdose and Detoxification Emergencies. New Hyde Park, NY Medical Examination Publishing,1982. Pp.53-56. ISBN 0-87488-182-X</ref>
[[File:Lobelane.svg|thumb|right|[[Lobelane]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 21778282
| year = 2011
| last1 = Horton
| first1 = D. B.
| title = Novel N-1,2-dihydroxypropyl analogs of lobelane inhibit vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function and methamphetamine-evoked dopamine release
| journal = Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| volume = 339
| issue = 1
| pages = 286–97
| last2 = Siripurapu
| first2 = K. B.
| last3 = Zheng
| first3 = G
| last4 = Crooks
| first4 = P. A.
| last5 = Dwoskin
| first5 = L. P.
| doi = 10.1124/jpet.111.184770
| pmc = 3186287
}}</ref>]]
[[File:Isolobelanine.svg|thumb|right|[[Isolobelanine]]]]
Extracts of ''[[Lobelia inflata]]'' contain [[lobeline]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ma Y, Wink M |title=Lobeline, a piperidine alkaloid from Lobelia can reverse P-gp dependent multidrug resistance in tumor cells |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=754–8 |date=Sep 2008 |pmid=18222670 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.028}}</ref> and those from ''[[Lobelia chinensis]]'' contain [[apigenin]], [[lobeline]], [[lobelanine]], isolobelanine, [[lobelanidine]], [[quercetin]], [[coumarin]]s, [[glucoside]]s and other [[flavonoid]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 24444893
| year = 2014
| last1 = Yang
| first1 = S
| title = Chemical constituents of Lobelia chinensis
| journal = Fitoterapia
| volume = 93
| pages = 168–74
| last2 = Shen
| first2 = T
| last3 = Zhao
| first3 = L
| last4 = Li
| first4 = C
| last5 = Zhang
| first5 = Y
| last6 = Lou
| first6 = H
| last7 = Ren
| first7 = D
| doi = 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.007
| s2cid = 26186424
}}</ref>


[[File:Lobelia sessilifolia 4.JPG|thumb|''[[Lobelia sessilifolia]]'']]
Two species, ''[[Lobelia siphilitica]]'' and ''[[Lobelia cardinalis]]'', were once considered a cure for [[syphilis]].<ref>Guédon, Marie-Françoise (2000). ''Sacred Smudging in North America''. Walkabout Press.</ref>
[[Image:MtKenyaLobelia.jpg|thumb|Giant lobelias (''[[Lobelia deckenii]]''), [[Mount Kenya]]]]


===Mexican spurred lobelias===
Herbalist [[Samuel Thomson]] popularized medicinal use of lobelia in the United States in the early 19th century, as well as other medicinal plants like [[goldenseal]].<ref name="EBSCO" />
About eleven species native to Mexico and Central America have spurs on the flowers. These spurred lobelias appear to form a monophyletic group. Most have been classified in the genera ''Heterotoma'' (or sometimes ''Calcaratolobelia''). However, since their closest relatives such as ''[[Lobelia anatina]]'' are in ''Lobelia'', Koopman and Ayers classify them in ''Lobelia''.<ref name="koopman">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.92.3.558 | title = Nectar spur evolution in the Mexican lobelias (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) | year = 2005 | author = Koopman, M. M. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 92 | pages = 558–62 | last2 = Ayers | first2 = T. J. | issue = 3 | pmid = 21652434}}</ref>


==References==
One species, ''[[Lobelia chinensis]]'' (called ''bàn biān lián'', [[wikt:半|半]][[wikt:边|边]][[wikt:莲|莲]] in Chinese), is used as one of the [[Chinese herbology#50 fundamental herbs|fifty fundamental herbs]] in [[traditional Chinese medicine]].
{{Reflist|25em}}


== Bibliography ==
Several studies show that lobelia is ineffective in helping people to quit smoking.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1136/bmj.321.7257.355 | last1 = Lancaster | first1 = T | last2 = Stead | first2 = L | last3 = Silagy | first3 = C | last4 = Sowden | first4 = A | title = Effectiveness of interventions to help people stop smoking: findings from the Cochrane Library | journal = BMJ (Clinical research ed.) | volume = 321 | issue = 7257 | pages = 355–8 | year = 2000 | pmc = 1118332 | pmid = 10926597 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref>
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Everitt |first1=J.H. |last2=Lonard |first2=R.L. |last3=Little |first3=C.R. |title=Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico |publisher=Texas Tech University Press |location=Lubbock |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-89672-614-7}}
* {{cite journal|last=Thomson|first=Samuel|title=Life and Medical Discoveries of Samuel Thomson|journal=Bulletin of the Lloyd Library of Botany, Pharmacy and Materia Medica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_sVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA191|year=1884|orig-year=1822|volume=III|issue=11}}
{{Refend}}


==Adverse effects==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
Because of its similarity to [[nicotine]], the internal use of lobelia may be dangerous to susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women,<ref>[http://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/herb/lobelia Lobelia], [[Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center]]</ref> and individuals with cardiac disease. Excessive use will cause nausea and vomiting.<ref>[http://www.drugs.com/npp/lobelia.html Lobelia], [[drugs.com]]</ref> It is not recommended for use by pregnant women and is best administered by a practitioner qualified in its use.
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}
* {{AfricanPlants|Lobelia}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q158182}}
==See also==
{{Authority control}}
*{{commonscat-inline}}
*{{wikispecies-inline}}
==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

==Further reading==
{{Cite book |last=Everitt |first=J.H. |coauthors=Lonard, R.L., Little, C.R. |title=Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico |publisher=Texas Tech University Press |location=Lubbock |year=2007 |isbn=0-89672-614-2}}


[[Category:Lobelia| ]]
[[Category:Lobelia| ]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]

[[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
[[az:Firəngotu]]
[[Category:Campanulaceae genera]]
[[be:Лабелія]]
[[ca:Lobèlia]]
[[de:Lobelien]]
[[es:Lobelia]]
[[fr:Lobelia]]
[[hsb:Lubolinka]]
[[io:Lobelio]]
[[it:Lobelia]]
[[ka:ლობელია]]
[[la:Lobelia]]
[[nl:Lobelia]]
[[ja:ミゾカクシ属]]
[[pl:Lobelia]]
[[pt:Lobelia]]
[[ru:Лобелия]]
[[fi:Lobeliat]]
[[zh:半边莲属]]

Latest revision as of 15:03, 20 December 2024

For other uses, see Lobelia (disambiguation).

Lobelia
Lobelia erinus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Campanulaceae
Subfamily: Lobelioideae
Genus: Lobelia
L.[1]
Type species
Lobelia cardinalis
Species
Synonyms[3]
List
    • Mecoschistum Dulac
    • Rapuntium Mill.
    • Dortmanna Hill
    • Cardinalis Fabr.
    • Laurentia Michx. ex Adans.
    • Chamula Noronha
    • Pratia Gaudich.
    • Holostigma G.Don
    • Tupa G.Don
    • Enchysia C.Presl
    • Hypsela C.Presl
    • Trimeris C.Presl
    • Tylomium C.Presl
    • Rhynchopetalum Fresen.
    • Isolobus A.DC.
    • Piddingtonia A.DC.
    • Holostigmateia Rchb.
    • Colensoa Hook.f.
    • Speirema Hook.f. & Thomson
    • Euhaynaldia Borbás
    • Dortmannia Kuntze
    • Galeatella (E.Wimm.) O.Deg. & I.Deg. in O.Degener
    • Neowimmeria O.Deg. & I.Deg
    • Calcaratolobelia Wilbur
Lobelia erinus in an alpine border

Lobelia (/loʊˈbiːliə, lə-/[4][5][6]) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae comprising 415 species,[7] with a subcosmopolitan distribution primarily in tropical to warm temperate regions of the world, a few species extending into cooler temperate regions.[8] They are known generally as lobelias.[9]

Lobelia boninensis

Description

[edit]

The genus Lobelia comprises a substantial number of large and small annual, perennial and shrubby species, hardy and tender, from a variety of habitats, in a range of colours. Many species appear totally dissimilar from each other. However, all have simple, alternate leaves and two-lipped tubular flowers, each with five lobes. The upper two lobes may be erect while the lower three lobes may be fanned out. Flowering is often abundant and the flower colour intense, hence their popularity as ornamental garden subjects.[10]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The genus Lobelia was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species plantarum and was named after the Flemish botanist Matthias de Lobel (1538–1616).[11][12][13]

Lobelia is probably the base form from which many other lobelioid genera are derived; it is therefore highly paraphyletic and not a good genus in a cladistic sense. For example, the Hawaiian species (see Hawaiian lobelioids), currently classified in several genera, originated from a single introduction to a now-submerged Hawaiian Island 15 million years ago, probably from an Asian Lobelia in Lobelia subg. Tupa.[14]

A New Zealand study concluded that local species of Hypsela, Isotoma and Pratia should be treated as Lobelia.[15]

Species list

[edit]

See List of Lobelia species

Ecology

[edit]

Lobelia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Setaceous Hebrew Character.

Cultivation and uses

[edit]

Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens. These include Lobelia cardinalis syn. Lobelia fulgens (cardinal flower or Indian pink), Lobelia siphilitica (blue lobelia), and Lobelia erinus, which is used for edging and window boxes.[10]

Hybrids

[edit]

Numerous hybrids have been produced, notably Lobelia × speciosa, a hybrid derived from L. fulgens, L. cardinalis & L. siphilitica. The term "fan hybrids" is also used.[16] This plant is borderline hardy and requires fertile, moist soil. It is suitable for summer bedding schemes or growing in containers. The cultivars 'Kompliment Scharlach'[17] and 'Pink Elephant'[18] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[19]

Traditional medicine

[edit]

The species used most commonly in modern herbalism is Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco).[20] Use of lobelia for cardiovascular diseases may cause adverse effects.[21]

Lobelia has been used as "asthmador" in Appalachian traditional medicine.[22] Two species, L. siphilitica and L. cardinalis, were once considered a cure for syphilis.[23] Herbalist Samuel Thomson popularized medicinal use of lobelia in the United States in the early 19th century.[20]

Adverse effects

[edit]

Many members of the genus are considered poisonous, with some containing the toxic principle lobeline.[24] Because of lobeline's similarity to nicotine, the internal use of lobelia may be dangerous to susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women,[25] and individuals with cardiac disease. Excessive use will cause nausea and vomiting.[26] It is not recommended for use by pregnant women and is best administered by a practitioner qualified in its use. It also has a chemical known as lobellicyonycin,[citation needed] which may cause dizziness.

Chemical constituents

[edit]
Lobelane[27]
Isolobelanine

Extracts of Lobelia inflata contain lobeline[28] and those from Lobelia chinensis contain apigenin, lobeline, lobelanine, isolobelanine, lobelanidine, quercetin, coumarins, glucosides and other flavonoids.[29]

Lobelia sessilifolia
Giant lobelias (Lobelia deckenii), Mount Kenya

Mexican spurred lobelias

[edit]

About eleven species native to Mexico and Central America have spurs on the flowers. These spurred lobelias appear to form a monophyletic group. Most have been classified in the genera Heterotoma (or sometimes Calcaratolobelia). However, since their closest relatives such as Lobelia anatina are in Lobelia, Koopman and Ayers classify them in Lobelia.[30]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Genus: Lobelia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-01-27. Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  2. ^ lectotype designated by Hitchcock & Green, Nomenclature, Proposals by British Botanists 184 (1929)
  3. ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  4. ^ "Lobelia". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2019-12-20.
  5. ^ "Lobelia". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  6. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  7. ^ Lammers, Thomas (2011). "Revision of the Infrageneric Classification of Lobelia L. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 98: 37–62. doi:10.3417/2007150. S2CID 84676862.
  8. ^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  9. ^ Lobelia. USDA PLANTS.
  10. ^ a b RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  11. ^ "Lobelia". APNI. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  12. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum. p. 929. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  13. ^ Johnson, A.T.; Smith, H.A. & Stockdale, A.P. (2019), Plant Names Simplified : Their Pronunciation Derivation & Meaning, Sheffield, Yorkshire: 5M Publishing, ISBN 9781910455067, p. 89
  14. ^ Craig C. Buss; Thomas G. Lammers; Robert R. Wise; Craig C. Buss; Thomas G. Lammers; Robert R. Wise (2001). "Seed Coat Morphology and Its Systematic Implications in Cyanea and Other Genera of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 88 (7): 1301–1308. doi:10.2307/3558341. JSTOR 3558341. PMID 11454630.
  15. ^ Knox, E. B.; Heenan, P. B.; Muasya, A. M.; Murray, B. G. (2008). "Phylogenetic position and relationships of Lobelia glaberrima (Lobeliaceae), a new alpine species from southern South Island (New Zealand)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 46 (1): 77–85. Bibcode:2008NZJB...46...77K. doi:10.1080/00288250809509755. S2CID 84665178.
  16. ^ Paghat's Garden: "Fan Burgundy" Cardinal Flower
  17. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Lobelia × speciosa 'Kompliment Scharlach'". Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  18. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Lobelia × speciosa 'Pink Elephant'". Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  19. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. March 2020. p. 66. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  20. ^ a b "Lobelia". EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board. January 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
  21. ^ Cohen, P. A.; Ernst, E (2010). "Safety of herbal supplements: A guide for cardiologists". Cardiovascular Therapeutics. 28 (4): 246–53. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00193.x. PMID 20633025.
  22. ^ AJ Giannini, AE Slaby, MC Giannini. Handbook of Overdose and Detoxification Emergencies. New Hyde Park, NY Medical Examination Publishing,1982. Pp.53-56. ISBN 0-87488-182-X
  23. ^ Guédon, Marie-Françoise (2000). Sacred Smudging in North America. Walkabout Press.
  24. ^ Bergner P. (1998). "Lobelia toxicity: A literature review". Medical Herbalism. 10 (1–2): 15–34.
  25. ^ Lobelia, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
  26. ^ Lobelia, drugs.com
  27. ^ Horton, D. B.; Siripurapu, K. B.; Zheng, G; Crooks, P. A.; Dwoskin, L. P. (2011). "Novel N-1,2-dihydroxypropyl analogs of lobelane inhibit vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function and methamphetamine-evoked dopamine release". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 339 (1): 286–97. doi:10.1124/jpet.111.184770. PMC 3186287. PMID 21778282.
  28. ^ Ma Y, Wink M (Sep 2008). "Lobeline, a piperidine alkaloid from Lobelia can reverse P-gp dependent multidrug resistance in tumor cells". Phytomedicine. 15 (9): 754–8. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.028. PMID 18222670.
  29. ^ Yang, S; Shen, T; Zhao, L; Li, C; Zhang, Y; Lou, H; Ren, D (2014). "Chemical constituents of Lobelia chinensis". Fitoterapia. 93: 168–74. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.007. PMID 24444893. S2CID 26186424.
  30. ^ Koopman, M. M.; Ayers, T. J. (2005). "Nectar spur evolution in the Mexican lobelias (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)". American Journal of Botany. 92 (3): 558–62. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.3.558. PMID 21652434.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
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