Stapes: Difference between revisions

*Stapes*
Stapes
	Frontal view of stapes (A), and view from below (B).
Details
Pronunciation	/ˈsteɪpiːz/
Precursor	Second branchial arch
Part of	Middle ear
System	Auditory system
Articulations	Incudostapedial joint
Identifiers
Latin	'stapes'
MeSH	D013199
TA98	A15.3.02.033
TA2	895
FMA	52751
	Anatomical terms of bone [edit on Wikidata]

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The stapes or stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other tetrapods which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear. This bone is connected to the oval window by its annular ligament, which allows the footplate (or base) to transmit sound energy through the oval window into the inner ear. The stapes is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body, and is so-called because of its resemblance to a stirrup (Latin: stapes).

Structure

The stapes is the third bone of the three ossicles in the middle ear and the smallest in the human body. It measures roughly 2 to 3 mm, greater along the head-base span.^[1] It rests on the oval window, to which it is connected by an annular ligament and articulates with the incus, or anvil through the incudostapedial joint.^[2] They are connected by anterior and posterior limbs (Latin: crura).^[3]^: 862

Development

The stapes develops from the second pharyngeal arch during the sixth to eighth week of embryological life. The central cavity of the stapes, the obturator foramen, is due to the presence embryologically of the stapedial artery, which usually regresses in humans during normal development.^[2]^[4]

Other animals

The stapes is one of three ossicles in mammals. In non-mammalian tetrapods, the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella; however, in reptiles, either term may be used. In fish, the homologous bone is called the hyomandibular, and is part of the gill arch supporting either the spiracle or the jaw, depending on the species. The equivalent term in amphibians is the pars media plectra.^[2]^[5]^{: 481–482}

Variation

The stapes appears to be relatively constant in size in different ethnic groups.^[6] In 0.01–0.02% of people, the stapedial artery does not regress, and persists in the central foramen.^[7] In this case, a pulsatile sound may be heard in the affected ear, or there may be no symptoms at all.^[8] Rarely, the stapes may be completely absent.^[9]^[10]^: 262

Function

Situated between the incus and the inner ear, the stapes transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window, a membrane-covered opening to the inner ear. The stapes is also stabilized by the stapedius muscle, which is innervated by the facial nerve.^[3]^{: 861–863}

Clinical relevance

Otosclerosis is a congenital or spontaneous-onset disease characterized by abnormal bone remodeling in the inner ear. Often this causes the stapes to adhere to the oval window, which impedes its ability to conduct sound, and is a cause of conductive hearing loss. Clinical otosclerosis is found in about 1% of people, although it is more common in forms that do not cause noticeable hearing loss. Otosclerosis is more likely in young age groups, and females.^[11] Two common treatments are stapedectomy, the surgical removal of the stapes and replacement with an artificial prosthesis, and stapedotomy, the creation of a small hole in the base of the stapes followed by the insertion of an artificial prosthesis into that hole.^[12] ^: 661 Surgery may be complicated by a persistent stapedial artery, fibrosis-related damage to the base of the bone, or obliterative otosclerosis, resulting in obliteration of the base.^[7]^[10] ^{: 254–262}

History

The stapes is commonly described as having been discovered by the professor Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia in 1546 at the University of Naples,^[13] although this remains the nature of some controversy, as Ingrassia's description was published posthumously in his 1603 anatomical commentary In Galeni librum de ossibus doctissima et expectatissima commentaria. Spanish anatomist Pedro Jimeno is first to have been credited with a published description, in Dialogus de re medica (1549).^[14] The bone is so-named because of its resemblance to a stirrup (Latin: stapes), an example of a late Latin word, probably created in mediaeval times from "to stand" (Latin: stapia), as stirrups did not exist in the early Latin-speaking world.^[15]

References

^ Àwengen, D. F.; Nishihara, S.; Kurokawa, H.; Goode, R. L. (April 1995). "Measurements of the stapes superstructure". The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 104 (4 Pt 1): 311–6. doi:10.1177/000348949510400411. PMID 7717624. S2CID 43418740.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chapman, S. C. (January 1, 2011). "Can you hear me now? Understanding vertebrate middle ear development". Frontiers in Bioscience. 16 (5): 1675–92. doi:10.2741/3813. PMC 3065862. PMID 21196256.
^ ^a ^b Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W. M. Mitchell (2005). Gray's Anatomy for Students. Illustrations by Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
^ Rodriguez-Vazquez, J. F. (August 2005). "Development of the stapes and associated structures in human embryos". Journal of Anatomy. 207 (2): 165–173. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00441.x. PMC 1571512. PMID 16050903.
^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Holt-Saunders International. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5.
^ Arensburg, B.; Harell, M.; Nathan, H. (February 1981). "The human middle ear ossicles: Morphometry, and taxonomic implications". Journal of Human Evolution. 10 (2): 199–205. Bibcode:1981JHumE..10..199A. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(81)80018-8.
^ ^a ^b Mutlu, C.; da Costa, S. S.; Paparella, MM; Schachern, Pennsylvania (1998). "Clinical-histopathological correlations of pitfalls in middle ear surgery". European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 255 (4): 189–194. doi:10.1007/s004050050041. PMID 9592676. S2CID 25682582.
^ Silbergleit, R.; Quint, D. J.; Mehta, B. A.; Patel, S. C.; Metes, J. J.; Noujaim, S. E. (Mar 2000). "The persistent stapedial artery". American Journal of Neuroradiology. 21 (3): 572–577. PMC 8174972. PMID 10730654.
^ Reiber, M.; Schwaber, M. (February 1997). "Congenital absence of stapes and facial nerve dehiscence". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 116 (2): 278. doi:10.1016/S0194-5998(97)70343-7. PMID 9051082. S2CID 33351053.
^ ^a ^b Tympanoplasty, Mastoidectomy, and Stapes Surgery. Georg Thieme Verlag. 2008. ISBN 978-1-282-86537-2.
^ Menger, D. J.; Tange, R. A. (April 2003). "The aetiology of otosclerosis: a review of the literature". Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 28 (2): 112–120. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2273.2003.00675.x. PMID 12680829.
^ Hall, John E.; Guyton, Arthur C. (2005). Textbook of medical physiology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0.
^ Dispenza, F.; Cappello, F.; Kulamarva, G.; De Stefano, A. (October 2013). "The discovery of stapes". Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica. 33 (5): 357–359. PMC 3825043. PMID 24227905.
^ Mudry, Albert (April 2013). "Disputes Surrounding the Discovery of the Stapes in the Mid 16th Century". Otology & Neurotology. 34 (3): 588–592. doi:10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827d8abc. PMID 23370557. S2CID 30466939.
^ Harper, Douglas. "Stapes (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 27 December 2013.

External links

"3-D Virtual Models of the Human Temporal Bone and Related Structures". Eaton Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2016.

[1] Àwengen, D. F.; Nishihara, S.; Kurokawa, H.; Goode, R. L. (April 1995). "Measurements of the stapes superstructure". The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 104 (4 Pt 1): 311–6. doi:10.1177/000348949510400411. PMID 7717624. S2CID 43418740.

[CHAPMAN2011-2] Chapman, S. C. (January 1, 2011). "Can you hear me now? Understanding vertebrate middle ear development". Frontiers in Bioscience. 16 (5): 1675–92. doi:10.2741/3813. PMC 3065862. PMID 21196256.

[GRAYS2005-3] Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W. M. Mitchell (2005). Gray's Anatomy for Students. Illustrations by Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.

[4] Rodriguez-Vazquez, J. F. (August 2005). "Development of the stapes and associated structures in human embryos". Journal of Anatomy. 207 (2): 165–173. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00441.x. PMC 1571512. PMID 16050903.

[VB-5] Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Holt-Saunders International. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5.

[6] Arensburg, B.; Harell, M.; Nathan, H. (February 1981). "The human middle ear ossicles: Morphometry, and taxonomic implications". Journal of Human Evolution. 10 (2): 199–205. Bibcode:1981JHumE..10..199A. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(81)80018-8.

[MUTLU1998-7] Mutlu, C.; da Costa, S. S.; Paparella, MM; Schachern, Pennsylvania (1998). "Clinical-histopathological correlations of pitfalls in middle ear surgery". European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 255 (4): 189–194. doi:10.1007/s004050050041. PMID 9592676. S2CID 25682582.

[8] Silbergleit, R.; Quint, D. J.; Mehta, B. A.; Patel, S. C.; Metes, J. J.; Noujaim, S. E. (Mar 2000). "The persistent stapedial artery". American Journal of Neuroradiology. 21 (3): 572–577. PMC 8174972. PMID 10730654.

[9] Reiber, M.; Schwaber, M. (February 1997). "Congenital absence of stapes and facial nerve dehiscence". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 116 (2): 278. doi:10.1016/S0194-5998(97)70343-7. PMID 9051082. S2CID 33351053.

[TMS2008-10] Tympanoplasty, Mastoidectomy, and Stapes Surgery. Georg Thieme Verlag. 2008. ISBN 978-1-282-86537-2.

[11] Menger, D. J.; Tange, R. A. (April 2003). "The aetiology of otosclerosis: a review of the literature". Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 28 (2): 112–120. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2273.2003.00675.x. PMID 12680829.

[12] Hall, John E.; Guyton, Arthur C. (2005). Textbook of medical physiology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0.

[13] Dispenza, F.; Cappello, F.; Kulamarva, G.; De Stefano, A. (October 2013). "The discovery of stapes". Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica. 33 (5): 357–359. PMC 3825043. PMID 24227905.

[14] Mudry, Albert (April 2013). "Disputes Surrounding the Discovery of the Stapes in the Mid 16th Century". Otology & Neurotology. 34 (3): 588–592. doi:10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827d8abc. PMID 23370557. S2CID 30466939.

[15] Harper, Douglas. "Stapes (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 27 December 2013.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Bone of the middle ear}}
-{{Infobox Bone |
+{{Italic title}}
-  Name              = Stapes|
+{{Infobox bone
-  Latin             = stapellos|
-  GraySubject       = 231 |
+| Name          = ''Stapes''
-  GrayPage          = 1045 |
+| Latin         = ''stapes''
-  Image             = Gray918.png |
+| Image        = Stapes bone svg hariadhi.svg
-  Caption           = A. Left stapes. B. Base of stapes, medial surface. |
+| Caption       = Frontal view of ''stapes'' (A), and view from below (B).
+| Precursor     = Second [[branchial arch]]
-  Image2            = Gray919.png |
+| PartOf = [[Middle ear]]
-  Caption2          = Chain of [[ossicles]] and their ligaments, seen from the front in a vertical, transverse section of the [[Eardrum|tympanum]]. |
+| Pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|'|s|t|ei|p|i:|z}}
-  Map = Middle ear map |
+| System = [[Auditory system]]
-  MapPos = Stapes|
+| Articulations = [[Incudostapedial joint]]
-  MapCaption = Bones and muscles in the tympanic cavity in the middle ear |
-  Precursor         = 2nd [[branchial arch]]<ref>{{EmbryologyUNC|hednk|023}}</ref> |
-  Origins           = |
-  Insertions        = |
-  Articulations     = |
-  MeshName          = Stapes |
-  MeshNumber        = A09.246.397.247.806 |
 }}
+{{Ear series|expanded=Middle}}
-The '''stapes''' is the [[stirrup|stirrup-shaped]] small [[bone]] or [[ossicles|ossicle]] in the
-[[middle ear]] which is attached through the [[incudostapedial joint]] to the [[incus]] laterally and to the [[fenestra ovalis]], the "oval window", medially.  Stapes means stirrup in Latin. The oval window is adjacent to the [[Vestibule of the ear|vestibule]] of the [[inner ear]]. The stapes is the smallest and lightest bone in the [[human body]]. It was described by the professor [[Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia]] in 1546 at the [[University of Naples]].
+The '''''stapes''''' or '''stirrup''' is a [[bone]] in the [[middle ear]] of humans and other tetrapods which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the [[inner ear]]. This bone is connected to the [[oval window]] by its [[Annular ligament of stapes|annular ligament]], which allows the footplate (or base) to transmit sound energy through the [[oval window]] into the inner ear. The ''stapes'' is the smallest and lightest bone in the [[human body]], and is so-called because of its resemblance to a [[stirrup]] ({{langx|la|stapes}}).
-== Function ==
+==Structure==
+{{See also|Ossicles}}
-The stapes transmits the sound vibrations from the [[incus]] to the membrane of the inner ear inside the [[fenestra ovalis]].  The stapes is also stabilized by the [[stapedius]] muscle, which is innervated by the [[facial nerve]].<ref>{{cite web
+[[File:Stapes human ear.jpg|thumb|The size of the ''stapes'', compared with a 10-cent [[euro]] coin.]]
- | url = http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/nervous_system/ear_ans.html
- | title = Dissector Answers - Ear & Nasal Cavity
- | publisher = University of Michigan
- | accessdate = January 2010
-}}</ref>
+The ''stapes'' is the third bone of the three [[ossicles]] in the [[middle ear]] and the smallest in the human body. It measures roughly {{nowrap|2 to 3 mm}}, greater along the head-base span.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Àwengen |first1=D. F. |last2=Nishihara |first2=S. |last3=Kurokawa |first3=H. |last4=Goode |first4=R. L. |title=Measurements of the stapes superstructure |journal=The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology |date=April 1995 |volume=104 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=311–6 |pmid=7717624 |doi=10.1177/000348949510400411|s2cid=43418740 }}</ref> It rests on the [[oval window]], to which it is connected by an [[annular ligament of stapes|annular ligament]] and articulates with the ''[[incus]]'', or anvil through the [[incudostapedial joint]].<ref name=CHAPMAN2011/> They are connected by anterior and posterior limbs ({{langx|la|crura}}).<ref name=GRAYS2005>{{cite book |last=Drake |first=Richard L. |title=[[Gray's Anatomy for Students]] |year=2005 |publisher=Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-8089-2306-0 |author2=Vogl, Wayne |author3=Tibbitts, Adam W. M. Mitchell |others=Illustrations by Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson}}</ref>{{rp|862}}
-== Evolutionary variation ==
-In non-mammalian [[tetrapod]]s, the bone [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] to the stapes is usually called the ''columella''; however, in [[reptile]]s, either term may be used. In fish, the homologous bone is called the ''[[hyomandibula]]r'', and is part of the gill arch supporting either the [[spiracle]] or the jaw, depending on species.<ref name=VB>{{cite book
- | last1 = Romer | first1 = Alfred Sherwood | last2 = Parsons | first2 = Thomas S
- | publisher = Holt-Saunders International | year = 1977 | location = Philadelphia, PA
- | title = The Vertebrate Body | pages= 481–482
- | isbn = 0-03-910284-X
-}}</ref>
-== Development ==
+===Development===
+The ''stapes'' develops from the second [[pharyngeal arch]] during the sixth to eighth week of [[embryo|embryological life]]. The central cavity of the ''stapes'', the ''obturator foramen'', is due to the presence embryologically of the [[stapedial artery]], which usually regresses in humans during normal development.<ref name=CHAPMAN2011>{{cite journal |last=Chapman |first=S. C.|title=Can you hear me now? Understanding vertebrate middle ear development |journal=Frontiers in Bioscience |date=January 1, 2011 |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1675–92 |pmid=21196256 |doi=10.2741/3813 |pmc=3065862}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Rodriguez-Vazquez |first=J. F. |title=Development of the stapes and associated structures in human embryos |journal=Journal of Anatomy |date=August 2005 |volume=207 |issue=2 |pages=165–173 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00441.x |pmid=16050903 |pmc=1571512}}</ref>
-As the stapes first develops embryologically from the 6th to 8th week of life, it surrounds the [[stapedial artery]], which supplies the majority of the vasculature of the embryonic head.  After that period, the [[external carotid artery]] is generated and takes over for the stapedial artery, which subsequently involutes, leaving the stapes with a windowframe-like structure.
-==See also==
+===Other animals===
+{{See also|Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles}}
-*[[Bone#Terminology|Bone terminology]]
+The ''stapes'' is one of three ossicles in mammals. In non-mammalian [[tetrapod|tetrapods]], the bone [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] to the ''stapes'' is usually called the [[columella (auditory system)|columella]]; however, in [[reptile]]s, either term may be used. In fish, the homologous bone is called the [[hyomandibula]]r, and is part of the [[gill arch]] supporting either the [[Spiracle (vertebrates)|spiracle]] or the jaw, depending on the species. The equivalent term in [[amphibian]]s is the ''{{lang|la|pars media plectra}}''.<ref name=CHAPMAN2011/><ref name=VB>{{cite book
-*[[Terms for anatomical location]]
+|last1= Romer |first1 =Alfred Sherwood |last2 = Parsons |first2 = Thomas S
-*[[Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles]]
+|publisher = Holt-Saunders International |year = 1977 |location = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
+|title=The Vertebrate Body
+|isbn= 978-0-03-910284-5
+}}</ref>{{rp|481–482}}
-== Notes ==
+===Variation===
+The ''stapes'' appears to be relatively constant in size in different ethnic groups.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arensburg |first1=B. |last2=Harell |first2=M. |last3=Nathan |first3=H. |title=The human middle ear ossicles: Morphometry, and taxonomic implications |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=February 1981 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(81)80018-8|bibcode=1981JHumE..10..199A }}</ref> In 0.01–0.02% of people, the stapedial artery does not regress, and persists in the central foramen.<ref name=MUTLU1998>{{cite journal |last1=Mutlu |first1=C. |last2=da Costa |first2=S. S. |author3=Paparella, MM |author4=Schachern, Pennsylvania |title=Clinical-histopathological correlations of pitfalls in middle ear surgery. |journal=European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology |year=1998 |volume=255 |issue=4 |pages=189–194 |pmid=9592676 |doi=10.1007/s004050050041|s2cid=25682582 }}</ref> In this case, a pulsatile sound may be heard in the affected ear, or there may be no symptoms at all.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silbergleit |first1=R. |last2=Quint |first2=D. J. |last3=Mehta |first3=B. A. |last4=Patel |first4=S. C. |last5=Metes |first5=J. J. |last6=Noujaim |first6=S. E. |title=The persistent stapedial artery |journal=American Journal of Neuroradiology|date=Mar 2000 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=572–577 |pmid=10730654|pmc=8174972 }}</ref> Rarely, the ''stapes'' may be completely absent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reiber |first1=M. |last2=Schwaber |first2=M. |title=Congenital absence of stapes and facial nerve dehiscence |journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery |date=February 1997 |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=278 |doi=10.1016/S0194-5998(97)70343-7 |pmid=9051082|s2cid=33351053 }}</ref><ref name=TMS2008 />{{rp|262}}
-{{reflist}}
-== References ==
+==Function==
+{{Main|Hearing}}
-* {{cite book
+Situated between the incus and the inner ear, the ''stapes'' transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window, a membrane-covered opening to the inner ear. The ''stapes'' is also stabilized by the [[stapedius]] muscle, which is innervated by the [[facial nerve]].<ref name=GRAYS2005 />{{rp|861–863}}
- | authors = Vallejo-Valdezate LA, Martín-Gil J, José-Yacamán M, Martín-Gil FJ, Gil-Carcedo LM.
- | title = Scanning electron microscopy images and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis of the stapes in otosclerosis and van der Hoeve syndrome
+==Clinical relevance==
- | journal = Laryngoscope | date = 2000 Sep | volume = 110 | issue = 9 | pages = 1505–10
+[[Otosclerosis]] is a congenital or spontaneous-onset disease characterized by abnormal [[bone remodeling]] in the inner ear. Often this causes the ''stapes'' to adhere to the oval window, which impedes its ability to conduct sound, and is a cause of [[conductive hearing loss]]. Clinical otosclerosis is found in about 1% of people, although it is more common in forms that do not cause noticeable hearing loss. Otosclerosis is more likely in young age groups, and females.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Menger|first1=D. J.|last2=Tange |first2=R. A. |title=The aetiology of otosclerosis: a review of the literature|journal=Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences|date=April 2003|volume=28|issue=2|pages=112–120|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2273.2003.00675.x|pmid=12680829|doi-access=free}}</ref> Two common treatments are [[stapedectomy]], the surgical removal of the ''stapes'' and replacement with an artificial prosthesis, and [[Stapedectomy#Stapedotomy|stapedotomy]], the creation of a small hole in the base of the ''stapes'' followed by the insertion of an artificial prosthesis into that hole.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=John E. |first2=Arthur C. |last2=Guyton |title=Textbook of medical physiology|year=2005|publisher=W. B. Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7216-0240-0|edition=11th}}</ref> {{rp|661}} Surgery may be complicated by a [[persistent stapedial artery]], [[fibrosis]]-related damage to the base of the bone, or obliterative otosclerosis, resulting in obliteration of the base.<ref name=MUTLU1998 /><ref name=TMS2008>{{cite book|title=Tympanoplasty, Mastoidectomy, and Stapes Surgery|year=2008|publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag|isbn=978-1-282-86537-2}}</ref> {{rp|254–262}}
-}}
+==History==
+[[File:Ingrassia stapes noback.jpg|thumb|The ''stapes'', as first described by [[Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia]] ''(Labeled M, bottom right)''.]]
+The ''stapes'' is commonly described as having been discovered by the professor [[Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia]] in 1546 at the [[University of Naples]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dispenza|first1=F.|last2=Cappello |first2=F. |last3=Kulamarva |first3=G. |last4=De Stefano |first4=A. |title=The discovery of stapes|journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica |date=October 2013|volume=33|issue=5|pages=357–359|pmid=24227905 |pmc=3825043}}</ref>  although this remains the nature of some controversy, as Ingrassia's description was published posthumously in his 1603 anatomical commentary ''{{lang|la|In Galeni librum de ossibus doctissima et expectatissima commentaria}}''. Spanish anatomist [[Pedro Jimeno]] is first to have been credited with a published description, in {{lang|la|Dialogus de re medica}} (1549).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mudry|first=Albert|title=Disputes Surrounding the Discovery of the Stapes in the Mid 16th Century|journal=Otology & Neurotology|date=April 2013|volume=34|issue=3|pages=588–592|doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827d8abc|pmid=23370557|s2cid=30466939 }}</ref> The bone is so-named because of its resemblance to a stirrup ({{langx|la|stapes}}), an example of a [[late Latin]] word, probably created in [[mediaeval]] times from "to stand" ({{langx|la|stapia}}), as stirrups did not exist in the early Latin-speaking world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Harper|first=Douglas|title=Stapes (n.)|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=stapes|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
 ==External links==
+{{Commons}}
 * {{cite web
- | url = http://webpages.marshall.edu/~hurlburt/310lec13.html
+| url        = http://research.meei.harvard.edu/otopathology/3dmodels/
-  | title = Development of mammal skull from primitive reptile skull
+| title        = 3-D Virtual Models of the Human Temporal Bone and Related Structures
- | publisher = archive.org | accessdate = January 2010
+| publisher        = Eaton Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology
+| access-date        = September 8, 2016
-|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061111030032/http://webpages.marshall.edu/~hurlburt/310lec13.html |archivedate = 2006-11-11}}
+| archive-date        = April 13, 2016
-* {{cite web
+| archive-url        = https://web.archive.org/web/20160413034745/http://research.meei.harvard.edu/Otopathology/3dmodels/
- | url = http://faculty.juniata.edu/yohn/reptilialab.htm
+| url-status        = dead
- | title = Reptilia Lab
- | publisher = Juniata Collage | accessdate = January 2010
-}}
-* {{cite web
- | url = http://research.meei.harvard.edu/otopathology/3dmodels/
- | title =  3-D Virtual Models of the Human Temporal Bone and Related Structures
- | publisher = Eaton Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology
- | accessdate = January 2010
 }}
+{{Anatomy-terms}}
 {{Auditory system}}
 {{HumanBones}}
+{{Authority control}}
+{{Good article}}
 [[Category:Auditory system]]
 [[Category:Skeletal system]]
-[[Category:Skull]]
+[[Category:Ossicles]]
+[[Category:Otorhinolaryngology]]
+[[Category:Otology]]
-[[ar:ركاب (تشريح)]]
+[[Category:Human head and neck]]
-[[zh-min-nan:Tèng-kut]]
-[[br:Stleug (askorn)]]
-[[ca:Estrep (os)]]
-[[cs:Třmínek]]
-[[da:Stigbøjle (knogle)]]
-[[de:Steigbügel (Anatomie)]]
-[[es:Estribo (hueso)]]
-[[eo:Piedingo (anatomio)]]
-[[fr:Étrier (os)]]
-[[hr:Stremen (uho)]]
-[[id:Tulang sanggurdi]]
-[[it:Staffa (anatomia)]]
-[[la:Stapes (anatomia)]]
-[[ml:സ്റ്റേപിസ്]]
-[[nl:Gehoorbeentje#Stijgbeugel]]
-[[pl:Strzemiączko]]
-[[pt:Estribo (osso)]]
-[[ru:Стремя (анатомия)]]
-[[sk:Strmienok]]
-[[fi:Jalustin]]
-[[sv:Stigbygeln]]
-[[te:కర్ణాంతరాస్థి]]
-[[th:กระดูกโกลน]]
-[[zh:镫骨]]

Authority control databases
National	United States France BnF data Israel
Other	Terminologia Anatomica