Moscow: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Russia}} |
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{{About|the capital of Russia|other uses|Moscow (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Distinguish|Moscow Oblast}} |
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{{Pp-move-indef}} |
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{{Redirect|Moskva|other uses|Moscow (disambiguation)|and|Moskva (disambiguation)}} |
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{{pp-extended|small=yes}} |
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{{Infobox Russian federal subject |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}} |
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|en_name=Moscow |
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{{Infobox settlement |
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|ru_name=Москва |
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| name = Moscow |
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|image_skyline=Moscow collage new (2011).jpg |
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| native_name = Москва |
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|image_caption='''Top''': [[St. Basil's Cathedral]], [[Spasskaya Tower|Spasskaya Clocktower]]<br>'''Center''': [[Kotelnicheskaya Embankment|Kotelnicheskaya Embankment building]], [[Monument to Minin and Pozharsky]], [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]], [[Worker and Kolkhoz Woman|Worker and Kolkhoz Woman sculpture]]<br>'''Bottom''': [[Moscow International Business Center]] |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
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|image_map=Moscow in Russia (special marker).svg |
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| settlement_type = [[Capital city]] and [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]] |
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|latd=55 |
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| image_skyline = {{multiple image |
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|latm=45 |
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|perrow = 1/2/2/1 |
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|lats=06 |
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|border = infobox |
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|longd=37 |
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|total_width = 300 |
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|longm=37 |
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|caption_align = center |
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|longs=04 |
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|image1 = Saint Basil's Cathedral and the Red Square.jpg |
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|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Moscow.svg |
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|caption1 = [[Red Square]] with the [[Spasskaya Tower]] (left), [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] (right) and [[Ostankino Tower]] (background) |
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|coa_caption=[[Coat of Arms of Moscow]] |
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|image2 = Cathedral of Christ the Saviour-1.jpg |
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|image_flag=Flag of Moscow.svg |
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|caption2 = [[Cathedral of Christ the Savior]] |
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|flag_caption=[[Flag of Moscow]] |
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|image3 = Moscow_(52078730783).jpg |
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|anthem=''[[Moya Moskva|My Moscow]]'' |
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|caption3 = [[Moscow International Business Center|Moscow-City]] and [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring Road]] |
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|holiday=The first Saturday and Sunday of September |
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|image4 = Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg |
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|holiday_ref=<ref>{{cite web|title=Holidays and significant dates of Moscow|url=http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?documentId=119125|work=Moscow City Government|accessdate=29 September 2010}}</ref> |
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|caption4 = [[Gorky Park (Moscow)|Gorky Park]] |
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<!--POLITICAL STATUS--> |
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|image5 = Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg |
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|political_status=Federal city |
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|caption5 = [[Bolshoi Theatre]] |
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|political_status_link=Federal cities of Russia |
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|image6 = Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg |
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|federal_district=[[Central Federal District|Central]] |
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|caption6 = View along the [[Moskva (river)|Moskva River]] with the [[Kremlin]] (right) and the [[Moscow International Business Center]] (left) |
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|economic_region=[[Central economic region|Central]] |
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|color = white |
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<!--STATS--> |
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}} |
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|pop_2010census=11514330 |
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| image_flag = Flag of Moscow, Russia.svg |
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|pop_2010census_rank=1st |
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| flag_size = 120px |
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|pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" /> |
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| flag_link = Flag of Moscow |
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|urban_pop_2010census=100% |
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| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Moscow.svg |
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|rural_pop_2010census=0 |
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| shield_size = 75px |
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|pop_density=9682 |
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| shield_link = Coat of arms of Moscow |
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|pop_density_as_of=January 1, 2010 |
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| anthem = "[[Moya Moskva|My Moscow]]"<br>{{center|[[File:My Moscow.ogg]]}} |
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|pop_density_ref=<ref>{{cite web|title=Плотность населения Российской Федерации по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b10_109/IssWWW.exe/Stg//%3Cextid%3E/%3Cstoragepath%3E::%7Ctabl-02-10.xls|work=Rosstat|accessdate=30 September 2010|year=2010}}</ref> |
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| image_map = Locator map of Moscow, Russia (2014–2022).svg |
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|pop_latest=11510097 |
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| mapsize = 295 |
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|pop_latest_date=2011 |
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| image_map1 = {{Infobox mapframe|wikidata=yes|stroke-width=1|shape-fill-opacity=0|geomask=Q649|zoom=7|frame-height=200|frame-coord={{coord|55.6|37.6}}|marker=city|id=Q649}} |
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|pop_latest_ref=<ref name="2011Est">[[Goskomstat|Rosstat]]. [http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b04_03/Isswww.exe/Stg/d01/65oz-shisl28.htm Об оценке численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2010г., на 1 января 2011г. и в среднем за 2010 год] {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|Russia}} |
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|area_km2=1091 |
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| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q649|type:adm1st_region:RU-MOS|display=inline,title}} |
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|area_km2_ref=<ref name="RusArea2009">[http://www.rosreestr.ru/upload/www/files/gos_doclad_2008.pdf Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. Federal Registration, Cadastre&Cartograhy Service. Russia Land Use National Report 2008, p.187-188] {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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| coor_pinpoint = |
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|area_km2_rank=83rd |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[Federal districts of Russia|Federal district]] |
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|elevation_m=150 - 255 [[Above mean sea level|m]] |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Central Federal District|Central]] |
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|established_date=Before 1147 |
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| subdivision_type3 = [[Economic regions of Russia|Economic region]] |
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|established_date_ref=<ref name="dolgorukiy"/> |
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| subdivision_name3 = [[Central economic region|Central]] |
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|license_plates=77, 99, 97, 177, 199, 197 |
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| established_title = First mentioned |
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|ISO=RU-MOW |
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| established_date = 1147<ref name="dolgorukiy">{{cite web |url=http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm |title=The History of Moscow |publisher=Occidental College |last=Comins-Richmond |first=Walter |access-date=3 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517163858/http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm |archive-date=17 May 2006 }}</ref> |
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<!--GOVERNMENT--> |
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| governing_body = [[Moscow City Duma|City Duma]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Moscow Statute |url=http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14215&documentId=118572 |work=Moscow City Duma |publisher=Moscow City Government |access-date=29 September 2010 |date=28 June 1995 |quote=The supreme and exclusive legislative (representative) body of the state power in Moscow is the Moscow City Duma. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823154646/http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14215&documentId=118572 |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref> |
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|gov_as_of=2011 |
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| leader_title = [[Mayor of Moscow|Mayor]]<ref name="mayor">{{cite web |url=http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107 |title=The Moscow City Mayor |publisher=Government of Moscow |access-date=18 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823154527/http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107 |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref> |
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|leader_title=[[List of heads of Moscow government|Mayor]] |
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| leader_name = [[Sergey Sobyanin]]<ref name="mayor"/> |
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|leader_title_ref=<ref name="mayor">{{cite web|url=http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107|title=The Moscow City Mayor|publisher=Government of Moscow|accessdate=18 March 2010}}</ref> |
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| total_type = Total |
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|leader_name=[[Sergey Sobyanin]] |
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| area_total_sq_mi = 989.0 |
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|leader_name_ref=<ref name="mayor"/> |
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| area_total_km2 = 2561.5<ref name="InfostatArea">{{cite web |title=Общая площадь Москвы в длинну и ширину |url=https://rosinfostat.ru/ploshhad-moskvy/ |publisher=RosInfoStat |access-date=2 June 2021 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203140325/https://rosinfostat.ru/ploshhad-moskvy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|legislature=[[Moscow City Duma|City Duma]] |
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| area_urban_km2 = 6154 |
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|legislature_ref=<ref>{{cite web|title=The Moscow Statute|url=http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14215&documentId=118572|work=Moscow City Duma|publisher=Moscow City Government|accessdate=29 September 2010|date=28 June 1995|quote=The supreme and exclusive legislative (representative) body of the state power in Moscow is the Moscow City Duma.}}</ref> |
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| area_metro_km2 = 48360 |
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|basic_law_type=Charter |
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| area_blank1_sq_mi = |
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|basic_law_title=[[Charter of Moscow]] |
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| elevation_m = 156 |
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|website=http://www.mos.ru |
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| population_rank = [[List of cities and towns in Russia by population|1st]] |
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|website_ref |
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| population_density_km2 = 5080 |
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|date=March 2010 |
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| population_density_urban_km2 = 2762 |
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| population_density_metro_km2 = 450 |
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| population_as_of = [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]] |
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| population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 13010112 |
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| population_footnotes = <ref name=2021Census>{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="Urban" /> |
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| population_urban = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 19,100,000 |
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| population_metro_footnotes = <ref>[[Moscow metropolitan area]]</ref> |
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| population_metro = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 21,534,777<ref>Including [[Moscow Oblast]] (8,524,665)</ref> |
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| population_demonym = Muscovite |
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| demographics_type2 = GDP |
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| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx |title=Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016-2022гг. |website=rosstat.gov.ru |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331184235/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|demographics2_title1 = Total |
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|demographics2_info1 = [[Russian ruble|₽]]{{FXConvert|RUS|28507|b|lk=on}} (2022) |
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|demographics2_title2 = Per capita |
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|demographics2_info2 = ₽{{FXConvert|RUS|2182863|lk=on}} (2022) |
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| timezone1 = [[Moscow Time|MSK]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085 |script-title=ru:"Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации |language=ru |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622151333/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| blank_name = [[OKTMO]] ID |
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| blank_info = 45000000 |
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| iso_code = RU-MOW |
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| registration_plate = 77, 177, 777; 97, 197, 797; 99, 199, 799, 977<ref>{{Cite web |title=Автомобильные коды регионов России-2022: таблица с последними изменениями |url=https://ria.ru/20221116/avtokody-1831987874.html |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=РИА Новости |date=16 November 2022 |language=ru |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128050947/https://ria.ru/20221116/avtokody-1831987874.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| utc_offset = +3 |
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| website = {{URL|https://www.mos.ru/en|mos.ru}} |
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}} |
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'''Moscow''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|k|aʊ}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|k|oʊ}}; {{lang-rus|Москва́|Moskva|mɐˈskva|ru-Moskva.ogg}}) is the [[capital city|capital]] and the most populous [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] of [[Russia]]. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center in Russia and on the continent. Moscow is the most northern [[megacity]] on [[Earth]], the most populous city in [[Europe]], side by side with [[Istanbul]], and [[list of cities proper by population|the 6th largest city proper in the world]]. It's also the largest city in Russia. Its population, according to the results of the [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]], is 11,514,330.<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> Based on [[Forbes list of billionaires|Forbes 2011]], Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ody|first=Elizabeth|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-09/carlos-slim-tops-forbes-list-of-billionaires-for-second-year.html|title=Carlos Slim Tops Forbes List of Billionaires for Second Year|publisher=Bloomberg |date=2011-03-10 |accessdate=2011-06-01}}</ref> |
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'''Moscow'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|k|oʊ}} {{respell|MOS|koh}}, <small>[[American English|US]] chiefly</small> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|k|aʊ}} {{respell|MOS|kow}};<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Roach |first=Peter |year=2011 |title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |edition=18th |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-15253-2 }}</ref> {{lang-rus|links=no|Москва|r=Moskva|p=mɐskˈva|a=Москва.ogg}}}} is the [[Capital city|capital]] and [[List of cities and towns in Russia by population|largest city]] of [[Russia]]. The city stands on the [[Moskva (river)|Moskva River]] in [[Central Russia]], with a population estimated at over 13 million residents within the city limits,<ref name=2021Census/> over 19.1 million residents in the urban area,<ref name="Urban">{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations |title=Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps |access-date=2 May 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707123157/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and over 21.5 million residents in [[Moscow metropolitan area|its metropolitan area]].<ref name="Megapolis">{{cite web |url=https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration |title=A 3-Hour Commute: A Close Look At Moscow The Megapolis |work=Strelka Mag |first=Alexander |last=Akishin |date=17 August 2017 |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417121056/https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city covers an area of {{Convert|2511|km2|mi2|abbr=|sp=us}}, while the urban area covers {{Convert|5891|km2|mi2|abbr=|sp=us}},<ref name="Urban"/> and the metropolitan area covers over {{Convert|26000|km2|mi2|abbr=|sp=us}}.<ref name="Megapolis"/> Moscow is among the world's [[List of largest cities|largest cities]], being the [[List of European cities by population within city limits|most populous city]] in its entirety in Europe, the largest [[List of urban areas in Europe|urban]] and [[List of metropolitan areas in Europe|metropolitan area]] in Europe,<ref name="Urban"/><ref name="Megapolis"/> and the largest city by land area on the European continent.<ref name="Planète Énergies">{{Cite web |url=https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/moscow-city-undergoing-transformation |title=Moscow, a City Undergoing Transformation |work=Planète Énergies |date=11 September 2017 |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027055122/https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/moscow-city-undergoing-transformation |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Moscow is situated on the [[Moskva River]] in the [[Central Federal District]] of [[European Russia]]. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] and the subsequent [[Tsardom of Russia]] to the [[Soviet Union]]. Moscow is the site of the [[Moscow Kremlin]], an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian president and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several [[World Heritage Site]]s in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the [[State Duma]] and the [[Federation Council of Russia|Federation Council]]) also sit in Moscow. |
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First documented in 1147, Moscow grew to serve as the capital of the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]]. When the [[Tsardom of Russia]] was proclaimed, Moscow remained the political and economic center for most of its history. Under the reign of [[Peter the Great]], the Russian capital was moved to the newly founded city of [[Saint Petersburg]] in 1712, decreasing Moscow's influence. Following the [[Russian Revolution]] and the establishment of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], the capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918, where it later became the political center of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>[[1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union]] - Section VIII, Article 172: "The Capital of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is the city of Moscow."</ref> In the aftermath of the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], Moscow remained the capital city of the newly established Russian Federation. |
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The city is served by an extensive transit network, which includes four international airports, nine railroad terminals, and one of the deepest underground metro systems in the world, the [[Moscow Metro]], second only to Tokyo in terms of passenger numbers. It's recognized as one of the city's landmarks due to the rich and varied architecture of its 185 stations. |
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The northernmost and coldest [[megacity]] in the world, Moscow is governed as a [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/city/about/ |title=A glimpse into history |website=mos.ru |access-date=21 September 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007105652/https://www.mos.ru/en/city/about/ }}</ref> where it serves as the political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and [[Eastern Europe]]. As a [[global city]],<ref>According to the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]]</ref> Moscow has one of the world's [[List of cities by GDP|largest urban economies]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brade |first1=Isolde |last2=Rudolph |first2=Robert |title=Moscow, the Global City? The Position of the Russian Capital within the European System of Metropolitan Areas |journal=Area |jstor=20004359 |volume=36 |number=1 |pages=69–80 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |date=2004 |doi=10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00306.x |bibcode=2004Area...36...69B |issn=0004-0894 }}</ref> The city is one of the fastest-growing tourist destinations<ref>According to the [[Most visited places in the world|MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index]].</ref> and is one of Europe's [[List of cities by international visitors|most visited cities]]. Moscow has the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|second-highest number of billionaires]] of any city (tied with [[Hong Kong]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grosser |first=Annikka |title=The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2024 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/annikagrosser/2024/04/26/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2024/ |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604161409/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gigizamora/2023/04/08/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Moscow International Business Center]] is one of the largest [[financial centre|financial center]]s in the world and features the majority of [[List of tallest buildings in Europe|Europe's tallest skyscrapers]]. Moscow was the host city of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] and one of the host cities of the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA World Cup kicks off in Russia |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/fifa-world-cup-2018/fifa-worldcup-2018-news/2018/jun/14/fifa-world-cup-kicks-off-in-russia-1828219.html |access-date=20 March 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802231006/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/fifa-world-cup-2018/fifa-worldcup-2018-news/2018/jun/14/fifa-world-cup-kicks-off-in-russia-1828219.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Over time, Moscow has acquired a number of [[epithet]]s, most referring to its size and preeminent status within the nation: The [[Third Rome]] ({{lang|ru|Третий Рим}}), The Whitestone One ({{lang|ru|Белокаменная}}), The First Throne ({{lang|ru|Первопрестольная}}), The Forty Forties ({{lang|ru|Сорок Сороков}}). In old Russian the word "{{lang|ru|Сорок}}" (''forty'') also meant a church administrative district, which consisted of about forty churches. Since 2011 the Moscow Government and NGOs have been trying to promote a new city image for tourists [http://wowmoscow.net/en/ WowMoscow] aimed at demonstrating its openness and friendliness. The [[demonym]] for a Moscow resident is ''Moskvitch'', rendered in English as ''Muscovite''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muscovite|url=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/eng_rus/391243/Muscovite|work=|publisher=dic.academic.ru|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-05-23}}</ref> |
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The city contains several UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s and is known for its display of [[Russian architecture]], particularly in areas such as the [[Red Square]] and buildings such as the [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] and the [[Moscow Kremlin]], the latter of which is the seat of power of the [[Government of Russia]]. Moscow is home to [[List of companies of Russia|Russian companies]] in different industries and is served by a comprehensive transit network, which includes [[Moscow Airport (disambiguation)#Commercial passenger and cargo traffic airports|four international airports]]<!--intentional link to the DAB page-->, ten railway terminals, a [[Trams in Moscow|tram system]], a [[Moscow Monorail|monorail system]], and the [[Moscow Metro]], which is the busiest metro system in Europe and one of the largest [[rapid transit]] systems in the world. The city has over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, making it one of the greenest cities in the world.<ref name="Planète Énergies"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bridgetomoscow.com/curious-fact-moscow-parks |title=Moscow parks |work=Bridge To Moscow |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625002804/https://bridgetomoscow.com/curious-fact-moscow-parks |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
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The city's name is thought to be derived from the [[Moskva River]].<ref name="Vasmer">{{Vasmer|Москва }}</ref><ref name="Smol">{{cite book |last1=Smolitskaya |first1=G.P. |title=Toponimicheskyi slovar' Tsentral'noy Rossii |script-title=ru:Топонимический словарь Центральной России |date=2002 |pages=211–2017 |language=ru }}</ref> Theories of the origin of the name of the river have been proposed. |
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The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root *''mŭzg''-/''muzg''- from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''{{PIE|meu}}''- "wet",<ref name="Smol" /><ref name="Trubach">{{cite book |editor-last=Trubachyov |editor-first=O.N. |editor-link=Oleg Trubachyov |title=Etimologicheskyi slovar' slavyanskikh yazykov |script-title=ru:Этимологический словарь славянских языков |date=1994 |at=V. 20: pp. 19–20, 197, 202–203; V. 21: pp. 12, 19–20, 76–79 |language=ru }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pokorny |first1=Julius |author-link=Julius Pokorny |title=Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch |chapter=meu |chapter-url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/U/P1312.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310064838/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/U/P1312.html |archive-date=10 March 2016 }}</ref> so the name ''Moskva'' might signify a river at a wetland or marsh.<ref name="Vasmer" /> Its [[cognate]]s include {{langx|ru|музга}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|muzga}} "pool, puddle", {{langx|lt|mazgoti}} and {{langx|lv|mazgāt}} "to wash", {{langx|sa|májjati}} "to drown", {{langx|la|mergō}} "to dip, immerse".<ref name="Vasmer" /><ref name="Trubach" /> In many Slavic countries Moskov is a surname, most common in Russia, [[Bulgaria]], [[Ukraine]] and [[North Macedonia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://forebears.io/surnames/moskov |title=Moskov Surname Meaning, Origins & Distribution |website=forebears.io |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010136/https://forebears.io/surnames/moskov |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, there are similarly named places in [[Poland]] like [[Mozgawa]].<ref name="Vasmer" /><ref name="Smol" /><ref name="Trubach" /> According to a [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] hypothesis, the [[Volga Finns|Merya]] and [[Muromians|Muroma]] people, who were among the pre-Slavic tribes which inhabited the area, called the river ''Mustajoki'' "Black river", and the name of the river derives from this term.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tarkiainen |first=Kari |title=Ruotsin itämaa |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |year=2010 |isbn=978-951-583-212-2 |location=Helsinki |page=19 }}</ref> Other theories, having little or no scientific basis, are rejected by linguists.<ref name="Vasmer" /><ref name="Smol" /> |
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The original [[Old East Slavic|Old Russian]] form of the name is reconstructed as *{{lang|orv|Москы}}, *{{lang|orv-Latn|Mosky}},<ref name=Vasmer/><ref name=Smol/> hence it was one of a few Slavic [[wikt:Category:Proto-Slavic v-stem nouns|''ū''-stem nouns]]. As with other nouns of that declension, it had been undergoing a morphological transformation at the early stage of the development of the language, as a result, the first written references in the 12th century were {{lang|orv|Московь}}, {{lang|orv-Latn|Moskovĭ}} ([[accusative case]]), {{lang|orv|Москви}}, {{lang|orv-Latn|Moskvi}} ([[locative case]]), {{lang|orv|Москвe/Москвѣ}}, {{lang|orv-Latn|Moskve/Moskvě}} ([[genitive case]]).<ref name=Vasmer/><ref name=Smol/> From the latter forms came the modern Russian name {{lang|ru|Москва}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|Moskva}}, which is a result of [[morphological leveling|morphological generalization]] with the numerous Slavic [[wikt:Category:Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns|''ā''-stem nouns]]. The form ''Moskovĭ'' has left traces in other languages, including {{langx|en|Moscow}}; {{langx|de|Moskau}};<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Translations for "Moscow" in the English » German Dictionary |url=https://en.pons.com/translate/english-german/Moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=PONS Online Dictionary |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214204724/https://en.pons.com/translate/english-german/Moscow |url-status=live }}</ref> {{langx|fr|Moscou}};<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=French translation of 'Moscow' |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-french/moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Collins Dictionary |archive-date=2 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002012940/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-french/moscow |url-status=live }}</ref> {{langx |
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|pt|Moscou, Moscovo}};<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Translation of Moscow – English–Portuguese dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-portuguese/moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Cambridge Dictionary }}</ref> and {{langx|es|Moscú}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Translation of Moscow – English–Spanish dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-spanish/moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Cambridge Dictionary }}</ref> |
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Moscow has acquired [[epithet]]s, such as The ''[[Moscow, third Rome|Third Rome]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yegorov |first=Oleg |date=30 March 2017 |title=Why do Russians call Moscow the Third Rome? |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2017/03/30/why-do-russians-call-moscow-the-third-rome_730921 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Russia Beyond |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220353/https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2017/03/30/why-do-russians-call-moscow-the-third-rome_730921 |url-status=live }}</ref> Moscow is one of twelve [[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero Cities]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Hero City |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/glossary/12 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=President of Russia |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518155739/http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/glossary/12 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[demonym]] for a Moscow resident is rendered as ''Muscovite'' in English. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{Main|History of Moscow}} |
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{{For timeline}} |
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===Prehistory=== |
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The city is named after the river (old {{lang-ru|гра́д Моско́в}}, literally "the city by the [[Moskva River]]"). The first reference to Moscow dates from 1147 when [[Yuri Dolgorukiy]] called upon the prince of the [[Novhorod-Siverskyi|Novgorod-Severski]] to "come to me, brother, to Moscow".<ref name="dolgorukiy">{{cite web |url=http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm |title=The History of Moscow |publisher=Occidental College |last=Comins-Richmond |first=Walter |accessdate=2006-07-03}}</ref> |
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The site of modern-day Moscow has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Among the earliest finds are relics of the [[Lyalovo culture]], which experts assign to the [[Neolithic]] period.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/22507073/ |title=The origins of Moscow: What archaeological finds, chronicles and urban legends tell us |work=[[Mos.ru]] |date=5 April 2017 |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030183623/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/22507073/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> They confirm that the first inhabitants of the area were hunters and gatherers. Around 950 AD, two Slavic tribes, [[Vyatichi]] and [[Krivichi]], settled here. The Vyatichi may have formed the majority of Moscow's indigenous population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moskau.ru/moskau/lexikon/geschichte_moskaus_vom_dorf_zur_metropole_3.html |title=History of Moscow - from village to metropolis |work=moskau.ru |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=24 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051043/http://www.moskau.ru/moskau/lexikon/geschichte_moskaus_vom_dorf_zur_metropole_3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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[[File:Kremlevskaya Naberezhnaja Moscow.hires.jpg|thumb|right|Kremlevskaya Naberezhnaya street and Moscow skyline. On the left is the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]]]] |
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[[File:Map of Moscow 1784.jpg|right|thumb|Map of Moscow, 1784]] |
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[[File:Red Square in Moscow (1801) by Fedor Alekseev.jpg|thumb|Red Square, painting of [[Fedor Alekseev]], 1802]] |
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[[File:Fire of Moscow 1812.jpg|thumb|right|[[French invasion of Russia]] in 1812, [[fire of Moscow (1812)|Fire of Moscow]], painting of Smirnov A.F., 1813]] |
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===Early history (1147–1284)=== |
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Nine years later, in 1156, Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy of [[Rostov]] ordered the construction of a wooden wall, the Kremlin, which had to be rebuilt multiple times, to surround the emerging city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://russia.nypl.org/events/Kremlin.html |title=Russia Engages the World: The Building of the Kremlin, 1156–1516 |publisher=The New York Public Library |accessdate=2006-07-03}}</ref> After the sacking of 1237–1238, when the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants, Moscow recovered and became the capital of the independent [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] [[principality]] in 1327.<ref name="golden-ring">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf|format=PDF|title=Along the Moscow Golden Ring |publisher=Moscow, Russia Tourist Information center|accessdate=2006-07-05}}{{dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref> Its favorable position on the headwaters of the [[Volga River]] contributed to steady expansion. Moscow developed into a stable and prosperous principality, known as [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]], for many years and attracted a large number of refugees from across Russia. |
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{{Further|Kievan Rus'|Vladimir-Suzdal}} |
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[[File:Kyivan Rus' 1220-1240.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Vladimir-Suzdal]], a principality on the northeastern periphery of [[Kievan Rus']], grew into the Grand Duchy of Moscow.]] |
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The first known reference to Moscow was in 1147, as a meeting place of [[Yuri Dolgorukiy]] and [[Sviatoslav Olgovich]]. At the time it was a minor town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-39352451 |title=Начало Москвы: пир после убийства |website=BBC News Russian |date=11 April 2017 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710045539/https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-39352451 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1156, Dolgorukiy fortified the town by creating a wooden wall; this structure became the Kremlin.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=French |first1=Richard Antony |last2=Berton Murrell |first2=Kathleen |last3=Ioffe |first3=Grigory |date=19 May 2024 |title=History of Moscow |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Moscow/History |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Britannica |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405122357/https://www.britannica.com/place/Moscow/History |url-status=live }}</ref> In the course of the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus']], the Mongols under [[Batu Khan]] burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} |
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Under [[Ivan I of Moscow]] the city replaced [[Tver]] as a political center of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] and became the sole collector of taxes for the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'|Mongol-Tatar rulers]]. By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the [[Khan (title)|Khan]]. Unlike other principalities, Moscow was not divided among his sons, but was passed intact to his eldest. Moscow's opposition against foreign domination grew. In 1380, prince [[Dmitry Donskoy]] of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the [[Golden Horde|Tatars]] in the [[Battle of Kulikovo]]. The battle, however, was not decisive and only two years later Moscow was sacked by khan [[Tokhtamysh]]. [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]], in 1480, [[Great stand on the Ugra river|finally broke the Russians free]] from Tatar control, allowing Moscow to become the center of power in Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iusb.edu/~journal/2002/vogel_2/vogel.html|title=The Mongol Connection: Mongol Influences on the Development of Moscow |last=Vogel|first=Michael|publisher=Indiana University South Bend|accessdate=2006-07-03 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20060107213535/http://www.iusb.edu/~journal/2002/vogel_2/vogel.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate= 2006-01-07}}</ref> Under Ivan III the city became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of present-day Russia and other lands. |
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The timber fort ''na Moskvě'' "on the Moscow River" was inherited by [[Daniel of Moscow|Daniel]], the youngest son of [[Alexander Nevsky]], in the 1260s. Daniel was still a child at the time, and the large fort was governed by {{transliteration|ru|tiuns}} (deputies), appointed by Daniel's paternal uncle, [[Yaroslav of Tver]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} Daniel came of age in the 1270s and became involved in the power struggles of the principality with lasting success, siding with his brother [[Dmitry of Pereslavl|Dmitry]] in his bid for the rule of [[Novgorod]]. From 1283 he acted as the ruler of an independent principality alongside Dmitry, who became [[Grand Duke of Vladimir]]. Daniel has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, dedicated to the Lord's Epiphany and to Saint Daniel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bronnitsky.) |first=Tikhon (Bishop of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-_VAAAAMAAJ&q=history+of+Lord%27s+Epiphany+monastery+and+to+Saint+Daniel |title=The Orthodox Shrines of Moscow |date=1997 |publisher=Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002123518/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-_VAAAAMAAJ&q=history+of+Lord%27s+Epiphany+monastery+and+to+Saint+Daniel |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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In 1571, the [[Crimean Khanate|Crimean Tatars]] attacked and [[Russo-Crimean Wars|sacked Moscow]], burning everything but the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]].<ref>"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA260&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World]''". John F. Richards (2006). [[University of California Press]]. p.260. ISBN 0-520-24678-0</ref> |
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[[File:Moscow clad in snow - Moscou sur la neige - Москва в снежном убранстве - Москва в снегу (1908), noaudio.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=432|Moscow (Russian Empire) in 1908]] |
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In 1609, the [[Sweden|Swedish]] army led by Count [[Jacob De la Gardie]] and [[Evert Horn]] started their march from [[Great Novgorod]] toward Moscow to help [[Tsar]] [[Vasili IV of Russia|Vasili Shuiski]], entered Moscow in 1610 and suppressed the rebellion against the Tsar, but left it early in 1611, following which the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish–Lithuanian]] army invaded. During the [[Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)]] [[hetman]] [[Stanisław Żółkiewski]] entered Moscow after defeating the Russians in the [[Battle of Klushino]]. The 17th century was rich in popular risings, such as the [[Time of Troubles|liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders]] (1612), the [[Salt Riot]] (1648), the [[Copper Riot]] (1662), and the [[Moscow Uprising of 1682]]. |
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The [[Black Death|plague]] epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656.<ref>"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&pg=PA17&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Bubonic plague in early modern Russia: public health and urban disaster]''". John T. Alexander (2002). [[Oxford University Press US]]. p.17. ISBN 0-19-515818-0</ref> The city ceased to be Russia’s capital in 1712, after the founding of [[Saint Petersburg]] by [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] near the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]] in 1703. The [[Russian plague of 1770-1772|Plague of 1771]] was the last massive outbreak of plague in central Russia, claiming up to 100,000 lives in Moscow alone. During the [[French invasion of Russia]] in 1812, the Muscovites [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|burned the city]] and evacuated, as [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]’s forces were approaching on 14 September. Napoleon’s ''[[Grande Armée]]'', plagued by hunger, cold and poor supply lines, was forced to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces. As many as 400,000 died in during this time and only a few tens of thousands of ravaged troops returned.<ref>"''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZQqQz3VjlxcC&pg=PA29&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Russian Army of the Napoleonic Wars]''". Albert Seaton, Michael Youens (1979). p.29. ISBN 0-88254-167-6</ref> |
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===Grand Duchy (1283–1547)=== |
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In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or [[List of heads of Moscow government|Mayor]], was officially introduced in Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow’s first official mayor. Following the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]], on 12 March 1918<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9A02E0DF103BEE3ABC4E52DFB5668383609EDE LENINE’S MIGRATION A QUEER SCENE], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 16, 1918</ref> Moscow became the capital of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] and of the [[Soviet Union]] less than five years later.<ref name="embassy-geo">{{cite web|url=http://www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/GEOGRAF.HTM|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080511023524/http://www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/GEOGRAF.HTM|archivedate=2008-05-11 |title=Geographi |publisher=The Russian Embassy |accessdate=2009-03-08}}</ref> During [[World War II]] (the period from June 22, 1941, to May 9, 1945 known in Russia as the [[Great Patriotic War (term)|Great Patriotic War]]), after the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion]] of the USSR, the Soviet [[State Defense Committee]] and the General Staff of the [[Red Army]] was located in Moscow. |
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{{Main|Grand Duchy of Moscow}} |
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| style="width:33%;"|[[File:Kremlenagrad.jpg|320px]] |
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| style="width:33%;"|[[File:Facial Chronicle - b.10, p.049 - Tokhtamysh at Moscow.jpg|140px]] |
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| style="width:33%;"|[[File:Mikhail Feodorovich Izbranie.jpg|280px]] |
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|The [[Kremlin]] in the late 16th century |
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|The [[Siege of Moscow (1382)|1382 siege of Moscow]] |
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|[[Red Square]] |
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Daniel ruled Moscow as Grand Duke until 1303 and established it as a prosperous city that would eclipse its parent principality of Vladimir by the 1320s. On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of {{convert|5|mi|km|0|spell=in|order=flip}} from the Kremlin, by 1282 Daniel founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite, which is now the Danilov Monastery. Daniel died in 1303, aged 42. Before his death, he became a monk and, according to his will, was buried in the cemetery of the St. Daniel Monastery. |
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In 1941, sixteen divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), twenty-five battalions (18,500 people) and four engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. That November, the German [[Army Group Centre|Army Group Center]] was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the [[Battle of Moscow]]. Many factories were evacuated, together with most of the government, and from 20 October the city was declared to be under [[siege]]. Its remaining inhabitants built and supervised [[Anti-tank warfare|antitank]] defenses, while the city was subjected to air bombing. [[Joseph Stalin]] refused to leave Moscow, meaning the general staff and the council of people's commissars remained in the city as well. Despite the siege and the bombings, the construction of [[Moscow Metro|Moscow's metro system]] continued through the war, and by the end of the war several new metro lines were opened. |
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Moscow was stable and prosperous for many years and attracted refugees from across Russia. The Rurikids maintained large landholdings by practicing [[primogeniture]], whereby all land was passed to the eldest sons. By 1304, [[Yury of Moscow]] contested with [[Mikhail of Tver]] for the throne of the principality of [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]]. [[Ivan I of Russia|Ivan I]] eventually defeated [[Tver]] to become the sole collector of taxes for the [[Mongol]] rulers, making Moscow the capital of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]]. By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the [[Khan (title)|Khan]]. |
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Both [[German casualties in World War II|German]] and [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|Soviet casualties]] during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates. Total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the [[Wehrmacht]] and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the [[Red Army]].<ref>''Moscow Encyclopedia'', ed. Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1997, entry "Battle of Moscow"</ref><ref>Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1973–78, entry "Battle of Moscow 1941–42"</ref><ref>John Erickson, ''Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies'', table 12.4</ref> |
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[[File:Вид на Спасскую башню от Исторического музея.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|The [[Spasskaya Tower]], built in 1491|alt=]] |
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On 1 May 1944, a medal ''For the defense of Moscow'' and in 1947 another medal ''In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow'' were introduced. In commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the [[victory Day (9 May)|victory over Nazi Germany]], on May 8, 1965, Moscow became one of twelve Soviet cities awarded the [[Hero City]]title. |
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While the Khan of the [[Golden Horde]] initially attempted to limit Moscow's influence, when the growth of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] began to threaten all of Russia, the Khan strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, allowing it to become one of the most powerful cities in Russia. In 1380, prince [[Dmitry Donskoy]] of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the [[Battle of Kulikovo]]. Afterward, Moscow took the leading role in liberating Russia from Mongol domination. In 1480, [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]] had [[Great standing on the Ugra river|finally broken the Russians free]] from [[Tatars|Tatar]] control, and Moscow became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of Russia and [[Siberia]], and parts of many other lands. |
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In 1462 Ivan III became Grand Prince of Moscow (then part of the medieval Muscovy state). He began fighting the Tatars, enlarged the territory of Muscovy, and enriched his capital city. By 1500 it had a population of 100,000 and was one of the largest cities in the world. He conquered the far larger principality of Novgorod to the north, which had been allied to the hostile Lithuanians. Thus he enlarged the territory sevenfold, from {{convert|430,000|to|2,800,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=off}}. He took control of the ancient "[[Novgorod Chronicle]]" and made it a propaganda vehicle for his regime.<ref>J. L. I. Fennell, ''Ivan the Great of Moscow'' (1961) p. 354</ref><ref>Sergei M. Soloviev, and John J. Windhausen, eds. ''History of Russia. Vol. 8: Russian Society in the Age of Ivan III'' (1979)</ref> |
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In 1980, it hosted the [[1980 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympic Games]], which were boycotted by the [[United States]] and several other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's involvement in [[Afghanistan]] in late 1979. In 1991, Moscow was the scene of the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|failed coup attempt]] by the government members opposed to the reforms of [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. When the USSR ceased to exist in the same year, Moscow still continued to be the capital of Russia. |
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The original [[Moscow Kremlin]] was built in the 14th century. It was reconstructed by Ivan, who in the 1480s invited architects from [[Renaissance Italy]], such as [[Petrus Antonius Solarius]], who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and [[Marco Ruffo]] who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The Kremlin's Great Bell Tower was built in 1505–08 and augmented to its present height in 1600. A trading settlement, or ''posad'', grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the area known as ''Zaradye''. In the time of Ivan III, the [[Red Square]], originally named the Hollow Field appeared. |
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Since then, the emergence of a [[market economy]] in Moscow has produced an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, [[architecture]], and lifestyles. In 1998, Moscow hosted the first [[World Youth Games]] - see [[1998 World Youth Games]]. |
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In 1508–1516, the Italian architect [[Aloisio the New|Aleviz Fryazin (Novy)]] arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect the [[Moskva River|Moskva]] and [[Neglinnaya River|Neglinnaya]] and be filled with water from Neglinnaya. Known as the Alevizov moat and with a length of {{convert|541|m|ft|abbr=off}}, width of {{convert|36|m|ft|abbr=off}}, and depth of {{convert|9.5|to(-)|13|m|ft|abbr=off}} was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, {{convert|4|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off|adj=mid|-thick}} cogged-brick walls.{{anchor|Tsardom}} |
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===Tsardom (1547–1721)=== |
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{{Further|Tsardom of Russia}} |
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[[File:Moscow StBasilCathedral d28.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Saint Basil's Cathedral]], built in 1561]] |
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In the 16th and 17th centuries, three circular defenses were built: [[Kitay-gorod]], the White City and the Earthen City. However, in 1547, fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the [[Crimean Tatars]] [[Russo-Crimean Wars|captured Moscow]], burning everything except the Kremlin.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA260 The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122224602/https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA260&dq&hl=en |date=November 22, 2022 }}''". John F. Richards (2006). [[University of California Press]]. p. 260. {{ISBN|0-520-24678-0 }}</ref> The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived. |
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[[File:Polish plan of Moscow 1610.PNG|thumb|"Sigismundian" Plan of Moscow (1610), before the city's destruction in 1612 and changes to streets. North is to the right.]] |
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The [[Khanate of Crimea|Crimean Tatars]] attacked again in 1591, but were held back by new walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named [[Fyodor Kon]]. In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the [[Novodevichy Convent]] and [[Donskoy Monastery|Donskoy]], [[Danilov Monastery|Danilov]], [[Simonov Monastery|Simonov]], [[Novospassky Monastery|Novospasskiy]], and [[Andronikov Monastery|Andronikov]] monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as ''Bielokamennaya'', the "White-Walled". The city's limits as marked by the ramparts, are now marked by the [[Garden Ring]]. Three square gates existed on the east side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (after the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} |
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The [[Russian famine of 1601–03]] killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. Between 1610 and 1612, troops of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] occupied Moscow, as its ruler [[Sigismund III Vasa|Sigismund III]] tried to take the Russian throne. In 1612, [[Nizhny Novgorod]] and other Russian cities led by prince [[Dmitry Pozharsky]] and [[Kuzma Minin]] rose against the Polish occupants, [[Time of Troubles|besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them]]. In 1613, the [[Zemsky Sobor]] elected [[Michael I of Russia|Michael Romanov]] tsar, establishing the [[Romanov dynasty]]. The 17th century saw several risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the [[Salt Riot]] (1648), the [[Copper Riot]] (1662), and the [[Moscow Uprising of 1682]]. |
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During the first half of the 17th century, the population doubled from 100,000 to 200,000, and it expanded beyond its ramparts in the latter part of the century. In the middle of the 17th century, 20% of Moscow suburb's inhabitants were from the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], being driven from their homeland by Muscovite invaders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Абецедарский |first=Л. С. |title=Белоруссия и Россия |year=1978 |location=Москва |pages=213 |language=ru }}</ref> By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by [[Ukrainians]] and [[Belarusians]] abducted from their hometowns in the course of the [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)]]. These new outskirts became known as the ''Meshchanskaya [[sloboda (settlement)|sloboda]]'', after Ruthenian ''meshchane'' "town people". The term ''meshchane'' acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine".<ref>П.В.Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", М, 1948, p. 296.</ref> The entire city of the late 17th century are contained within what is today Moscow's [[Central Administrative Okrug]]. |
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Numerous disasters befell the city. The [[Black Death|plague]] epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&pg=PA17 Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122224545/https://books.google.com/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&pg=PA17&dq&hl=en |date=22 November 2022 }}''. John T. Alexander (2002). [[Oxford University Press US]]. p. 17. {{ISBN|0-19-515818-0 }}</ref> The plague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648.<ref>M.S. Anderson, ''Peter the Great'' (1978) p. 13</ref> In 1712 [[Peter the Great]] moved his government to the newly built [[Saint Petersburg]] on the Baltic coast. |
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===Empire (1721–1917)=== |
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{{Main|Moscow Governorate}} |
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{{Further|Russian Empire}} |
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{{Panorama |
{{Panorama |
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|caption={{center|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of Moscow from the [[Spasskaya Tower]] in 1819–1823}} |
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|alt=Panorama of Moscow in 1819-1823 |
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After losing the status as capital, the population at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915. The [[1770–1772 Russian plague]] killed up to 100,000 people in Moscow.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Melikishvili |first=Alexander |year=2006 |volume=36 |pages=19–31 |journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology |title=Genesis of the anti-plague system: the Tsarist period |issue=1 |url=http://cns.miis.edu/antiplague/pdfs/melikishvili.pdf |doi=10.1080/10408410500496763 |citeseerx=10.1.1.204.1976 |pmid=16610335 |s2cid=7420734 |access-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123034404/http://cns.miis.edu/antiplague/pdfs/melikishvili.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In 1730, permanent street lights were introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade {{convert|25|mi|km|order=flip}} long, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by several streets called ''val'' ("ramparts"). In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The [[Tsar Cannon]] was located on the platform of the [[Lobnoye mesto]]. The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the [[M10 highway (Russia)|M10 highway]], was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old [[Tver]] road, which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as ''[[Leningradsky Prospekt|Peterburskoye Schosse]]'' after it was paved in the 1780s. [[Petrovsky Palace]] was built in 1776–1780 by [[Matvey Kazakov]]. Between 1781 and 1804 the Mytischinskiy water pipe (the first in Russia) was built. |
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[[File:Fireofmoscow.jpg|thumb|Napoleon retreating during the [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|Fire of Moscow]], after the failed [[French invasion of Russia|French invasion]]]] |
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==Geography and climate== |
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[[File:Moscou. Le Kremlin LOC ppmsca.52725.jpg|thumb|[[Moskva (river)|Moskva]] riverfront in the 19th century]] |
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===Location=== |
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When [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia|invaded]] Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. The [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|Moscow fire]] was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon's ''[[Grande Armée]]'' was forced to retreat and nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter. In 1813, following the destruction during the French occupation, a ''Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow'' was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the centre. Among many buildings constructed, or reconstructed, was the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] and the [[Kremlin Armoury]], the [[Moscow University]], the [[Moscow Manege]] (Riding School), and the [[Bolshoi Theatre]]. The [[Arbat Street]] had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century. [[Moscow State University]] was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by [[Domenico Giliardi]]. The ''[[Moskovskiye Vedomosti]]'' newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper. |
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[[File:Moscow satellite image.jpeg|thumb|left|upright|Satellite image of Moscow and suburbs]] |
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[[File:Moscow-aerial-view.jpg|thumb|Moscow aerial view]] |
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In the 1830s, general [[Alexander Bashilov]] planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. [[Khodynka Field|Khodynka field]] south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of [[Belorussky Rail Terminal]]) was inaugurated in 1870. [[Sokolniki Park]], in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburban [[Savyolovsky Rail Terminal]] was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or [[Mayor]], was officially introduced, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first official mayor. |
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Moscow is situated on the banks of the [[Moskva River]], which flows for just over 500 km through the [[East European Plain]] in central Russia. [[List of bridges in Moscow|49 bridges]] span the river and its canals within the city's limits. The [[elevation]] of Moscow at the [[All-Russia Exhibition Centre|All-Russia Exhibition Center]] (VVC), where the leading Moscow weather station is situated, is 156 m (512 ft). Teplostanskaya highland is the city's highest point at 255 m (837 ft).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.darwin.museum.ru/expos/oopt/?t=40 |title= Памятник природы "Высшая точка Москвы – 255 м над уровнем моря (Теплый Стан)" |publisher= www.darwin.museum.ru |accessdate= 2009-04-29 |language= Russian}}</ref> The width of Moscow city (not limiting [[MKAD]]) from west to east is 39.7 km (24.7 mi), and the length from north to south is 51.7 km (32.1 mi). |
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When [[Catherine the Great|Catherine II]] came to power in 1762, the city's filth and the smell of sewage were depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly lifestyles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improved sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less discussion about the poor conditions of public health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put it back on the agenda.<ref>Alexander M. Martin, "Sewage and the City: Filth, Smell, and Representations of Urban Life in Moscow, 1770–1880", ''Russian Review'' (2008) 67#2 pp. 243–274.</ref> In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya water supply was completed. |
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===Soviet period (1917–1991)=== |
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[[File:Plan of Moscow 1917.jpg|upright=.7|thumb|City plan of Moscow, 1917]] |
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In November 1917, upon learning of [[October Revolution|the uprising in Petrograd]], Moscow's [[Bolsheviks]] [[Moscow Bolshevik Uprising|began their uprising]]. On 2 November (15), 1917, after heavy fighting, [[Soviet power]] was established in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aha.ru/~mausoleu/documents/moscow_1.htm |title=Revolutionary war history. Moscow |website=www.aha.ru |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411165331/http://www.aha.ru/~mausoleu/documents/moscow_1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vladimir Lenin]], fearing invasion, moved the capital back to Moscow on 12 March 1918.<ref name="prlib">{{cite web |url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619089 |title=Moscow becomes the capital of the Soviet State |access-date=12 March 2019 |date=2018 |publisher=Presidential Library |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401151158/https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619089 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kremlin once again became the seat of power, political centre of the new state. |
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With the [[Russian cultural heritage register#Denial of heritage (1917–1941)|change in values imposed by communist ideology]], the tradition of preserving cultural heritage was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks, were disbanded by the end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with the collectivization of peasants; the destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932. In 1937 letters were written to the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] to rename Moscow to "Stalindar" or "Stalinodar".<ref>One from an elderly pensioner whose dream was to "live in Stalinodar" and had selected the name to represent the "gift" (dar) of the genius of Stalin. Sarah Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941</ref> Stalin rejected this suggestion.<ref>And after it was suggested again to him by [[Nikolai Yezhov]], he was outraged, saying "What do I need this for?". This was following Stalin banning the renaming of places in his name in 1936. Simon Montefiore, The Court of the Red Tsar</ref> |
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During World War II, the Soviet State Committee of Defence and the General Staff of the [[Red Army]] were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions, and 4 engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. Between October 1941 and January 1942, the German [[Army Group Centre]] was stopped at the outskirts of the city, then driven off in the [[Battle of Moscow]]. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from 20 October the city was declared to be in a siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. On 1 May 1944, a medal "For the defence of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" was instituted. [[German casualties in World War II|German]] and [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|Soviet casualties]] during the battle have been debated, as sources provide different estimates. Total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the [[Wehrmacht]] and 650,000-1,280,000 for the Red Army.<ref>''Moscow Encyclopedia'', ed. Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1997, entry "Battle of Moscow"</ref><ref>Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1973–78, entry "Battle of Moscow 1941–42"</ref><ref>John Erickson, ''Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies'', table 12.4</ref> |
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[[File:Stalin's funeral procession entering Manezhnaya Square from Okhotny Ryad.jpg|thumb|Stalin's funeral procession, 1953]] |
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During the postwar years, there was a housing crisis, solved by the invention of [[Tower block|high-rise apartments]]. There are over 11,000 of these standardised and prefabricated apartment blocks, housing most of Moscow's population, making it by far the city with the most high-rise buildings.<ref name="hrranking">{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106210644/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Skyline Ranking |website=Emporis }}</ref> Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory, before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film ''[[Irony of Fate]]'' parodies this construction method. The city of [[Zelenograd]] was built in 1958 at {{convert|37|km|abbr=off}} from the city centre to the north-west, along with the [[Leningradskoye Shosse]], and incorporated as one of Moscow's [[Administrative divisions of Moscow|administrative okrugs]]. [[Moscow State University]] moved to its campus on [[Sparrow Hills]] in 1953. |
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In 1959 Nikita Khrushchev launched [[Russian cultural heritage register#Khrushchev's offensive (1959–1964)|his anti-religious campaign]]. Of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished. On 8 May 1965, due to the actual 20th [[Victory Day (9 May)|anniversary of the victory]] in World War II, Moscow was awarded a title of the [[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero City]]. |
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The [[Moscow Ring Road]] (MKAD) was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running {{convert|109|km|abbr=off}} along the city borders. The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city until the 1980s, when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road were incorporated. In 1980, Moscow hosted the [[1980 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympic Games]], which were boycotted by the US and other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's invasion of [[Afghanistan]] in 1979. In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|coup attempt]] by conservative communists opposed to the [[Perestroika|liberal reforms]] of [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. |
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===1991–present=== |
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When the USSR was dissolved in 1991, Moscow remained the capital of the [[Russian Federation]]. Since then, a market economy has emerged, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles. The city continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then, however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995–97 the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes. |
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In December 2002 [[Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo]] became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. The [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring Road]], intermediate between the early 19th-century [[Garden Ring]] and the Soviet-era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at the fringe. Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles there is heavy traffic congestion.<ref>Robert J. Mason and Liliya Nigmatullina, "Suburbanization and Sustainability in Metropolitan Moscow," ''Geographical Review'' (2011) 101#3 pp. 316–333.</ref> Multiple old churches and other examples of architectural heritage that had been demolished during the Stalin era have been restored, such as the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]]. |
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In 2010s Moscow's Administration has launched some long duration projects like the ''Moja Ulitsa'' (in English: ''My Street'') urban redevelopment program<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/11/04/city-of-the-future-moscow-gets-a-much-needed-makeover_644341 |title=City of the future: Moscow gets a much-needed makeover |first=special to |last=RBTH |date=4 November 2016 |access-date=23 May 2018 |archive-date=24 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524081811/https://www.rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/11/04/city-of-the-future-moscow-gets-a-much-needed-makeover_644341 |url-status=live }}</ref> or the Residency renovation one.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/oct/31/moscow-residents-vote-russia-demolition-rehousing |title=The wrecking ball swings at Moscow – a photo essay |first=Chris |last=Leslie |newspaper=The Guardian |date=31 October 2017 |via=www.theguardian.com |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228205451/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/oct/31/moscow-residents-vote-russia-demolition-rehousing |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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By its territorial expansion on 1 July 2012, southwest into the [[Moscow Oblast]] the area of the capital more than doubled, going from {{convert|1091|to|2511|km2|sp=us}}, resulting in Moscow becoming the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained an additional population of 233,000 people.<ref name="Merger2">{{cite web |url=http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c32/461491.html |title=Expansion of Moscow borders to help it develop harmonically: mayor, Itar-tass, July 1, 2012 |date=1 July 2012 |publisher=Itar-tass.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113003818/http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c32/461491.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=9 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Mos.ru">{{cite web |url=http://www.mos.ru/about/history/ |title=Moscow city government official site |publisher=Mos.ru |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720113907/http://www.mos.ru/about/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The annexed territory was officially named ''Новая Москва'' (New Moscow). |
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==Geography== |
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===Location=== |
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[[File:Moscow by Sentinel-2, 2020-05-11.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of Moscow and its nearby suburbs]] |
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Moscow is situated on the banks of the [[Moskva River]], which flows for just over {{cvt|500|km|0}} through the [[East European Plain]] in central Russia, not far from the natural border of the forest and forest-[[steppe]] zone. [[List of bridges in Moscow|49 bridges]] span the river and its canals within the city's limits. The [[elevation]] of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), where the leading Moscow weather station is situated, is {{convert|156|m|ft|abbr=off}}. [[Teplostan Upland]] is the city's highest point at {{convert|255|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darwin.museum.ru/expos/oopt/?t=40 |script-title=ru:Памятник природы "Высшая точка Москвы – 255 м над уровнем моря (Теплый Стан)" |publisher=www.darwin.museum.ru |access-date=29 April 2009 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825190425/http://darwin.museum.ru/expos/oopt/?t=40 |archive-date=25 August 2007 }}</ref> The width of Moscow city (not limiting [[MKAD]]) from west to east is {{cvt|39.7|km|1}}, and the length from north to south is {{cvt|51.8|km|1}}. |
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===Time=== |
===Time=== |
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{{Main|Moscow Time}} |
{{Main|Moscow Time}} |
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Moscow serves as the reference point for the time zone used in most of [[European Russia]], [[Belarus]] and the [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]]. The areas operate in what is referred to in international standards as ''Moscow Standard Time (MSK, {{lang|ru|МСК}})'', which is 3 hours ahead of [[UTC]], or [[UTC+3]]. [[Daylight saving time]] is no longer observed. According to the geographical [[longitude]] the average [[solar noon]] in Moscow occurs at 12:30.<ref>{{cite web |title=Time in Moscow, Russia |url=http://dateandtime.info/city.php?id=524901 |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075524/http://dateandtime.info/city.php?id=524901 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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[[File:Time zones of Europe.svg|thumb|right|Time zones of [[Europe]]]] |
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Moscow serves as the reference point for the timezone used in most of [[Central Federal District|Central Russia]], including [[Saint Petersburg]]. The areas operate in what is referred to as ''Moscow Standard Time (MSK, мск)'', which is 4 hours ahead of [[UTC]], or [[UTC+4]]. [[Daylight saving time]] is no longer observed. |
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{{legend|#a5ffa5|Moscow Time ([[UTC+4]])}} |
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===Climate=== |
===Climate=== |
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{{Main|Climate of Moscow}} |
{{Main|Climate of Moscow}} |
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[[File:Moscow, VDNKh, Central Alley after rain (30580970263).jpg|thumb|[[Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy|VDNKh]] after rain]] |
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Moscow has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb'') with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters usually lasting from mid-November to the end of March, and warm summers. More extreme continental climates at the same latitude – such as parts of [[Eastern Canada]] or [[Siberia]] – have much colder winters than Moscow, suggesting that there is still significant moderation from the [[Atlantic Ocean]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} despite the fact that Moscow is far from the sea. Weather can fluctuate widely, with temperatures ranging from {{convert|−25|C}} in the city and {{convert|−30|C}} in the suburbs to above {{convert|5|C}} in the winter, and from {{convert|10|to|35|C}} in the summer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=6&year=2010 |script-title=ru:Погода и Климат – Климатический монитор: погода в Москве |trans-title=The weather in Moscow. The air temperature and rainfall. June 2010 |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |language=ru |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114063819/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=6&year=2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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[[File:Петровский путевой дворец (зима, 2018).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Petrovsky Palace]] on [[Leningradsky Avenue]] in winter]] |
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Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July, and August are around a comfortable {{convert|20|to|26|C}}, but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often exceed {{convert|30|C}}, sometimes for a week or two at a time. In the winter, average temperatures normally drop to approximately {{convert|−10|C}}, though almost every winter there are periods of warmth with day temperatures rising above {{convert|0|C}}, and periods of cooling with night temperatures falling below {{convert|−20|C}}. These periods usually last about a week or two. The growing season in Moscow normally lasts for 156 days usually around 1 May to 5 October.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/100524/Average-Weather-in-Moscow-Russia-Year-Round |title=Average Weather in Moscow, Russia, Year Round - Weather Spark |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730194124/https://weatherspark.com/y/100524/Average-Weather-in-Moscow-Russia-Year-Round |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|38.2|C}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=7&year=2010 |title=Climate monitoring |access-date=27 July 2006 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070527/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=7&year=2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> at the [[VVC weather station]] and {{convert|39.0|C}} in the center of Moscow and [[Domodedovo airport]] on 29 July 2010, during the unusual [[2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves]]. Record high and average temperatures were recorded for January, March, April, May, June, July, August, November, and December in 2007–2022.<ref name="pogoda (data)">{{cite web |url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/27612.htm |title=Pogoda.ru.net |access-date=15 December 2012 |language=ru |archive-date=21 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121105211/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/27612.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The average July temperature from 1991 to 2020 is {{convert|19.7|C}}. The lowest ever recorded temperature was {{convert|−42.1|C}} in January 1940. Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid-October, while snow cover lies in late November and melts at the end of March. |
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Snow (present for 3–5 months a year) typically begins to fall at the end of November and melts by mid-March. |
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Monthly rainfall totals don't vary throughout the year, although the [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] levels tend to be higher during the summer than during the winter. Due to the significant variation in temperature between the winter and summer months, as well as the limited fluctuation in precipitation levels during the summer, Moscow is considered to be located within a [[continental climate]] zone. |
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On average, Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteoweb.ru/2014/pss2014.php |title=Sunshine hours in 2014 and averages |language=ru |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125061126/http://meteoweb.ru/2014/pss2014.php |url-status=live }}</ref> This large annual variation is due to convective cloud formation. In the winter, moist air from the Atlantic condenses in the cold continental interior, resulting in very overcast conditions. However, this same continental influence results in considerably sunnier summers than oceanic cities of similar latitude such as [[Edinburgh]]. Between 2004 and 2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with a tendency to more sunshine in summer months, up to a record 411 hours in July 2014, 79% of possible sunshine. December 2017 was the darkest month in Moscow since records began, with only six minutes of sunlight.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/world/europe/moscow-darkness-sunlight.html |title=Moscow Got 6 Minutes of Sunlight in December |last=Luxmoore |first=Matthew |date=2018 |work=The New York Times |access-date=22 February 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165701/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/world/europe/moscow-darkness-sunlight.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42722931 |title=How to survive in Moscow without sunshine |date=2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=22 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207145307/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42722931 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The average temperature in Moscow throughout the year is {{Convert|5.8|°C|°F|abbr=on}} (1981–2010), but during 2007–2008 it has averaged above {{Convert|7|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref name="pogoda (data)">{{cite web |url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/data/27612.zip|title=Pogoda.ru.net (data), see article "Средняя (average)" |accessdate=January 8, 2009 |publisher=|language=Russian}}</ref> 2011 has become on eof tIn contrast, during the first half of the 20th century, Moscow experienced light frost during the late summer months.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/data/27612.zip|title=Pogoda.ru.net (data), see article "Минимум (minimum)" |accessdate=January 8, 2009 |publisher=|language=Russian}}</ref> |
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Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For example, if the average January temperature in the north-east of Moscow is {{convert|−6.2|C}}, in the suburbs it is about {{convert|−8.3|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27532.htm |title=Climate of Vladimir |language=ru |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027025756/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27532.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of [[Moscow Oblast]] can sometimes be more than {{convert|10|C-change}} on frosty winter nights. |
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On average Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying between a low of 8% in December to 52% in May–August.<ref name="weathernews1">{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/weathernews.php?id=3284 |title=2008 was the warmest year in Moscow history (in Russian) |accessdate=2009-02-05}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In 2004–2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with tends to more sunshine in summer months<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-4.php |title=Sunshine hours in 2007 (in russian) |accessdate=2009-02-21}}</ref> |
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<!---IMPORTANT NOTE: Moscow is large and naturally has different records at different points. For records for All-Russia Exhibition Centre|VVC (VDNKh) weather station), see [[Climate of Moscow]]---> |
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{{Clear}} |
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<!---IMPORTANT NOTE: Moscow is large and naturally has different records at different points. Records for All-Russia Exhibition Centre|VVC (VDNKh) weather station) see in [[Climate of Moscow]]---> |
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{{Moscow weatherbox}} |
{{Moscow weatherbox}} |
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Moscow, being in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere, is a place with the most expressed signs of [[global warming]]. Thus the climate becomes less stable, but the average yearly temperature is growing. So, the period from July until the beginning of August has become considerably warmer. During this time periods of extreme heat are often observed in the city (2001, 2002, 2003, [[2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave|2010]], 2011). At the end of January–February it is often colder (2006, 2010, 2011). The last decade was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table below: |
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{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
||
|location=Moscow ( |
|location = Moscow ([[VVC weather station|VVC]]) normals 1961–1990 |
||
|collapsed=yes |
|collapsed=yes |
||
|metric first = Yes |
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|single line = Yes |
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|Jan high C = −6.3 |
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|Feb high C = −4.2 |
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|Mar high C = 1.5 |
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|Apr high C = 10.4 |
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|May high C = 18.4 |
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|Jun high C = 21.7 |
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|Jul high C = 23.1 |
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|Aug high C = 21.5 |
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|Sep high C = 15.4 |
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|Oct high C = 8.2 |
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|Nov high C = 1.1 |
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|Dec high C = −3.5 |
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|year high C= 8.9 |
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|Jan mean C = −9.3 |
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|Feb mean C = −7.7 |
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|Mar mean C = −2.2 |
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|Apr mean C = 5.8 |
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|May mean C = 13.1 |
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|Jun mean C = 16.6 |
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|Jul mean C = 18.2 |
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|Aug mean C = 16.4 |
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|Sep mean C = 11.1 |
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|Oct mean C = 5.1 |
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|Nov mean C = −1.2 |
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|Dec mean C = −6.1 |
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|year mean C= 5.0 |
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|Jan low C = −12.3 |
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|Feb low C = −11.1 |
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|Mar low C = −5.6 |
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|Apr low C = 1.7 |
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|May low C = 7.6 |
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|Jun low C = 11.5 |
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|Jul low C = 13.5 |
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|Aug low C = 12.0 |
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|Sep low C = 7.1 |
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|Oct low C = 2.0 |
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|Nov low C = −3.3 |
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|Dec low C = −8.6 |
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|year low C= 1.2 |
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|source 1 = <ref name="thermograph">{{cite web |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c00206.htm |title=WMO averages |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127062909/http://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c00206.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/3001-2010-02-25-12-47-50 |title=VVC info |access-date=3 April 2018 |language=ru |archive-date=20 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120024949/http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/3001-2010-02-25-12-47-50 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Climate">{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612 |access-date=12 January 2011 |title=Climate monitor 2005–2011 |language=ru |archive-date=17 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217221623/http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Meteoweb">{{cite web |url=http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php |title=Average monthly Sunshine hours |access-date=12 January 2011 |publisher=Meteoweb.ru |language=ru |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108014500/http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|date=January 2011 |
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}} |
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Recent changes in Moscow's regional climate, since it is in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are often cited by climate scientists as evidence of [[global warming]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html |title=Data.GISS: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (V4): Global Maps |access-date=13 September 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202101720/https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html |url-status=live }}</ref> though by definition, [[climate change]] is global, not regional. During the summer, extreme heat is often observed in the city (2001, 2002, 2003, [[2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave|2010]], 2011, [[Heat waves of 2021#June|2021]]). Along with a southern part of [[Central Federal District|Central Russia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=34123&CONT=euro®ION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |title=Temperature – Voronezh – Climate Robot Russia |work=weatheronline.co.uk |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525004255/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=34123&CONT=euro®ION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=27947&CONT=euro®ION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |title=Temperature – Tambov – Climate Robot Russia |work=weatheronline.co.uk |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525002752/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=27947&CONT=euro®ION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |url-status=live }}</ref> after recent years of hot summer seasons, the climate of the city gets [[Humid continental climate#Koppen Dfa|hot-summer classification]] trends. Winter also became significantly milder: for example, the average January temperature in the early 1900s was {{convert|-12.0|C}}, while now it is about {{convert|−7.0|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gezily.com/moskovada-nerede-kalinir |title=where to stay in moscow |publisher=Gezily |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117141540/https://gezily.com/moskovada-nerede-kalinir |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the end of January–February it is often colder, with frosts reaching {{convert|−30.0|C}} a few nights per year (2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013). |
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The last decade was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table below: |
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{{Weather box |
|||
|location=Moscow (2014–2024, [[VVC weather station|VVC]]) |
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|collapsed= |
|||
|metric first=yes |
|metric first=yes |
||
|single line= |
|single line=yes |
||
|Jan high C= |
|Jan high C= −4.2 |
||
|Feb high C= |
|Feb high C= −1.6 |
||
|Mar high C= |
|Mar high C= 4.3 |
||
|Apr high C= 11. |
|Apr high C= 11.7 |
||
|May high C= |
|May high C= 19.3 |
||
|Jun high C= |
|Jun high C= 22.9 |
||
|Jul high C= |
|Jul high C= 24.4 |
||
|Aug high C= 23. |
|Aug high C= 23.7 |
||
|Sep high C= |
|Sep high C= 17.0 |
||
|Oct high C= 8. |
|Oct high C= 8.7 |
||
|Nov high C= |
|Nov high C= 1.8 |
||
|Dec high C= |
|Dec high C= −2.0 |
||
| |
|year high C=10.5 |
||
|Jan mean C= |
|Jan mean C= −6.2 |
||
|Feb mean C= |
|Feb mean C= −3.7 |
||
|Mar mean C= |
|Mar mean C= 0.8 |
||
|Apr mean C= |
|Apr mean C= 7.3 |
||
|May mean C= |
|May mean C= 14.1 |
||
|Jun mean C= |
|Jun mean C= 17.7 |
||
|Jul mean C= |
|Jul mean C= 19.6 |
||
|Aug mean C= 18. |
|Aug mean C= 18.8 |
||
|Sep mean C= |
|Sep mean C= 13.0 |
||
|Oct mean C=6. |
|Oct mean C= 6.3 |
||
|Nov mean C= 0. |
|Nov mean C= 0.3 |
||
|Dec mean C= |
|Dec mean C= −3.4 |
||
| |
|year mean C= 7.1 |
||
|Jan low C= |
|Jan low C= −7.9 |
||
|Feb low C= |
|Feb low C= −5.8 |
||
|Mar low C= |
|Mar low C= −2.7 |
||
|Apr low C= 2. |
|Apr low C= 2.9 |
||
|May low C= 8. |
|May low C= 8.9 |
||
|Jun low C= |
|Jun low C= 12.5 |
||
|Jul low C= |
|Jul low C= 14.9 |
||
|Aug low C= 13. |
|Aug low C= 13.9 |
||
|Sep low C= |
|Sep low C= 9.1 |
||
|Oct low C= 3. |
|Oct low C= 3.8 |
||
|Nov low C= |
|Nov low C= −1.2 |
||
|Dec low C= |
|Dec low C= −4.7 |
||
| |
|year low C= 3.6 |
||
|Jan sun= 37 |
|Jan sun= 37 |
||
|Feb sun= 65 |
|Feb sun= 65 |
||
|Mar sun= 142 |
|Mar sun= 142 |
||
|Apr sun= 213 |
|Apr sun= 213 |
||
Line 190: | Line 335: | ||
|Aug sun= 242 |
|Aug sun= 242 |
||
|Sep sun= 171 |
|Sep sun= 171 |
||
|Oct sun= |
|Oct sun= 88 |
||
|Nov sun= 33 |
|Nov sun= 33 |
||
|Dec sun= 14 |
|Dec sun= 14 |
||
|source 1= weatheronline.co.uk<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=27612&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162®ION=0006&LAND=RS&MOD=tab&ART=TEM&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2014&LMM=12&LYY=2024 |title=Temperature – Moscow |website=WeatherOnline |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422073042/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=27612&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162®ION=0006&LAND=RS&MOD=tab&ART=TEM&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2014&LMM=12&LYY=2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|source 1= www.weatheronline.co.uk |
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|date=April 2024 |
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{{cite web |
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}} |
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|url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=27612&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162®ION=0004&LAND=RS&MOD=tab&ART=TEM&FMM=1&FYY=2001&LMM=7&LYY=2011&NOREGION=1 |
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|title=www.weatheronline.co.uk |
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |
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|accessdate=2011}} |
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|- |
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|date=October 2011}} |
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! colspan="8" |Wind direction in Moscow from 2002 to 2012 (average values) |
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|- |
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|North |
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|Northeast |
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|East |
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|South East |
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|Southern |
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|Southwest |
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|West |
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|Northwest |
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|- |
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|15% |
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|6.8% |
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|7.8% |
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|12.2% |
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|12.6% |
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|14.6% |
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|16.4% |
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|14.5% |
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|- |
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| colspan="8" | ''Source: [http://world-weather.ru/archive/russia/moscow/ world-weather.ru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726055137/http://world-weather.ru/archive/russia/moscow/ |date=26 July 2016 }}'' |
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|} |
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==Paleontology== |
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Moscow is one of the few cities with paleontological monuments of world significance on its territory.<ref name=Malenkina2017>{{cite book |author=S. Ju. Malenkina, S. V. Naugolnykh |year=2017 |url=http://www.ginras.ru/materials/files/paleoecology2017.pdf#page=104 |title=Geological and historical monuments of upper streams of the Gorodnya River (Moscow, Bitsa forest). In "Palaeoecology. Methodological basis, factological potential, application for museum expositions" |publisher=Media-Grand |pages=104–120 |language=ru |isbn=978-5-9904241-5-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404160624/http://www.ginras.ru/materials/files/paleoecology2017.pdf#page=104 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> One of them is the [[Gorodnya River]] with its tributaries, on the banks of which outcrops of the [[Quaternary]] and older [[Cretaceous]] periods are located. [[Fossil]]s of the [[bivalve]] mollusk ''[[Inoceramus|Inoceramus kleinii]]'' and tubular passages of burrowing animals, described in 2017 as a new [[ichnospecies]] ''[[Skolithos|Skolithos gorodnensis]]'', were discovered in the [[Coniacian]] deposits near the stream bed of the Bolshaya Glinka River.<ref name=Malenkina2017/> [[Ichnogenus|Ichnogenera]] ''[[Diplocraterion]]'', ''[[Planolites]]'', ''Skolithos'' and possibly ''[[Ophiomorpha]]'' were found in the [[Albian]] deposits. [[Paleolithic]] flint tools were discovered in the Quaternary deposits of the Bolshaya Glinka stream bed.<ref name=Malenkina2017/> |
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In 1878, paleontologist [[Hermann Trautschold]] discovered the left flipper of an [[ichthyosaur]] near the village of Mnevniki, which later became part of Moscow. In 2014, the animal was named ''[[Undorosaurus|Undorosaurus trautscholdi]]'', after its discoverer. Trautschold determined the age of the sediments from which the specimen was taken to be [[Kimmeridgian]], but, according to more recent studies, they were formed in the [[Tithonian]] age of the [[Jurassic]] period.<ref name=Arkhangelsky2014>{{cite journal |author=Arkhangelsky M. S., Zverkov N. G. |year=2014 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266259363 |title=On a new ichthyosaur of the genus Undorosaurus |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS |volume=318 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.31610/trudyzin/2014.318.3.187 }}</ref> |
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Albian [[foraminifera]] and [[ammonite]]s also known from the Moscow deposits.<ref name=Malenkina2017/> |
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Fossils of various organisms are on display in Moscow museums, including the [[Moscow Paleontological Museum|Orlov Museum of Paleontology]] and [[Vernadsky State Geological Museum]]. |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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===Population=== |
===Population=== |
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[[File:Population Development Moscow.png|thumb|right|Population of Moscow (1350–2009){{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}]] |
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{{Historical populations |
{{Historical populations |
||
|type=China |
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|1897|1038625 |
|1897|1038625 |
||
|1926|1995252|1939|4141633|1959|5045905|1970|6941961 |
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|1926|2019500 |
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|1939|4137000 |
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|1959|5032000 |
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|1970|6941961 |
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|1979|7830509 |
|1979|7830509 |
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|1989|8769117|2002|10382754 |
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|1989|8967332<!--with the entities in jurisdiction; a federal subject equivalent--> |
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|2010|11503501 |
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|2002|10382754<!--of the federal subject--> |
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|2021|13010112|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. |
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|2010|11514330<!--of the federal subject--> |
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|source=Censuses<ref>{{cite web |title=(USSR) Urban population of the union republics, and their territorial units |url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census.php |access-date=27 August 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914185606/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls |title=Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года. Том. 1, таблица 4. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов - райцентров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203125040/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web |url=http://krasstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krasstat/resources/20d7bd804eba60379580f5263284271d/1.10.xlsx |title=Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Итоги по Красноярскому краю. 1.10 Численность населения гор.округов, мун.районов, гор. и сел. поселе |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093629/http://krasstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krasstat/resources/20d7bd804eba60379580f5263284271d/1.10.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |title=Таблица 5. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, городских округов, муниципальных районов, муниципальных округов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов с населением 3000 человек и более - Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2021 года |access-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2022 }}</ref>}} |
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|2012|11689048 |
|||
|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions. |
|||
|}} |
|||
According to |
According to the [[2021 Russian census]], the population was 13,010,112;<ref name=2021Census/> up from 11,503,501 in the [[2010 Russian census]].<ref name="2014 objectively assess">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census }}</ref> |
||
[[File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Moscow -diff.png|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Life expectancy at birth since 1990, with gender difference. Life expectancy has been declining since 2019.]] |
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{{clear}} |
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===Ethnic groups=== |
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At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city was:<ref name="2010Census"/> |
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{{See also|Ethnic groups in Moscow}} |
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** Russian: 10,530,410 (94.6%) |
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** Ukrainian: 154,104 (1.4%) |
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** Tatar: 149,043 (1.4%) |
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** Armenian: 106,466 (1%) |
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** Azeri: 57,123 (0.5%) |
|||
** Jews: 53,145 (0.5%) |
|||
** Belarusian: 39,225 (0.4%) |
|||
** Georgian: 38,934 (0.4%) |
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** Uzbek: 35,595 (0.3%) |
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** Tajik: 27,280 (0.2%) |
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** Moldovan: 21,699 (0.2%) |
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** Mordvin: 17,095 (0.2%) |
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** Chechen: 14,524 (0.1%) |
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** Chuvash: 14,313 (0.1%) |
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** Ossetians: 11,311 (0.1%) |
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** Koreans: 9,783 (0.1%) |
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** Kazakh: 9,393 (0.1%) |
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** Bashkir: 6,609 (0.1%) |
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** Chinese: 3,222 (0.03%) |
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** Vietnamese: 2,970 (0.03%) |
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** Others: 132,848 (1.2%) |
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* 668,409 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 |title=Перепись-2010: русских становится больше |publisher=Perepis-2010.ru |date=2011-12-19 |accessdate=2012-02-10}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
|||
The official population of Moscow is taken from those holding "permanent residency." According to Russia's Federal Migration Service, Moscow also contains 1,800,000 official "guests" who have temporary residency on the basis of visas or other documentation. The number of unofficial guests, those without proper documentation, is estimated to be an additional 1,000,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rg.ru/2009/02/09/migrant.html |title="Российская газета" о мигрантах в Москве |publisher=Rg.ru |date=|accessdate=2010-12-22}}</ref> |
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|- |
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! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[Ethnic groups in Russia|Ethnicity]] |
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! colspan="11" |Year |
|||
|- |
|||
!1897<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=831 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161022/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=831 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Taken from language of respondents}} |
|||
!1939<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39.php?reg=39 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614185806/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39.php?reg=39 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
!1959<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_59.php?reg=45 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706161009/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_59.php?reg=45 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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!1970<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_70.php?reg=18 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614185805/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_70.php?reg=18 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
!1979<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_79.php?reg=19 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706172633/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_79.php?reg=19 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
!1989<ref>{{Cite web |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_89.php?reg=18 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=www.demoscope.ru |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625132501/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_89.php?reg=18 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
!2002<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2007 |title=NATIONAL COMPOSITION OF POPULATION FOR REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-2.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217070612/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-2.xls |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2007 |access-date=14 June 2022 }}</ref> |
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! colspan="2" |2010<ref name="2014 objectively assess" /> |
|||
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="census2021">{{cite web |title=Национальный состав населения |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]] |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
!Number (% of population) |
|||
!Number (%) |
|||
!Number (%) |
|||
!Number (%) |
|||
!Number (%) |
|||
!Number (%) |
|||
!Number (%) |
|||
!Number (%) |
|||
!% of ethnicity declared |
|||
!Number (%) |
|||
!% of ethnicity declared |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Russians]] |
|||
|987,044 (95.0%) |
|||
|3,614,430 |
|||
(87.4%) |
|||
|4,507,899 (88.6%) |
|||
|6,301,247 (89.2%) |
|||
|7,146,682 (90.1%) |
|||
|7,963,246 (89.7%) |
|||
|8,808,009 (84.8%) |
|||
|9,930,410 (86.3%) |
|||
|91.6% |
|||
|9,074,375 (69.7%) |
|||
|90.2% |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tatars]] |
|||
|4,288 (0.1%) |
|||
|57,687 (1.4%) |
|||
|80,489 (1.6%) |
|||
|109,252 (1.5%) |
|||
|131,328 (1.7%) |
|||
|157,376 (1.8%) |
|||
|166,083 (1.6%) |
|||
|149,043 (1.3%) |
|||
|1.4% |
|||
|84,373 (0.6%) |
|||
|0.8% |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Armenians]] |
|||
|1,604 (0.1%) |
|||
|13,682 (0.3%) |
|||
|18,379 (0.4%) |
|||
|25,584 (0.4%) |
|||
|31,414 (0.4%) |
|||
|43,989 (0.5%) |
|||
|124,425 (1.2%) |
|||
|106,466 (0.9%) |
|||
|1.0% |
|||
|68,018 (0.5%) |
|||
|0.7% |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Ukrainians]] |
|||
|4,478 (0.4%) |
|||
|90,479 (2.2%) |
|||
|115,489 (2.3%) |
|||
|184,885 (2.6%) |
|||
|206,875 (2.6%) |
|||
|252,670 (2.8%) |
|||
|253,644 (2.4%) |
|||
|154,104 (1.3%) |
|||
|1.4% |
|||
|58,788 (0.5%) |
|||
|0.6% |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Azerbaijanis]] |
|||
| – (–) |
|||
|677 (–) |
|||
|2,528 (–) |
|||
|4,889 (–) |
|||
|7,967 (0.1%) |
|||
|20,727 (0.2%) |
|||
|95,563 (0.9%) |
|||
|57,123 (0.5%) |
|||
|0.5% |
|||
|37,259 (0.3%) |
|||
|0.4% |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Uzbeks]] |
|||
| – (–) |
|||
|659 (–) |
|||
|2,478 (–) |
|||
|5,973 (–) |
|||
|4,222 (–) |
|||
|9,183 (0.1%) |
|||
|9,183 (0.1%) |
|||
|35,595 (0.3%) |
|||
|0.3% |
|||
|29,526 (0.2%) |
|||
|0.3% |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Jews]] |
|||
|5,070 (0.4%) |
|||
|250,181 (6.0%) |
|||
|239,246 (4.7%) |
|||
|251,350 (3.6%) |
|||
|222,900 (2.8%) |
|||
|174,728 (2.0%) |
|||
|79,359 (0.8%) |
|||
|53,145 (0.5%) |
|||
|0.5% |
|||
|28,014 (0.2%) |
|||
|0.3% |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Georgians]] |
|||
| – (–) |
|||
|4,251 (0.1%) |
|||
|6,365 (0.1%) |
|||
|9,563 (0.1%) |
|||
|12,180 (0.2%) |
|||
|19,608 (0.2%) |
|||
|54,387 (0.5%) |
|||
|38,934 (0.3%) |
|||
|0.4% |
|||
|26,222 (0.2%) |
|||
|0.3% |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tajiks]] |
|||
| – (–) |
|||
|184 (–) |
|||
|1,005 (–) |
|||
|1,652 (–) |
|||
|1,221 (–) |
|||
|2,893 (–) |
|||
|35,385 (0.4%) |
|||
|27,280 (0.2%) |
|||
|0.2% |
|||
|22,783 (0.2%) |
|||
|0.2% |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Belarusians]] |
|||
|1,016 (–) |
|||
|24,952 (0.6%) |
|||
|34,370 (0.7%) |
|||
|50,257 (0.7%) |
|||
|59,193 (0.7%) |
|||
|73,005 (0.8%) |
|||
|59,353 (0.6%) |
|||
|39,225 (0.3%) |
|||
|0.4% |
|||
|17,632 (0.1%) |
|||
|0.2% |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] |
|||
| – (–) |
|||
|77 (–) |
|||
|– (–) |
|||
|– (–) |
|||
|1,173 (–) |
|||
|3,044 (–) |
|||
|4,102 (–) |
|||
|18,736 (0.2%) |
|||
|0.2% |
|||
|16,858 (0.1%) |
|||
|0.2% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Others |
|||
|– (–) |
|||
| |
|||
|76,173 (–) |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| 225,031 (2.0%) |
|||
|2.1% |
|||
|595,543 (4.6%) |
|||
|5.9% |
|||
|- |
|||
|No ethnicity declared |
|||
| – (–) |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|668,409 (5.8%) |
|||
|– |
|||
|2,950,721 (22.7%) |
|||
|– |
|||
|- |
|||
!Total |
|||
!1,038,591 (100%) |
|||
!4,137,018 (100%) |
|||
!5,085,581 (100%) |
|||
!7,061,008 |
|||
!7,931,602 (100%) |
|||
!8,875,579 (100%) |
|||
!10,382,754 (100%) |
|||
!11,503,501 (100%) |
|||
!100% (10,835,092) |
|||
!13,010,112 (100%) |
|||
!100% (10,059,391) |
|||
|} |
|||
; |
|||
===Religion=== |
|||
* 668,409 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 |title=Перепись-2010: русских становится больше |publisher=Perepis-2010.ru |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=10 February 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111852/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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[[File:RedSquare (pixinn.net).jpg|thumb|left|[[Red Square]] has long been one of the city's most important meeting places]] |
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[[File:Sk345.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]], demolished during the Soviet period, was reconstructed during 1990–2000.]] |
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{{Main|Religion in Russia}} |
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===Vital statistics=== |
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Christianity is the predominant religion in the city, of which the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] is the most popular. Moscow is Russia's capital of [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]. It has been the country’s traditional religion and was deemed a part of Russia's "historical heritage" in a law passed in 1997.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bell|first=Imogen|title=Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=respecting+christianity+islam+buddhism+judaism+and+other&source=web&ots=pppIldMuS1&sig=KikE3NJkzMEdWt4rU9EoeN03-6o|accessdate=2007-12-27 |isbn=978-1-85743-137-7 |year=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> Other religions practiced in Moscow include [[Islam in Russia|Islam]], [[Protestantism in Russia|Protestantism]], [[Old Believers|Old-believers]], [[Buddhism in Russia|Buddhism]], and [[Judaism]]. |
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The official population of Moscow is based on those holding "[[Resident registration in Russia|permanent residency]]". According to Russia's Federal Migration Service, Moscow holds 1.8 million official "guests" who have temporary residency on the basis of visas or other documentation, giving a legal population of 14.8 million. The number of [[Illegal immigration in Russia|Illegal immigrants]], the vast majority originating from [[Central Asia]], is estimated to be an additional 1 million people,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rg.ru/2009/02/09/migrant.html |title="Российская газета" о мигрантах в Москве |date=9 February 2009 |publisher=Rg.ru |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711032510/http://www.rg.ru/2009/02/09/migrant.html |url-status=live }}</ref> giving a total population of about 15.8 million. |
|||
'''Vital statistics for 2022:'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022 |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Edn_12-2022.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302093910/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Edn_12-2022_t1_2.xlsx |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=ROSSTAT }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022 |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Edn_12-2022.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302093910/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Edn_12-2022_t1_3.xlsx |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=ROSSTAT }}</ref> |
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The [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow|Patriarch of Moscow]] serves as the head of the church and resides in the [[Danilov Monastery]]. Moscow was called the "city of 40 times 40 churches"—''"город сорока сороков церквей"''—prior to 1917. In 1918 Russia became a secular state and religion lost its position in society. Since the disintegration of the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991 many of the destroyed churches have been restored and traditional religions are once again gaining popularity. |
|||
*Births: 123,654 (9.8 per 1,000) |
|||
*Deaths: 126,988 (10.1 per 1,000) |
|||
'''Total fertility rate (2022):'''<ref name="gks.ru-tfr">{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/SMD_7.1.xlsx |format=XLSX |script-title=ru:Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости |trans-title=Total fertility rate |language=ru |work=[[Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810203543/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/SMD_7.1.xlsx |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br /> |
|||
While the city's Muslim population is estimated to be 1.2–1.5 million<ref name=Spie>{{cite news|author=Maxim Kireev|title=Planned Mosque Sparks Controversy in Russia|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,723799,00.html|publisher=[[Der Spiegel]]}}</ref> (out of a total of 10.5 million), there were only four [[mosque]]s in the city as of 2010. (Note that the 2010 Russian Census counted about 300,000 people from Muslim ethnic groups.) Though one additional mosque has been approved in the southeast, anti-mosque activists have blocked construction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Moscow Muslims pray on sidewalks for want of mosques|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=42228|date=2010-10-28}}</ref> |
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1.42 children per woman |
|||
{{-}} |
|||
'''Life expectancy (2021):'''<ref name="rosstat">{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |title=Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]] (Rosstat) |access-date=1 June 2022 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia |archive-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821222854/https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |url-status=live }}</ref><br /> |
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==Cityscape== |
|||
Total — 74.55 years (male — 71.00, female — 77.94) |
|||
{{wide image|Panorama di Mosca dal Piazzale antistante Università Statale Lomonosov.jpg|1200px|<center>View as seen from [[Sparrow Hills]]: [[Moscow-City]], [[Moskva River]], [[Luzhniki Stadium]], [[Vorobyovy Gory (Moscow Metro)|Luzhnetsky Metro Bridge]], Building of [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]</center>}} |
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===Religion=== |
|||
{{wide image|PanoramicViewSparrowHills.jpg|1200px|<center>View as seen from [[Sparrow Hills]]: [[Moskva River]], [[Luzhniki Stadium]], [[Vorobyovy Gory (Moscow Metro)|Luzhnetsky Metro Bridge]], Building of [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]</center> |
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{{Bar box |
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}}</center> |
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|title=Religion in Moscow (2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Об оскорблении религиозных чувств |url=https://fom.ru/TSennosti/14494 |publisher=Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation) |language=ru |date=17 November 2020 |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420224528/https://fom.ru/TSennosti/14494 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Об оскорблении религиозных чувств |url=https://fom.ru/posts/download/14494 |publisher=Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation) |language=ru |date=17 November 2020 |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420225121/https://fom.ru/posts/download/14494 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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{{Bar percent|[[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]]|DarkOrchid|55}} |
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{{Bar percent|[[Atheism]] and [[irreligion]]|Black|28}} |
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{{Bar percent|[[Islam in Russia|Islam]]|Green|8}} |
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{{Bar percent|Other religions|Red|3}} |
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{{Bar percent|Other [[Christianity in Russia|Christians]]|DeepSkyBlue|2}} |
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{{Bar percent|Undeclared|Gray|4}} |
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| footer = Clockwise from left: the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]], demolished during the Soviet period and reconstructed from 1990–2000; [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Moscow)|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception]]; [[Moscow Cathedral Mosque]]; and [[Moscow Choral Synagogue]] |
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[[Christianity|Christians]] form the majority of the city's population; most of whom adhere [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. The [[Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'|Patriarch of Moscow]] serves as the head of the church and resides in the [[Danilov Monastery]]. Moscow was called the "city of 40 times 40 churches"—prior to 1917. Moscow is Russia's capital of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christianity]], which has been the [[Religion in Russia|country's traditional religion]]. |
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===Architecture=== |
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[[File:Kuzminki court.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki]] estate]] |
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[[File:RedSquare SaintBasile (pixinn.net).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] in Moscow, the masterpiece of [[Russian architecture]]]] |
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[[File:Shukhov Tower photo by Maxim Fedorov. Night.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The [[Shukhov Tower]] in Moscow. Currently under threat of demolition, the tower is at the top of [[UNESCO]]'s Endangered Buildings list and there is an international campaign to save it.<ref>[[Norman Foster (architect)|Lord Foster]] fires up campaign to save [[Shukhov Tower]]: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/15/radio-tower-campaign-russia-foster</ref>]] |
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[[File:OstankinTower.jpg|thumb|right|upright|View to [[Ostankino Tower]]]] |
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Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is also well known as the site of [[Saint Basil's Cathedral|Saint Basil’s Cathedral]], with its elegant [[onion dome]]s, as well as the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour|Cathedral of Christ the Savior]] and the [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Seven Sisters]]. The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the twelfth century. |
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Other religions practiced in Moscow include [[Buddhism in Russia|Buddhism]], [[Hinduism in Russia|Hinduism]], [[Islam in Russia|Islam]], [[Judaism]], [[Yazidism]], and [[Rodnovery]]. The Moscow Mufti Council claimed that [[Muslims]] numbered around 1.5 million of 10.5 million of the city's population in 2010;<ref name="Spie">{{cite magazine |author=Maxim Kireev |title=Planned Mosque Sparks Controversy in Russia |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,723799,00.html |magazine=[[Der Spiegel]] |access-date=8 February 2011 |archive-date=10 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410090113/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,723799,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There are four [[mosque]]s in the city.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kiran Moodley |title=Eid al-Fitr 2015: Drone shows huge crowds celebrating the end of Ramadan in Moscow |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eid-alfitr-2015-drone-shows-huge-crowds-celebrating-the-end-of-ramadan-in-moscow-10395950.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925190139/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eid-alfitr-2015-drone-shows-huge-crowds-celebrating-the-end-of-ramadan-in-moscow-10395950.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares. This layout, as well as Moscow's rivers, helped shape Moscow's design in subsequent centuries. |
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==Cityscape== |
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The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th Century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some of the aura of the renaissance. From the end of the 15th century, the city was embellished by increasing numbers of masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches. |
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{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Moscow}} |
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===Architecture=== |
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The city's appearance had not changed much by the eighteenth century. Houses were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the eighteenth century was necessitated not only by constant fires, but also the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style.<ref>{{cite book|title=The architecture and planning of classical Moscow: a cultural history|last=Schmidt|first=Albert J|publisher=American Philosophical Society|date=1989-04-01|pages=5–25}}</ref> |
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[[File:Museo Estatal de Historia, Moscú, Rusia, 2016-10-03, DD 49.jpg|thumb|left|The [[State Historical Museum]], an example of the [[Russian Revival architecture|Neo-Russian style]]]] |
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[[File:Moscow July 2011-7a.jpg|thumb|The [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]], an example of [[Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire|Neo-Byzantine architecture]]]] |
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Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]], with its elegant [[onion dome]]s, as well as the [[Cathedral of Christ the Savior]] and the [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Seven Sisters]]. The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century. |
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Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares. This layout, as well as Moscow's rivers, helped shape Moscow's design in subsequent centuries. |
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For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by numerous Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of [[Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin's]] large-scale effort to "modernize" Moscow. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's socialist reforms was the [[Sukharev Tower]], a longtime city landmark, as well as numerous mansions and commercial buildings lining the major streets. The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply [[secular]], [[totalitarian]] nation, made religiously significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and historical buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the [[Kazan Cathedral, Moscow|Kazan Cathedral]] and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. During the 1990s, both the latter were rebuilt, many smaller churches, however, were permanently lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1525/city.1998.10.1.269?cookieSet=1&journalCode=ciso |title=blackwell-synergy.com |publisher=blackwell-synergy.com |date=2008-06-28 |accessdate=2010-12-22}}</ref> |
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The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some of the aurae of the renaissance. From the end of the 15th century, the city was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches. |
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While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects associated with [[VKHUTEMAS]], responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was [[Vladimir Shukhov]], famous for [[Shukhov Tower]], just one of many [[Hyperboloid structure|hyperboloid towers]] designed by Shukhov. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company.<ref name="stako">{{cite web |url=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20080527154019/http://www.stako.ru/static.php?&id=mem_shukhov&lang=eng&data=mem_shukhov |publisher=Melnikov Institute |title=Memorial |accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref> Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivist]] architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the [[GUM (department store)|GUM]] department store on [[Red Square]],<ref name="stako"/> bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults. |
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[[File:Sk328.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Triumphal Arch of Moscow]], was built from 1829-34]] |
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The city's appearance had not changed much by the 18th century. Houses were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century was necessitated by constant fires and the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style.<ref>{{cite book |title=The architecture and planning of classical Moscow: a cultural history |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_STn96Qeg3D4C |last=Schmidt |first=Albert J |publisher=American Philosophical Society |date=1 April 1989 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_STn96Qeg3D4C/page/n24 5]–25 }}</ref> |
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Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Seven Sisters]], comprising seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow’s skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the [[Manhattan Municipal Building]] in [[New York City]], and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central spire—has been described as [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist Gothic architecture]]. All seven towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the [[Ostankino Tower]], which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world’s fourth-tallest after the [[Burj Khalifa]] in Dubai, the [[Canton Tower]] in Guangzhou and the [[CN Tower]] in Toronto.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20071011094539/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2000/08/30/170-print.html |publisher=Reuters ''via'' The Moscow Times |accessdate=2006-07-06 |date=2000-08-30 |title=Moscow TV Broadcasts Set to Resume After Fire |last=Shukshin |first=Andrei}}</ref> |
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For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of [[Joseph Stalin]]'s large-scale effort to "modernize" Moscow. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's demolitions was the [[Sukharev Tower]], a longtime city landmark, as well as mansions and commercial buildings. The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply [[secular]] nation, made religiously significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and most prominent buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the [[Kazan Cathedral, Moscow|Kazan Cathedral]] and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. During the 1990s, both were rebuilt. Many smaller churches, however, were lost.<ref>{{cite journal |title=onlinelibrary.wiley.com |journal=City & Society |volume=10 |pages=269–314 |publisher=onlinelibrary.wiley.com |date=28 June 2008 |doi=10.1525/city.1998.10.1.269 |last1=Khazanov |first1=Anatoly M. |s2cid=145807994 }}</ref> |
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The Soviet policy of providing mandatory housing for every citizen and his or her family, and the rapid growth of the Muscovite population in these times, also led to the construction of large, monotonous housing blocks, which can often be differentiated by age, sturdiness of construction, or ‘style’ according to the neighborhood and the materials used. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc.). They are usually badly maintained. |
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[[File:0169 - Moskau 2015 - Roter Platz (25795529393).jpg|thumb|[[GUM (department store)|GUM]] department store, facing the [[Red Square]]]] |
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[[File:Ostankino Tower, 2015.JPG|thumb|left|upright|[[Ostankino Tower]], the tallest freestanding structure in Europe, and the [[List of tallest freestanding structures in the world|eighth-tallest in the world]]]] |
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While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects associated with [[VKHUTEMAS]], responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was [[Vladimir Shukhov]], famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many [[Hyperboloid structure|hyperboloid towers]] designed by Shukhov. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company.<ref name="stako">{{cite web |url=http://www.stako.ru/static.php?&id=mem_shukhov&lang=eng&data=mem_shukhov |publisher=Melnikov Institute |title=Memorial |access-date=6 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527154019/http://www.stako.ru/static.php?&id=mem_shukhov&lang=eng&data=mem_shukhov |archive-date=27 May 2008 }}</ref> Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivist]] architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the [[GUM (department store)|GUM]] department store on [[Red Square]],<ref name="stako"/> bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults. |
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[[File:Moscow, Hotel Ukraina (30585861673).jpg|One of the [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Seven Sisters]], [[Radisson Royal Hotel, Moscow|Hotel Ukraina]], is the [[List of tallest buildings in Europe|tallest hotel in Europe]], and one of the [[List of tallest hotels|tallest hotels in the world]].|thumb]] |
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[[File:Zhivopisny Bridge1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Zhivopisny Bridge]], the highest cable-stayed bridge in Europe]] |
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Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Seven Sisters]], seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow's skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the [[Manhattan Municipal Building]] in [[New York City]], and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central spire—has been described as [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist Gothic architecture]]. All seven towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the [[Ostankino Tower]], which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world's seventy-second tallest, ranking among buildings such as the [[Burj Khalifa]] in Dubai, [[Taipei 101]] in Taiwan and the [[CN Tower]] in Toronto.<ref>[[List of tallest buildings in the world]]</ref> |
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The Soviet goal of providing housing for every family, and the rapid growth of Moscow's population, led to the construction of large, monotonous housing blocks. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc.). They are usually badly maintained. |
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The Stalinist-era constructions, most of them visible in the central part of the city, are massive and usually ornamented with [[Socialist realism]] motifs that imitate [[classical architecture|classical]] themes. However, small churches – almost always [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]]– found across the city provide glimpses of its past. The Old [[Arbat Street]], a popular tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist [[façade]]s of [[Tverskaya Street]], for example) are also examples of [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] architecture typical of [[Tsar]]ist times. [[Ostankino Palace]], [[Kuskovo]], [[Uzkoye]] and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some [[:Template:Cloisters of Moscow|convents and monasteries]], both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists. |
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[[File:MoscowHighRiseNight.jpg|thumb|right|Moscow high-rise buildings at night]] |
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Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings constructed before the mid-1960s, more recent apartment buildings are usually at least nine floors tall, and have [[elevator]]s. It is estimated that Moscow has over twice as many elevators as New York City and four times as many as [[Chicago]]. Moslift, one of the city's major elevator operating companies, has about 1500 elevator mechanics on call, to release residents trapped in elevators.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/12/the-elevator-rescue-teams-of-moscow.html |date=4 December 2012 |title=The Elevator-Rescue Teams of Moscow |first=Sally |last=McGrane |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329031821/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/12/the-elevator-rescue-teams-of-moscow.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Attempts are being made to restore many of the city’s best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These revamped structures are easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless façades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet [[avant-garde]] work too, such as the house of the architect [[Konstantin Melnikov]] in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for their disrespect of historical authenticity. [[Facadism]] is also widely practiced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single |title=Moscow Architecture Preservation Society |publisher=Maps-moscow.com |date=2006-04-17 |accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi-[[Modernist]] styles employed, such as with the [[Novy Arbat]] project, familiarly known as “false teeth of Moscow” and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in central Moscow involved in the project. |
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[[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist-era buildings]], mostly found in the central part of the city, are massive and usually ornamented with [[Socialist realism]] motifs that imitate [[classical architecture|classical]] themes. However, small churches—almost always [[Eastern Orthodox]]– found across the city provide glimpses of its past. The Old [[Arbat Street]], a tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist [[façade]]s of [[Tverskaya Street]], for example) are also examples of [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] architecture typical of Tsarist times. [[Ostankino Palace]], [[Kuskovo]], [[Uzkoye]] and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some [[:Template: Cloisters of Moscow|convents, and monasteries]], both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists. |
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Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well-known outside (or often, like with decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside) of Russia. There are also many "museum houses" of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city. |
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[[File:Москва, Россия (Unsplash -kgrPSetNW8).jpg|thumb|Modern methods of skyscraper construction were implemented in the city for the first time with the ambitious [[Moscow International Business Center|MIBC]].]] |
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Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing with several new towers under construction. |
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Attempts are being made to restore many of the city's best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These restored structures are easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless façades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet [[avant-garde]] work too, such as the house of the architect [[Konstantin Melnikov]] in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for alleged disrespect of historical authenticity. [[Facadism]] is also widely practiced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single |title=Moscow Architecture Preservation Society |publisher=Maps-moscow.com |date=17 April 2006 |access-date=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111182743/http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single |archive-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref> Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi-[[Modernist]] styles employed, such as with the [[Novy Arbat]] project, familiarly known as "false teeth of Moscow" and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in central Moscow involved in the project. |
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[[File:Borovitskaya square1.jpg|thumb|left|Borovitskaya square, [[Monument to Vladimir the Great]] and [[Pashkov House]]]] |
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Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well known outside (or often, like with decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside) of Russia. There are also many "museum houses" of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city. |
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Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing, with several new towers under construction. |
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In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/arts-and-culture/2007/11/moscow-russia-buildings |title=Appetite for destruction |publisher=New Statesman |date=2007-11-29 |accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> to make space for luxury apartments and hotels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zagraevsky.com/moscow_engl.htm |title=Dr. Sergey Zagraevsky. Photogallery оf the most serious violations of historical environment of Moscow in the last decade |publisher=Zagraevsky.com |date=|accessdate=2010-12-22}}</ref> Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Critics also blame the government for not applying the conservation laws: in the last 12 years more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gif.ru/eng/news/maps-third/ |title=– Art of Russia>>The third bulletin of the Moscow Architectural Preservation Society (MAPS) |publisher=Gif.ru |date=2004-07-13 |accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect [[Konstantin Melnikov]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Close |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1580263,00.html |title=Eastern blocks|accessdate=2009-05-05 |location=London |date=2005-09-29 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> and [[Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Mayakovskaya]] metro station. |
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In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/arts-and-culture/2007/11/moscow-russia-buildings |title=Appetite for destruction |magazine=New Statesman |date=29 November 2007 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=29 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629011125/http://www.newstatesman.com/arts-and-culture/2007/11/moscow-russia-buildings |url-status=live }}</ref> to make space for luxury apartments and hotels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zagraevsky.com/moscow_engl.htm |title=Dr. Sergey Zagraevsky. Photogallery of the most serious violations of historical environment of Moscow in the last decade |publisher=Zagraevsky.com |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718150635/http://www.zagraevsky.com/moscow_engl.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Critics blame the government for not enforcing conservation laws: in the last 12 years, more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gif.ru/eng/news/maps-third/ |title=Art of Russia – The third bulletin of the Moscow Architectural Preservation Society (MAPS) |publisher=Gif.ru |date=13 July 2004 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044427/http://www.gif.ru/eng/news/maps-third/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect Konstantin Melnikov<ref>{{cite news |author=Close |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1580263,00.html |title=Eastern blocks |access-date=5 May 2009 |location=London |date=29 September 2005 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=4 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304212153/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1580263,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Mayakovskaya]] metro station. |
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Some organizations, such as |
Some organizations, such as Moscow Architecture Preservation Society<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111182743/http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single |url-status=dead |title=Moscow Architecture Preservation Society<!-- Bot generated title --> |archive-date=11 January 2008 }}</ref> and Save Europe's Heritage,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.savebritainsheritage.org/english/english.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102100135/http://www.savebritainsheritage.org/english/english.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2008 |title=Save Europe's Heritage |date=2 November 2008 }}</ref> are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/82C2116A-568F-4413-A9AF-5528525AEE75.html |title=[Russia: Moscow's Architectural Heritage Under Threat] – [Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2008] |publisher=Rferl.org |date=22 May 2007 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=15 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615211819/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/82c2116a-568f-4413-a9af-5528525aee75.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|Panoramic view of Moscow |
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|Panoramic view of Moscow |
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===Parks and landmarks=== |
===Parks and landmarks=== |
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{{See also|List of Moscow tourist attractions}} |
{{See also|List of Moscow tourist attractions}} |
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{{wide image|Panorama 360 Red Square edit.jpg|1500px|align-cap=center|[[Red Square]] is a [[World Heritage Site]].}} |
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[[File:Tsaritsino from helicopter-1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tsaritsyno Park]] and palace]] |
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[[File:Russie - Moscou - Novodevichy 4.jpg|thumb|left|[[Novodevichy Convent]] is one of the [[World Heritage Site]]s]] |
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There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including |
There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four [[botanical garden]]s. There are {{convert|450|km2|sqmi}} of green zones besides {{convert|100|km2|sqmi}} of forests.<ref name="mosru-stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.mos.ru/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9SP0o83hXN1e3QHMPIwMDl1BLAyM_y5AAEy8zQwMnI_3InNT0xORK_Qj9KDMkdaauxiB1JkD1fkYG_ob6BTmuigB2wqj-?nID=6_EFEFQ7H2005E302N94DU9N20O1&cID=6_EFEFQ7H2005E302N94DU9N20O1&rubricId=1716&documentId=42215 |script-title=ru:СТОЛИЦА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ЦИФР, ФАКТОВ И СОБЫТИЙ |publisher=Moscow government |access-date=28 April 2010 |language=ru}} {{dead link|date=March 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic }}</ref> Moscow is a very green city, if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and North America; this is partly due to a history of having green "yards" with trees and grass, between residential buildings. There are on average {{convert|27|m2|sp=us}} of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for [[Paris]], 7.5 in [[London]] and 8.6 in New York.<ref name="greendress">{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.screen.ru/moscow/zelen.htm Green dress of Moscow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727132007/http://www.screen.ru/moscow/zelen.htm |date=27 July 2013 }}</ref> |
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[[File:Moscow Gorky Park main portal 08-2016 img1.jpg|thumb|[[Gorky Park (Moscow)|Gorky Park]]|alt=]] |
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[[Gorky Park (Moscow)|Gorky Park]] (officially the [[Gorky Park (Moscow)|Central Park of Culture and Rest]] named after [[Maxim Gorky]]), was founded in 1928. The main part ({{convert|689,000|m2|acre|disp=or|abbr=off}})<ref name="greendress"/> along the Moskva river contains [[Architectural glossary#Estrade|estrades]], children's attractions (including the ''Observation Wheel'' water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the [[Neskuchny Garden]] ({{convert|408,000|m2|acre|disp=or|abbr=off}}), the oldest park in Moscow and a former imperial residence, created as a result of the integration of three estates in the 18th century. The Garden features the Green Theater, one of the largest open amphitheaters in Europe, able to hold up to 15 thousand people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mosday.ru/photos/?neskuchniy |title=Neskuchniy Garden |publisher=Mosday.ru |access-date=10 June 2012 |archive-date=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424133353/http://mosday.ru/photos/?neskuchniy |url-status=live }}</ref> Several parks include a section known as a "Park of Culture and Rest", sometimes alongside a much wilder area (this includes parks such as Izmaylovsky, Fili and Sokolniki). Some parks are designated as Forest Parks (lesopark). |
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[[File:Island of Dreams2.jpg|thumb|[[Dream Island (amusement park)|Dream Island]], the largest indoor theme park in Europe]] |
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The [[Gorky Park (Moscow)|Central Park of Culture and Rest]], named after [[Maxim Gorky]], was founded in 1928. The main part (689,000 square meters{{\}} 170 [[acre]]s)<ref name="greendress"/> along the Moskva river contains [[Architectural glossary#Estrade|estrades]], children's attractions (including the ''Observation Wheel'' water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the [[Neskuchny Garden]] (408,000 square meters{{\}} 101 acres), the oldest park in Moscow and a former imperial residence, created as a result of the integration of three estates in the 18th century. The Garden features the Green Theater, one of the largest open amphitheaters in Europe and able to hold up to 15 thousand people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosday.ru/photos/?neskuchniy |title=Neskuchniy Garden |publisher=Mosday.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref> |
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[[Izmaylovsky Park]], created in 1931, is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with [[Richmond Park]] in London. Its area of {{convert|15.34|km2|sqmi}} is six times greater than that of [[Central Park]] in New York.<ref name="greendress"/> |
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[[File:Kolomenskoe Ascension Church and the bell tower of the George Church.jpg|thumb|upright|Ascension church in [[Kolomenskoye]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]]] |
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[[File:Ostdv5.jpg|thumb|[[Ostankino Palace]]]] |
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[[Izmaylovsky Park]] created in 1931 is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with [[Richmond Park]] in [[London]]. Its area of {{convert|15.34|km2|sqmi}} is six times greater than that of [[Central Park]] in [[New York City|New York]].<ref name="greendress"/> |
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[[Bauman Garden (Moscow)|Bauman Garden]], officially founded in 1920 and renamed in 1922 after the [[bolsheviks|bolshevik]] [[Nikolay Bauman]], is one of the oldest parks in Moscow. It is standing on the site of the former [[House of Golitsyn|Golitsyn]] estate and eighteenth-century public garden.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vostryshev |first1=M.I. |last2=Shokarev |first2=S.Y. |date=2011 |script-title=ru:Вся Москва от А до Я. Энциклопедия |trans-title=Moscow from A to Z. Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ontKDwAAQBAJ |language=ru |location= |publisher=Алгоритм |isbn=978-5-4320-0001-9 |pages=57–58 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213053142/https://books.google.com/books?id=ontKDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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[[Sokolniki Park]], named after the [[falcon]] hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of {{convert|6|km2|sqmi}}. A central circle with a large fountain is surrounded by birch, maple and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's ponds. |
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[[File:Novodevichy Convent Night.jpg|thumb|[[Novodevichy Convent]] is a [[World Heritage Site]].|alt=]] [[Sokolniki Park]], named after the [[falcon]] hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of {{convert|6|km2|sqmi}}. A central circle with a large fountain is surrounded by birch, maple, and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's ponds. |
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[[Losiny Ostrov National Park]] ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of more than {{convert|116|km2|sqmi}}, borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is also known as the "city taiga", where elks can be seen. |
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[[Losiny Ostrov National Park]] ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of more than {{convert|116|km2|sqmi}}, borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is quite wild, and is also known as the "city taiga" – elk can be seen there. |
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Tsytsin Main [[Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences|Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences]], founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe.<ref>{{Ru icon}} [http://www.gbsad.ru/ The Official Site of the Main Moscow Botanical Garden]. Retrieved on 2006-07-18.</ref> It covers territory of {{convert|3.61|km2|sqmi}} bordering the [[All-Russia Exhibition Centre|All-Russia Exhibition Center]] and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand different species of plants from different parts of the world, as well as a lab for scientific research. It also contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding 100 years. There is also a greenhouse taking up more than 5000 square meters of land.<ref name="greendress"/> |
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[[File:Церковь Вознесения Господня в Коломенском (19.08.2018).jpg|thumb|upright|The Church of Ascension in [[Kolomenskoye]] is a [[World Heritage Site]].]] |
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Tsytsin Main [[Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences|Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences]], founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.gbsad.ru/ The Official Site of the Main Moscow Botanical Garden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624024714/http://www.gbsad.ru/ |date=24 June 2012 }}. Retrieved on 18 July 2006.</ref> It covers the territory of {{convert|3.61|km2|sqmi}} bordering the All-Russia Exhibition Center and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand species of plants from around the world, as well as a lab for scientific research. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding 100 years. There is a greenhouse taking up more than {{convert|5,000|m2|0|abbr=off}} of land.<ref name="greendress"/> |
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The All-Russian Exhibition Center (Всероссийский выставочный центр), formerly known as the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) and later [[VDNKh (Russia)|Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy]] (VDNKh), though officially named a "permanent trade show", is one of the most prominent examples of Stalinist-era monumental architecture. Among the large spans of a recreational park, areas are scores of elaborate pavilions, each representing either a branch of Soviet industry and science or a USSR republic. Even though during the 1990s it was, and for some part still is, misused as a gigantic shopping center (most of the pavilions are rented out for small businesses), it still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains (''[[The Stone Flower Fountain|Stone Flower]]'' and ''Friendship of Nations'') and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema. In 2014 the park returned to the name Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy, and in the same year, huge renovation works had been started.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vdnh.ru/en/about/ |title=About VDNH |work=vdnh.ru |access-date=25 June 2016 |archive-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112200308/http://vdnh.ru/en/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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''Lilac Park'', founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium. Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square,<ref>UNESCO considers the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square to be part of a single World Heritage Site. See also [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 UNESCO's profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906015318/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 |date=6 September 2017 }} on this site.</ref> which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 |title=Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow |access-date=15 July 2006 |publisher=UNESCO |work=World Heritage List |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906015318/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kolomenskoye#The White Column of Kolomenskoye|Church of the Ascension]] at Kolomenskoye, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/634 |title=Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye |access-date=15 July 2006 |publisher=UNESCO |work=World Heritage List |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512044135/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/634/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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''Lilac Park'', founded in 1958, is known for its permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium. |
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Near the [[Tretyakov Gallery|new Tretyakov Gallery]] there is a sculpture garden, Museon, often called "[[the graveyard of fallen monuments]]" that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution. |
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Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], [[Moscow Kremlin]] and [[Red Square]],<ref>[[UNESCO]] considers the [[Moscow Kremlin]] and [[Red Square]] to be part of a single World Heritage Site. See also [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 UNESCO's profile] on this site.</ref> which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 |title=Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow |accessdate=2006-07-15 |publisher=UNESCO |work=World Heritage List}}</ref> The [[Kolomenskoye#The White Column of Kolomenskoe|Church of the Ascension]] at [[Kolomenskoye]], which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/634 |title=Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye |accessdate=2006-07-15 |publisher=UNESCO |work=World Heritage List}}</ref> |
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[[File:VDNX-2.jpg|right|thumb|"Friendship of Nations" fountain in [[All-Russia Exhibition Centre|All-Russia Exhibition Center]]]] |
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Other attractions include the [[Moscow Zoo]], a zoological garden in two sections (the valleys of two streams) linked by a bridge, with nearly a thousand species and more than 6,500 specimens.<ref name="moszoo">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowzoo.ru/ |title=General Information |publisher=Moscow Zoo |access-date=15 July 2006 |archive-date=12 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712103540/http://www.moscowzoo.ru/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors.<ref name="moszoo"/> Many of Moscow's parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments. |
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Near the [[Tretyakov Gallery|new Tretyakov Gallery]] there is a sculpture garden called "[[the graveyard of fallen monuments]]" that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution. |
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{|class="graytable" style="text-align:center" |
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Other popular attractions include the [[Moscow Zoo]], a zoological garden of nearly a thousand species and more than 6,500 specimens.<ref name="moszoo">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowzoo.ru |title=General Information |publisher=Moscow Zoo |accessdate=2006-07-15}}</ref> Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors.<ref name="moszoo"/> |
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| style="width:33%;"|[[File:Zaryadye31.jpg|230x230px]] |
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| style="width:33%;"|[[File:GL(176155)(10).webp|331x331px]] |
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| style="width:33%;"|[[File:Victory park on Poklonnaya Hill1.jpg|314x314px]] |
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|- |
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|[[Zaryadye Park]] |
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|[[VDNKh (Russia)|VDNKh]] |
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|Victory park on [[Poklonnaya Hill]] |
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|} |
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== Moscow rings == |
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Many of Moscow's parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments. |
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Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings"). |
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# The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso ([[Boulevard Ring]]), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall around what used to be called [[Bely Gorod]] (White Town).<ref name="golden-ring">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf |title=Along the Moscow Golden Ring |publisher=Moscow, Russia Tourist Information center |access-date=5 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723084926/http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2006 }}</ref> The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a [[horseshoe-shaped]] arc that begins at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and ends at the [[Yauza River]]. |
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===Moscow Rings=== |
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# The second primary ring, located outside the Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso ([[Garden Ring]]). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a 16th-century wall that used to encompass part of Moscow.<ref name="golden-ring" /> [[File:ISS-38 Nighttime image of Moscow, Russia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Moscow as viewed from the [[International Space Station]], 29 January 2014]] |
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# The [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring Road]], was completed in 2003 as a high-speed [[freeway]]. |
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# The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, was planned, but cancelled in 2011. A system of chordal highways will replace it. |
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Aside from the aforementioned hierarchy, line 5 of [[Moscow Metro]] is a circle-shaped [[Loop line (railway)|looped]] subway line (hence the name ''Koltsevaya Liniya'', literally "ring line"), which is located between the ''Sadovoye Koltso'' and Third Transport Ring. |
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Moscow's road system is centered roughly around the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings"). |
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Two modern overlapping lines of Moscow Metro form "two hearts": |
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The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso ([[Boulevard Ring]]), was built at the former location of the 16th century city wall around what used to be called [[Bely Gorod]] (White Town).<ref name="golden-ring"/> The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a [[horseshoe]]-like arc that begins at the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour|Cathedral of Christ the Savior]] and ends at the [[Yauza River]]. |
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* Line 14. Since 10 September 2016, ''[[Moscow Central Circle]]'' renovated railroad (former ''Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga'') was introduced as Line 14 of [[Moscow Metro]]. The cone-shaped railroad initially opened in 1908 (freight-only railway from 1934 until the 2016 reopening). |
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* Line 11. Another circle metro line - ''Big Circle Line'' (''[[Bolshaya Koltsevaya line|Bolshaya Koltsevaya Liniya]]'') is under construction and will be finished in 2023. [[Kakhovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Kakhovskaya]]-[[Savyolovskaya (Bolshaya Koltsevaya line)|Savyolovskaya]] western half of the line was launched in late 2021. |
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The outermost ring within Moscow is the [[Moscow Ring Road]] (often called ''MKAD'', acronym word for Russian ''Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога''), which forms the cultural boundary of the city, and was established in the 1950s. It is to note the method of building the road (usage of ground elevation instead of concrete columns throughout the whole way) formed a wall-like barrier that obstacles building roads under the MKAD highway itself). |
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The second primary ring, located outside the bell end of the Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso ([[Garden Ring]]). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a 16th century wall that used to encompass part of Moscow.<ref name="golden-ring"/> |
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* Before 2012 expansion of Moscow, MKAD was considered an approximate border for Moscow boundaries. |
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Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits, with the notable examples of ''Betonka'' roads (highways A107 and A108), originally made of concrete pads. |
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The third ring, the Third Transport Ring, was completed in 2003 as a high-speed [[freeway]]. |
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In order to reduce transit traffic on MKAD, the new ring road (called ''CKAD'' - ''Centralnaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga'', ''Central Ring Road'') is now under construction beyond the MKAD. |
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The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, is under construction to further reduce traffic congestion. |
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===Transport rings in Moscow=== |
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The outermost ring within Moscow is the [[MKAD|Moscow Automobile Ring Road]] (often called the ''MKAD'' from the Russian ''Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога''), which forms the approximate boundary of the city, was established in the 1950s. Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! Length |
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! Name |
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! Type |
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|- |
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| 9 km || [[Boulevard Ring]] – Bulvarnoye Koltso (not a full ring) || Road |
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|- |
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| 16 km || [[Garden Ring]] – Sadovoye Koltso ("B") || Road |
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|- |
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| 19 km || [[Koltsevaya line]] (Line 5) || Metro |
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|- |
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| 35 km || [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring Road]] – Third Transport Ring – Tretye Transportnoye Koltso (TTK) || Road |
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|- |
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| 54 km || [[Little Ring of the Moscow Railway]], re-opened as [[Moscow Central Circle]] (MCC) – Line 14 || Railway |
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|- |
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| 20.2 km || [[Bolshaya Koltsevaya line]] – Line 11 || Metro |
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|- |
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| 109 km || [[Moscow Automobile Ring Road]] – Moskovskaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga (MKAD) || Road |
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|} |
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==Culture== |
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==Life and culture== |
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=== |
===Museums and galleries=== |
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One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the [[Tretyakov Gallery]], which was founded by [[Pavel Tretyakov]], a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/ |title=The Official site of the Tretyakov Gallery |publisher=Tretyakovgallery.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=21 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221163028/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the [[Tretyakov Gallery|Tretyakovskaya]] area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition.<ref name="trety">{{cite web |url=http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/english/about.shtml |title=About The State Tretyakov Gallery |access-date=10 July 2006 |publisher=The State Tretyakov Gallery |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927110355/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/english/about.shtml |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> The works of famous pre-[[October Revolution|Revolutionary]] painters, such as [[Ilya Repin]], as well as the works of early Russian [[icon painting|icon painters]] can be found here. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century [[iconography|iconographer]] [[Andrei Rublev]].<ref name="trety"/> |
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[[File:Bolshoi-after-renovation.png|left|thumb|The [[Bolshoi Theatre]] after its renovation]] |
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The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of [[Vladimir Tatlin]]'s famous ''[[Tatlin's Tower|Monument to the Third International]]'' and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like [[Kazimir Malevich]] and [[Wassily Kandinsky]]. Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery. |
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[[File:Moscow International House of Music.jpg|thumb|right|[[Moscow International House of Music]]]] |
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[[File:Gmii.jpg|thumb|The [[Pushkin Museum|Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts]]|alt=]] |
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Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the [[Pushkin Museum|Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts]], which was founded by, among others, the father of [[Marina Tsvetaeva]]. The Pushkin Museum is similar to the [[British Museum]] in London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts paintings from every major Western era; works by [[Claude Monet]], [[Paul Cézanne]], and [[Pablo Picasso]] are present in the museum's collection. |
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The [[State Historical Museum]] of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and [[Manezhnaya Square, Moscow|Manege Square]] in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers is several million. The [[Polytechnical Museum]],<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ The Official Site of the Polytechnical Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716112000/http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ |date=16 July 2006 }} Retrieved on 23 July 2006. ([http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ English version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716112000/http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ |date=16 July 2006 }} )</ref> founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.polymus.ru/?s=19&lvl=1 |title=The Museum Collections |publisher=Polytechnical Museum |access-date=4 August 2006 |archive-date=19 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719045139/http://eng.polymus.ru/?s=19&lvl=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Borodino Panorama<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.1812panorama.ru/ |title=The official site of Borodino Panorama museum |publisher=1812panorama.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608214523/http://www.1812panorama.ru/ |url-status=live }}</ref> museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° [[diorama]]. It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon's army, that includes also the [[Triumphal Arch of Moscow|triumphal arch]], erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum that includes statues, and military hardware. |
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One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the [[Tretyakov Gallery]], which was founded by [[Pavel Tretyakov]], a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/ |title=The Official site of the Tretyakov Gallery |publisher=Tretyakovgallery.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-06-11}}</ref> The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the [[Tretyakov Gallery|Tretyakovskaya]] area on the south bank of the [[Moskva River]], houses works in the classic Russian tradition.<ref name="trety">{{cite web |url=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20070927110355/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/english/about.shtml |title=About The State Tretyakov Gallery |accessdate=2006-07-10 |publisher=The State Tretyakov Gallery}}</ref> The works of famous pre-[[October Revolution|Revolutionary]] painters, such as [[Ilya Repin]], as well as the works of early Russian [[icon painting|icon painters]] can be found here. Visitors can even see rare originals by early-15th century [[iconography|iconographer]] [[Andrei Rublev]].<ref name="trety"/> |
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[[Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics]] under the [[Monument to the Conquerors of Space]] at the end of [[Cosmonauts Alley]] is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials. |
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The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of [[Vladimir Tatlin]]'s famous ''[[Tatlin's Tower|Monument to the Third International]]'' and a mixture of other [[avant-garde]] works by artists like [[Kazimir Malevich]] and [[Wassily Kandinsky]]. [[Socialist realism]] features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery. |
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The [[Shchusev State Museum of Architecture]] is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect [[Alexey Shchusev]] near the Kremlin area. |
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[[File:Gmii.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Pushkin Museum|Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts]]]] |
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Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the [[Pushkin Museum|Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts]], which was founded by, among others, [[Marina Tsvetaeva]]'s father. The Pushkin Museum is similar to the [[British Museum]] in [[London]] in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts famous paintings from every major Western era; works by [[Claude Monet]], [[Paul Cézanne]], and [[Pablo Picasso]] are present in the museum's collection. |
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[[File:Zhukovmonument.png|thumb|left| Monument to [[Georgy Zhukov|Marshal Zhukov]] with [[State Historical Museum|Moscow State Historical Museum]] in the background]] |
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Moscow will get its own branch of the Hermitage Museum in 2024, with authorities having agreed upon the final project, to be executed by Hani Rashid, co-founder of New York-based 'Asymptote Architecture' - the same bureau that is behind the city's stock market building, the Busan-based World Business Center Solomon Tower and the Strata Tower in Abu-Dhabi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/334157-moscow-own-hermitage-museum |title=Moscow is getting its own Hermitage Museum! (PICS) |last=Sinelschikova |first=Yekaterina |work=Russia Beyond |date=2 September 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920003340/https://www.rbth.com/arts/334157-moscow-own-hermitage-museum |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The [[State Historical Museum]] of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history located between [[Red Square]] and [[Manezhnaya Square, Moscow|Manege Square]] in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers is several million. The [[Polytechnical Museum]],<ref>See also: {{Ru icon}} [http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ The Official Site of the Polytechnical Museum] Retrieved on 2006-07-23. ({{En icon}} [http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/ English version])</ref> founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.polymus.ru/?s=19&lvl=1 |title=The Museum Collections |publisher=Polytechnical Museum |accessdate=2006-08-04}}</ref> The Borodino Panorama<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1812panorama.ru/ |title=The official site of Borodino Panorama museum |publisher=1812panorama.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-06-11}}</ref> museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° [[diorama]]. It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon’s army, that includes also the [[Triumphal Arch of Moscow|triumphal arch]] erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum not to be missed, it includes statues, military hardware, and one will surely hear many interesting stories. |
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[[File:Wiki Red Army Theater Moscow.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Red Army Theatre|Red Army Theater]] was built in the shape of a star]] |
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===Performing arts=== |
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Moscow is also the heart of the Russian performing arts, including [[Russian ballet|ballet]] and film. There are 93 theaters, 132 cinemas and 24 concert halls in Moscow. Among Moscow’s many theaters and ballet studios is the [[Bolshoi Theatre]] and the Malyi Theatre as well as [[Vakhtangov Theatre]] and [[Moscow Art Theatre]]. The repertories in a typical Moscow season are numerous and modern interpretations of classic works, whether operatic or theatrical, are quite common. [[File:Tretyakovskaya gallery.JPG|thumb|left|[[Tretyakov Gallery]]]] |
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Moscow is the heart of the Russian performing arts, including [[Russian ballet|ballet]] and film, with 68 museums<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html# |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150702180223/http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 July 2015 |title=Russian Ministry of Culture official statistics }}</ref> 103<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html# |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150702180223/http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 July 2015 |title=Russian Ministry of Culture official stats |access-date=2 December 2015 }}</ref> theaters, 132 cinemas and 24 concert halls. Among Moscow's theaters and ballet studios is the [[Bolshoi Theatre]] and the Malyi Theatre<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moscovery.com/state-academic-maly-theatre/ |title=State Academic Maly Theatre |date=8 July 2016 |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-date=25 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925230442/https://www.moscovery.com/state-academic-maly-theatre/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as [[Vakhtangov Theatre]] and [[Moscow Art Theatre]]. |
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The Moscow International Performance Arts Center,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmdm.ru/en |title=The Official Site of the Moscow International Performance Arts Centre |publisher=Mmdm.ru |date= | |
The Moscow International Performance Arts Center,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmdm.ru/en |title=The Official Site of the Moscow International Performance Arts Centre |publisher=Mmdm.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513131136/http://www.mmdm.ru/en/ |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> opened in 2003, also known as [[Moscow International House of Music]], is known for its performances in classical music. It has the largest [[Organ (music)|organ]] in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall. |
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[[File:Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bolshoi Theatre]]]] |
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There are also two large |
There are also two large circuses in Moscow: [[Moscow State Circus]] and [[Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard]]<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.circusnikulin.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Nikulun Circus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717153240/http://www.circusnikulin.ru/ |date=17 July 2006 }}. Retrieved on 17 July 2006.</ref> named after [[Yuri Nikulin]]. |
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The [[Mosfilm]] studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosfilm.ru/index.php?File=units/eng/history.htm&Style=text&Lang=eng |title=History of the Mosfilm concern studios foundation |publisher=MosFilm |access-date=10 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927063958/http://www.mosfilm.ru/index.php?File=units%2Feng%2Fhistory.htm&Style=text&Lang=eng |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museikino.ru/ |title=The Official Site of the Museum of Cinema |language=ru |publisher=Museikino.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626132633/http://www.museikino.ru/ |url-status=live }}</ref> collection are shown regularly. International film festivals such as the [[Moscow International Film Festival]], [[Stalker (film festival)|Stalker]], [[Artdocfest]], and [[Moscow Jewish Film Festival]] are staged in Moscow. |
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[[Memorial Museum of Astronautics]] under the [[Monument to the Conquerors of Space]] in the end of [[Cosmonauts Alley]] is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials. |
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==Sports== |
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Soviet films are integral to Russian film history and the [[Mosfilm]] studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20070927063958/http://www.mosfilm.ru/index.php?File=units/eng/history.htm&Style=text&Lang=eng |title=History of the Mosfilm concern studios foundation |publisher=MosFilm |accessdate=2006-07-10}}</ref> However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museikino.ru/ |title=The Official Site of the Museum of Cinema |language={{ru icon}} |publisher=Museikino.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-06-11}}</ref> collection are shown regularly. |
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{{See also|Football in Moscow}} |
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[[File:LuzhnikiStadium.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Luzhniki Stadium]] hosted the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2018 FIFA World Cup Final]].]] |
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[[File:Sparrow_Hills_fanzone_2018.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sparrow Hills]] fanzone during [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]]] |
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[[File:Moscow 05-2017 img48 Olimpiysky Arena.jpg|thumb|[[Olympic Stadium (Moscow)|SC Olimpiyskiy]] was built for the [[1980 Summer Olympics]].]] |
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Over 500 Olympic sports champions lived in the city by 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4626831.stm |title=The mood in Moscow |work=BBC News |date=3 July 2005 |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=26 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526121800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4626831.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Moscow is home to 63 stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which [[Luzhniki Stadium]] is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the [[1998–99 UEFA Cup]], [[2007–08 UEFA Champions League]] finals, the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], and the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] with 7 games total, including the [[2018 FIFA World Cup Final|final]]). Forty other sports complexes are located within the city, including 24 with artificial ice. The [[Olympic Stadium (Moscow arena)|Olympic Stadium]] was the world's first indoor arena for [[bandy]] and hosted the [[Bandy World Championship]] twice.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/cwttEMCM-Y8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110125202043/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwttEMCM-Y8 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwttEMCM-Y8 |title=Russia grabs World Bandy Championship |publisher=YouTube |access-date=15 June 2010}}{{cbignore }}</ref> Moscow was again the host of the competition in 2010, this time in [[Ice Palace Krylatskoye|Krylatskoye]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/2/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/2/%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=qyW7UPq6KKri4QS03YE4&ved=0CC4Q7gEwAA |title=Google Translate |publisher=Translate.google.se |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525002747/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F2%2F&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F2%2F%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=qyW7UPq6KKri4QS03YE4&ved=0CC4Q7gEwAA |url-status=live }}</ref> That arena has also hosted the [[World Speed Skating Championships]]. There are also seven [[horse racing]] tracks in Moscow,<ref name="mosru-stats" /> of which [[Central Moscow Hippodrome]],<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.cmh.ru/ The Official Site of the Central Moscow Hippodrome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325082648/http://www.cmh.ru/ |date=25 March 2008 }}</ref> founded in 1834, is the largest. |
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[[File:CSKA Arena (Quintin Soloviev).jpg|thumb|[[CSKA Arena]] during a game of [[Kontinental Hockey League|KHL]], considered to be the second-best ice hockey league in the world]] |
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Moscow was the host city of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], with the [[yachting]] events being held at [[Tallinn]], in present-day [[Estonia]]. Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had made a bid for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]]. However, when final voting commenced on 6 July 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were awarded to [[2012 Summer Olympics|London]]. |
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The most titled [[ice hockey]] team in the Soviet Union and in the world, [[HC CSKA Moscow]] comes from Moscow. Other big ice hockey clubs from Moscow are [[HC Dynamo Moscow]], which was the second most titled team in the Soviet Union, and [[HC Spartak Moscow]]. |
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The [[Shchusev State Museum of Architecture]] is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect [[Alexey Shchusev]] near the Kremlin area. |
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The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled [[Euroleague]] clubs, is the [[basketball]] club from Moscow [[PBC CSKA Moscow]]. Moscow hosted the [[EuroBasket]] in 1953 and 1965. |
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===Sports=== |
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Moscow possesses a large number of various sports facilities and over 500 Olympic champions lived in the city by 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4626831.stm |title=The mood in Moscow |publisher=BBC News |date=2005-07-03 |accessdate=2010-12-22}}</ref> Moscow is home to sixty-three stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which [[Luzhniki Stadium]] is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the [[1998–99 UEFA Cup]], [[2007–08 UEFA Champions League]] finals, and the [[1980 Summer Olympics]]). Forty other sport complexes are located within the city, including twenty-four with artificial ice. The [[Olympic Stadium (Moscow arena)|Olympic Stadium]] was the world's 1st indoor arena for [[bandy]] and hosted the [[Bandy World Championships]] twice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwttEMCM-Y8 |title=Russia grabs World Bandy Championship |publisher=YouTube |date=|accessdate=2010-06-15}}</ref> Moscow was again the host of the competition in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalbandy.com/viewNews.do?NewsID=0030 |title=Federation of International Bandy-Latest-News-World Championship for Men i Moscow, 24–31 January 2010!!! |publisher=Internationalbandy.com |date=|accessdate=2010-06-15}}</ref> There are also seven [[horse racing]] tracks in Moscow,<ref name="mosru-stats"/> of which [[Central Moscow Hippodrome]],<ref>See also: {{Ru icon}} [http://www.cmh.ru/ The Official Site of the Central Moscow Hippodrome]</ref> founded in 1834, is the largest. |
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[[File:Lokomotiv Stadium.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lokomotiv Stadium (Moscow)|Lokomotiv Stadium]]]] |
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Moscow had more winners at the [[USSR Chess Championship|USSR]] and [[Russian Chess Championship]] than any other city. |
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Moscow was the host city of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], although the [[yachting]] events were held at [[Tallinn]], in present-day [[Estonia]]. Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had also made a bid for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]]. However, when final voting commenced on 6 July 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were finally awarded to [[2012 Summer Olympics|London]]. |
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The most titled [[ |
The most titled [[volleyball]] team in the Soviet Union and in Europe ([[CEV Champions League]]) is [[VC CSKA Moscow]]. |
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In [[Association football|football]], [[FC Spartak Moscow]] has won more championship titles in the [[Russian Premier League]] than any other team. They were second only to [[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] in [[Soviet Top League|Soviet times]]. [[PFC CSKA Moscow]] became the first Russian football team to win a [[UEFA]] title, the [[2004–05 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]] (present-day [[UEFA Europa League]]). [[FC Lokomotiv Moscow]], [[FC Dynamo Moscow]] and [[FC Torpedo Moscow]] are other professional football teams also based in Moscow. |
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The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled [[Euroleague]] clubs, is the [[Basketball]] club from Moscow [[PBC CSKA Moscow]]. Another strong [[Basketball]] club from Moscow is [[MBC Dynamo Moscow]]. |
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[[File:Moscow Hippodrome 4.JPG|right|thumb|Central Moscow Hippodrome façade]] |
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<gallery widths="200" heights="160"> |
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Moscow had more winners at the [[USSR Chess Championship|USSR]] and [[Russian Chess Championship]] than any other city. Some of them were the best players in the world. |
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File:Стадион «Лукойл Арена» в Москве (08.01.2024) 01.jpg|[[Lukoil Arena]], home of [[FC Spartak Moscow]] |
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File:Arena CSKA.jpg|[[VEB Arena]], home of [[PFC CSKA Moscow]] |
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File:VTB Arena8.jpg|[[VTB Arena]], home of [[FC Dynamo Moscow]] and [[HC Dynamo Moscow]] |
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File:Lokomotiv Stadium.jpg|[[RZD Arena]], home of [[FC Lokomotiv Moscow]] |
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</gallery> |
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Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball teams. Because sports organisations in the Soviet Union were once highly centralized, two of the best Union-level teams represented defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces ([[CSKA Moscow|CSKA]]) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs ([[Dynamo Sports Club|Dinamo]]). There were army and police teams in most major cities. As a result, Spartak, CSKA, and Dinamo were among the best-funded teams in the USSR. |
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The [[Irina Viner-Usmanova Gymnastics Palace]] is located in the [[Luzhniki Olympic Complex|Luzniki Olympic Complex]]. The building works started in 2017 and the opening ceremony took place on 18 June 2019. The investor of the Palace is the billionaire [[Alisher Usmanov]], husband of the former gymnast and gymnastics coach [[Irina Viner-Usmanova]]. The total surface of the building is 23,500 m<sup>2</sup>, which include 3 fitness rooms, locker rooms, rooms reserved for referees and coaches, saunas, a canteen, a cafeteria, 2 ball halls, a Medical center, a hall reserved for journalists, and a hotel for athletes.<ref>See also: [http://en.investmoscow.ru/calendar-of-events/2019-06/21sergey-sobyanin-otkryl-dvorets-gimnastiki-v-luzhnikakh/Article about the Palace of Gymnastics on the Moscow Investment Portal] {{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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The most titled [[Volleyball]] team in the Soviet Union and in [[Europe]] ([[CEV Champions League]]) is [[VC CSKA Moscow]]. |
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Because of Moscow's cold local climate, [[winter sport]]s have a following. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiing and frozen ponds for skating. |
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In [[Association football|football]], [[FC Spartak Moscow]] has won more championship titles in the [[Russian Premier League]] than any other team. They were second only to [[FC Dynamo Kyiv]] in the [[Soviet Union]]. [[PFC CSKA Moscow]] was the first Russian football team to win a [[UEFA]] title. [[FC Lokomotiv Moscow]], [[FC Dynamo Moscow]] and [[FC Torpedo Moscow]] are other professional football teams also based in Moscow. |
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[[File:2018 World Cup Final - France v Croatia - 1st Half.jpg|thumb|The [[Luzhniki Stadium]] in Moscow, which hosted games of the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]]] |
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Moscow hosts the annual [[Kremlin Cup]], a popular tennis tournament on both the [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] and [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] tours. It is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year. |
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[[Olympic Stadium (Moscow)|SC Olimpiyskiy]] hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2009]], the first and so far the only [[Eurovision Song Contest]] arranged in Russia. |
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Moscow houses several equally prominent and award-winning football, ice hockey, basketball and many other sports teams, which is rather unusual for Russia as well as the world. Because sports organisations in the Soviet Union were highly centralized in the first place, two of the best-manned Union-level teams represented defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces (CSKA) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Dinamo) and a Union-wide selection (there were "army" and "police" teams in most major cities) and Moscow being the center of both the sports organisations, DoD and police headquarters, Spartak, CSKA and Dinamo were equally the most prestigious, well-manned and best-funded teams in the USSR. |
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[[Slava Moscow]] is a professional [[rugby union|rugby]] club, competing in the national [[Professional Rugby League]]. Former [[rugby league]] heavyweights [[RC Lokomotiv Moscow|RC Lokomotiv]] have entered the same league {{As of|2011|lc=y}}. The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the [[2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens]]. |
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Because of Moscow's cold local climate, [[winter sport]]s have a large following as well. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiing and frozen ponds for skating. |
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In bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times [[Russian Bandy Super League|Russian League]] champions [[Dynamo Moscow Bandy Club|Dynamo Moscow]]. They have also won the [[Bandy World Cup|World Cup]] thrice and [[European Cup (bandy)|European Cup]] six times. |
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Moscow also hosts the annual [[Kremlin Cup]], a popular [[tennis]] tournament on both the [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] and [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] tours. It is regarded as a very prestigious tournament and is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year. |
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[[MFK Dinamo Moskva]] is one of the major [[futsal]] clubs in Europe, having won the [[UEFA Futsal Champions League|Futsal Champions League]] title once. |
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[[Slava Moscow]] is a professional [[rugby union|rugby]] club, competing in the national [[Professional Rugby League]]. Former [[rugby league]] heavyweights [[RC Lokomotiv Moscow|RC Lokomotiv]] have entered the same league as of 2011. The Luzhniki Stadium will host the [[2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens]]. |
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When Russia was selected to host the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]], the Luzhniki Stadium got an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that have been built: the [[VTB Arena|Dynamo Stadium]], and the [[Lukoil Arena|Spartak Stadium]], although the first one later was dismissed from having World Cup matches. |
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In [[bandy]] one of the most successful clubs in the world is [[Dynamo Moscow Bandy Club|Dynamo Moscow]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} |
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===Football clubs=== |
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One of the best {{Weasel-inline|date=November 2010}} [[Futsal]] clubs in Europe, is the club [[MFK Dinamo Moskva]]. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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[[File:Fountain Europe Square Moscow.jpg|thumb|Fountain in Moscow's [[Square of Europe]], lit at night]] |
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|- |
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! Club !! Founded !! League !! League Rank !! Stadium |
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|- |
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| [[FC Spartak Moskva|Spartak Moscow]] || 1922 || [[Russian Premier League|Premier League]] || 1st || [[Lukoil Arena]] |
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|- |
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| [[PFC CSKA Moskva|CSKA Moscow]] || 1911 || [[Russian Premier League|Premier League]] || 1st || [[VEB Arena]] |
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|- |
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| [[FC Lokomotiv Moskva|Lokomotiv Moscow]] || 1923 || [[Russian Premier League|Premier League]] || 1st || [[RZD Arena]] |
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|- |
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| [[FC Dynamo Moscow|Dynamo Moscow]] || 1923 || [[Russian Premier League|Premier League]] || 1st || [[VTB Arena]] |
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|- |
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| [[FC Torpedo Moscow|Torpedo Moscow]] || 1924 || [[Russian First League|First League]] || 2nd || [[Eduard Streltsov Stadium]] |
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|- |
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| [[FC Rodina Moscow|Rodina Moscow]] || 2015 || [[Russian First League|First League]] || 2nd || Spartakovets Stadium |
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|- |
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| [[FC Veles Moscow|Veles Moscow]] || 2016 || [[Russian Second League|Second League]] || 3rd || Avangard Stadium |
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|} |
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==Entertainment== |
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Russia was given the right to host the [[2018 World Cup]], and in Moscow, the [[Luzhniki Stadium]] will have an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that will be built: the Dynamo Stadium, and the Spartak Stadium, along with another stadium built in the Moscow region. Together these will have a capacity of at least 40,000 seats. |
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{{See also|List of shopping malls in Moscow}} |
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[[File:Arbat Street in MSK.jpg|thumb|right|[[Arbat Street]], in the historical centre of Moscow]] |
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The city is full of clubs, restaurants, and bars. [[Tverskaya Street]] is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow. |
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The adjoining [[Tretyakovsky Proyezd]], also south of Tverskaya Street, in [[Kitai-gorod]], is host to upmarket boutique stores such as [[Bulgari]], [[Tiffany & Co.]], [[Armani]], [[Prada]] and [[Bentley]].<ref name="go-mag">{{cite news |url=http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/show/497 |title=Go Magazine |newspaper=The Moscow Times |access-date=20 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220063958/http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/show/497 |archive-date=20 February 2007 }}</ref> [[Nightlife]] in Moscow has moved on since Soviet times and today the city has many of the world's largest [[nightclubs]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/06/13/moscow-city-that-never-sleeps-a65948 |title=Moscow: The City That Never Sleeps |date=3 June 2019 |publisher=The Moscow Times |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504044143/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/06/13/moscow-city-that-never-sleeps-a65948 |url-status=live }}</ref> The hottest area is located around the old chocolate factory, where bars, nightclubs, galleries, cafés and restaurants are placed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.n1ght.com/en/blog/article/moscow-nightlife-best-party-spots |title=Moscow Nightlife: The Best Party Spots |date=19 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124231936/https://www.n1ght.com/en/blog/article/moscow-nightlife-best-party-spots |archive-date=24 November 2015 }}</ref> |
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===Night life=== |
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There is a vibrant night life in Moscow. |
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[[Dream Island (amusement park)|Dream Island]] is an amusement park in Moscow that opened on 29 February 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://iz.ru/703885/2018-02-03/park-ostrov-mechty-otkroetsia-v-moskve-v-2019-godu |title=Парк "Остров мечты" откроется в Москве в 2019 году |date=3 February 2018 |language=ru |newspaper=Izvestia |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626135532/https://iz.ru/703885/2018-02-03/park-ostrov-mechty-otkroetsia-v-moskve-v-2019-godu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.themeparx.com/dream-island-moscow/ |title=Dream Island Moscow |website=Theme Park Construction Board |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421072549/https://www.themeparx.com/dream-island-moscow |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the largest indoor theme park in Europe. |
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The city is full of different kinds of clubs, restaurants and bars. There is an opening every two weeks and the night life scene changes all the time. There are different levels of venues but certainly it's worth it to check out the VIP nightlife as well. Moscow city center and Rublevka (richest area of the city) is full of luxury places where rich "new Russians", oligarchs and many foreigners spend their night out until the morning. |
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The park covers 300,000 square meters. The complex includes a landscaped park along with a concert hall, a cinema, a hotel, a children's sailing school, restaurants, and shops. |
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==Authorities== |
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Tverskaya Street is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow. |
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===Moscow authorities=== |
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[[File:Tverskaya13 Moscow 06-2015.jpg|thumb|[[Government of Moscow]]]] |
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According to the [[Constitution of Russia|Constitution of the Russian Federation]], Moscow is an independent [[federal subject]] of the [[Russia|Russian Federation]], a [[Federal cities of Russia|city of federal importance]]. |
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The adjoining [[Tretyakovsky Proyezd]], also south of Tverskaya Street, in [[Kitai-gorod]], is host to upscale boutique stores such as [[Bulgari]], [[Tiffany & Co.]], [[Armani]], [[Prada]] and [[Bentley]].<ref name="go-mag">{{cite web |url=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20070220063958/http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/show/497 |title=Go Magazine |publisher=The Moscow Times |accessdate=2007-02-20}}</ref> Nightlife in Moscow has moved on since Soviet times and today the city has many of the world's largest nightclubs. |
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The [[Mayor of Moscow]] is the leading official in the executive, leading the [[Government of Moscow]], which is the highest organ of executive power. |
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==Administrative divisions and government== |
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The [[Moscow City Duma]] is the [[city duma]] ([[city council]] or local [[parliament]]) and local laws must be approved by it. It includes 45 members who are elected for a five-year term on [[Electoral district|single-mandate constituency]] basis. |
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[[File:Presnya.JPG|thumb|right|View from the [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Seven Sisters]] in Kudrinskaya Square. The mayor's highrise office (the former [[Comecon]] headquarters) is to the left, the Russian government building to the right]] |
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[[File:Msk all districts.svg|thumb|[[Administrative divisions of Moscow|Administrative okrugs of Moscow]]: |
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1. City of Zelenograd |
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2. Northern |
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3. North-Eastern |
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4. North-Western |
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5. Central |
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6. Eastern |
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7. Southern |
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8. South-Eastern |
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9. South-Western |
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10. Western]] |
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From 2006 to 2012, direct elections of the mayor were not held due to changes in the [[Charter of the city of Moscow]], with the mayor appointed by presidential decree. The first direct elections from the time of the [[2003 Moscow mayoral election|2003 vote]] were to be held after the expiration of the current mayor in 2015, however, in connection with his resignation of his own free will, they took place in [[2013 Moscow mayoral election|September 2013]]. |
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===Government=== |
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Moscow is the seat of power for the Russian Federation. At the center of the city, in the [[Central Administrative Okrug]], is the [[Moscow Kremlin]], which houses the home of the [[President of Russia]] as well as many national governmental facilities. This includes numerous [[Armed Forces of the Russian Federation|military headquarters]] and the headquarters of the [[Moscow Military District]]. Moscow, like with any national [[Capital (political)|capital]], is also the host of all the foreign [[List of diplomatic missions in Russia|embassies]] and diplomats representing a multitude of nations in Russia. Moscow is designated as one of only two [[Federal cities of Russia]] (the other one being [[Saint Petersburg]]). Among the 83 [[federal subjects of Russia]], Moscow represents the most populated one and the smallest one in terms of area. Lastly, Moscow is located within the [[central economic region]], one of [[Economic regions of Russia|twelve regions]] within Russia with similar economic goals. |
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Local administration is carried out through eleven prefectures, uniting the districts of Moscow into administrative districts on a territorial basis, and 125 regional administrations. According to the law "On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow", since the beginning of 2003, the executive bodies of local self-government are municipalities, representative bodies are municipal assemblies, whose members are elected in accordance with the Charter of the intracity municipality. |
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===Administrative divisions=== |
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===Federal authorities=== |
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[[File:Дом правительства РФ.jpg|thumb|[[White House (Moscow)|The House of the Government of the Russian Federation]]]] |
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In Moscow, as in a city endowed with the [[Constitution of Russia|Constitution of the Russian Federation]], the legislative, executive, and judicial federal authorities of the country are located, with the exception of the [[Constitutional Court of Russia|Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation]], which has been located in [[Saint Petersburg]] since 2008. |
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The supreme executive authority – the [[Government of Russia|Government of the Russian Federation]] – is located in the House of the Government of the Russian Federation (the [[White House (Moscow)|White House]]) on [[Krasnopresnenskaya Embankment]] in the center of Moscow. The [[State Duma]] sits on [[Okhotny Ryad (street)|Okhotny Ryad]]. The [[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]] is located in a building on [[Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street|Bolshaya Dmitrovka]]. The [[Supreme Court of Russia|Supreme Court of the Russian Federation]] is also located in Moscow. |
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The [[Moscow Kremlin]] is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. The president's working residence in the Kremlin is located in the [[Kremlin Senate|Senate Palace]]. |
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=== Safety === |
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[[File:Police bmw.jpg|thumb|A [[BMW 5 Series]] of the [[Moscow City Police|Moscow Police]] on patrol]] |
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In a ranking of the safest cities by ''[[Economist Intelligence Unit|The Economist]]'' in 2019, Moscow occupied the 37th position with a score of 68.5 points percent.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nec.com/en/global/ad/safecitiesindex2019/index.html |title=Safe Cities Index 2019 | NEC |website=www.nec.com |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003004430/https://www.nec.com/en/global/ad/safecitiesindex2019/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The general level of crime is quite low.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/in/Moscow |title=Crime in Moscow |website=www.numbeo.com |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002230229/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/in/Moscow |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 170,000 surveillance cameras in Moscow are connected to the facial recognition system. The authorities recognized the successful two-month experiment with automatic recognition of faces, gender, and age of people in real-time – and deployed the system to the whole city. The network of video surveillance unites access video cameras (95% of residential apartment buildings in the capital), cameras in the territory and in buildings of schools and kindergartens, at the [[Moscow Central Circle|MCC]] stations, stadiums, public transport stops, and bus stations, in parks, underground passages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://geeks-world.github.io/articles/407023/index.html |title=In Moscow, the face recognition system will work through CCTV cameras |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623084209/https://geeks-world.github.io/articles/407023/index.html |archive-date=23 June 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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The emergency numbers are the same as in all the other regions of Russia: 112 is the Single Emergency Number, 101 is the number of the Fire Service and [[Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)|Ministry of Emergency Situations]], 102 is the [[Police of Russia|Police]] one, 103 is the ambulance one, 104 is the Emergency Gas number.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/26869073/ |title=Ambulance, police and Emergencies Ministry: Who to call in case of emergency |date=2 September 2017 |website=Moscow City Web Site |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091140/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/26869073/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Moscow's EMS is the second most efficient one among the world's megacities, as reported by PwC during the presentation of the international study Analysis of EMS Efficiency in Megacities of the World.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/63830073/ |title=Moscow's EMS ranks as the second most efficient in the world |date=24 October 2019 |website=Moscow City Web Site |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091142/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/63830073/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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==Administrative divisions== |
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{{Main|Administrative divisions of Moscow}} |
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Moscow}} |
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{| border=1 align="right" class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em; font-size: 95%;" |
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[[File:Старая застройка и Дом на Котельнической набережной.jpeg|thumb|left|Central part of Moscow with Soviet-era architecture, including [[Seven Sisters (Moscow)|Seven sisters]] – House on the Kotelnicheskaya embankment]] |
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! style="padding-left:50px; background:#ccf" | Federal city of Moscow |
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| width="50px" | [[File:Coat of Arms of Moscow.svg|50px|Coat of arms of Moscow]] |
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|- |
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| '''City administrative divisions'''<br /> || 12 |
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|- |
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| '''City districts'''<br /> || 125 |
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|- |
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| '''City settlements'''<br />|| 21 |
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|} |
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{| |
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|- |
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|Colspan=2|Moscow is divided into '''12 administrative districts''': |
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|rowspan=3|[[File:Msk all districts.svg|left|320px]] |
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|- |
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| |
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# [[Central Administrative Okrug]] |
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# [[Northern Administrative Okrug]] |
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# [[North-Eastern Administrative Okrug]] |
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# [[Eastern Administrative Okrug]] |
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# [[South-Eastern Administrative Okrug]] |
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# [[Southern Administrative Okrug]] |
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# [[South-Western Administrative Okrug]] |
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# [[Western Administrative Okrug]] |
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# [[North-Western Administrative Okrug]] |
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# [[Zelenogradsky Administrative Okrug]] |
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# [[Novomoskovsky Administrative Okrug]] |
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# [[Troitsky Administrative Okrug]] |
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|} |
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[[File:Moscow territory 1922 1995.gif|thumb|Territorial change of Moscow from 1922 to 1995]] |
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The entire city of Moscow is headed by one |
The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor ([[Sergey Sobyanin]]). The city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and 125 districts. |
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The Russian capital's |
The Russian capital's town-planning development began to show as early as the 12th century when the city was founded. The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with medieval principles of urban development when strong fortress walls would gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements. The first circular defence walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings, laying the groundwork for the future planning of the Russian capital. |
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The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (Earthwork Town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring. The Moscow |
The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (Earthwork Town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring. The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) has been Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. However, contemporary Moscow has also engulfed a number of territories outside the MKAD, such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and the town of [[Zelenograd]]. A part of [[Moscow Oblast]]'s territory was merged into Moscow on 1 July 2012; as a result, Moscow is no longer fully surrounded by Moscow Oblast and now also has a border with [[Kaluga Oblast]].<ref name="Merger">Official website of the Government of Moscow. [http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/ Draft of adopted measures of the capital and oblast governments with regards to the expansion of the borders of Moscow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821063010/http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/ |date=21 August 2011 }} {{in lang|ru }}</ref> In all, Moscow gained about {{convert|1500|km2|sp=us}} and 230,000 inhabitants. Moscow's Mayor Sergey Sobyanin lauded the expansion that will help Moscow and the neighboring region, a "mega-city" of twenty million people, to develop "harmonically".<ref name="Merger2"/> |
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All administrative okrugs and districts have their own [[coat of arms|coats of arms]] and flags as well as individual heads of the area. |
All administrative okrugs and districts have their own [[coat of arms|coats of arms]] and flags as well as individual heads of the area. |
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In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. Such is the case with the |
In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. Such is the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the [[Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences|Botanical Garden]], large parks, and industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the [[Chinatown]]s that exist in some [[North America]]n and [[East Asia]]n cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Цены на Квартиры в Москве по Административным Районам и Станциям Метро |url=http://www.metrinfo.ru/area/ |work=Metrinfo.ru |access-date=27 September 2010 |language=ru |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227235220/http://www.metrinfo.ru/area/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of [[Moscow Oblast]], although the city itself is |
Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of [[Moscow Oblast]], although the city itself is not a part of the oblast.<ref name="MoscowO">According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the government bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially named the administrative centre of the oblast.</ref> |
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A part of Moscow Oblast's territory is slated for merger with Moscow later in 2012; as a result, Moscow will no longer be surrounded by Moscow Oblast and will gain a border with [[Kaluga Oblast]].<ref name="Merger">Official website of the Government of Moscow. [http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/ Draft of adopted measures of the capital and oblast governments with regards to the expansion of the borders of Moscow] {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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==Economy== |
==Economy== |
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Line 452: | Line 969: | ||
===Overview=== |
===Overview=== |
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{|class="toc" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin:1em;" |
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[[File:WTC-Moscow.jpg|right|thumb|World Trade Center in Moscow]] |
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|- |
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[[File:GUM, Moscow, Russia.jpg|right|thumb|[[GUM (department store)|GUM]] department store exterior facing Red Square]] |
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| colspan="6" style="background:tan;"|'''Largest private companies based<br />in Moscow '''<br />(ranked by 2019 revenues)<br /> |
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[[File:GUM (Moscow) during New Year's holidays.jpg|right|thumb|The upper trading rows at [[GUM (department store)|GUM]] near [[Red Square]]]] |
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|- style="background:#ccc;" |
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|| '''Moscow'''|||| style="background:#ccc;"|'''corporation'''|||| style="background:#ccc;"|'''Russia''' |
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|- |
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| 1||||[[Lukoil]]||||1 |
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|- |
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| 2|||| [[X5 Retail Group]]|||||3 |
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|- |
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| 3||||[[Novatek]]||||6 |
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|- |
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| 4||||[[Nornickel]]||||9 |
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|- |
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| 5|||| [[Rusal|UC Rusal]]||||11 |
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|- |
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| 6|||| [[Sibur]]||||13 |
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|- |
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| 7|||| [[Siberian Coal Energy Company|SUEK]]||||15 |
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|- |
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| 8||||[[MTS (network provider)|MTS]]||||17 |
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|- |
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| 9||||[[Metalloinvest]]|||||18 |
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|- |
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| 10||||[[EuroChem]]||||21 |
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|- |
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| 11||||[[MegaFon]]||||22 |
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|- |
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| 12||||[[M.video]]||||24 |
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|- |
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| 13||||[[OAO TMK|TMK]]||||25 |
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|- |
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| 14||||[[Mechel]]||||26 |
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|- |
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|colspan="5"|'''Source:''' ''Forbes''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.ru//rating/383547-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2019-reyting-forbes |title=200 крупнейших частных компаний России — 2019. Рейтинг Forbes | Бизнес |date=16 September 2019 |website=Forbes.ru |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027224136/https://www.forbes.ru/rating/383547-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2019-reyting-forbes |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|} |
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Moscow has one of the [[List of cities by GDP|largest municipal economies in Europe]] and it accounts more than one-fifth of Russia's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP).<ref>{{cite news |last=Arkhipov |first=Ilya |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-28/medvedev-fires-moscow-s-mayor-yury-luzhkov-citing-a-loss-of-confidence-.html |title=Medvedev Fires Moscow Mayor Luzhkov After Conflict |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=28 September 2010 |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202151836/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-28/medvedev-fires-moscow-s-mayor-yury-luzhkov-citing-a-loss-of-confidence-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, the [[Gross Regional Product|GRP]] of Moscow reached almost ₽24.5 trillion([[US$]]332 billion).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://77.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%20%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%202021%20%D0%B3..htm |title="GRP volume at current basic prices (billion rubles)" |publisher=rosstat.gov.ru |access-date=14 April 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414173212/https://77.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%20%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%202021%20%D0%B3..htm |url-status=live }}</ref> GMP of Moscow Region was ₽31.3 trillion or around US$425 billion. |
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[[File:Moscow Exhacnge main building.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Moscow Exchange]]]] |
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The average gross monthly wage in the city is ₽123,688<ref>{{cite web |title=Среднемесячная номинальная начисленная заработная плата работников в целом по экономике Российской Федерации в 1991-2022 гг. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries |access-date= |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319154712/https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries |url-status=live }}</ref> ([[US$]]2,000), which is around twice the national average of ₽66,572 ([[US$]]1,000), and one of the highest among the federal subjects of Russia. |
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Moscow is home to the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|third-highest number of billionaires]] of any city in the world,<ref>{{cite web |author=Giacomo Tognini |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/ |title=World's Richest Cities: The Top 10 Cities Billionaires Call Home |work=Forbes |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407105020/https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe. It is the financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as oil giant [[Rosneft]]. Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country.<ref name="bofit_42_2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/A0C226F8-3D3F-4B6F-8AA3-B621E963D4CC/0/w201042.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5tmjrHFzM?url=http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/A0C226F8-3D3F-4B6F-8AA3-B621E963D4CC/0/w201042.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2010 |title=BOFIT Weekly 42/2010 |publisher=Bank of Finland's Institute for Economies in Transition |date=22 October 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables%5CUROV-7.htm |publisher=Federal Service on State Statistics |title=Average monthly salaries |access-date=7 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824030354/http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables/UROV-7.htm |archive-date=24 August 2007 }}</ref> Since the [[1998 Russian financial crisis]], business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption still hinder business development. |
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Moscow is one of [[List of cities by GDP|largest city economies in Europe]] and it accounts for approximately 22% of the Russian GDP.<ref>{{cite web|last=Arkhipov |first=Ilya |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-28/medvedev-fires-moscow-s-mayor-yury-luzhkov-citing-a-loss-of-confidence-.html |title=Medvedev Fires Moscow Mayor Luzhkov After Conflict |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2010-09-28 |accessdate=2010-12-22}}</ref> As of 2009, the GRP in Moscow reached 7.16 trl roubles <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/vvp/vrp98-09.xls|date=2010-03-03 |accessdate=2011-08-21 |publisher=RosStat |title=Moscow Gross Regional Product}}</ref> ($225 bln <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2014&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=52&pr1.y=12&c=922&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CPCPIE%2CPCPIEPCH%2CLP%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD&grp=0&a=|date=2010-03-11 |accessdate=2010-03-11 |publisher=IMF Russia Economy |title=Russia GDP and PPP conversion rate}}</ref>). |
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===Industry=== |
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Moscow has the lowest unemployment rate of all [[federal subjects of Russia]], standing at just 1% in 2010, compared to the national average of 7%. The average monthly wage in the city is 41,600 roubles (€1,025), which is almost twice the national average of 21,800 rubles (€537), and the fourth highest among the federal subjects of Russia.<ref name="bofit_42_2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/A0C226F8-3D3F-4B6F-8AA3-B621E963D4CC/0/w201042.pdf|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5tmjrHFzM|archivedate=2010-10-27|title=BOFIT Weekly 42/2010|publisher=Bank of Finland's Institute for Economies in Transition|date=2010-10-22}}</ref> |
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Primary [[Industry (economics)|industries]] in Moscow include the [[chemical industry|chemical]], [[metallurgy]], [[Food industry|food]], [[textile]], [[furniture]], [[energy production]], [[software development]] and [[machine]]ry industries. |
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The [[Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant]] is one of the world's leading producers of military and civil helicopters. [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]] produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations [[Mir]], [[Salyut]] and the [[International Space Station|ISS]] as well as [[Proton (rocket)|Proton launch vehicles]] and military [[ICBM]]s. [[Sukhoi]], [[Ilyushin]], [[Mikoyan]], [[Tupolev]] and [[Yakovlev]] aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. [[NPO Energomash]], producing the [[rocket engine]]s for Russian and American space programs, as well as [[Lavochkin]] design bureau, which built [[fighter plane]]s during WWII, but switched to [[space probe]]s since the [[Space Race]], are in nearby [[Khimki]], an independent city in [[Moscow Oblast]] that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides. Automobile plants [[ZiL]] and [[AZLK]], as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and [[Metrovagonmash]] metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The [[Poljot|Poljot Moscow watch factory]] produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad. |
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Moscow is the undisputed financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as oil giant [[Gazprom]]. Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country.<ref name="bofit_42_2010"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables%5CUROV-7.htm |publisher=Federal Service on State Statistics |title=Average monthly salaries |accessdate=2007-09-07}}</ref> Since the [[1998 Russian financial crisis]], various business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. |
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The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.kristall.ru/ |title=The Official Site of the Moscow Cristall distillery |publisher=Eng.kristall.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528082514/http://eng.kristall.ru/ |archive-date=28 May 2012 }}</ref> is the oldest distillery in Russia producing [[vodka]] types, including "[[Stolichnaya]]" while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery.<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.mmvz.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010220092957/http://www.mmvz.ru/ |date=20 February 2001 }}. Retrieved on 7 July 2006.</ref> The Moscow Jewelry Factory<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.miuz.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702194811/http://www.miuz.ru/ |date=2 July 2006 }}. Retrieved on 7 July 2006.</ref> and the Jewellerprom<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20100218032111/http://www.jewellerprom.ru/ The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry Atelier Jewellerprom]. Retrieved on 7 July 2006,</ref> are producers of jewelry in Russia. |
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Albeit the fact that, overall, economic stability has improved in recent years, crime and corruption continue to remain a problem hindering business development. |
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There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including [[Ruselectronics]] companies. |
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The Cherkizovskiy marketplace was the largest marketplace in Europe, with a daily turnover of about thirty million dollars and about ten thousand venders<ref>{{Ru icon}} {{cite news |url=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20071106080038/http://www.newtimes.ru/artical.asp?n=3111&art_id=6991|last=Aleksandrov |first=Yuri |date=2005-12-11 |title=Новые лимитчики |publisher=New Times |accessdate=2006-07-07}}</ref> from different countries (including [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Turkey]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[India]]). It was administratively divided into twelve parts and covers a wide sector of the city. Since July 2009 it has been closed. |
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Gazprom, the largest extractor of [[natural gas]] in the world and the largest [[Economy of Russia|Russian company]], has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas, and electricity companies. |
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In 2008, Moscow had 74 billionaires with an average wealth of $5.9 billion, which placed it above New York's 71 billionaires. However, as of 2009, there are only 27 billionaires in Moscow compared with New York's 55 billionaires. Overall, Russia lost 52 billionaires during the recession [[List of Russian billionaires by net worth]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financemarkets.co.uk/2009/02/16/russia's-billionaires-hit-by-financial-crisis/ |publisher=www.financemarkets.co.uk |title=Russia's billionaires hit by financial crisis |accessdate=2009-05-22}}</ref> Topping the list of Russia's billionaires in 2009 is [[Mikhail Prokhorov]] with $9.5 billion, ahead of the more famous [[Roman Abramovich]] with $8.5 billion, in [[:ru:Список богатейших бизнесменов России (2009)|2nd place]]. Prokhorov's holding company, "ОНЭКСИМ" (''ONÈKSIM'') group, owns huge assets in hydrogenium energy, nanotechnology, traditional energy, precious metals sector, while Abramovich, since selling his oil company Sibneft to Russian state-controlled gas giant Gazprom in 2005, has bought up steel and mining assets. He also owns [[Chelsea F.C.]]. Russia's richest woman remains [[Yelena Baturina]], the 45-year-old second wife of Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov. [[Oleg Deripaska]], the 1st on this list in 2008 with $28 billion, was only 10th in 2009 with [[:ru:Список богатейших бизнесменов России (2009)|$3.5 billion]]. Based on [[Forbes]]' 2011 list of the world's billionaires, Moscow is the city with the most billionaires in the world, with 79 from 115 in all of Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rickey.org/mexicos-carlos-slim-still-tops-forbes-richest-list/2638 |title=Mexico's Carlos Slim still tops Forbes' richest list |date=March 9, 2011}}</ref> |
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Moscow hosts headquarters of the many of [[telecommunications]] and [[Technology company|technology]] companies, including [[1C Company|1C]], [[ABBYY]], [[Beeline (brand)|Beeline]], [[Kaspersky Lab]], [[Mail.Ru|Mail.Ru Group]], [[MegaFon]], [[MTS (network provider)|MTS]], [[Rambler (portal)|Rambler&Co]], [[Rostelecom]], [[Yandex]], and [[Yota]]. |
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The [[nouveau riche]], also called the "New Russians", often in a derogatory sense, have a reputation for flaunting their wealth; the avenues for doing so have also increased in recent times - a sense of fashion and self-consciousness has instilled itself through the many [[haute couture]] and [[haute cuisine]] spots in Moscow. |
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Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city. |
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===Industry=== |
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Primary [[industry|industries]] in Moscow include the [[chemical industry|chemical]], [[metallurgy]], [[Food industry|food]], [[textile]], [[furniture]], [[energy production]], [[software development]] and [[machine]]ry industries. |
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===Cost of living=== |
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The [[Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant]] is one of the leading producers of military and civil helicopters in the world. [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]] produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations [[Mir]], [[Salyut]] and the [[ISS]] as well as [[Proton (rocket)|Proton launch vehicles]] and military [[ICBM]]s. [[Sukhoi]], [[Ilyushin]], [[Mikoyan]], [[Tupolev]] and [[Yakovlev]] aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. Automobile plants [[ZiL]] and [[AZLK]], as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and [[Metrovagonmash]] metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The [[Poljot|Poljot Moscow watch factory]] produces reliable military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad. [[Yuri Gagarin]] in his trip into space used "Shturmanskie", produced by this factory. |
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{{See also|Hotels in Moscow}} |
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[[File:Moscow 09-13 img11 Tretyakovsky Passage.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tretyakovsky Proyezd]]]] |
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[[File:2019-07-25-3032-Moscow-Nikolskaya-Street.jpg|thumb|[[Nikolskaya Street]]|alt=|left]] |
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[[File:Mitino-3_from_d40_2011-09N28.jpg|thumb|A [[microdistrict]] in [[Mitino District|Mitino]] built in the 1990s]] |
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During [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes, and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors). [[Private ownership]] of apartments was limited until the 1990s when people were permitted to secure property rights to their inhabited places. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area. |
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The price of [[real estate]] in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay $4,000 on average per square meter (11 sq ft) on the outskirts of the city<ref>{{cite web |url=http://waybackmachine.org/*/http://rus.intermark.ru/about-us/press/mt_20_10/ |title=US$4,500 for a Square Meter of Apartment Space. The Moscow Times |publisher=Waybackmachine.org |date=19 July 2011 |access-date=10 June 2012 }}</ref> or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://regnum.ru/news/643249.html |title=Преодолен абсолютный рекорд роста цен на недвижимость: московский стройкомплекс в зеркале СМИ |website=ИА REGNUM |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410052915/https://regnum.ru/news/643249.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Humphries |first=Conor |title=Dividing the Spoils of the Boom |url=http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817152833/http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13 |archive-date=17 August 2007 |newspaper=The Moscow Times |date=20 June 2006 |access-date=14 July 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mosday.ru/info/article.php?realty-2006 |title=Costs of realty in Moscow (2006) |publisher=Mosday.ru |language=ru |access-date=4 August 2006 |archive-date=2 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702171121/http://mosday.ru/info/article.php?realty-2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> It costs about US$1,200 per month to rent a one-bedroom apartment and about US$1,000 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow. |
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[[File:Sukhoi-okb.JPG|thumb|The [[OKB Sukhoi]] aircraft design bureau is based in Moscow]] |
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[[File:ZiL truck in Moscow.jpg|thumb|[[ZiL]] street sprinkler in Moscow]] |
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The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://eng.kristall.ru/ |title=The Official Site of the Moscow Cristall distillery |publisher=Eng.kristall.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-06-11}}</ref> is the oldest distillery in Russia producing various [[vodka]] types, including "[[Stolichnaya]]" while a wide assortment of wines are produced at several Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery.<ref>See also: {{Ru icon}} [http://www.mmvz.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery]. Retrieved on 2006-07-07.</ref> The Moscow Jewelry Factory<ref>See also: {{Ru icon}} [http://www.miuz.ru/ The Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory]. Retrieved on 2006-07-07.</ref> and the Jewellerprom<ref>See also: {{Ru icon}} [http://www.jewellerprom.ru/ The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry Atelier Jewellerprom]. Retrieved on 2006-07-07</ref> are important producers of jewellery in Russia; Jewellerprom used to produce the famous and exclusive [[Order of Victory]], awarded to those aiding the Soviet Union's [[Red Army]] during [[World War II]]. There are also many other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as many microelectronic industries in [[Zelenograd]]. |
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A typical one-bedroom apartment is about {{convert|30|m2|sqft|spell=in|lk=out|abbr=off}}, a typical two-bedroom apartment is {{convert|45|m2|sqft|spell=in|abbr=off}}, and a typical three-bedroom apartment is {{convert|70|m2|sqft|spell=in|abbr=off}}. Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in [[dacha]]s (country houses) outside the city. |
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[[Gazprom]], the largest extractor of [[natural gas]] in the world and the largest [[Economy of Russia|Russian company]], has head offices also in Moscow, as well as many other oil, gas and electricity companies. |
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In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees|most expensive city for expatriate employees]], ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable [[Russian ruble]] as well as increasing housing prices within the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm |last=Sahadi |first=Jeanne |date=23 June 2006 |access-date=4 July 2006 |publisher=CNNMoney |title=World's most expensive cities |archive-date=3 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703140408/https://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third behind Osaka in second place.<ref name="mercer.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#Top_50 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009 |publisher=Mercer.com |date=7 July 2009 |access-date=15 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615061034/http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr |archive-date=15 June 2010 }}</ref> |
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Moscow also hosts headquarters of various software development companies, including such as: |
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* [[1C Company]]—business software and games producer |
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* [[ABBYY]] software house—developer of text recognition and translation software, |
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* [[Akella]]—game developer company |
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* [[Kaspersky Lab]]—worldwide-known producer of anti-virus software, |
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In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the [[list of most expensive cities]] for the third year in a row.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.msn.com/en-us/money |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805100832/http://realestate.msn.com/buying/Article_forbes.aspx?cp-documentid=8839818>1=35000 |url-status=dead |title=Stock Quotes, Business News and Data from Stock Markets | MSN Money |archive-date=5 August 2008 |website=www.msn.com }}</ref> |
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Additionally, some industry is now being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city. Nevertheless, Moscow remains one of Russia's major industrial centers. |
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In 2014, according to ''Forbes'', Moscow was ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world. ''Forbes'' ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2014/07/10/the-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world/ |title=The Most Expensive Cities In The World |first=Deborah L. |last=Jacobs |work=forbes.com |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714004726/https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2014/07/10/the-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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===Living costs=== |
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[[File:Moscow-residential-area.jpg|thumb|left|One of Moscow's newest residential areas]] |
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During [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors). [[Private ownership]] of apartments was limited until the 1990s, when people were permitted to secure property rights to the places they inhabited. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area. |
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In 2019 the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living survey put Moscow to 102nd place in the biannual ranking of 133 most expensive cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/19/moscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863 |title=Moscow Nose-Dives in Global Living Cost Rankings |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320124846/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/19/moscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863 |url-status=live }}</ref> ECA International's Cost of Living 2019 Survey ranked Moscow at number 120 among 482 locations worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eca-international.com/news/june-2019/europe-falls-behind-usa-in-cost-of-living |title=Europe falls behind USA in cost of living |work=[[ECA International]] |date=13 June 2019 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616212508/https://www.eca-international.com/News/June-2019/Europe-falls-behind-USA-in-cost-of-living |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Due to the current economic situation, the price of [[real estate]] in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay $4000 on average per square meter (11 sq ft)on the outskirts of the city<ref>{{cite web|url=http://waybackmachine.org/*/http://rus.intermark.ru/about-us/press/mt_20_10/ |title=US$4,500 for a Square Meter of Apartment Space. The Moscow Times |publisher=Waybackmachine.org |date=2011-07-19 |accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref> or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat.<ref>{{Ru icon}} [http://www.regnum.ru/news/643249.html The absolute record of realty cost is broken]</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Humphries |first=Conor |title=Dividing the Spoils of the Boom |url=http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13 |publisher=The Moscow Times |date=2006-06-20 |accessdate=2006-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mosday.ru/info/article.php?realty-2006 |title=Costs of realty in Moscow (2006) |publisher=Mosday.ru |language=Russian |accessdate= }}</ref> It costs about US$2500 per month to rent a 1-bedroom apartment and about US$1500 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow. |
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[[File:Жилой комплекс Алые паруса (аппартаменты).jpeg|thumb|Luxury apartments in residential complex "Alye parusa"]] |
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===Public utilities=== |
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A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square meters (323 sq ft), a typical two-bedroom apartment is forty-five square meters (485 sq ft), and a typical three-bedroom apartment is seventy square meters (753 sq ft). Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in [[dacha]]s (country houses) outside the city. |
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The heating of buildings in Moscow, like in other cities in Russia is done using [[District heating|central heating system]]. Before 2004, state [[unitary enterprise]]s were responsible to produce and supply heat to the clients by the operation of heating stations and heating distribution system of Mosgorteplo, Mosteploenergo, and Teploremontnaladka which gave service to the [[District heating substation|heating substations]] in the [[Administrative divisions of Moscow|north-eastern part]] of the city. Clients were divided between the various enterprises based on their geographical location. A major reform launched in 2004 consolidated the various companies under the umbrella of MIPC which became the municipal heat supplier. Its subsidiaries were the newly transformed Joint-stock companies. The city's main source of heating is the power station of Mosenergo which was reformed in 2005, when around ten subsidiaries were separated from it. One of the newly independent companies was the District Heating Network Company (MTK) ({{langx|ru|Московская теплосетевая компания}}). In 2007 the [[Government of Moscow]] bought controlling stakes in the company.<ref>[Andrey Kovalev, Liliana Proskuryakova. "Innovation in Russian District Heating: Opportunities, Barriers, Mechanisms", pp. 45-46]</ref> |
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"Our city" is a geo-information portal created in 2011 under the mayor of Moscow Sergei Sobyanin with the aim of building a constructive dialogue between Moscow residents and the city's executive authorities. The portal is being developed by the State Public Institution "New Management Technologies" together with the Moscow Department of Information Technologies. In its 10 years of operation, more than 1.7 million users have joined the portal, and during this time it has become an effective tool for monitoring the state of urban infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/09/25/mil-osi-submissions-russia-how-the-portal-of-the-government-of-moscow-our-city-helps-to-solve-problems-in-the-field-of-urban-economy/ |title=MIL-OSI Submissions: Russia – How the portal of the Government of Moscow "Our City" helps to solve problems in the field of urban economy | ForeignAffairs.co.nz |access-date=5 October 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005094106/https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/09/25/mil-osi-submissions-russia-how-the-portal-of-the-government-of-moscow-our-city-helps-to-solve-problems-in-the-field-of-urban-economy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees|most expensive city for expatriate employees]], ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable [[Russian ruble]] as well as increasing housing prices within the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm |last=Sahadi |first=Jeanne |date=2006-06-23 |accessdate=2006-07-04 |publisher=CNNMoney |title=World's most expensive cities}}</ref> Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third and behind Osaka at second.<ref name="mercer.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#Top_50 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009 |publisher=Mercer.com |date=2009-07-07 |accessdate=2010-06-15}}</ref> Critics of their methodology argue that this survey replicates the lifestyle that a senior executive would have in Washington DC, counting certain very expensive brand name foreign goods, but disregarding the many lines that are far cheaper in Russia, e.g. household staff, drivers, nannies, etc.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} |
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==Education== |
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In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the [[list of most expensive cities]] for the third year in a row.<ref>[http://realestate.msn.com/buying/Article_forbes.aspx?cp-documentid=8839818>1=35000 World's most expensive cities – Buy a House: MLS Listings & Home Buying Tips – MSN Real Estate<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref> |
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{{Further|Education in Russia}} |
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[[File:МГУ, вид с воздуха.jpg|thumb|[[Moscow State University]]|alt=|left]] |
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There are 1,696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges.<ref name="mosru-stats"/> Besides these, there are 222 institutions of higher education, including 60 state universities<ref name="mosru-stats"/> and the [[Moscow State University|Lomonosov Moscow State University]], which was founded in 1755.<ref name="msu-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html |title=MSU History |publisher=Moscow State University |access-date=6 July 2006 |archive-date=2 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702222014/http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The main university building located in Vorobyovy Gory ([[Sparrow Hills]]) is {{convert|240|m|ft}} tall and when completed, was the tallest building on the continent.<ref>{{cite book |title=Is Progress Speeding Up?: Our Multiplying Multitudes of Blessings |last=Templeton |first=John Marks |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-890151-02-7 |page=99 |publisher=Templeton Foundation Press }}</ref> The university has over 30,000 [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and 7,000 [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia. |
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The [[I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University]] named after [[Ivan Sechenov]] or formerly known as [[Moscow Medical Academy]] (1stMSMU) is a medical university situated in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1785 as the faculty of the Moscow State University. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. More than 9200 students are enrolled in 115 academic departments. It offers courses for post-graduate studies. |
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{{wide image|Moscowpanoramicview.jpg|600px|View of central Moscow with its commercial district(center) – Moscow International Business Center}}</center> |
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[[File:Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Frontal View.jpg|thumb|[[Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University]]|alt=|left]] |
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==Science and education== |
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{{See also|Education in Russia}} |
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[[File:Moscowstate250.jpg|thumb|[[Lomonosov Moscow State University|Moscow State University]] at night]] |
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The [[Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University]] (formerly known as [[Russian State Medical University]]) is a medical higher education institution in Moscow, Russia founded in 1906. It is fully accredited and recognized by Russia's Ministry of Education and Science and is currently under the authority of the Ministry of Health and Social Development. Named after Russian surgeon and pedagogue [[Nikolay Pirogov|N.I. Pirogov]] (1810–1888), it is one of the largest medical institutions and the first university in Russia to allow women to acquire degrees. |
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There are 1696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges.<ref name="mosru-stats"/> Besides these, there are 222 institutions of higher education, including 60 state universities<ref name="mosru-stats"/> and the [[Lomonosov Moscow State University]], which was founded in 1755.<ref name="msu-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html |title=MSU History |publisher=Moscow State University |accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref> The main university building located in Vorobyovy Gory ([[Sparrow Hills]]) is {{convert|240|m|ft}} tall and when completed, was the tallest building on the continent.<ref>{{cite book |title=Is Progress Speeding Up?: Our Multiplying Multitudes of Blessings |last=Templeton |first=John Marks |date=1997-10-01 |isbn=1-890151-02-5 |page=99}}</ref> The university has over 30,000 [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and 7,000 [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. Additionally, approximately 10,000 high school students take courses at the university, while over two thousand researchers work. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia. Its acclaim throughout the international academic community has meant that over 11,000 international students have graduated from the university, with many coming to Moscow to learn the [[Russian language]].{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} |
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Moscow is one of the financial centers of the [[Russian Federation]] and [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] countries and is known for its business schools. Among them are the [[Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation]]; [[Plekhanov Russian University of Economics]]; [[The State University of Management]], and the [[National Research University - Higher School of Economics]]. They offer undergraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate, and economic theory, as well as Masters programs and [[MBA]]s. Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world. |
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The [[Russian National Research Medical University]] named after [[Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov|N.I. Pirogov]] or formerly known as [[Russian State Medical University]] ([[RSMU]]) is a medical university situated in Moscow, [[Russia]]. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development.The university was awarded a [[:ru:Национальный исследовательский университет России|National Research University]] status by the [[Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)|Ministry of Education and Science of Russia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.mon.gov.ru/pro/ved/niu/ |title=The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation |publisher=Eng.mon.gov.ru |date=|accessdate=2011-09-15}}</ref> in July 2011 due to its excellence in academic and research. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. Currently, more than 9200 students are enrolling in 115 different academic departments in this university. It also offers courses for post-graduate studies. |
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[[File:Moscow MSTU Bauman main building asv2021-08.jpg|thumb|The main building of the [[Bauman Moscow State Technical University]]]] |
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[[Bauman Moscow State Technical University]], founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering, offering technical degrees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmstu.ru/mstu/English |last=Fedorov |first=I.B. |publisher=МГТУ им.Н.Э.Баумана (Bauman Moscow State Technical University) |title=General (English) |access-date=6 July 2006 |archive-date=6 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706130144/http://www.bmstu.ru/mstu/English/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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[[File:Moscow 05-2017 img41 Conservatory.jpg|thumb|The [[Moscow Conservatory]] building|alt=|left]] |
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The [[Moscow Conservatory]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosconsv.ru/ |title=The Official Site of the Moscow Conservatory |publisher=Mosconsv.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615213653/http://www.mosconsv.ru/ |url-status=live }}</ref> founded in 1866, is a prominent music school in Russia. |
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Moscow is one of the main financial centers of the [[Russian Federation]] and [[CIS]] countries and is well known for its business schools. Among the best are the [[Finance Academy under the Government of RF]]; [[Plekhanov Russian Economic University]]; [[The State University of Management]], and the [[State University - Higher School of Economics]]. They offer undegraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate and economic theory, as well as Masters programs and [[MBA]] with varied concentrations. Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world. |
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[[File:Vgik.jpg|thumb|The [[Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography|Russian State Institute of Cinematography]], the world's oldest<br />[[film school]]|alt=|left]] |
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The [[Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography|Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography]], abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in [[Cinematography]], founded by [[Vladimir Gardin]] in 1919. |
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[[File:Lefortovo mei.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the [[Moscow Power Engineering Institute]].]] |
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[[Bauman Moscow State Technical University]], founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides more than 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering, offering a wide range of technical degrees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmstu.ru/mstu/English |last=Fedorov |first=I.B. |publisher=МГТУ им.Н.Э.Баумана (Bauman Moscow State Technical University) |title=General (English) |accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref> Since it opened enrollment to students from outside of Russia in 1991, Bauman Moscow State Technical University has increased its number of international students up to two hundred.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://195.19.32.10/megdun/eng/index.htm |title=International Relations |publisher=международная деятельность МГТУ (Bauman Moscow State Technical University) |accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref> |
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[[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]], founded in 1944, remains Russia's best- known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books—of which 20,000 are considered rare—can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mgimo.ru/showcontent.asp?UID={7F81DBB2-6EEE-4796-B2DF-7230433C5C41} |title=Facts and Figures |publisher=MGIMO (Moscow State Institute of International Relations) |access-date=6 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201220/http://www.mgimo.ru/showcontent.asp?UID=%7B7F81DBB2-6EEE-4796-B2DF-7230433C5C41%7D |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> |
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The [[Moscow Conservatory]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mosconsv.ru/ |title=The Official Site of the Moscow Conservatory |publisher=Mosconsv.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-06-11}}</ref> founded in 1866 is a prominent music school in Russia, whose graduates included [[Sergei Rachmaninoff|Sergey Rachmaninoff]], [[Alexander Scriabin]], [[Aram Khachaturian]], [[Mstislav Rostropovich]], and [[Alfred Schnittke]]. |
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Other institutions are the [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]], also known as [[Phystech]], the [[Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex]], founded in 1988 by Russian eye surgeon [[Svyatoslav Fyodorov]], the [[Moscow Aviation Institute]], the Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the [[Moscow Engineering Physics Institute]]. [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]] has taught numerous [[Nobel Prize]] winners, including [[Pyotr Kapitsa]], [[Nikolay Semyonov]], [[Lev Landau]] and [[Alexander Prokhorov]], while the [[Moscow Engineering Physics Institute]] is known for its research in [[nuclear physics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icra.it/Icranet/Members/struc_russia2.htm |title=Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) |publisher=International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics |access-date=4 August 2006 |archive-date=3 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703205759/http://www.icra.it/Icranet/Members/struc_russia2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The highest Russian military school is the [[Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]]. |
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The [[Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography|Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography]], abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in [[Cinematography]], founded by [[Vladimir Gardin]] in 1919. [[Sergei Eisenstein]], [[Vsevolod Pudovkin]], and [[Aleksey Batalov]] were among its most distinguished professors and [[Mikhail Vartanov]], [[Sergei Parajanov]], [[Andrei Tarkovsky]], [[Nikita Mikhalkov]], [[Eldar Ryazanov]], [[Alexander Sokurov]], [[Yuriy Norshteyn]], [[Aleksandr Petrov (animator)|Aleksandr Petrov]], [[Vasily Shukshin]], [[Konrad Wolf]] among graduates. |
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[[File:Mstu iauza.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bauman Moscow State Technical University]].]] |
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[[File:Vgik.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography]].]] |
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[[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]], founded in 1944, remains Russia's best- known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six different schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books — of which 20,000 are considered rare — can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mgimo.ru/showcontent.asp?UID={7F81DBB2-6EEE-4796-B2DF-7230433C5C41} |title=Facts and Figures |publisher=MGIMO (Moscow State Institute of International Relations) |accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref> |
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Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental sciences, in recent years Moscow has seen a growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the [[Master of Business Administration]]. [[Student exchange program]]s with numerous countries, specially with the rest of Europe, have also become widespread in Moscow's universities, while schools within the Russian capital also offer seminars, lectures, and courses for corporate employees and businessmen. |
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Other prominent institutions are the [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]], also known as [[Phystech]], [[Moscow Aviation Institute]], the Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the [[Moscow Engineering Physics Institute]]. [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]] has taught numerous [[Nobel Prize]] winners, including [[Pyotr Kapitsa]], [[Nikolay Semyonov]], [[Lev Landau]] and [[Alexander Prokhorov]], while the [[Moscow Engineering Physics Institute]] is known for its research in [[nuclear physics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icra.it/Icranet/Members/struc_russia2.htm |title=Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) |publisher=International Centre for Relativistic Astrophysics |accessdate=2006-08-04}}</ref> The highest Russian military school is the [[Frunze Military Academy|Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]]. |
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[[File:Moscow 1152 (14384525084).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Russian Academy of Sciences]]]] |
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Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] are located in Moscow as well as research and applied science institutions. The [[Kurchatov Institute]], Russia's leading research and development institution in the fields of nuclear energy, where the first [[nuclear reactor]] in Europe was built, the [[Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics]], [[Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics]], [[Institute for Physical Problems|Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems]] and [[Steklov Institute of Mathematics]] are all situated in Moscow. |
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There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children.<ref name="mosru-stats"/> The [[Russian State Library]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rsl.ru/index.php?lang=en |title=The official homepage of the Russian State Library |publisher=Rsl.ru |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717065412/http://www.rsl.ru/index.php?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> founded in 1862, is the national library of Russia. The library is home to over {{cvt|275|km|0}} of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 languages account for 29% of the collection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leninka.ru/index.php?doc=950 |script-title=ru:Краткая статистическая справка |publisher=Russian State Library |access-date=4 August 2006 |date=1 January 2006 |language=ru |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183703/http://leninka.ru/index.php?doc=950 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rsl.ru/index.php?f=2 |title=Stacks |publisher=The Russian State Library |access-date=4 August 2006 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920133805/https://www.rsl.ru/index.php?f=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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[[File:Sk334.jpg|thumb|right|The headquarters of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]].]] |
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Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards [[engineering]] or the fundamental sciences, in recent years Moscow has seen a significant growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in [[Business school|business]] and [[management]]. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] degrees, including the [[Master of Business Administration]]. [[Student exchange program]]s with different (especially, [[Europe]]an) countries have also become widespread in Moscow's universities, while many schools within the Russian capital also offer seminars, lectures and courses for corporate employees and businessmen. |
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The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library specialising in [[Russian history]]. Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages, mostly on Russian and world history, [[heraldry]], [[numismatics]], and the [[history of science]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shpl.ru/shpage.php?menu=1&h=le |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823161550/http://www.shpl.ru/shpage.php?menu=1&h=le |url-status=dead |title=Official site of the State Public Historical Library |archive-date=23 August 2006 }}</ref> |
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Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] are located in Moscow as well as numerous research and applied science institutions. |
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The [[Kurchatov Institute]], Russia's leading research and development institution in the fields of nuclear energy, where the first [[nuclear reactor]] in Europe was built, the [[Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics]], [[Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics]], [[Institute for Physical Problems|Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems]] and [[Steklov Institute of Mathematics]] are all situated in Moscow. |
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In regard to primary and secondary education, in 2011, [[Clifford J. Levy]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote, "Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools. There are additional payoffs for good grades."<ref name="Levy1">{{cite news |first=Clifford J. |last=Levy |author-link=Clifford J. Levy |title=My Family's Experiment in Extreme Schooling |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 September 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/magazine/my-familys-experiment-in-extreme-schooling.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225205215/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/magazine/my-familys-experiment-in-extreme-schooling.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children.<ref name="mosru-stats"/> The [[Russian State Library]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rsl.ru/index.php?lang=en |title=The official homepage of the Russian State Library |publisher=Rsl.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-06-11}}</ref> founded in 1862 is the national library of Russia. This library is home to over 275 kilometers of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 different languages comprise approximately 29 percent of the collection.<ref>{{Ru icon}} {{cite web |url=http://leninka.ru/index.php?doc=950 |title=Краткая статистическая справка |publisher=Russian State Library |accessdate=2006-08-04 |date=2006-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rsl.ru/index.php?f=2 |title=Stacks |publisher=The Russian State Library |accessdate=2006-08-04}}</ref> |
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==Transportation== |
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The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library specialising in [[Russian history]]. Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages (including 47 languages of the former USSR), mostly on Russian and world history, [[heraldry]], [[numismatics]], and the [[history of science]].<ref>{{Ru icon}} [http://www.shpl.ru/shpage.php?menu=1&h=le Official site of the State Public Historical Library]</ref> |
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{{Main|Transportation in Moscow}} |
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===Metro=== |
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In regards to primary and secondary education, [[Clifford J. Levy]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said "Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools. There are additional payoffs for good grades."<ref name="Levy1">{{cite news |first=Clifford J. |last=Levy |authorlink=Clifford J. Levy |title= My Family’s Experiment in Extreme Schooling |publisher=Nytimes.com |date= September 15, 2011 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/magazine/my-familys-experiment-in-extreme-schooling.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate= May 21, 2012}}</ref> |
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{{Main|Moscow Metro}} |
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[[File:Moscow metro map sb.svg|lang=en|thumb|[[Moscow Metro]] route map with planned stations]] |
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[[File:Moscow MayakovskayaMetroStation 0943.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Mayakovskaya]] station, opened in 1938]] |
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The [[Moscow Metro]] system is famous for its art, [[mural]]s, [[mosaic]]s, and ornate [[chandelier]]s. It started operation in 1935 and immediately became the centrepiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and reward the populace, and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies. [[Lazar Kaganovich]] was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilisation as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new "Homo Sovieticus" (Soviet man).<ref>[[Isabel Wünsche]], "Homo Sovieticus: The Athletic Motif in the Design of the Dynamo Metro Station", ''Studies in the Decorative Arts'' (2000) 7#2 pp. 65–90</ref> |
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The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity.<ref>Andrew Jenks, "A Metro on the Mount", ''Technology & Culture'' (2000) 41#4 pp. 697–723</ref> Soviet workers did the labour and the artwork, but the main engineering designs, routes, and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the London Underground. The Britons called for tunneling instead of the "cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock.<ref>Michael Robbins, "London Underground and Moscow Metro", ''Journal of Transport History'', (1997) 18#1 pp. 45–53.</ref> The paranoia of Stalin and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous British engineers for espionage—that is for gaining an in-depth knowledge of the city's physical layout. Engineers for the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the USSR.<ref>Gordon W. Morrell, "Redefining Intelligence and Intelligence-Gathering: The Industrial Intelligence Centre and the Metro-Vickers Affair, Moscow 1933", ''Intelligence and National Security'' (1994) 9#3 pp. 520–533.</ref> |
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{{wide image|Moscow pano.jpg|1000px|<center>View from to [[Moskva River]]. Left: [[Krasnoluzhsky Bridge|Bohdan Khmelnytskyi Bridge]], center: [[Square of Europe]] and [[Kiyevsky Rail Terminal]], behind: [[Moscow International Business Center|Moskva-city under construction]], right: [[Borodinsky Bridge]], behind: [[White House, Moscow|House of the Government of the Russian Federation]] |
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</center>}}</center> |
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Today, the Moscow Metro comprises twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 203 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance, the [[Park Pobedy (Moscow Metro)|Park Pobedy]] station, completed in 2003, at {{convert|84|m}} underground, has the longest escalators in Europe. The Moscow Metro is the busiest metro system in Europe, as well as [[Metro systems by annual passenger rides|one of the world's busiest]] metro systems, serving about ten million passengers daily (300,000,000 people every month).<ref name="metro">{{cite web |url=http://www.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=99 |language=ru |script-title=ru:Московский метрополитен |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714154607/http://www.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=99 |archive-date=14 July 2006 |access-date=4 July 2006 }}</ref> Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has plans for expanding its Metro. In 2016, the authorities launched a [[Moscow Central Circle|new circle metro railway]] that contributed to solving transportation issues, namely daily congestion at Koltsevaya Line.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/09/09/how-moscows-new-light-rail-system-will-make-life-easier-for-passengers_628517 |title=How Moscow's new light rail system will make life easier for passengers |last=RBTH |first=special to |date=9 September 2016 |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912060005/http://rbth.com/politics_and_society/2016/09/09/how-moscows-new-light-rail-system-will-make-life-easier-for-passengers_628517 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==Transportation== |
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{{main|Transportation in Moscow}} |
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Due to the treatment of Metro stations as possible canvas for art, characterized by the fact that workers of Moscow would get to see them every day, many Stalin-era metro stations were built in different "custom" designs (where each station's design would be, initially, a massive installation on a certain theme. For example, [[Elektrozavodskaya (Arbatsko–Pokrovskaya line)|Elektrozavodskaya]] station was themed solely after nearby lightbulb factory and ceramic ribbed lightbulb sockets);<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/features/moscow-metro-stations/ |title=The people's palace: exploring Moscow Metro's evolving designs |work=RailwayTechnology |date=10 December 2018 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002221948/https://www.railway-technology.com/features/moscow-metro-stations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the tradition of "Grand Designs" and, basically, decorating metro stations as single-themed installations, was restored in late 1979. |
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===Air=== |
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There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow: [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]], [[Domodedovo International Airport]], [[Bykovo Airport]], [[Ostafyevo International Airport]] and [[Vnukovo International Airport]]. Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most common entry point for foreign visitors, handling sixty percent of all international flights.<ref name="4airports">{{cite news |url=http://www.go-russia.com/angela.php |publisher=Go-Russia |title=Moscow Airports |date=2007-10-07 |accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> [[Domodedovo International Airport]] is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput, and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo's. The three other airports particularly offer flights within Russia and to and from states from the former [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/travel/arriving/byplane.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060708154208/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/travel/arriving/byplane.html |archivedate=2006-07-08 |accessdate=2006-07-03 |title=Getting to Russia: Arriving by Plane |publisher=The Moscow Times}}</ref> Moscow's airports vary in distances from [[MKAD]] beltway: Bykovo is the farthest, at 35 kilometers (21 mi); Domodedovo is next at 22 kilometers (13.7 mi); Vnukovo is 11 kilometers (6.8 mi); Sheremetyevo is 10 kilometers (6.25 mi); and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about {{convert|8|km|mi}} from MKAD.<ref name="4airports"/> |
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Moscow's metro is one of the world's busiest, handling 2.6 billion passengers in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4e02625c-ef1e-4ee0-bb3b-6fc7ea044f40 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/4e02625c-ef1e-4ee0-bb3b-6fc7ea044f40 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |title=The people's subway: the Soviet Union's ornate metros in pictures |work=Financial Times |last=Seddon |first=Max |date=13 February 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> |
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There are also several smaller airports near Moscow, such as [[Myachkovo Airport]], intended for private aircraft, [[helicopter]]s and charters.<ref>{{Ru icon}} [http://www.sostav.ru/news/2004/08/18/72/ Airport Myachkovo changed the owners]</ref> |
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In the Russian capital, there are over 21.5 thousand Wi-Fi access points, in student dormitories, in parks, cultural and sports institutions, and within the Garden Ring and the Third Transport Ring. From September 2020 to August 2021, 1,700 new access points to urban Wi-Fi were launched in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.totaltele.com/511683/Online-city-17-thousand-new-Wi-Fi-access-points-have-been-installed-in-Moscow-in-a-year |title=Online city: 1.7 thousand new Wi-Fi access points have been installed in Moscow in a year |publisher=Total Telecom |date=16 November 2021 |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206091403/https://www.totaltele.com/511683/Online-city-17-thousand-new-Wi-Fi-access-points-have-been-installed-in-Moscow-in-a-year |url-status=dead }}</ref> The structure of the Wi-Fi network allows citizens to use the Internet without re-authorization.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/06/29/mil-osi-submissions-russian-federation-city-wi-fi-network-is-available-in-four-more-student-dormitories-in-moscow/ |title=MIL-OSI Submissions: Russian Federation – City Wi-Fi network is available in four more student dormitories in Moscow |work=foreignaffairs.co.nz |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803170655/https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/06/29/mil-osi-submissions-russian-federation-city-wi-fi-network-is-available-in-four-more-student-dormitories-in-moscow/ }}</ref> |
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===Water=== |
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[[File:Moscow Northern river terminal.jpg|thumb|[[North River Terminal]]]] |
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Moscow also has two passenger terminals, ([[South River Terminal]] and [[North River Terminal]] or Rechnoy vokzal), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along [[Moskva River|Moskva]] and [[Oka River|Oka]] rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The North River Terminal, built in 1937, is also the main hub for long-range river routes. There are also three freight ports serving Moscow. |
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===Monorail=== |
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{{Main|Moscow Monorail}} |
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[[File:Sapsan Russia.jpg|thumb|right|The high-speed [[Sapsan]] train links Moscow with [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Nizhny Novgorod]]]] |
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[[File:Monorail Moskau - Einfahrt in Station Telezentrum.jpg|thumb|Two trains of the [[Moscow Monorail]]]] |
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Moscow employs several train stations to serve the city. Moscow's nine rail terminals (or ''vokzals'') are: |
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* [[Belorussky Rail Terminal]] |
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* [[Kazansky Rail Terminal]] |
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* [[Kiyevsky Rail Terminal]] |
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* [[Kursky Rail Terminal]] |
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* [[Leningradsky Rail Terminal]] |
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* [[Paveletsky Rail Terminal]] |
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* [[Rizhsky Rail Terminal]] |
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* [[Savyolovsky Rail Terminal]] |
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* [[Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal]] |
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They are located close to the city center, but each handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia.<ref name="mostimestrain">{{cite web |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/travel/arriving/bytrain.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060708154220/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/travel/arriving/bytrain.html |archivedate=2006-07-08 |publisher=The Moscow Times |title=Getting to Russia: Arriving by Train |accessdate=2006-07-03}}</ref> There are also many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are relatively cheap, they are the preferred mode of travelling for Russians, especially when departing to [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is also the western terminus of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], which traverses nearly {{convert|9300|km|precision=0}} of Russian territory to [[Vladivostok]] on the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast. |
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The Moscow Metro operates a short [[Moscow Monorail|monorail line]] (line 13). The line connects [[Timiryazevskaya (Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line)|Timiryazevskaya]] metro station and [[Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina]], passing close to [[Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy|VDNH]] (and Line 6 Metro station "V.D.N.Kh."). The line opened in 2004. It accepts overground interchanges, no additional fare is needed if a ride was spent at Moscow Metro within previous 90 minutes. |
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Suburbs and satellite cities are also connected by commuter [[elektrichka]] (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to {{convert|140|km|mi|precision=0}})large railway stations. |
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===Bus, trolleybus and electric bus=== |
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The [[Moscow Little Ring Railway]] is only used for cargo traffic. |
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{{Main|Electric buses in Moscow}} |
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[[File:Выход 500-го электробуса на линию в Москве (09).jpg|thumb|left|Moscow has the [[Electric buses in Moscow|largest fleet of electric buses]] in Europe, with 500 operating {{as of|October 2020|lc=y}}.<ref name="Trolleybus">{{cite web |title=В Москве вышел на линию 500-й электробус |url=https://www.mos.ru/mayor/themes/2299/6851050/ |website=[[Mos.ru]] |access-date=8 October 2020 |language=ru |date=8 October 2020 |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015115109/https://www.mos.ru/mayor/themes/2299/6851050/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]] |
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As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to {{convert|4|km}}, a bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses ([[Moscow Central Bus Terminal|Central Bus Terminal]]) with a daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.<ref>See also: {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.kvartirant.ru/news/?news_id=10891&date=12.05.2006&date2=2006-05-12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101064615/http://www.kvartirant.ru/news/?news_id=10891&date=12.05.2006&date2=2006-05-12|date=1 January 2016}} Realty news. Retrieved on 22 July 2006.</ref> |
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Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a [[trolleybus]] route and have trolley wires over them. |
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===Metro=== |
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{{Main|Moscow Metro}} |
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[[File:Mosmetro2010.png|thumb|[[Moscow Metro]], January 2012]] |
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Local transport includes the [[Moscow Metro]], a [[Rapid transit|metro]] system famous for its art, [[mural]]s, [[mosaic]]s, and ornate [[chandelier]]s. When it first opened in 1935, the system had just two lines. Today, the Moscow Metro contains twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 182 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance the [[Park Pobedy (Moscow Metro)|Park Pobedy]] station, completed in 2003, at {{convert|84|m}} underground, has the longest [[escalator]]s in Europe. The Moscow Metro is [[Metro systems by annual passenger rides|one of the world's busiest]] metro systems, serving more than nine million passengers daily.<ref name="metro">{{Ru icon}} {{cite web |url=http://www.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=99 |title=Московский метрополитен |accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has extensive plans for expanding the its Metro. |
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With the total line length of almost {{convert|600|km|abbr=off}} of a single wire, 8 depots, 104 routes, and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system was the [[Trolleybus usage by country|largest in the world]]. But municipal authority, headed by Sergey Sobyanin, began to destroy the trolleybus system in Moscow in 2014 due the planned replacement of trolleybuses by electric buses. In 2018 Moscow trolleybus system has only 4 depots and dozens of kilometers of unused wires. Almost all trolleybus wires inside Garden Ring (Sadovoe Koltso) were cut in 2016–2017 due to the reconstruction of central streets ("Moya Ulitsa"). Opened on 15 November 1933, it is also the world's 6th oldest operating trolleybus system. |
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===Bus and trolleybus=== |
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As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to {{convert|4|km}}, an extensive bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow also has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses ([[Moscow Central Bus Terminal|Central Bus Terminal]]) with daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.<ref>See also: {{Ru icon}} [http://www.kvartirant.ru/news/?news_id=10891&date=12.05.2006&date2=2006-05-12] Realty news. Retrieved on 2006-07-22.</ref> |
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In 2018 the vehicle companies [[Kamaz]] and [[GAZ]] have won the [[Mosgortrans]] tender for delivering 200 [[electric bus]]es and 62 ultra-fast charging stations to the city transport system. The manufacturers will be responsible for the quality and reliable operation of the buses and charging stations for the next 15 years. The city will be procuring only electric buses as of 2021, replacing the diesel bus fleet gradually. According to expectations, Moscow will become the leader amongst the European cities in terms of electric and gas fuel share in public transport by 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rusautonews.com/2018/09/04/first-electric-buses-have-started-operating-in-moscow-in-regular-transport |title=First electric buses have started operating in Moscow in regular transport |date=4 September 2018 |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000432/http://rusautonews.com/2018/09/04/first-electric-buses-have-started-operating-in-moscow-in-regular-transport/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a [[trolleybus]] routes and have trolley wires over them. |
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===Moscow cable car=== |
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{{Main| |
{{Main|Moskva River cable car}} |
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[[File:Moscow Cable Car.jpg|thumb|Cable cars passing across the [[Moskva River]] and the [[Luzhniki Stadium]]]] |
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[[File:Monorail Moskau - Einfahrt in Station Telezentrum.jpg|thumb|Moscow Monorail]] |
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On 26 November 2018, the [[mayor of Moscow]] [[Sergey Sobyanin]] took part in the ceremony to open the [[Moskva River cable car|cable car]] above the [[Moskva River]]. The cable car will connect the [[Luzhniki Olympic Complex|Luzhniki sports complex]] with [[Sparrow Hills]] and Kosygin Street. The journey from the well-known viewpoint on Vorobyovy Gory to [[Luzhniki Stadium]] will last for five minutes instead of 20 minutes that one would have to spend on the same journey by car. |
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There is also a short [[Moscow Monorail|monorail line]], operated by the Moscow Metro company. The line connects [[Timiryazevskaya (Metro)|Timiryazevskaya]] metro station and [[Sergeya Eisensteina Street]], passing close to [[All-Russia Exhibition Centre|VVTs]]. The line opened in 2004. |
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===Tram=== |
===Tram=== |
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{{Main|Trams in Moscow}} |
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Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899. The newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, making up for approximately 5% of trips, because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross links between metro lines, for example between [[Universitet (Moscow Metro)|University station]] of [[Sokolnicheskaya Line]] (#1 red line) and [[Profsoyuznaya (Moscow Metro)|Profsoyuznaya station]] of [[Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] (#6 orange line) or between [[Voykovskaya]] and [[Strogino (Moscow Metro)|Strogino]]. |
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[[File:Moscow TverZastava Vityaz asv2018-09.jpg|thumb|left|A Vityaz-M tram passing by the [[Tverskaya Zastava Square]]]] |
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Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://moscowseasons.com/en/news/the-long-trip-to-vityaz-or-the-story-of-the-moscow-tram-system/ |title=The long trip to Vityaz or the story of the Moscow tram system |website=MoscowSeasons |date=22 September 2018 |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329113420/https://moscowseasons.com/en/news/the-long-trip-to-vityaz-or-the-story-of-the-moscow-tram-system/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, making up for approximately 5% of trips because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross-links between metro lines, for example between [[Universitet (Moscow Metro)|Universitet station]] of [[Sokolnicheskaya Line]] (#1 red line) and [[Profsoyuznaya (Moscow Metro)|Profsoyuznaya station]] of [[Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line]] (#6 orange line) or between [[Voykovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Voykovskaya]] and [[Strogino (Moscow Metro)|Strogino]]. |
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There are three separate tram networks in the city: |
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[[File:Moscow tram map 2022-04.svg|thumb|Tram map of Moscow]] |
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* Krasnopresnenskoye depot network with the westernmost point at Strogino (depot location) and the easternmost point near platform Dmitrovskaya. This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it could easily have been reconnected by about one kilometer of track and three switches. The network has the highest usage in Moscow and no weak points based on turnover except to-depot lane (passengers serviced by bus) and tram ring at Dmitrovskaya (because now is neither a normal transfer point nor a repair terminal). |
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There are three tram networks in the city: |
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* The Apakov depot services the south-western part from the Varshavsky lane - Simferopolsky boulevard in the east to the University station in the west and Boulevard lane at the center. This network is connected only by the four-way Dubininskaya and Kozhevnicheskaaya street. A second connection by Vostochnaya (Eastern) street was withdrawn in 1987 due to fire at Dinamo plant and has not been recovered, remains lost (Avtozavodsky bridge) at 1992. The network may be serviced anyway by another depot (now route 35, 38). |
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* Main three depot networks with railway gate and tram-repair plant |
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* Krasnopresnenskoye depot network with the westernmost point at Strogino (depot location) and the easternmost point near platform Dmitrovskaya. This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it could easily have been reconnected by about {{convert|1|km|chain|0|spell=on|abbr=off}} of track and three switches. The network has the highest usage in Moscow and no weak points based on turnover except to-depot lane (passengers serviced by bus) and tram ring at Dmitrovskaya (because now it is neither a normal transfer point nor a repair terminal). |
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In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the current problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion. |
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* The Apakov depot services the south-western part from the Varshavsky lane – Simferopolsky boulevard in the east to the Universitet station in the west and Boulevard lane at the center. This network is connected only by the four-way Dubininskaya and Kozhevnicheskaya streets. A second connection by Vostochnaya (Eastern) street was withdrawn in 1987 due to a fire at the Dinamo plant and has not been recovered, and remains lost (Avtozavodsky bridge) at 1992. The network may be serviced anyway by another depot (now route 35, 38). |
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* Main three depot networks with railway gate and tram-repair plant. |
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In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion. |
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===Taxi=== |
===Taxi=== |
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Commercial taxi services and [[route taxi]]s are in widespread use. In the mid-2010s, service platforms such as [[Yandex.Taxi]], [[Uber]] and [[Gett]] displaced many private drivers and small service providers and were in 2015 servicing more than 50% of all taxi orders in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://top.rbc.ru/money/20/07/2015/55ad01229a794778050020f6 |title=Гонки на такси: на чем быстрее и дешевле ездить |work=rbc.ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724134238/http://top.rbc.ru/money/20/07/2015/55ad01229a794778050020f6 |archive-date=24 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>[http://i.rbc.ru/publication/analytic/otsifrovannye_shashki_kak_tehnologii_perekroili Оцифрованные шашки: как технологии перекроили рынок такси / РБК Инновации<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805050244/http://i.rbc.ru/publication/analytic/otsifrovannye_shashki_kak_tehnologii_perekroili|date=5 August 2015 }}</ref> |
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In Russia and Moscow, the difference between hailing a cab and simply hitchhiking is blurred. It's an old Russian tradition for drivers to offer rides to strangers for a fee. Generally, wherever you are, at any time of day or night, you can get a 'cab' in a matter of minutes or seconds by holding out your hand. Commercial taxi services are also available. In addition, [[route taxi]]s are also in widespread use. |
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Russian tech firm Yandex is testing self-driving taxis in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/russian-tech-firm-yandex-test-self-driving-taxis-moscow-this-year-2021-09-08/ |title=Russian tech firm Yandex to test self-driving taxis in Moscow this year |newspaper=Reuters |date=8 September 2021 |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029110105/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/russian-tech-firm-yandex-test-self-driving-taxis-moscow-this-year-2021-09-08/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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===Railway=== |
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[[File:Komsomolskaya square as seen from Leningradskaya hotel in winter (2014) -Вид на Комсомольскую площадь из гостиницы Ленинградская - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Komsomolskaya Square (Moscow)|Komsomolskaya Square]] known as "Three Station Square" thanks to three ornate rail terminal situated there: [[Moscow Passazhirskaya railway station|Leningradsky]], [[Moscow Yaroslavskaya railway station|Yaroslavsky]], and [[Moscow Kazanskaya railway station|Kazansky]].]] Several train stations serve the city. Moscow's ten rail terminals (or {{transliteration|ru|vokzals}}) are: |
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*[[Belorussky Rail Terminal]] |
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*[[Kazansky Rail Terminal]] |
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*[[Kiyevsky Rail Terminal]] |
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*[[Kursky Rail Terminal]] |
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*[[Leningradsky Rail Terminal]] |
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*[[Paveletsky Rail Terminal]] |
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*[[Rizhsky Rail Terminal]] |
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*[[Savyolovsky Rail Terminal]] |
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*[[Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal]] |
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*[[Vostochny Railway Terminal (Moscow)|Vostochny railway Terminal]] |
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[[File:Bullet-Train.jpg|thumb|The high-speed [[Sapsan]] train links Moscow with [[Saint Petersburg]].]] |
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The terminals are located close to the city center, along with the metro ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metro line to the centre of town. Each station handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia.<ref name="mostimestrain">{{cite news |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/travel/arriving/bytrain.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708154220/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/travel/arriving/bytrain.html |archive-date=8 July 2006 |newspaper=The Moscow Times |title=Getting to Russia: Arriving by Train |access-date=3 July 2006 }}</ref> There are many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are cheap, they are the preferred mode of travel for Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is the western terminus of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], which traverses nearly {{convert|9300|km}} of Russian territory to [[Vladivostok]] on the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast. |
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Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter [[elektrichka]] (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to {{cvt|140|km|mi|0|disp=or}}) large railway stations. |
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During the 2010s, the [[Little Ring of the Moscow Railway]] was converted to be used for frequent passenger service; it is fully integrated with Moscow Metro; the passenger service started on 10 September 2016. A connecting railway line on the North side of the town connects Belorussky terminal with other railway lines. This is used by some suburban trains. |
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==== Moscow Central Circle ==== |
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[[File:MCC_12LUZH_7041_PLAT.jpg|thumb|left|"Lastochka" train on "[[Luzhniki (Moscow Central Circle)|Luzhniki]]" station (Line 14)]] |
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The [[Little Ring of the Moscow Railway|Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga]] formed a ring around the now-downtown Moscow since 1903, but only served as a non-electrified, fueled locomotive-only railway prior to reconstruction into MCC in 2010's. |
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The [[Moscow Central Circle]] is a {{convert|54|km|mi|adj = mid|-long}} [[Urban rail transit|urban-metro railway]] orbital line that encircles historical Moscow. It was built alongside [[Little Ring of the Moscow Railway]], taking some of its tracks into itself as well. M.C.C. was opened for passenger use on 10 September 2016. |
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The line is operated by the [[Moscow Government]] owned company MKZD through the [[Moscow Metro]], with the [[Government of Russia|Federal Government]] owned [[Russian Railways]] selected as the operation subcontractor. |
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==== Moscow Central Diameters ==== |
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[[File:EG2Tv arrives to Belorussky rail terminal (platform 4).jpg|thumb|left|An [[Ivolga (train)|EG2Tv]] train arriving at the [[Moscow Belorussky railway station]]]] |
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[[File:Moscow Central Diameters - passenger scheme1.jpg|thumb|Map of the [[Moscow Central Diameters]]]] |
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Another system, which forms "genuine ''S-Bahn''" as in "suburbia-city-suburbia"-designed railway, is the [[Moscow Central Diameters]], a pass-through railways system, created by constructing bypasses from "vokzals" final stations (e.g. by avoiding the central stations of already existing Moscow Railway, used for both intercity and urban-suburban travel before)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/news/moscow-central-diameters-opened-public/ |title=Moscow Central Diameters, Russia, opens to the public |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=24 December 2019 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224183501/https://www.railway-technology.com/news/moscow-central-diameters-opened-public/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and forming a train line across Moscow's centre. |
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Out of 5 projected lines, the first 2 lines were completed and launched on 2019-11-21. |
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===Roads=== |
===Roads=== |
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[[File:Площадь Тверская Застава (вид сверху).jpg|thumb|Intersection at [[Tverskaya Zastava Square]]]] |
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There are over 2.6 million cars in the city on a daily basis.<ref name="mosru-stats"/> Recent years have seen the growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems. |
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There are over 2.6 million cars in the city daily. Recent years have seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems. |
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The |
The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), along with the [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Transport Ring]] and the canceled Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. Several other roadway systems form [[concentric circles]] around the city. |
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===Air=== |
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==Future development== |
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There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow: [[Sheremetyevo International Airport|Sheremetyevo]] (SVO), [[Domodedovo International Airport|Domodedovo]] (DME), [[Vnukovo International Airport|Vnukovo]] (VKO), [[Zhukovsky International Airport|Zhukovsky]] (ZIA), [[Ostafyevo International Airport|Ostafyevo]] (OSF). |
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[[File:Moscow, City May 2010 03.JPG|thumb|left|upright|[[Moscow International Business Center]]]] |
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[[File:Airbus A319-112, CSA - Czech Airlines AN2166020.jpg|thumb|left|Sheremetyevo, the [[List of the busiest airports in Russia|busiest airport in Russia]], is ranked as the [[List of the busiest airports in Europe|eleventh-busiest airport]] in Europe.]] |
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[[File:Third Ring Road (Moscow).JPG|right|thumb|[[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring]] near [[Moscow International Business Center|MIBC]]]] |
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Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most globally connected of Moscow's airports, handling 60% of all international flights.<ref name="4airports">{{cite news |url=http://www.go-russia.com/angela.php |title=Moscow Airports |date=7 October 2007 |access-date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011092857/http://go-russia.com/angela.php |archive-date=11 October 2007 |publisher=Go-Russia }}</ref> It is also a home to all [[SkyTeam]] members, and the main hub for [[Aeroflot]] (itself a member of SkyTeam). Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo. It is a hub for [[S7 airlines]], and most of [[OneWorld]] and [[Star Alliance]] members use Domodedovo as their international hub. Vnukovo International Airport handles flights of [[Turkish Airlines]], [[Wizz Air Abu Dhabi]] and others. Ostafyevo International Airport caters primarily to business aviation. |
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[[File:Транспортная развязка в районе Кутузовского проспекта и ТТК.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Traffic intersection across Kutuzovsky avenue and Third Ring Road]] |
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The "Moscow International Business Center" ([[Moscow-City]]) is a projected new part of central Moscow. Geographically situated in [[Presnensky District]], located at the [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring]], the Moscow City area is under intense development. |
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The goal of MIBC "Moscow City" is to create a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe,<ref>{{cite news|title=Москва-Сити начинается строительство Города столиц |url=http://lenta.ru/news/2005/12/23/city/|agency=Lenta.ru|language=Russian |work=|publisher=|date=December 23, 2005|accessdate=May 24, 2009}}</ref> that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. It will be a city within a city. The project was conceived by the Moscow government in 1992. |
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Moscow's airports vary in distances from the MKAD beltway: Domodedovo is the farthest at {{cvt|22|km|0}}; Vnukovo is {{cvt|11|km|0}}; Sheremetyevo is {{cvt|10|km|0}}; and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about {{convert|8|km|mi}} from MKAD.<ref name="4airports"/> |
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The construction of MIBC "Moscow-City" takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up to 1 square kilometer (247 acres). This area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes. |
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There are a number of smaller airports close to Moscow (19 in Moscow Oblast) such as [[Myachkovo Airport]], that are intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sostav.ru/news/2004/08/18/72/ |title=Аэропорт сменил хозяев. "Мячково" будет развивать компания "Финпромко" |website=sostav.ru |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922142137/https://www.sostav.ru/news/2004/08/18/72/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The [[Federation Tower]], now being built is to be completed in 2016, will become the tallest building in Europe when completed. Also to be included in the project are a [[water park]] and other recreational facilities; business and entertainment complexes, numerous prestigious office and residential buildings, the transport network and the [[City Hall and City Duma|new site of the Moscow government]]. The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has already been completed, two of which have already opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned. A rail shuttle service, directly connecting MIBC with the [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] is also planned. Major thoroughfares through Moscow-City are the [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring]] and [[Kutuzovsky Prospekt]]. Three [[Moscow Metro|metro]] stations were initially planned for the [[Filyovskaya Line]]. The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005, and was later renamed "[[Vystavochnaya]]" in 2009. The branch extended to the [[Mezhdunarodnaya (Moscow Metro)|Mezhdunarodnaya]] station in 2006, and all work on third station, Dorogomilovskaya (between [[Kiyevskaya (Filyovskaya)|Kiyevskaya]] and Delovoi Tsentr), has been postponed. It was recently announced that there are plans to extend the branch as far as the [[Savyolovskaya]] station, on the [[Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]]. |
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===Water=== |
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A Fourth Ring freeway (in addition to [[MKAD|Moscow Automobile Ring Road]], [[Garden Ring]] and the [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring]]) has been designed and is being built around Moscow. It is to be completed by 2012 and will have a total length of {{convert|61|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazeta.ru/auto/2006/02/27_a_551381.shtml |title=Вербепрне Йнкэжн Опнахбюер Днпнцс - Цюгерю.Ru |publisher=Gazeta.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prime-realty.ru/cmi/c5/5.146..htm |title=Четвертое транспортное кольцо Москвы |language=Russian|publisher=Prime-realty.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roads.ru/4tk/4tk_rbk.php |title=Plan of the Fourth Transport Road |publisher=Roads.ru |date=|accessdate=2010-12-22}}</ref> |
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Moscow has two passenger terminals, ([[South River Terminal]] and [[North River Terminal]]), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along the [[Moskva River|Moskva]] and [[Oka River|Oka]] rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The [[North River Terminal]], built in 1937, is the main hub for long-range river routes. There are three freight ports serving Moscow. |
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===Sharing system=== |
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A rail connection linking the international airports at [[Vnukovo Airport|Vnukovo]] and [[Sheremetyevo Airport|Sheremetyevo]] with downtown terminals is also planned. |
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{{See also|Carsharing in Moscow}} |
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[[File:Каршеринг в Москве (Яндекс.Драйв).jpg|thumb|{{As of|2020}}, Moscow has the [[Carsharing in Moscow|largest fleet of carsharing vehicles]] in the world, with more than 30,000 cars.<ref name="Carsharing">{{cite web |url=https://stroi.mos.ru/city_news/moskva-vyshla-v-mirovyie-lidiery-po-parku-karshieringha |title=Москва вышла в мировые лидеры по парку каршеринга |date=10 January 2020 |work=stroi.mos.ru |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017134213/https://stroi.mos.ru/city_news/moskva-vyshla-v-mirovyie-lidiery-po-parku-karshieringha |url-status=live }}</ref>]] |
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Moscow has different vehicle sharing options that are sponsored by the local government. There are several [[car sharing]] companies which are in charge of providing cars to the population. To drive the automobiles, the user has to book them through the app of the owning company. In 2018 the mayor [[Sergey Sobyanin]] said Moscow's car sharing system has become the biggest in Europe in terms of vehicle fleet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/03/09/moscows-car-sharing-market-becomes-biggest-in-europe-mayor-says-a60762 |title=Moscow's Car Sharing Market Becomes Biggest in Europe, Mayor Says |date=9 March 2018 |website=[[The Moscow Times]] |access-date=21 April 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421134424/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/03/09/moscows-car-sharing-market-becomes-biggest-in-europe-mayor-says-a60762 |url-status=live }}</ref> Every day about 25,000 people use this service. In the end of the same year Moscow carsharing became the second in the world in therms of fleet with 16.5K available vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-08/here-is-the-future-of-car-sharing-and-carmakers-should-be-terrified |title=Here Is the Future of Car Sharing, and Carmakers Should Be Terrified |date=8 February 2019 |website=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306234833/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-08/here-is-the-future-of-car-sharing-and-carmakers-should-be-terrified |url-status=live }}</ref> Another sharing system is [[bike sharing]] (''[[Velobike]]'') of a fleet formed by 3000 traditional and electrical bicycles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://velobike.ru/en/ |title=Велобайк |website=velobike.ru |access-date=20 May 2018 |archive-date=21 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521023351/https://velobike.ru/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Delisamokat'' is a new sharing service that provides electrical scooters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://delisamokat.ru/en/ |title=Delisamokat |website=delisamokat.ru |access-date=20 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521024358/https://delisamokat.ru/en |archive-date=21 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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===Future development=== |
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In March 2009 the Russian business newspaper "Kommersant"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kommersant.ru/ |title=Издательский дом "Коммерсантъ" |publisher=Kommersant.ru |date=|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=1087182 |title=Ъ-Санкт-Петербург – Девелопер на перепутье |publisher=Kommersant.ru |date=|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ольга Ъ-Сичкарь |url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=1129754 |title=Ъ – Mirax Group проявила дар убеждения |publisher=Kommersant.ru |date=|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc-rss.aspx?DocsID=1139873 |title=Ъ—ПИК построил меньше, а AFI Development получила убыток |publisher=Kommersant.ru |date=|accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> reported that because of the Worldwide Economic Crisis, which started in 2008 and spread globally, many of the construction projects in Moscow (especially in the "Moscow International Business Center") are frozen and may be cancelled altogether—like the ambitious "Russia Tower" in "Moscow-city". Many of yesterday's monstrous development groups are now in a near-bankrupt state like the Mirax-group or AFI Development. |
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[[File:Перспективное новое строительство в Москва-Сити (2020).jpg|thumb|left|The 2020 development concept of [[Moscow International Business Center]] and its adjacent territory implies the construction of even more skyscrapers during the period of 2020–2027.<ref>{{cite web |title=Собянин назвал сроки реализации проекта развития "Большого Сити" |url=https://rg.ru/2020/09/16/reg-cfo/sobianin-nazval-sroki-realizacii-proekta-razvitiia-bolshogo-siti.html |publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]] |author=Любовь Проценко, Сергей Михеев |date=16 September 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128062417/https://rg.ru/2020/09/16/reg-cfo/sobianin-nazval-sroki-realizacii-proekta-razvitiia-bolshogo-siti.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Собянин обещал достроить "Большой Сити" через семь лет |url=https://realty.rbc.ru/news/5f620ab99a794772c9fe4682 |publisher=[[Rbc.ru]] |author=Вера Лунькова |date=16 September 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129064309/https://realty.rbc.ru/news/5f620ab99a794772c9fe4682 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] |
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In 1992, the Moscow government began planning a projected new part of central Moscow, the [[Moscow International Business Center]], with the goal of creating a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe,<ref>{{cite news |date=23 December 2005 |script-title=ru:Москва-Сити начинается строительство Города столиц |language=ru |agency=Lenta.ru |url=http://lenta.ru/news/2005/12/23/city/ |access-date=24 May 2009 |archive-date=22 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622153322/http://www.lenta.ru/news/2005/12/23/city/ |url-status=live }}</ref> that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. Situated in [[Presnensky District]] and located at the Third Ring, the Moscow City area is under intense development. The construction of the MIBC takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up to {{convert|1|km2|acre|spell=in|abbr=off}}. The area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes. |
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{{Wide image|Moscow, Red October.jpg|1200px|<center>View from the former factory building of the "Red October"</center>}}</center> |
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The [[Federation Tower]], completed in 2016, is the [[List of tallest buildings in Europe|second-tallest building in Europe]]. It is planned to include a [[water park]] and other recreational facilities; business, office, entertainment, and residential buildings, a transport network and a [[City Hall and City Duma|new site for the Moscow government]]. The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has been completed, two of which have opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned. |
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* A rail shuttle service, directly connecting [[Moscow International Business Center|MIBC]] with the [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] is also planned. |
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Major thoroughfares through MIBC are the [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring]] and [[Kutuzovsky Prospekt]]. |
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Three metro stations were initially planned for the [[Filyovskaya Line]]. The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005 and was later renamed [[Vystavochnaya]] in 2009. The branch extended to the [[Mezhdunarodnaya (Moscow Metro)|Mezhdunarodnaya]] station in 2006, and all work on the third station, Dorogomilovskaya (between [[Kiyevskaya (Filyovskaya)|Kiyevskaya]] and Delovoi Tsentr), has been postponed. There are plans to extend the branch as far as the [[Savyolovskaya (Serpukhovsko–Timiryazevskaya line)|Savyolovskaya]] station, on the [[Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]]. |
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The cellphone service provider MTS announced on 5 March 2021, that they would begin the country's first pilot [[5G]] network in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/03/05/russias-mts-launches-pilot-5g-network-in-moscow-hotspots-a73164 |title=Russia's MTS Launches Pilot 5G Network in Moscow Hotspots |work=Moscow Times |date=5 March 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025010605/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/03/05/russias-mts-launches-pilot-5g-network-in-moscow-hotspots-a73164 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==Media== |
==Media== |
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{{See also|Media of Russia}} |
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Moscow is home to nearly all of Russia's nationwide [[television |
Moscow is home to nearly all of Russia's nationwide [[Television in Russia|television networks]], [[radio station]]s, newspapers, and magazines. |
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===Newspapers=== |
===Newspapers=== |
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{{Update section|date=February 2024}} |
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{{Further|List of Moscow newspapers}} |
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{{Further|List of newspapers in Russia}} |
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English-language media include ''[[The Moscow Times]]'' and ''[[Moscow News]]'', which are, respectively, the largest<ref>{{cite web |url=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20060706182233/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/doc/Adv.html |publisher=The Moscow Times |title=Advertising Information |accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref> and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of Russia. ''[[Kommersant]]'', ''[[Vedomosti]]'' and ''[[Novaya Gazeta]]'' are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. ''Kommersant'' and ''Vedomosti'' are among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language business newspapers. |
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English-language media include ''[[The Moscow Times]]'' and ''[[Moscow News]]'', which are, respectively, the largest<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/doc/Adv.html |newspaper=The Moscow Times |title=Advertising Information |access-date=6 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706182233/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/doc/Adv.html |archive-date=6 July 2006 }}</ref> and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of Russia. {{Lang|ru-latn|[[Kommersant]]}}, ''[[Vedomosti]]'' and ''[[Novaya Gazeta]]'' are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. {{Lang|ru-latn|Kommersant}} and ''Vedomosti'' are among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language business newspapers. |
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===TV and radio=== |
===TV and radio=== |
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{{See also|Television in Russia}} |
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Other notable media in Moscow include the ''[[Echo of Moscow]]'' (Эхо Москвы), the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and [[NTV (Russia)|NTV]], one of the first privately owned Russian television stations. |
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[[File: |
[[File:2019-07-28-3422-Moscow.jpg|thumb|The [[Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network|RTRN]] building]] |
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Other media in Moscow include the ''[[Echo of Moscow]]'', the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and [[NTV (Russia)|NTV]], one of the first privately owned Russian television stations. The total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near 50. |
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Moscow television networks (Russian-language): |
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'''Moscow television networks:''' |
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{{Expand list|date=July 2010}} |
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{{div col|colwidth=22em}} |
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{|cellpadding="10" |
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* [[Channel One (Russia)|Channel One]] |
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|- style="vertical-align:top;" |
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* [[Russia-1 (TV channel)|Russia-1]] |
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| |
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* [[ |
* [[Russia-2 (TV channel)|Russia-2]] |
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* [[7TV]] |
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* [[Channel One (Russia)]] |
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* [[CTC Media|DTV]] |
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* [[Domashny]] |
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* [[Doverie (TV channel)|Doverie]] |
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* [[Euronews]] |
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* [[MIRTV (TV channel)|MIR]] |
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* [[Moscow 24]] |
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* [[MTV Russia]] |
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* [[Muz-TV]] |
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* [[NTV (Russia)|NTV]] |
* [[NTV (Russia)|NTV]] |
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* [[ |
* [[TV Tsentr]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Petersburg – Channel 5|Channel 5]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Kultura (TV channel)|Rossiya Kultura]] |
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* [[Russia-24 (TV channel)|Russia-24]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Public Television of Russia]] |
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* [[REN TV]] |
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* [[Vesti (TV channel)|Russia 24 (former Vesti)]] |
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* [[Kultura (TV channel)|Russia Kultura]] |
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* [[RBC TV]] |
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* [[RTR Planeta]] |
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* [[Stolitsa (TV channel)|Stolitsa]] |
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* [[STS (TV channel)|STS]] |
* [[STS (TV channel)|STS]] |
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* [[TNT (Russia)|TNT]] |
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* [[ |
* [[TV-3 (Russia)|TV-3]] |
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* [[TV Centr]] |
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* [[TV-3 (Russia)|TV-3 Russia]] |
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* [[VKT (TV channel)|VKT]] |
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* [[VKT SEM'YA (TV channel)|VKT-2]] |
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* [[Zvezda (TV channel)|Zvezda]] |
* [[Zvezda (TV channel)|Zvezda]] |
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* [[Domashny]] |
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|} |
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* [[Carousel (TV channel)|Carousel]] |
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* [[Peretz (TV channel, Russia)|Peretz]] |
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* [[Euronews]] |
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* [[2×2 (TV channel)|2x2]] |
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* [[Pyatnica! (TV channel, Russia)|Pyatnica!]] |
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* [[Disney Channel (Russia)|Disney Channel]] |
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* [[RBC TV|RBC]] |
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* [[Moscow 24 (TV channel)|Moskva 24]] |
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* [[Dozhd]] |
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* [[RU.TV]] |
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* [[Petersburg – Channel 5]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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Moscow radio stations: |
'''Moscow radio stations:''' |
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{{div col|colwidth=22em}} |
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{|cellpadding="10" |
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* "Russian (Russkoye) Radio" |
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|- style="vertical-align:top;" |
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| |
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* "Russian(Russkoye) Radio" |
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* "[[Europa Plus]]" |
* "[[Europa Plus]]" |
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* "DFM" |
* "DFM" |
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Line 684: | Line 1,272: | ||
* "[[Radio Maximum]]" |
* "[[Radio Maximum]]" |
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* "Voice of Russia (in English)" |
* "Voice of Russia (in English)" |
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* "Radio Freedom(Svoboda)" |
* "Radio Freedom (Svoboda)" |
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* "Megapolis FM" |
* "Megapolis FM" |
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* "Radio Kultura(Culture)" |
* "Radio Kultura (Culture)" |
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* "Pioneer FM" |
* "Pioneer FM" |
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* "Zvezda" |
* "Zvezda" |
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Line 693: | Line 1,281: | ||
* "Monte Carlo" |
* "Monte Carlo" |
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* "Love Radio" |
* "Love Radio" |
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* "The Main" Главная |
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|| |
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* "Govorit Moskva" |
* "Govorit Moskva" |
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* "Radio Dacha" |
* "Radio Dacha" |
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Line 703: | Line 1,291: | ||
* "Keks FM" |
* "Keks FM" |
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* "Carnival" |
* "Carnival" |
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* "Dobrye Pesni(Good Songs)" |
* "Dobrye Pesni (Good Songs)" |
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* "Voyage FM" |
* "Voyage FM" |
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* "Kino FM" |
* "Kino FM" |
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* "Finam FM" |
* "Finam FM" |
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* "First Popular" |
* "First Popular" |
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* " |
* "Politseiskaya Volna (Police Wave)" |
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|| |
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* "Radio Sport" |
* "Radio Sport" |
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* "Radio |
* "[[Radio Rossii]]" |
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* "Radio Podmoskovye" |
* "Radio Podmoskovye" |
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* "Radiocompany Moscow" |
* "Radiocompany Moscow" |
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Line 718: | Line 1,305: | ||
* "Business FM" |
* "Business FM" |
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* "Autoradio" |
* "Autoradio" |
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* "Moya Semia(My Family)" |
* "Moya Semia (My Family)" |
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* "XFM" |
* "XFM" |
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* "Fresh Radio" |
* "Fresh Radio" |
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Line 725: | Line 1,312: | ||
* "[[M-Radio]]" |
* "[[M-Radio]]" |
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* "Orphey" |
* "Orphey" |
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|| |
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* "[[Echo of Moscow]]" |
* "[[Echo of Moscow]]" |
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* "Radio Jazz" |
* "Radio Jazz" |
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Line 739: | Line 1,325: | ||
* "Next FM" |
* "Next FM" |
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* "Hit FM" |
* "Hit FM" |
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* " |
* "Radio Record" |
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* "Capital FM Moscow" |
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|} |
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{{div col end}} |
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The total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near 50. |
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M |
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== |
==People== |
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{{ |
{{Main|List of people from Moscow}} |
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{{Further|Category:People from Moscow}} |
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> |
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Moscow is also home to many people who have become [[Celebrity|famous]] in various branches of culture, science, sports, etc. For many others not born in Moscow, the city is also a place for realizing their ideas, business ventures and political careers. Many current politicians in leading positions and key figures from the international political and economy scene have received an education in Moscow. |
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File: Portrait of Alexander Pushkin (Orest Kiprensky, 1827).PNG|[[Alexander Pushkin]], the founder of modern [[Russian literature]], was born in Moscow in 1799. |
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File:Vasily Perov - Портрет Ф.М.Достоевского - Google Art Project.jpg|[[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]] was born in Moscow in 1821. |
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File:Joseph Kreutzinger - Portrait of Count Alexander Suvorov - WGA12281.jpg|[[Alexander Suvorov]] was born in Moscow in 1730. |
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File:Peter de Grote.jpg|[[Peter the Great]] was born in Moscow in 1672. |
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</gallery> |
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==International relations== |
==International relations== |
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{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}} |
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}} |
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===Twin towns |
===Twin towns – sister cities=== |
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Moscow is [[Sister city|twinned]] with: |
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{{Refimprove section|date=April 2012}} |
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Moscow is [[town twinning|twinned]] with the following cities: |
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*[[Almaty]], Kazakhstan<ref name=kazakhstan>{{cite web |title=Есть ли побратимы у Актау и других городов Казахстана |url=https://tumba.kz/zhizn-regiona/11-zhizn-regiona/43012-Est_li_pobratimy_u_Aktau_i_drugih_gorodov_Kazahstan.html |website=tumba.kz |publisher=Tumba |language=ru |date=4 May 2019 |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=12 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212082104/https://tumba.kz/zhizn-regiona/11-zhizn-regiona/43012-Est_li_pobratimy_u_Aktau_i_drugih_gorodov_Kazahstan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*[[Ankara]], Turkey<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities of Ankara |url=https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara |website=ankara.bel.tr |publisher=Ankara |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428004055/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], China |
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* |
*[[Astana]], Kazakhstan<ref name=kazakhstan/> |
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*[[Baku]], Azerbaijan<ref>{{cite web |title=Bakının qardaşlaşdığı şəhərlər - SİYAHI |url=https://modern.az/az/news/96318 |website=modern.az |language=az |date=16 February 2016 |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205184915/https://modern.az/az/news/96318 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]], Turkey |
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*[[Bangkok]], Thailand<ref>{{cite web |title=Moscow |url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=32 |publisher=Bangkok Metropolitan Administration |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105040202/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=32 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands |
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*[[Beijing]], China<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities_2017/ |website=ebeijing.gov.cn |publisher=Beijing |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202081742/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities_2017/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan |
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*[[Bucharest]], Romania<ref>{{cite web |title=Cu cine este înfrăţit Bucureştiul? |url=https://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html |website=adevarul.ro |publisher=Adevărul |language=ro |date=21 February 2011 |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217103242/https://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cu-infratit-bucurestiult-1_50bdf86b7c42d5a663d0ec3e/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]], Serbia |
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*[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina<ref>{{cite web |title=Convenios Internacionales |url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |website=buenosaires.gob.ar |publisher=Buenos Aires |language=es |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803135328/https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany |
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*[[Cusco]], Peru<ref>{{cite web |title=Ciudades Hermanas de Cusco |url=https://www.aatccusco.com/ciudades_hermanas.php |website=aatccusco.com |publisher=Asociación de Agencias de Turismo del Cusco |language=es |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329013108/https://www.aatccusco.com/ciudades_hermanas.php |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]], Belarus |
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*[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates<ref>{{cite web |title=بحضور عمدة مدينة فرانكفورت إزاحة الستار عن النصب التذكاري |url=https://www.moccae.gov.ae/ar/media-center/news/9/3/2014/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.aspx |website=moccae.gov.ae |publisher=Ministry of Climate Change and Environment of United Arab Emirates |language=ar |date=9 March 2014 |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310201922/https://www.moccae.gov.ae/ar/media-center/news/9/3/2014/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Brussels]], Belgium |
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*[[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]], Azerbaijan<ref>{{cite web |title=Gədəbəy şəhəri ilə ABŞ-ın Oklahoma şatatının Stilluater (Stillwater) şəhəri arasında qardaşlaşma memorandumu imzalanıb |url=https://anews.az/az/gedebey-seheri-ile-amerika-birlesmis-statlarinin-oklahoma-seheri-arasinda-qardaslasma-memorandumu-imzalanib-fotolar/ |website=anews.az |publisher=Azerbaijan News |language=az |date=9 November 2019 |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627220320/https://anews.az/az/gedebey-seheri-ile-amerika-birlesmis-statlarinin-oklahoma-seheri-arasinda-qardaslasma-memorandumu-imzalanib-fotolar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Bucharest]], Romania |
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*[[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam<ref>{{cite web |title=Các địa phương kết nghĩa với TPHCM |url=http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554/ |website=mofahcm.gov.vn |publisher=Foreign affairs in Ho Chi Minh City |language=vi |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926182926/http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/hoptac_qt/nr041014110554 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|United States}} [[Chicago]], United States |
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*[[Jakarta]], Indonesia<ref>{{cite web |title=Djarot to visit Moscow to extend sister city agreement |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/08/02/djarot-to-visit-moscow-to-extend-sister-city-agreement.html |website=thejakartapost.com |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=2 August 2017 |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413062641/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/08/02/djarot-to-visit-moscow-to-extend-sister-city-agreement.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Donetsk]], Ukraine |
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*[[Ljubljana]], Slovenia<ref>{{cite web |title=Intercity cooperation |url=https://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/international-cooperation/intercity-cooperation/ |website=ljubljana.si |publisher=Mestna občina Ljubljana |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030135926/https://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/international-cooperation/intercity-cooperation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgaria |
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*[[London]], United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |title=Indulge Your Wanderlust With A Trip To London's Twin Cities |url=https://secretldn.com/londons-twin-cities/ |website=secretldn.com |publisher=Secret London |date=8 October 2017 |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803095547/https://secretldn.com/londons-twin-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Düsseldorf]], Germany<ref name="Düsseldorf">{{cite web |url=http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html |title=Twin Towns |publisher=www.amazingdusseldorf.com |accessdate=2009-10-29}}</ref> |
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*[[Manila]], Philippines<ref>{{cite web |title=Manila, Bacoor sign sister city accord |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/08/16/manila-bacoor-sign-sister-city-accord/ |website=news.mb.com.ph |publisher=Manila Bulletin |date=16 August 2017 |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218155037/https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/08/16/manila-bacoor-sign-sister-city-accord/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]], Azerbaijan |
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*[[New Delhi]], India<ref>{{cite web |title=Twin-cities celebrate India-Russia connect |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/01/26/twin-cities_celebrate_india-russia_connect_14631 |website=rbth.com |publisher=Russia Beyond |date=26 January 2012 |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218155034/https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/01/26/twin-cities_celebrate_india-russia_connect_14631 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Ingolstadt]], Germany |
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*[[Pyongyang]], North Korea<ref>{{cite book |last=Corfield |first=Justin |title=Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196 |year=2013 |publisher=Anthem Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-85728-234-7 |page=196 |chapter=Sister Cities |access-date=14 September 2018 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218091156/https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*[[Rasht]], Iran<ref>{{cite web |title=About city |url=http://www.gums.ac.ir/velayat/5555/About-City.aspx |website=gums.ac.ir |publisher=Guilan University of Medical Sciences |access-date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807025249/http://www.gums.ac.ir/velayat/5555/About-City.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia |
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*[[Reykjavík]], Iceland<ref>{{cite web |title=Minnisblað |url=https://reykjavik.is/sites/default/files/skjol_borgarstjornarfundur/180914_minnisblad_reykjavikurborg_endurskodun_stefnu_i_erlendum_samskiptum.pdf |website=reykjavik.is |publisher=Reykjavík |page=3 |language=is |date=14 September 2018 |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611095517/https://reykjavik.is/sites/default/files/skjol_borgarstjornarfundur/180914_minnisblad_reykjavikurborg_endurskodun_stefnu_i_erlendum_samskiptum.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Jelgava]], Latvia |
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*[[Riga]], Latvia<ref>{{cite web |title=Riga Twin Cities |url=https://www.riga.lv/en/riga-twin-cities |website=riga.lv |publisher=Riga |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512070258/https://www.riga.lv/en/riga-twin-cities |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kharkov]], Ukraine |
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*[[Seoul]], South Korea<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister and Friendship Cities |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/policy/international-exchange/sister-cities/ |website=seoul.go.kr |publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504045307/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Kolomna]], Russia |
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*[[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan<ref>{{cite web |title=Ну, здравствуй, брат! Города-побратимы Ташкента |url=http://vot.uz/article/2015/11/10/neobratimi%D0%B5-pobratimi |website=vot.uz |publisher=The Voice of Tashkent |language=ru |date=10 November 2015 |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203081144/http://vot.uz/article/2015/11/10/neobratimi%D0%B5-pobratimi |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Kraków]], Poland |
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*[[Tehran]], Iran<ref>{{cite web |title=گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا |url=https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7 |website=isna.ir |publisher=Iranian Students' News Agency |language=fa |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528203620/https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|France}} [[Limoges]], France |
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*[[Tokyo]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities(States) of Tokyo |url=https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm |website=metro.tokyo.lg.jp |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925190844/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Ljubljana]], Slovenia |
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*[[Ulaanbaatar]], Mongolia<ref>{{cite web |title=Улаанбаатар хоттой ах, дүү хотууд |url=https://about.barilga.mn/n/946/ |website=barilga.mn |publisher=Barilga |language=mn |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132843/https://about.barilga.mn/n/946/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[London]], United Kingdom |
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*{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], Spain |
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*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Manila]], Philippines<ref name="Manila.Gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.manila.gov.ph/localgovt.htm#sistercities|title=Sister Cities of Manila|publisher=2008–2009 [http://www.manila.gov.ph/ City Government of Manila]|accessdate=2009-07-02}}</ref> |
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===Cooperation agreements=== |
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*{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Naryan-Mar]], Russia |
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Moscow has cooperation agreements with: |
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*{{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Nicosia]], Cyprus |
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*{{flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], France |
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* [[Bangkok]], Thailand (1997)<ref>{{cite web |title=Protocol of friendly ties between the cities of Bangkok and Moscow |date=19 June 1997 |url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Moscow.pdf |author1=Bangkok Metropolitan Administration |author2=City of Moscow |access-date=3 August 2016 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805065125/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Moscow.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Slavonski Brod]], Croatia |
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* [[Lisbon]], Portugal (1997)<ref>{{cite web |title=Acordos de Cooperação e/ou Amizade |url=https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos/acordos-de-cooperacao-e/ou-amizade |website=lisboa.pt |publisher=Lisboa |language=pt |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203073440/https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos/acordos-de-cooperacao-e/ou-amizade |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Banja Luka]], Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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* [[Madrid]], Spain (2006)<ref>{{cite web |title=Agreements with cities |url=https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |website=madrid.es |publisher=Madrid |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic<ref name="Prague Partner Cities">{{cite web|url=http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/72647_Partnerska-mesta|title=Prague Partner Cities|publisher=2009 [http://magistrat.praha-mesto.cz/ Magistrát hl. m. Prahy] |language=Czech|accessdate=2009-07-02}}</ref> |
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* [[Tel Aviv]], Israel (2001)<ref>{{cite web |title=ערים שותפות |url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx |website=tel-aviv.gov.il |publisher=Tel Aviv |language=he |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171118182155/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/About/Pages/Partnerships.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* [[Tunis]], Tunisia (1998)<ref>{{cite web |title=Coopération internationale |url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=771 |website=commune-tunis.gov.tn |publisher=Tunis |language=fr |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140222092512/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=771 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Rasht]], Iran |
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* [[Yerevan]], Armenia (1995)<ref>{{cite web |title=Partner cities |url=https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/ |website=yerevan.am |publisher=Yerevan |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220142/http://www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Reykjavík]], Iceland<ref>[http://www.diplomatrus.com/article.php?id=1071&PHPSESSID=1d432b8ba8416b3494009601b57893a2&l=eng Moscow and Rejkjavik sister cities. ]{{dead link|date=February 2012}}. Retrieved on 2008-03-11</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Riga]], Latvia |
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*{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Sao Paulo]], Brazil |
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===Former twin towns and sister cities=== |
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*{{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], Estonia |
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* [[Berlin]], Germany (suspended due to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]])<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-07-10 |title=Berliner Städtepartnerschaft mit Moskau liegt auf Eis |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/news/ukraine-krieg-berliner-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau-liegt-auf-eis-li.367861 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Berliner Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel |
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* [[Brno]], Czech Republic (terminated due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.praguemorning.cz/brno-ends-partnerships-with-russian-cities/ |title=Brno Ends Partnerships With Russian Cities |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306130201/https://www.praguemorning.cz/brno-ends-partnerships-with-russian-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], Iran |
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* [[Chicago]], United States (suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://justthenews.com/world/chicago-severs-ties-sister-city-moscow#:~:text=The%20city%20of%20Chicago%20is%20suspending%20its%20relationship,to%20demonstrate%20a%20strong%20condemnation%20of%20the%20invasion. |title=Chicago cut ties with 'sister city' Moscow, among latest to disassociate with Russia's aggression |website=justthenews.com |author=Sophie Mann |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=10 May 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510181618/https://justthenews.com/world/chicago-severs-ties-sister-city-moscow#:~:text=The%20city%20of%20Chicago%20is%20suspending%20its%20relationship,to%20demonstrate%20a%20strong%20condemnation%20of%20the%20invasion. |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Tirana]], Albania<ref name="International relations">{{cite web |url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf |title=Twinning Cities: International Relations |accessdate=2009-06-23 |work=Municipality of Tirana |publisher=www.tirana.gov.al|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.</ref> |
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* [[Düsseldorf]], Germany (suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)<ref>{{cite web |title=Düsseldorf legt Städtepartnerschaft mit Moskau auf Eis |url=https://www.rtl.de/cms/duesseldorf-legt-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau-auf-eis-4925998.html |language=de |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227224017/https://www.rtl.de/cms/duesseldorf-legt-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau-auf-eis-4925998.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Weltweite Kontakte: Türöffner für Bürger, Wirtschaft und Kultur |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/partnerschaften.html |website=duesseldorf.de |publisher=Düsseldorf |language=de |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144546/https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/partnerschaften.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], Japan |
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*[[Kharkiv]], Ukraine<ref>{{cite web |title=Російські міста — більше не побратими Харкову — міський голова |url=https://suspilne.media/233295-rosijski-mista-bilse-ne-pobratimi-harkovu-miskij-golova/ |website=suspilne.media |language=uk |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008193659/https://suspilne.media/233295-rosijski-mista-bilse-ne-pobratimi-harkovu-miskij-golova/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunis]], Tunisia<ref name="Tunis">{{cite web|url=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20080508191341/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm|title=Cooperation Internationale|publisher=© 2003–2009 City of Tunis Portal|language=French|accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref> |
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*[[Kyiv]], Ukraine<ref>{{cite web |title=Kyiv and Moscow - no longer twin cities |url=https://old.qha.com.ua/en/society/kyiv-and-moscow-no-longer-twin-cities/137143/ |website=QHA |access-date=22 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222191019/https://old.qha.com.ua/en/society/kyiv-and-moscow-no-longer-twin-cities/137143/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Ulan Bator]], Mongolia |
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*[[Prague]], Czech Republic (suspended since 2014 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerská města HMP |url=http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html |website=zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu |publisher=Prague |language=cs |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=25 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625205859/http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.praha.eu/jnp/cz/o_meste/zivot_v_praze/praha_pozastavila_partnerstvi_s_moskvou$5465-export.html |title=Praha pozastavila partnerství s Moskvou. Kvůli Ukrajině (Portál hlavního města Prahy) |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829122355/https://www.praha.eu/jnp/cz/o_meste/zivot_v_praze/praha_pozastavila_partnerstvi_s_moskvou$5465-export.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/domaci-prazsky-magistrat-posle-ukrajine-deset-milionu-hrib-chce-konec-partnerstvi-s-moskvou-40388211 |title=Pražský magistrát pošle Ukrajině deset milionů. Hřib chce konec partnerství s Moskvou - Novinky |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=29 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829122354/https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/domaci-prazsky-magistrat-posle-ukrajine-deset-milionu-hrib-chce-konec-partnerstvi-s-moskvou-40388211 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|France}} [[Valenciennes]], France |
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*[[Tallinn]], Estonia<ref>{{cite web |title=Moskva |url=https://www.tallinn.ee/et/valissuhted/moskva |website=tallinn.ee |publisher=Tallinn |language=et |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803065014/https://www.tallinn.ee/et/valissuhted/moskva |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Vienna]], Austria |
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*[[Vilnius]], Lithuania<ref>{{cite web |title=Miestai partneriai |url=http://www.ivilnius.lt/pazink/apie-vilniu/miestai-partneriai |website=ivilnius.lt |publisher=Vilnius |language=lt |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927093052/http://www.ivilnius.lt/pazink/apie-vilniu/miestai-partneriai |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], Poland<ref name="Warsaw">{{cite web |author=|url=http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011111033/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11 |archivedate=2007-10-11 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |pages=|page=|date=2005-05-04 |accessdate=2008-08-29}}</ref> |
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* [[Warsaw]], Poland (terminated due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996 |language=pl |title=Rada Warszawy: najważniejszym zadaniem jest stworzyć uchodźcom drugi dom |date=3 March 2022 |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511060219/https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia |
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|} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Moscow|Russia}} |
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{{div col|colwidth=20em}} |
{{div col|colwidth=20em}} |
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* [[1904 Moscow tornado]] |
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* [[List of churches in Moscow]] |
* [[List of churches in Moscow]] |
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* [[List of cities proper by population]] |
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* [[List of heads of Moscow government]] |
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* [[List of Moscow tourist attractions]] |
* [[List of Moscow tourist attractions]] |
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* [[List of museums in Moscow]] |
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* [[Moscow metropolitan area]] |
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* [[List of shopping malls in Moscow]] |
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* [[Mayor of Moscow]] |
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* [[Moscow Millionaire Fair]] |
* [[Moscow Millionaire Fair]] |
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* [[Pokrovsky Hills]] |
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{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
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== |
== Notes == |
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{{notelist}} |
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===Bibliography=== |
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* Caroline Brooke. ''Moscow: A Cultural History''. 2006 ([[Oxford University Press]]) |
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* William Craft Brumfield. ''A History of Russian Architecture'' ([[University of Washington Press|Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 2004]]) ISBN 978-0-295-98394-3 |
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* Karel Neubert. "Portrait of Moscow". 1964 |
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* Albert J. Schmidt. ''The Architecture and Planning of Classical Moscow: A Cultural History''. 1989 |
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* Kathleen Berton. ''Moscow: An Architectural History''. St. Martin's, 1991 |
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* Marcel Girard. "Splendours of Moscow and Its Surroundings", trans. from French. 1967 |
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* John Bushnell. "Moscow Graffiti: Language and Subculture". Unwin Hyman, 1990 |
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* S.S. Hromov et al. (eds.). "History of Moscow: An Outline", trans. from Russian. 1981 |
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* Galina Dutkina. "Moscow Days: Life and Hard Times in the New Russia". Trans. Catherine Fitzpatrick. Kodansha America, 1995. |
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* "Mosca 1990–1993" by [[Giuseppe D'Amato]] in ''Il Diario del Cambiamento''. Urss 1990 – Russia 1993. Greco&Greco editori, Milano, 1998. ISBN 88-7980-187-2 (The Diary of the Change. USSR 1990 – Russia 1993) Book in Italian. |
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== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Sister project links|Moscow}} |
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* {{Commons category-inline}} |
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* [http://www.moscow.ru/ Moscow.ru – Official Moscow Site] {{Ru icon}}, {{En icon}}, {{Es icon}}, {{de icon}}, {{fr icon}}, {{zh icon}} |
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* {{official website|https://www.mos.ru/en/}} |
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* [https://strelkamag.com/ru/article/moscow-housing-map Interactive map of housing in Moscow from 1785–2018]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623093543/https://strelkamag.com/ru/article/moscow-housing-map |date=23 June 2020 }}. |
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* {{Wikitravel}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170722083414/http://en.travel2moscow.com/ Travel2moscow.com – Official Moscow Guide] |
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*{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Russia/Administrative_Regions/Moscow}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120505061015/http://mos.ru/en/index.php Official Moscow Administration Site] |
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*[http://xn--80adxhks.xn--h1akdx.xn--80aswg/ Informational website of Moscow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527141051/http://www.xn--80adxhks.xn--h1akdx.xn--80aswg/ |date=27 May 2020 }} {{in lang|ru}} |
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|title=Articles related to Moscow |
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*[http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/moscow/moscow.html Old maps of Moscow]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116220851/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/moscow/moscow.html |date=16 January 2021 }}. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The [[National Library of Israel]]. In [http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html Historic Cities Research Project]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html |date=25 March 2022 }}. |
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|list= |
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{{List of European capitals by region}} |
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{{Subdivisions of Russia}} |
{{Subdivisions of Russia}} |
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{{List of European capitals by region}} |
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{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} |
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{{Golden Ring}} |
{{Golden Ring}} |
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{{Capitals of Russia}} |
{{Capitals of Russia}} |
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{{World's most populated metropolitan areas}} |
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Latest revision as of 06:00, 24 December 2024
Moscow
Москва | |
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Red Square with the Spasskaya Tower (left), Saint Basil's Cathedral (right) and Ostankino Tower (background) View along the Moskva River with the Kremlin (right) and the Moscow International Business Center (left) | |
Anthem: "My Moscow" | |
Coordinates: 55°45′2″N 37°37′3″E / 55.75056°N 37.61750°E | |
Country | Russia |
Federal district | Central |
Economic region | Central |
First mentioned | 1147[1] |
Government | |
• Body | City Duma[2] |
• Mayor[3] | Sergey Sobyanin[3] |
Area | |
• Total | 2,561.5[4] km2 (989.0 sq mi) |
• Urban | 6,154 km2 (2,376 sq mi) |
• Metro | 48,360 km2 (18,670 sq mi) |
Elevation | 156 m (512 ft) |
Population | |
• Total | 13,010,112 |
• Rank | 1st |
• Density | 5,080/km2 (13,200/sq mi) |
• Urban | 19,100,000 |
• Urban density | 2,762/km2 (7,150/sq mi) |
• Metro | 21,534,777[5] |
• Metro density | 450/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
Demonym | Muscovite |
GDP | |
• Total | ₽28.51 trillion (US$387.06 billion) (2022) |
• Per capita | ₽2.18 million (US$29,638.33) (2022) |
Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK[10]) |
ISO 3166 code | RU-MOW |
Vehicle registration | 77, 177, 777; 97, 197, 797; 99, 199, 799, 977[11] |
OKTMO ID | 45000000 |
Website | mos.ru |
Moscow[a] is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at over 13 million residents within the city limits,[6] over 19.1 million residents in the urban area,[7] and over 21.5 million residents in its metropolitan area.[14] The city covers an area of 2,511 square kilometers (970 sq mi), while the urban area covers 5,891 square kilometers (2,275 sq mi),[7] and the metropolitan area covers over 26,000 square kilometers (10,000 sq mi).[14] Moscow is among the world's largest cities, being the most populous city in its entirety in Europe, the largest urban and metropolitan area in Europe,[7][14] and the largest city by land area on the European continent.[15]
First documented in 1147, Moscow grew to serve as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. When the Tsardom of Russia was proclaimed, Moscow remained the political and economic center for most of its history. Under the reign of Peter the Great, the Russian capital was moved to the newly founded city of Saint Petersburg in 1712, decreasing Moscow's influence. Following the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Russian SFSR, the capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918, where it later became the political center of the Soviet Union.[16] In the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Moscow remained the capital city of the newly established Russian Federation.
The northernmost and coldest megacity in the world, Moscow is governed as a federal city,[17] where it serves as the political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe. As a global city,[18] Moscow has one of the world's largest urban economies.[19] The city is one of the fastest-growing tourist destinations[20] and is one of Europe's most visited cities. Moscow has the second-highest number of billionaires of any city (tied with Hong Kong).[21] The Moscow International Business Center is one of the largest financial centers in the world and features the majority of Europe's tallest skyscrapers. Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics and one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.[22]
The city contains several UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is known for its display of Russian architecture, particularly in areas such as the Red Square and buildings such as the Saint Basil's Cathedral and the Moscow Kremlin, the latter of which is the seat of power of the Government of Russia. Moscow is home to Russian companies in different industries and is served by a comprehensive transit network, which includes four international airports, ten railway terminals, a tram system, a monorail system, and the Moscow Metro, which is the busiest metro system in Europe and one of the largest rapid transit systems in the world. The city has over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, making it one of the greenest cities in the world.[15][23]
Etymology
The city's name is thought to be derived from the Moskva River.[24][25] Theories of the origin of the name of the river have been proposed.
The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root *mŭzg-/muzg- from the Proto-Indo-European *meu- "wet",[25][26][27] so the name Moskva might signify a river at a wetland or marsh.[24] Its cognates include Russian: музга, muzga "pool, puddle", Lithuanian: mazgoti and Latvian: mazgāt "to wash", Sanskrit: májjati "to drown", Latin: mergō "to dip, immerse".[24][26] In many Slavic countries Moskov is a surname, most common in Russia, Bulgaria, Ukraine and North Macedonia.[28] Additionally, there are similarly named places in Poland like Mozgawa.[24][25][26] According to a Finno-Ugric hypothesis, the Merya and Muroma people, who were among the pre-Slavic tribes which inhabited the area, called the river Mustajoki "Black river", and the name of the river derives from this term.[29] Other theories, having little or no scientific basis, are rejected by linguists.[24][25]
The original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky,[24][25] hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. As with other nouns of that declension, it had been undergoing a morphological transformation at the early stage of the development of the language, as a result, the first written references in the 12th century were Московь, Moskovĭ (accusative case), Москви, Moskvi (locative case), Москвe/Москвѣ, Moskve/Moskvě (genitive case).[24][25] From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, which is a result of morphological generalization with the numerous Slavic ā-stem nouns. The form Moskovĭ has left traces in other languages, including English: Moscow; German: Moskau;[30] French: Moscou;[31] Portuguese: Moscou, Moscovo;[32] and Spanish: Moscú.[33]
Moscow has acquired epithets, such as The Third Rome.[34] Moscow is one of twelve Hero Cities.[35] The demonym for a Moscow resident is rendered as Muscovite in English.
History
Prehistory
The site of modern-day Moscow has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Among the earliest finds are relics of the Lyalovo culture, which experts assign to the Neolithic period.[36] They confirm that the first inhabitants of the area were hunters and gatherers. Around 950 AD, two Slavic tribes, Vyatichi and Krivichi, settled here. The Vyatichi may have formed the majority of Moscow's indigenous population.[37]
Early history (1147–1284)
The first known reference to Moscow was in 1147, as a meeting place of Yuri Dolgorukiy and Sviatoslav Olgovich. At the time it was a minor town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.[38] In 1156, Dolgorukiy fortified the town by creating a wooden wall; this structure became the Kremlin.[39] In the course of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus', the Mongols under Batu Khan burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants.[citation needed]
The timber fort na Moskvě "on the Moscow River" was inherited by Daniel, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, in the 1260s. Daniel was still a child at the time, and the large fort was governed by tiuns (deputies), appointed by Daniel's paternal uncle, Yaroslav of Tver.[citation needed] Daniel came of age in the 1270s and became involved in the power struggles of the principality with lasting success, siding with his brother Dmitry in his bid for the rule of Novgorod. From 1283 he acted as the ruler of an independent principality alongside Dmitry, who became Grand Duke of Vladimir. Daniel has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, dedicated to the Lord's Epiphany and to Saint Daniel.[40]
Grand Duchy (1283–1547)
The Kremlin in the late 16th century | The 1382 siege of Moscow | Red Square |
Daniel ruled Moscow as Grand Duke until 1303 and established it as a prosperous city that would eclipse its parent principality of Vladimir by the 1320s. On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of eight kilometres (5 mi) from the Kremlin, by 1282 Daniel founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite, which is now the Danilov Monastery. Daniel died in 1303, aged 42. Before his death, he became a monk and, according to his will, was buried in the cemetery of the St. Daniel Monastery.
Moscow was stable and prosperous for many years and attracted refugees from across Russia. The Rurikids maintained large landholdings by practicing primogeniture, whereby all land was passed to the eldest sons. By 1304, Yury of Moscow contested with Mikhail of Tver for the throne of the principality of Vladimir. Ivan I eventually defeated Tver to become the sole collector of taxes for the Mongol rulers, making Moscow the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal. By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the Khan.
While the Khan of the Golden Horde initially attempted to limit Moscow's influence, when the growth of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania began to threaten all of Russia, the Khan strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, allowing it to become one of the most powerful cities in Russia. In 1380, prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the Battle of Kulikovo. Afterward, Moscow took the leading role in liberating Russia from Mongol domination. In 1480, Ivan III had finally broken the Russians free from Tatar control, and Moscow became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of Russia and Siberia, and parts of many other lands.
In 1462 Ivan III became Grand Prince of Moscow (then part of the medieval Muscovy state). He began fighting the Tatars, enlarged the territory of Muscovy, and enriched his capital city. By 1500 it had a population of 100,000 and was one of the largest cities in the world. He conquered the far larger principality of Novgorod to the north, which had been allied to the hostile Lithuanians. Thus he enlarged the territory sevenfold, from 430,000 to 2,800,000 square kilometres (170,000 to 1,080,000 square miles). He took control of the ancient "Novgorod Chronicle" and made it a propaganda vehicle for his regime.[41][42]
The original Moscow Kremlin was built in the 14th century. It was reconstructed by Ivan, who in the 1480s invited architects from Renaissance Italy, such as Petrus Antonius Solarius, who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and Marco Ruffo who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The Kremlin's Great Bell Tower was built in 1505–08 and augmented to its present height in 1600. A trading settlement, or posad, grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the area known as Zaradye. In the time of Ivan III, the Red Square, originally named the Hollow Field appeared.
In 1508–1516, the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (Novy) arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect the Moskva and Neglinnaya and be filled with water from Neglinnaya. Known as the Alevizov moat and with a length of 541 metres (1,775 feet), width of 36 metres (118 feet), and depth of 9.5 to 13 metres (31–43 feet) was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, four-metre-thick (13-foot) cogged-brick walls.
Tsardom (1547–1721)
In the 16th and 17th centuries, three circular defenses were built: Kitay-gorod, the White City and the Earthen City. However, in 1547, fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the Crimean Tatars captured Moscow, burning everything except the Kremlin.[43] The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived.
The Crimean Tatars attacked again in 1591, but were held back by new walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named Fyodor Kon. In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the Novodevichy Convent and Donskoy, Danilov, Simonov, Novospasskiy, and Andronikov monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as Bielokamennaya, the "White-Walled". The city's limits as marked by the ramparts, are now marked by the Garden Ring. Three square gates existed on the east side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (after the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.[citation needed]
The Russian famine of 1601–03 killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. Between 1610 and 1612, troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied Moscow, as its ruler Sigismund III tried to take the Russian throne. In 1612, Nizhny Novgorod and other Russian cities led by prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin rose against the Polish occupants, besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them. In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Michael Romanov tsar, establishing the Romanov dynasty. The 17th century saw several risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow Uprising of 1682.
During the first half of the 17th century, the population doubled from 100,000 to 200,000, and it expanded beyond its ramparts in the latter part of the century. In the middle of the 17th century, 20% of Moscow suburb's inhabitants were from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, being driven from their homeland by Muscovite invaders.[44] By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by Ukrainians and Belarusians abducted from their hometowns in the course of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667). These new outskirts became known as the Meshchanskaya sloboda, after Ruthenian meshchane "town people". The term meshchane acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine".[45] The entire city of the late 17th century are contained within what is today Moscow's Central Administrative Okrug.
Numerous disasters befell the city. The plague epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656.[46] The plague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648.[47] In 1712 Peter the Great moved his government to the newly built Saint Petersburg on the Baltic coast.
Empire (1721–1917)
After losing the status as capital, the population at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915. The 1770–1772 Russian plague killed up to 100,000 people in Moscow.[48] By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In 1730, permanent street lights were introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade 40 kilometres (25 mi) long, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by several streets called val ("ramparts"). In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The Tsar Cannon was located on the platform of the Lobnoye mesto. The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the M10 highway, was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old Tver road, which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as Peterburskoye Schosse after it was paved in the 1780s. Petrovsky Palace was built in 1776–1780 by Matvey Kazakov. Between 1781 and 1804 the Mytischinskiy water pipe (the first in Russia) was built.
When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. The Moscow fire was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon's Grande Armée was forced to retreat and nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter. In 1813, following the destruction during the French occupation, a Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the centre. Among many buildings constructed, or reconstructed, was the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin Armoury, the Moscow University, the Moscow Manege (Riding School), and the Bolshoi Theatre. The Arbat Street had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century. Moscow State University was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by Domenico Giliardi. The Moskovskiye Vedomosti newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper.
In the 1830s, general Alexander Bashilov planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. Khodynka field south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of Belorussky Rail Terminal) was inaugurated in 1870. Sokolniki Park, in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburban Savyolovsky Rail Terminal was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or Mayor, was officially introduced, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first official mayor.
When Catherine II came to power in 1762, the city's filth and the smell of sewage were depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly lifestyles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improved sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less discussion about the poor conditions of public health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put it back on the agenda.[49] In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya water supply was completed.
Soviet period (1917–1991)
In November 1917, upon learning of the uprising in Petrograd, Moscow's Bolsheviks began their uprising. On 2 November (15), 1917, after heavy fighting, Soviet power was established in Moscow.[50] Vladimir Lenin, fearing invasion, moved the capital back to Moscow on 12 March 1918.[51] The Kremlin once again became the seat of power, political centre of the new state.
With the change in values imposed by communist ideology, the tradition of preserving cultural heritage was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks, were disbanded by the end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with the collectivization of peasants; the destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932. In 1937 letters were written to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to rename Moscow to "Stalindar" or "Stalinodar".[52] Stalin rejected this suggestion.[53]
During World War II, the Soviet State Committee of Defence and the General Staff of the Red Army were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions, and 4 engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. Between October 1941 and January 1942, the German Army Group Centre was stopped at the outskirts of the city, then driven off in the Battle of Moscow. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from 20 October the city was declared to be in a siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. On 1 May 1944, a medal "For the defence of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" was instituted. German and Soviet casualties during the battle have been debated, as sources provide different estimates. Total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the Wehrmacht and 650,000-1,280,000 for the Red Army.[54][55][56]
External videos | |
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Stalin's Moscow in 1953 |
During the postwar years, there was a housing crisis, solved by the invention of high-rise apartments. There are over 11,000 of these standardised and prefabricated apartment blocks, housing most of Moscow's population, making it by far the city with the most high-rise buildings.[57] Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory, before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film Irony of Fate parodies this construction method. The city of Zelenograd was built in 1958 at 37 kilometres (23 miles) from the city centre to the north-west, along with the Leningradskoye Shosse, and incorporated as one of Moscow's administrative okrugs. Moscow State University moved to its campus on Sparrow Hills in 1953.
In 1959 Nikita Khrushchev launched his anti-religious campaign. Of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished. On 8 May 1965, due to the actual 20th anniversary of the victory in World War II, Moscow was awarded a title of the Hero City.
The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running 109 kilometres (68 miles) along the city borders. The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city until the 1980s, when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road were incorporated. In 1980, Moscow hosted the Summer Olympic Games, which were boycotted by the US and other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a coup attempt by conservative communists opposed to the liberal reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev.
1991–present
When the USSR was dissolved in 1991, Moscow remained the capital of the Russian Federation. Since then, a market economy has emerged, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles. The city continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then, however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995–97 the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes.
In December 2002 Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. The Third Ring Road, intermediate between the early 19th-century Garden Ring and the Soviet-era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at the fringe. Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles there is heavy traffic congestion.[58] Multiple old churches and other examples of architectural heritage that had been demolished during the Stalin era have been restored, such as the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. In 2010s Moscow's Administration has launched some long duration projects like the Moja Ulitsa (in English: My Street) urban redevelopment program[59] or the Residency renovation one.[60]
By its territorial expansion on 1 July 2012, southwest into the Moscow Oblast the area of the capital more than doubled, going from 1,091 to 2,511 square kilometers (421 to 970 sq mi), resulting in Moscow becoming the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained an additional population of 233,000 people.[61][62] The annexed territory was officially named Новая Москва (New Moscow).
Geography
Location
Moscow is situated on the banks of the Moskva River, which flows for just over 500 km (311 mi) through the East European Plain in central Russia, not far from the natural border of the forest and forest-steppe zone. 49 bridges span the river and its canals within the city's limits. The elevation of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), where the leading Moscow weather station is situated, is 156 metres (512 feet). Teplostan Upland is the city's highest point at 255 metres (837 feet).[63] The width of Moscow city (not limiting MKAD) from west to east is 39.7 km (24.7 mi), and the length from north to south is 51.8 km (32.2 mi).
Time
Moscow serves as the reference point for the time zone used in most of European Russia, Belarus and the Republic of Crimea. The areas operate in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK, МСК), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+3. Daylight saving time is no longer observed. According to the geographical longitude the average solar noon in Moscow occurs at 12:30.[64]
Climate
Moscow has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters usually lasting from mid-November to the end of March, and warm summers. More extreme continental climates at the same latitude – such as parts of Eastern Canada or Siberia – have much colder winters than Moscow, suggesting that there is still significant moderation from the Atlantic Ocean[citation needed] despite the fact that Moscow is far from the sea. Weather can fluctuate widely, with temperatures ranging from −25 °C (−13 °F) in the city and −30 °C (−22 °F) in the suburbs to above 5 °C (41 °F) in the winter, and from 10 to 35 °C (50 to 95 °F) in the summer.[65]
Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July, and August are around a comfortable 20 to 26 °C (68 to 79 °F), but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often exceed 30 °C (86 °F), sometimes for a week or two at a time. In the winter, average temperatures normally drop to approximately −10 °C (14 °F), though almost every winter there are periods of warmth with day temperatures rising above 0 °C (32 °F), and periods of cooling with night temperatures falling below −20 °C (−4 °F). These periods usually last about a week or two. The growing season in Moscow normally lasts for 156 days usually around 1 May to 5 October.[66]
The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F)[67] at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on 29 July 2010, during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Record high and average temperatures were recorded for January, March, April, May, June, July, August, November, and December in 2007–2022.[68] The average July temperature from 1991 to 2020 is 19.7 °C (67.5 °F). The lowest ever recorded temperature was −42.1 °C (−43.8 °F) in January 1940. Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid-October, while snow cover lies in late November and melts at the end of March.
On average, Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August.[69] This large annual variation is due to convective cloud formation. In the winter, moist air from the Atlantic condenses in the cold continental interior, resulting in very overcast conditions. However, this same continental influence results in considerably sunnier summers than oceanic cities of similar latitude such as Edinburgh. Between 2004 and 2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with a tendency to more sunshine in summer months, up to a record 411 hours in July 2014, 79% of possible sunshine. December 2017 was the darkest month in Moscow since records began, with only six minutes of sunlight.[70][71]
Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For example, if the average January temperature in the north-east of Moscow is −6.2 °C (20.8 °F), in the suburbs it is about −8.3 °C (17.1 °F).[72] The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of Moscow Oblast can sometimes be more than 10 °C (18 °F) on frosty winter nights.
Climate data for Moscow (VVC) normals 1991–2020, records 1879–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) |
8.3 (46.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
28.9 (84.0) |
33.2 (91.8) |
34.8 (94.6) |
38.2 (100.8) |
37.3 (99.1) |
32.3 (90.1) |
24.0 (75.2) |
16.2 (61.2) |
9.6 (49.3) |
38.2 (100.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) |
−3 (27) |
3.0 (37.4) |
11.7 (53.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
22.4 (72.3) |
24.7 (76.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
8.9 (48.0) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
10.1 (50.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.2 (20.8) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
6.9 (44.4) |
13.6 (56.5) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
11.9 (53.4) |
5.8 (42.4) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
6.3 (43.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −8.7 (16.3) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
2.3 (36.1) |
8.1 (46.6) |
12.2 (54.0) |
14.8 (58.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
2.6 (36.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −42.1 (−43.8) |
−38.2 (−36.8) |
−32.4 (−26.3) |
−21 (−6) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−20.3 (−4.5) |
−32.8 (−27.0) |
−38.8 (−37.8) |
−42.1 (−43.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 53 (2.1) |
44 (1.7) |
39 (1.5) |
37 (1.5) |
61 (2.4) |
78 (3.1) |
84 (3.3) |
78 (3.1) |
66 (2.6) |
70 (2.8) |
52 (2.0) |
51 (2.0) |
713 (28.1) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 24 (9.4) |
35 (14) |
29 (11) |
2 (0.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
4 (1.6) |
12 (4.7) |
35 (14) |
Average rainy days | 8 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 13 | 8 | 155 |
Average snowy days | 25 | 23 | 15 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 5 | 17 | 24 | 116 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 85 | 81 | 74 | 68 | 67 | 72 | 74 | 78 | 82 | 83 | 86 | 86 | 78 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 33 | 72 | 128 | 170 | 265 | 279 | 271 | 238 | 147 | 78 | 32 | 18 | 1,731 |
Percent possible sunshine | 14 | 27 | 35 | 40 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 38 | 24 | 13 | 8 | 34 |
Average ultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net,[73][74] Thermograph.ru,[75] Meteoweb.ru (sunshine hours)[76] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[77] |
Climate data for Moscow (VVC) normals 1961–1990 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −6.3 (20.7) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
1.5 (34.7) |
10.4 (50.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.7 (71.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
21.5 (70.7) |
15.4 (59.7) |
8.2 (46.8) |
1.1 (34.0) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
8.9 (48.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −9.3 (15.3) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
5.8 (42.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
5.1 (41.2) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.3 (9.9) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
1.7 (35.1) |
7.6 (45.7) |
11.5 (52.7) |
13.5 (56.3) |
12.0 (53.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
1.2 (34.2) |
Source: [78][79][80][81] |
Recent changes in Moscow's regional climate, since it is in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are often cited by climate scientists as evidence of global warming,[82] though by definition, climate change is global, not regional. During the summer, extreme heat is often observed in the city (2001, 2002, 2003, 2010, 2011, 2021). Along with a southern part of Central Russia,[83][84] after recent years of hot summer seasons, the climate of the city gets hot-summer classification trends. Winter also became significantly milder: for example, the average January temperature in the early 1900s was −12.0 °C (10.4 °F), while now it is about −7.0 °C (19.4 °F).[85] At the end of January–February it is often colder, with frosts reaching −30.0 °C (−22.0 °F) a few nights per year (2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013).
The last decade was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table below:
Climate data for Moscow (2014–2024, VVC) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −4.2 (24.4) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
4.3 (39.7) |
11.7 (53.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
23.7 (74.7) |
17.0 (62.6) |
8.7 (47.7) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−2 (28) |
10.5 (50.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.2 (20.8) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
0.8 (33.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
14.1 (57.4) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
6.3 (43.3) |
0.3 (32.5) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
7.1 (44.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.9 (17.8) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
2.9 (37.2) |
8.9 (48.0) |
12.5 (54.5) |
14.9 (58.8) |
13.9 (57.0) |
9.1 (48.4) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
3.6 (38.5) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 37 | 65 | 142 | 213 | 274 | 299 | 323 | 242 | 171 | 88 | 33 | 14 | 1,901 |
Source: weatheronline.co.uk[86] |
Wind direction in Moscow from 2002 to 2012 (average values) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North | Northeast | East | South East | Southern | Southwest | West | Northwest |
15% | 6.8% | 7.8% | 12.2% | 12.6% | 14.6% | 16.4% | 14.5% |
Source: world-weather.ru Archived 26 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine |
Paleontology
Moscow is one of the few cities with paleontological monuments of world significance on its territory.[87] One of them is the Gorodnya River with its tributaries, on the banks of which outcrops of the Quaternary and older Cretaceous periods are located. Fossils of the bivalve mollusk Inoceramus kleinii and tubular passages of burrowing animals, described in 2017 as a new ichnospecies Skolithos gorodnensis, were discovered in the Coniacian deposits near the stream bed of the Bolshaya Glinka River.[87] Ichnogenera Diplocraterion, Planolites, Skolithos and possibly Ophiomorpha were found in the Albian deposits. Paleolithic flint tools were discovered in the Quaternary deposits of the Bolshaya Glinka stream bed.[87]
In 1878, paleontologist Hermann Trautschold discovered the left flipper of an ichthyosaur near the village of Mnevniki, which later became part of Moscow. In 2014, the animal was named Undorosaurus trautscholdi, after its discoverer. Trautschold determined the age of the sediments from which the specimen was taken to be Kimmeridgian, but, according to more recent studies, they were formed in the Tithonian age of the Jurassic period.[88]
Albian foraminifera and ammonites also known from the Moscow deposits.[87]
Fossils of various organisms are on display in Moscow museums, including the Orlov Museum of Paleontology and Vernadsky State Geological Museum.
Demographics
Population
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1897 | 1,038,625 | — |
1926 | 1,995,252 | +92.1% |
1939 | 4,141,633 | +107.6% |
1959 | 5,045,905 | +21.8% |
1970 | 6,941,961 | +37.6% |
1979 | 7,830,509 | +12.8% |
1989 | 8,769,117 | +12.0% |
2002 | 10,382,754 | +18.4% |
2010 | 11,503,501 | +10.8% |
2021 | 13,010,112 | +13.1% |
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. Source: Censuses[89][90][91][92] |
According to the 2021 Russian census, the population was 13,010,112;[6] up from 11,503,501 in the 2010 Russian census.[93]
Ethnic groups
Ethnicity | Year | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1897[94][b] | 1939[95] | 1959[96] | 1970[97] | 1979[98] | 1989[99] | 2002[100] | 2010[93] | 2021[101] | |||
Number (% of population) | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | % of ethnicity declared | Number (%) | % of ethnicity declared | |
Russians | 987,044 (95.0%) | 3,614,430
(87.4%) |
4,507,899 (88.6%) | 6,301,247 (89.2%) | 7,146,682 (90.1%) | 7,963,246 (89.7%) | 8,808,009 (84.8%) | 9,930,410 (86.3%) | 91.6% | 9,074,375 (69.7%) | 90.2% |
Tatars | 4,288 (0.1%) | 57,687 (1.4%) | 80,489 (1.6%) | 109,252 (1.5%) | 131,328 (1.7%) | 157,376 (1.8%) | 166,083 (1.6%) | 149,043 (1.3%) | 1.4% | 84,373 (0.6%) | 0.8% |
Armenians | 1,604 (0.1%) | 13,682 (0.3%) | 18,379 (0.4%) | 25,584 (0.4%) | 31,414 (0.4%) | 43,989 (0.5%) | 124,425 (1.2%) | 106,466 (0.9%) | 1.0% | 68,018 (0.5%) | 0.7% |
Ukrainians | 4,478 (0.4%) | 90,479 (2.2%) | 115,489 (2.3%) | 184,885 (2.6%) | 206,875 (2.6%) | 252,670 (2.8%) | 253,644 (2.4%) | 154,104 (1.3%) | 1.4% | 58,788 (0.5%) | 0.6% |
Azerbaijanis | – (–) | 677 (–) | 2,528 (–) | 4,889 (–) | 7,967 (0.1%) | 20,727 (0.2%) | 95,563 (0.9%) | 57,123 (0.5%) | 0.5% | 37,259 (0.3%) | 0.4% |
Uzbeks | – (–) | 659 (–) | 2,478 (–) | 5,973 (–) | 4,222 (–) | 9,183 (0.1%) | 9,183 (0.1%) | 35,595 (0.3%) | 0.3% | 29,526 (0.2%) | 0.3% |
Jews | 5,070 (0.4%) | 250,181 (6.0%) | 239,246 (4.7%) | 251,350 (3.6%) | 222,900 (2.8%) | 174,728 (2.0%) | 79,359 (0.8%) | 53,145 (0.5%) | 0.5% | 28,014 (0.2%) | 0.3% |
Georgians | – (–) | 4,251 (0.1%) | 6,365 (0.1%) | 9,563 (0.1%) | 12,180 (0.2%) | 19,608 (0.2%) | 54,387 (0.5%) | 38,934 (0.3%) | 0.4% | 26,222 (0.2%) | 0.3% |
Tajiks | – (–) | 184 (–) | 1,005 (–) | 1,652 (–) | 1,221 (–) | 2,893 (–) | 35,385 (0.4%) | 27,280 (0.2%) | 0.2% | 22,783 (0.2%) | 0.2% |
Belarusians | 1,016 (–) | 24,952 (0.6%) | 34,370 (0.7%) | 50,257 (0.7%) | 59,193 (0.7%) | 73,005 (0.8%) | 59,353 (0.6%) | 39,225 (0.3%) | 0.4% | 17,632 (0.1%) | 0.2% |
Kyrgyz | – (–) | 77 (–) | – (–) | – (–) | 1,173 (–) | 3,044 (–) | 4,102 (–) | 18,736 (0.2%) | 0.2% | 16,858 (0.1%) | 0.2% |
Others | – (–) | 76,173 (–) | 225,031 (2.0%) | 2.1% | 595,543 (4.6%) | 5.9% | |||||
No ethnicity declared | – (–) | 668,409 (5.8%) | – | 2,950,721 (22.7%) | – | ||||||
Total | 1,038,591 (100%) | 4,137,018 (100%) | 5,085,581 (100%) | 7,061,008 | 7,931,602 (100%) | 8,875,579 (100%) | 10,382,754 (100%) | 11,503,501 (100%) | 100% (10,835,092) | 13,010,112 (100%) | 100% (10,059,391) |
- 668,409 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[102]
Vital statistics
The official population of Moscow is based on those holding "permanent residency". According to Russia's Federal Migration Service, Moscow holds 1.8 million official "guests" who have temporary residency on the basis of visas or other documentation, giving a legal population of 14.8 million. The number of Illegal immigrants, the vast majority originating from Central Asia, is estimated to be an additional 1 million people,[103] giving a total population of about 15.8 million.
Vital statistics for 2022:[104][105]
- Births: 123,654 (9.8 per 1,000)
- Deaths: 126,988 (10.1 per 1,000)
Total fertility rate (2022):[106]
1.42 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):[107]
Total — 74.55 years (male — 71.00, female — 77.94)
Religion
Christians form the majority of the city's population; most of whom adhere Russian Orthodox Church. The Patriarch of Moscow serves as the head of the church and resides in the Danilov Monastery. Moscow was called the "city of 40 times 40 churches"—prior to 1917. Moscow is Russia's capital of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which has been the country's traditional religion.
Other religions practiced in Moscow include Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Yazidism, and Rodnovery. The Moscow Mufti Council claimed that Muslims numbered around 1.5 million of 10.5 million of the city's population in 2010;[110] There are four mosques in the city.[111]
Cityscape
Architecture
Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of Saint Basil's Cathedral, with its elegant onion domes, as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters. The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century.
Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares. This layout, as well as Moscow's rivers, helped shape Moscow's design in subsequent centuries.
The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some of the aurae of the renaissance. From the end of the 15th century, the city was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches.
The city's appearance had not changed much by the 18th century. Houses were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century was necessitated by constant fires and the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style.[112]
For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of Joseph Stalin's large-scale effort to "modernize" Moscow. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's demolitions was the Sukharev Tower, a longtime city landmark, as well as mansions and commercial buildings. The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply secular nation, made religiously significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and most prominent buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the Kazan Cathedral and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. During the 1990s, both were rebuilt. Many smaller churches, however, were lost.[113]
While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects associated with VKHUTEMAS, responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was Vladimir Shukhov, famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many hyperboloid towers designed by Shukhov. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company.[114] Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the GUM department store on Red Square,[114] bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults.
Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called Seven Sisters, seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow's skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the Manhattan Municipal Building in New York City, and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central spire—has been described as Stalinist Gothic architecture. All seven towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the Ostankino Tower, which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world's seventy-second tallest, ranking among buildings such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, Taipei 101 in Taiwan and the CN Tower in Toronto.[115]
The Soviet goal of providing housing for every family, and the rapid growth of Moscow's population, led to the construction of large, monotonous housing blocks. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc.). They are usually badly maintained.
Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings constructed before the mid-1960s, more recent apartment buildings are usually at least nine floors tall, and have elevators. It is estimated that Moscow has over twice as many elevators as New York City and four times as many as Chicago. Moslift, one of the city's major elevator operating companies, has about 1500 elevator mechanics on call, to release residents trapped in elevators.[116]
Stalinist-era buildings, mostly found in the central part of the city, are massive and usually ornamented with Socialist realism motifs that imitate classical themes. However, small churches—almost always Eastern Orthodox– found across the city provide glimpses of its past. The Old Arbat Street, a tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist façades of Tverskaya Street, for example) are also examples of bourgeois architecture typical of Tsarist times. Ostankino Palace, Kuskovo, Uzkoye and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some convents, and monasteries, both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists.
Attempts are being made to restore many of the city's best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These restored structures are easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless façades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet avant-garde work too, such as the house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for alleged disrespect of historical authenticity. Facadism is also widely practiced.[117] Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi-Modernist styles employed, such as with the Novy Arbat project, familiarly known as "false teeth of Moscow" and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in central Moscow involved in the project.
Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well known outside (or often, like with decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside) of Russia. There are also many "museum houses" of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city.
Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing, with several new towers under construction. In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years[118] to make space for luxury apartments and hotels.[119] Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Critics blame the government for not enforcing conservation laws: in the last 12 years, more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century.[120] Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect Konstantin Melnikov[121] and Mayakovskaya metro station.
Some organizations, such as Moscow Architecture Preservation Society[122] and Save Europe's Heritage,[123] are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems.[124]
Panoramic view of Moscow | Panoramic view of Moscow |
Parks and landmarks
There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four botanical gardens. There are 450 square kilometres (170 sq mi) of green zones besides 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) of forests.[125] Moscow is a very green city, if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and North America; this is partly due to a history of having green "yards" with trees and grass, between residential buildings. There are on average 27 square meters (290 sq ft) of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for Paris, 7.5 in London and 8.6 in New York.[126]
Gorky Park (officially the Central Park of Culture and Rest named after Maxim Gorky), was founded in 1928. The main part (689,000 square metres or 170 acres)[126] along the Moskva river contains estrades, children's attractions (including the Observation Wheel water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the Neskuchny Garden (408,000 square metres or 101 acres), the oldest park in Moscow and a former imperial residence, created as a result of the integration of three estates in the 18th century. The Garden features the Green Theater, one of the largest open amphitheaters in Europe, able to hold up to 15 thousand people.[127] Several parks include a section known as a "Park of Culture and Rest", sometimes alongside a much wilder area (this includes parks such as Izmaylovsky, Fili and Sokolniki). Some parks are designated as Forest Parks (lesopark).
Izmaylovsky Park, created in 1931, is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with Richmond Park in London. Its area of 15.34 square kilometres (5.92 sq mi) is six times greater than that of Central Park in New York.[126]
Bauman Garden, officially founded in 1920 and renamed in 1922 after the bolshevik Nikolay Bauman, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow. It is standing on the site of the former Golitsyn estate and eighteenth-century public garden.[128]
Sokolniki Park, named after the falcon hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi). A central circle with a large fountain is surrounded by birch, maple, and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's ponds.
Losiny Ostrov National Park ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of more than 116 square kilometres (45 sq mi), borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is quite wild, and is also known as the "city taiga" – elk can be seen there.
Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences, founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe.[129] It covers the territory of 3.61 square kilometres (1.39 sq mi) bordering the All-Russia Exhibition Center and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand species of plants from around the world, as well as a lab for scientific research. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding 100 years. There is a greenhouse taking up more than 5,000 square metres (53,820 square feet) of land.[126]
The All-Russian Exhibition Center (Всероссийский выставочный центр), formerly known as the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) and later Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh), though officially named a "permanent trade show", is one of the most prominent examples of Stalinist-era monumental architecture. Among the large spans of a recreational park, areas are scores of elaborate pavilions, each representing either a branch of Soviet industry and science or a USSR republic. Even though during the 1990s it was, and for some part still is, misused as a gigantic shopping center (most of the pavilions are rented out for small businesses), it still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains (Stone Flower and Friendship of Nations) and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema. In 2014 the park returned to the name Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy, and in the same year, huge renovation works had been started.[130]
Lilac Park, founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium. Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square,[131] which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries.[132] The Church of the Ascension at Kolomenskoye, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction.[133]
Near the new Tretyakov Gallery there is a sculpture garden, Museon, often called "the graveyard of fallen monuments" that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution.
Other attractions include the Moscow Zoo, a zoological garden in two sections (the valleys of two streams) linked by a bridge, with nearly a thousand species and more than 6,500 specimens.[134] Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors.[134] Many of Moscow's parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments.
Zaryadye Park | VDNKh | Victory park on Poklonnaya Hill |
Moscow rings
Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings").
- The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso (Boulevard Ring), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall around what used to be called Bely Gorod (White Town).[135] The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a horseshoe-shaped arc that begins at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and ends at the Yauza River.
- The second primary ring, located outside the Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso (Garden Ring). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a 16th-century wall that used to encompass part of Moscow.[135]
- The Third Ring Road, was completed in 2003 as a high-speed freeway.
- The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, was planned, but cancelled in 2011. A system of chordal highways will replace it.
Aside from the aforementioned hierarchy, line 5 of Moscow Metro is a circle-shaped looped subway line (hence the name Koltsevaya Liniya, literally "ring line"), which is located between the Sadovoye Koltso and Third Transport Ring.
Two modern overlapping lines of Moscow Metro form "two hearts":
- Line 14. Since 10 September 2016, Moscow Central Circle renovated railroad (former Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga) was introduced as Line 14 of Moscow Metro. The cone-shaped railroad initially opened in 1908 (freight-only railway from 1934 until the 2016 reopening).
- Line 11. Another circle metro line - Big Circle Line (Bolshaya Koltsevaya Liniya) is under construction and will be finished in 2023. Kakhovskaya-Savyolovskaya western half of the line was launched in late 2021.
The outermost ring within Moscow is the Moscow Ring Road (often called MKAD, acronym word for Russian Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога), which forms the cultural boundary of the city, and was established in the 1950s. It is to note the method of building the road (usage of ground elevation instead of concrete columns throughout the whole way) formed a wall-like barrier that obstacles building roads under the MKAD highway itself).
- Before 2012 expansion of Moscow, MKAD was considered an approximate border for Moscow boundaries.
Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits, with the notable examples of Betonka roads (highways A107 and A108), originally made of concrete pads.
In order to reduce transit traffic on MKAD, the new ring road (called CKAD - Centralnaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga, Central Ring Road) is now under construction beyond the MKAD.
Transport rings in Moscow
Length | Name | Type |
---|---|---|
9 km | Boulevard Ring – Bulvarnoye Koltso (not a full ring) | Road |
16 km | Garden Ring – Sadovoye Koltso ("B") | Road |
19 km | Koltsevaya line (Line 5) | Metro |
35 km | Third Ring Road – Third Transport Ring – Tretye Transportnoye Koltso (TTK) | Road |
54 km | Little Ring of the Moscow Railway, re-opened as Moscow Central Circle (MCC) – Line 14 | Railway |
20.2 km | Bolshaya Koltsevaya line – Line 11 | Metro |
109 km | Moscow Automobile Ring Road – Moskovskaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga (MKAD) | Road |
Culture
Museums and galleries
One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov Gallery, which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov, a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city.[136] The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the Tretyakovskaya area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition.[137] The works of famous pre-Revolutionary painters, such as Ilya Repin, as well as the works of early Russian icon painters can be found here. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century iconographer Andrei Rublev.[137] The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of Vladimir Tatlin's famous Monument to the Third International and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like Kazimir Malevich and Wassily Kandinsky. Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery.
Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, which was founded by, among others, the father of Marina Tsvetaeva. The Pushkin Museum is similar to the British Museum in London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts paintings from every major Western era; works by Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne, and Pablo Picasso are present in the museum's collection.
The State Historical Museum of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers is several million. The Polytechnical Museum,[138] founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items.[139] The Borodino Panorama[140] museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° diorama. It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon's army, that includes also the triumphal arch, erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum that includes statues, and military hardware. Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics under the Monument to the Conquerors of Space at the end of Cosmonauts Alley is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials.
The Shchusev State Museum of Architecture is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect Alexey Shchusev near the Kremlin area.
Moscow will get its own branch of the Hermitage Museum in 2024, with authorities having agreed upon the final project, to be executed by Hani Rashid, co-founder of New York-based 'Asymptote Architecture' - the same bureau that is behind the city's stock market building, the Busan-based World Business Center Solomon Tower and the Strata Tower in Abu-Dhabi.[141]
Performing arts
Moscow is the heart of the Russian performing arts, including ballet and film, with 68 museums[142] 103[143] theaters, 132 cinemas and 24 concert halls. Among Moscow's theaters and ballet studios is the Bolshoi Theatre and the Malyi Theatre[144] as well as Vakhtangov Theatre and Moscow Art Theatre.
The Moscow International Performance Arts Center,[145] opened in 2003, also known as Moscow International House of Music, is known for its performances in classical music. It has the largest organ in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall.
There are also two large circuses in Moscow: Moscow State Circus and Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard[146] named after Yuri Nikulin.
The Mosfilm studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions.[147] However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema[148] collection are shown regularly. International film festivals such as the Moscow International Film Festival, Stalker, Artdocfest, and Moscow Jewish Film Festival are staged in Moscow.
Sports
Over 500 Olympic sports champions lived in the city by 2005.[149] Moscow is home to 63 stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which Luzhniki Stadium is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the 1998–99 UEFA Cup, 2007–08 UEFA Champions League finals, the 1980 Summer Olympics, and the 2018 FIFA World Cup with 7 games total, including the final). Forty other sports complexes are located within the city, including 24 with artificial ice. The Olympic Stadium was the world's first indoor arena for bandy and hosted the Bandy World Championship twice.[150] Moscow was again the host of the competition in 2010, this time in Krylatskoye.[151] That arena has also hosted the World Speed Skating Championships. There are also seven horse racing tracks in Moscow,[125] of which Central Moscow Hippodrome,[152] founded in 1834, is the largest.
Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics, with the yachting events being held at Tallinn, in present-day Estonia. Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had made a bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. However, when final voting commenced on 6 July 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were awarded to London.
The most titled ice hockey team in the Soviet Union and in the world, HC CSKA Moscow comes from Moscow. Other big ice hockey clubs from Moscow are HC Dynamo Moscow, which was the second most titled team in the Soviet Union, and HC Spartak Moscow.
The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled Euroleague clubs, is the basketball club from Moscow PBC CSKA Moscow. Moscow hosted the EuroBasket in 1953 and 1965.
Moscow had more winners at the USSR and Russian Chess Championship than any other city.
The most titled volleyball team in the Soviet Union and in Europe (CEV Champions League) is VC CSKA Moscow.
In football, FC Spartak Moscow has won more championship titles in the Russian Premier League than any other team. They were second only to FC Dynamo Kyiv in Soviet times. PFC CSKA Moscow became the first Russian football team to win a UEFA title, the UEFA Cup (present-day UEFA Europa League). FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow and FC Torpedo Moscow are other professional football teams also based in Moscow.
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Lukoil Arena, home of FC Spartak Moscow
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VEB Arena, home of PFC CSKA Moscow
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RZD Arena, home of FC Lokomotiv Moscow
Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball teams. Because sports organisations in the Soviet Union were once highly centralized, two of the best Union-level teams represented defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces (CSKA) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Dinamo). There were army and police teams in most major cities. As a result, Spartak, CSKA, and Dinamo were among the best-funded teams in the USSR.
The Irina Viner-Usmanova Gymnastics Palace is located in the Luzniki Olympic Complex. The building works started in 2017 and the opening ceremony took place on 18 June 2019. The investor of the Palace is the billionaire Alisher Usmanov, husband of the former gymnast and gymnastics coach Irina Viner-Usmanova. The total surface of the building is 23,500 m2, which include 3 fitness rooms, locker rooms, rooms reserved for referees and coaches, saunas, a canteen, a cafeteria, 2 ball halls, a Medical center, a hall reserved for journalists, and a hotel for athletes.[153]
Because of Moscow's cold local climate, winter sports have a following. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiing and frozen ponds for skating.
Moscow hosts the annual Kremlin Cup, a popular tennis tournament on both the WTA and ATP tours. It is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year.
SC Olimpiyskiy hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2009, the first and so far the only Eurovision Song Contest arranged in Russia.
Slava Moscow is a professional rugby club, competing in the national Professional Rugby League. Former rugby league heavyweights RC Lokomotiv have entered the same league as of 2011[update]. The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens.
In bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times Russian League champions Dynamo Moscow. They have also won the World Cup thrice and European Cup six times.
MFK Dinamo Moskva is one of the major futsal clubs in Europe, having won the Futsal Champions League title once.
When Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the Luzhniki Stadium got an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that have been built: the Dynamo Stadium, and the Spartak Stadium, although the first one later was dismissed from having World Cup matches.
Football clubs
Club | Founded | League | League Rank | Stadium |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spartak Moscow | 1922 | Premier League | 1st | Lukoil Arena |
CSKA Moscow | 1911 | Premier League | 1st | VEB Arena |
Lokomotiv Moscow | 1923 | Premier League | 1st | RZD Arena |
Dynamo Moscow | 1923 | Premier League | 1st | VTB Arena |
Torpedo Moscow | 1924 | First League | 2nd | Eduard Streltsov Stadium |
Rodina Moscow | 2015 | First League | 2nd | Spartakovets Stadium |
Veles Moscow | 2016 | Second League | 3rd | Avangard Stadium |
Entertainment
The city is full of clubs, restaurants, and bars. Tverskaya Street is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow.
The adjoining Tretyakovsky Proyezd, also south of Tverskaya Street, in Kitai-gorod, is host to upmarket boutique stores such as Bulgari, Tiffany & Co., Armani, Prada and Bentley.[154] Nightlife in Moscow has moved on since Soviet times and today the city has many of the world's largest nightclubs.[155] The hottest area is located around the old chocolate factory, where bars, nightclubs, galleries, cafés and restaurants are placed.[156]
Dream Island is an amusement park in Moscow that opened on 29 February 2020.[157][158] It is the largest indoor theme park in Europe. The park covers 300,000 square meters. The complex includes a landscaped park along with a concert hall, a cinema, a hotel, a children's sailing school, restaurants, and shops.
Authorities
Moscow authorities
According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Moscow is an independent federal subject of the Russian Federation, a city of federal importance.
The Mayor of Moscow is the leading official in the executive, leading the Government of Moscow, which is the highest organ of executive power. The Moscow City Duma is the city duma (city council or local parliament) and local laws must be approved by it. It includes 45 members who are elected for a five-year term on single-mandate constituency basis.
From 2006 to 2012, direct elections of the mayor were not held due to changes in the Charter of the city of Moscow, with the mayor appointed by presidential decree. The first direct elections from the time of the 2003 vote were to be held after the expiration of the current mayor in 2015, however, in connection with his resignation of his own free will, they took place in September 2013.
Local administration is carried out through eleven prefectures, uniting the districts of Moscow into administrative districts on a territorial basis, and 125 regional administrations. According to the law "On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow", since the beginning of 2003, the executive bodies of local self-government are municipalities, representative bodies are municipal assemblies, whose members are elected in accordance with the Charter of the intracity municipality.
Federal authorities
In Moscow, as in a city endowed with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the legislative, executive, and judicial federal authorities of the country are located, with the exception of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which has been located in Saint Petersburg since 2008.
The supreme executive authority – the Government of the Russian Federation – is located in the House of the Government of the Russian Federation (the White House) on Krasnopresnenskaya Embankment in the center of Moscow. The State Duma sits on Okhotny Ryad. The Federation Council is located in a building on Bolshaya Dmitrovka. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is also located in Moscow.
The Moscow Kremlin is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. The president's working residence in the Kremlin is located in the Senate Palace.
Safety
In a ranking of the safest cities by The Economist in 2019, Moscow occupied the 37th position with a score of 68.5 points percent.[159] The general level of crime is quite low.[160] More than 170,000 surveillance cameras in Moscow are connected to the facial recognition system. The authorities recognized the successful two-month experiment with automatic recognition of faces, gender, and age of people in real-time – and deployed the system to the whole city. The network of video surveillance unites access video cameras (95% of residential apartment buildings in the capital), cameras in the territory and in buildings of schools and kindergartens, at the MCC stations, stadiums, public transport stops, and bus stations, in parks, underground passages.[161]
The emergency numbers are the same as in all the other regions of Russia: 112 is the Single Emergency Number, 101 is the number of the Fire Service and Ministry of Emergency Situations, 102 is the Police one, 103 is the ambulance one, 104 is the Emergency Gas number.[162] Moscow's EMS is the second most efficient one among the world's megacities, as reported by PwC during the presentation of the international study Analysis of EMS Efficiency in Megacities of the World.[163]
Administrative divisions
Federal city of Moscow | |
---|---|
City administrative divisions |
12 |
City districts |
125 |
City settlements |
21 |
The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor (Sergey Sobyanin). The city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and 125 districts.
The Russian capital's town-planning development began to show as early as the 12th century when the city was founded. The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with medieval principles of urban development when strong fortress walls would gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements. The first circular defence walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings, laying the groundwork for the future planning of the Russian capital.
The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (Earthwork Town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring. The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) has been Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. However, contemporary Moscow has also engulfed a number of territories outside the MKAD, such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and the town of Zelenograd. A part of Moscow Oblast's territory was merged into Moscow on 1 July 2012; as a result, Moscow is no longer fully surrounded by Moscow Oblast and now also has a border with Kaluga Oblast.[164] In all, Moscow gained about 1,500 square kilometers (580 sq mi) and 230,000 inhabitants. Moscow's Mayor Sergey Sobyanin lauded the expansion that will help Moscow and the neighboring region, a "mega-city" of twenty million people, to develop "harmonically".[61]
All administrative okrugs and districts have their own coats of arms and flags as well as individual heads of the area.
In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. Such is the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the Botanical Garden, large parks, and industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the Chinatowns that exist in some North American and East Asian cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious.[165]
Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of Moscow Oblast, although the city itself is not a part of the oblast.[166]
Economy
Overview
Largest private companies based in Moscow (ranked by 2019 revenues) | |||||
Moscow | corporation | Russia | |||
1 | Lukoil | 1 | |||
2 | X5 Retail Group | 3 | |||
3 | Novatek | 6 | |||
4 | Nornickel | 9 | |||
5 | UC Rusal | 11 | |||
6 | Sibur | 13 | |||
7 | SUEK | 15 | |||
8 | MTS | 17 | |||
9 | Metalloinvest | 18 | |||
10 | EuroChem | 21 | |||
11 | MegaFon | 22 | |||
12 | M.video | 24 | |||
13 | TMK | 25 | |||
14 | Mechel | 26 | |||
Source: Forbes[167] |
Moscow has one of the largest municipal economies in Europe and it accounts more than one-fifth of Russia's gross domestic product (GDP).[168] As of 2021[update], the GRP of Moscow reached almost ₽24.5 trillion(US$332 billion).[169] GMP of Moscow Region was ₽31.3 trillion or around US$425 billion.
The average gross monthly wage in the city is ₽123,688[170] (US$2,000), which is around twice the national average of ₽66,572 (US$1,000), and one of the highest among the federal subjects of Russia.
Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world,[171] and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe. It is the financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as oil giant Rosneft. Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country.[172][173] Since the 1998 Russian financial crisis, business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption still hinder business development.
Industry
Primary industries in Moscow include the chemical, metallurgy, food, textile, furniture, energy production, software development and machinery industries.
The Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant is one of the world's leading producers of military and civil helicopters. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations Mir, Salyut and the ISS as well as Proton launch vehicles and military ICBMs. Sukhoi, Ilyushin, Mikoyan, Tupolev and Yakovlev aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. NPO Energomash, producing the rocket engines for Russian and American space programs, as well as Lavochkin design bureau, which built fighter planes during WWII, but switched to space probes since the Space Race, are in nearby Khimki, an independent city in Moscow Oblast that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides. Automobile plants ZiL and AZLK, as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and Metrovagonmash metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The Poljot Moscow watch factory produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad.
The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery[174] is the oldest distillery in Russia producing vodka types, including "Stolichnaya" while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery.[175] The Moscow Jewelry Factory[176] and the Jewellerprom[177] are producers of jewelry in Russia.
There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including Ruselectronics companies.
Gazprom, the largest extractor of natural gas in the world and the largest Russian company, has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas, and electricity companies.
Moscow hosts headquarters of the many of telecommunications and technology companies, including 1C, ABBYY, Beeline, Kaspersky Lab, Mail.Ru Group, MegaFon, MTS, Rambler&Co, Rostelecom, Yandex, and Yota.
Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city.
Cost of living
During Soviet times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes, and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors). Private ownership of apartments was limited until the 1990s when people were permitted to secure property rights to their inhabited places. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area.
The price of real estate in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay $4,000 on average per square meter (11 sq ft) on the outskirts of the city[178] or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat.[179][180][181] It costs about US$1,200 per month to rent a one-bedroom apartment and about US$1,000 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow.
A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square metres (320 square feet), a typical two-bedroom apartment is forty-five square metres (480 square feet), and a typical three-bedroom apartment is seventy square metres (750 square feet). Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in dachas (country houses) outside the city.
In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's most expensive city for expatriate employees, ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable Russian ruble as well as increasing housing prices within the city.[182] Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third behind Osaka in second place.[183]
In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the list of most expensive cities for the third year in a row.[184]
In 2014, according to Forbes, Moscow was ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world. Forbes ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior.[185]
In 2019 the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living survey put Moscow to 102nd place in the biannual ranking of 133 most expensive cities.[186] ECA International's Cost of Living 2019 Survey ranked Moscow at number 120 among 482 locations worldwide.[187]
Public utilities
The heating of buildings in Moscow, like in other cities in Russia is done using central heating system. Before 2004, state unitary enterprises were responsible to produce and supply heat to the clients by the operation of heating stations and heating distribution system of Mosgorteplo, Mosteploenergo, and Teploremontnaladka which gave service to the heating substations in the north-eastern part of the city. Clients were divided between the various enterprises based on their geographical location. A major reform launched in 2004 consolidated the various companies under the umbrella of MIPC which became the municipal heat supplier. Its subsidiaries were the newly transformed Joint-stock companies. The city's main source of heating is the power station of Mosenergo which was reformed in 2005, when around ten subsidiaries were separated from it. One of the newly independent companies was the District Heating Network Company (MTK) (Russian: Московская теплосетевая компания). In 2007 the Government of Moscow bought controlling stakes in the company.[188]
"Our city" is a geo-information portal created in 2011 under the mayor of Moscow Sergei Sobyanin with the aim of building a constructive dialogue between Moscow residents and the city's executive authorities. The portal is being developed by the State Public Institution "New Management Technologies" together with the Moscow Department of Information Technologies. In its 10 years of operation, more than 1.7 million users have joined the portal, and during this time it has become an effective tool for monitoring the state of urban infrastructure.[189]
Education
There are 1,696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges.[125] Besides these, there are 222 institutions of higher education, including 60 state universities[125] and the Lomonosov Moscow State University, which was founded in 1755.[190] The main university building located in Vorobyovy Gory (Sparrow Hills) is 240 metres (790 ft) tall and when completed, was the tallest building on the continent.[191] The university has over 30,000 undergraduate and 7,000 postgraduate students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia.
The I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University named after Ivan Sechenov or formerly known as Moscow Medical Academy (1stMSMU) is a medical university situated in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1785 as the faculty of the Moscow State University. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. More than 9200 students are enrolled in 115 academic departments. It offers courses for post-graduate studies.
The Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (formerly known as Russian State Medical University) is a medical higher education institution in Moscow, Russia founded in 1906. It is fully accredited and recognized by Russia's Ministry of Education and Science and is currently under the authority of the Ministry of Health and Social Development. Named after Russian surgeon and pedagogue N.I. Pirogov (1810–1888), it is one of the largest medical institutions and the first university in Russia to allow women to acquire degrees.
Moscow is one of the financial centers of the Russian Federation and CIS countries and is known for its business schools. Among them are the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation; Plekhanov Russian University of Economics; The State University of Management, and the National Research University - Higher School of Economics. They offer undergraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate, and economic theory, as well as Masters programs and MBAs. Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world.
Bauman Moscow State Technical University, founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering, offering technical degrees.[192]
The Moscow Conservatory,[193] founded in 1866, is a prominent music school in Russia.
The Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography, abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in Cinematography, founded by Vladimir Gardin in 1919.
Moscow State Institute of International Relations, founded in 1944, remains Russia's best- known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books—of which 20,000 are considered rare—can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.[194]
Other institutions are the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, also known as Phystech, the Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, founded in 1988 by Russian eye surgeon Svyatoslav Fyodorov, the Moscow Aviation Institute, the Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology has taught numerous Nobel Prize winners, including Pyotr Kapitsa, Nikolay Semyonov, Lev Landau and Alexander Prokhorov, while the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute is known for its research in nuclear physics.[195] The highest Russian military school is the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental sciences, in recent years Moscow has seen a growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the Master of Business Administration. Student exchange programs with numerous countries, specially with the rest of Europe, have also become widespread in Moscow's universities, while schools within the Russian capital also offer seminars, lectures, and courses for corporate employees and businessmen.
Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the Russian Academy of Sciences are located in Moscow as well as research and applied science institutions. The Kurchatov Institute, Russia's leading research and development institution in the fields of nuclear energy, where the first nuclear reactor in Europe was built, the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems and Steklov Institute of Mathematics are all situated in Moscow.
There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children.[125] The Russian State Library,[196] founded in 1862, is the national library of Russia. The library is home to over 275 km (171 mi) of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 languages account for 29% of the collection.[197][198]
The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library specialising in Russian history. Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages, mostly on Russian and world history, heraldry, numismatics, and the history of science.[199]
In regard to primary and secondary education, in 2011, Clifford J. Levy of The New York Times wrote, "Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools. There are additional payoffs for good grades."[200]
Transportation
Metro
The Moscow Metro system is famous for its art, murals, mosaics, and ornate chandeliers. It started operation in 1935 and immediately became the centrepiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and reward the populace, and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies. Lazar Kaganovich was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilisation as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new "Homo Sovieticus" (Soviet man).[201]
The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity.[202] Soviet workers did the labour and the artwork, but the main engineering designs, routes, and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the London Underground. The Britons called for tunneling instead of the "cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock.[203] The paranoia of Stalin and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous British engineers for espionage—that is for gaining an in-depth knowledge of the city's physical layout. Engineers for the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the USSR.[204]
Today, the Moscow Metro comprises twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 203 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance, the Park Pobedy station, completed in 2003, at 84 metres (276 ft) underground, has the longest escalators in Europe. The Moscow Metro is the busiest metro system in Europe, as well as one of the world's busiest metro systems, serving about ten million passengers daily (300,000,000 people every month).[205] Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has plans for expanding its Metro. In 2016, the authorities launched a new circle metro railway that contributed to solving transportation issues, namely daily congestion at Koltsevaya Line.[206]
Due to the treatment of Metro stations as possible canvas for art, characterized by the fact that workers of Moscow would get to see them every day, many Stalin-era metro stations were built in different "custom" designs (where each station's design would be, initially, a massive installation on a certain theme. For example, Elektrozavodskaya station was themed solely after nearby lightbulb factory and ceramic ribbed lightbulb sockets);[207] the tradition of "Grand Designs" and, basically, decorating metro stations as single-themed installations, was restored in late 1979.
Moscow's metro is one of the world's busiest, handling 2.6 billion passengers in 2019.[208]
In the Russian capital, there are over 21.5 thousand Wi-Fi access points, in student dormitories, in parks, cultural and sports institutions, and within the Garden Ring and the Third Transport Ring. From September 2020 to August 2021, 1,700 new access points to urban Wi-Fi were launched in Moscow.[209] The structure of the Wi-Fi network allows citizens to use the Internet without re-authorization.[210]
Monorail
The Moscow Metro operates a short monorail line (line 13). The line connects Timiryazevskaya metro station and Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina, passing close to VDNH (and Line 6 Metro station "V.D.N.Kh."). The line opened in 2004. It accepts overground interchanges, no additional fare is needed if a ride was spent at Moscow Metro within previous 90 minutes.
Bus, trolleybus and electric bus
As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), a bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses (Central Bus Terminal) with a daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.[212]
Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a trolleybus route and have trolley wires over them.
With the total line length of almost 600 kilometres (370 miles) of a single wire, 8 depots, 104 routes, and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system was the largest in the world. But municipal authority, headed by Sergey Sobyanin, began to destroy the trolleybus system in Moscow in 2014 due the planned replacement of trolleybuses by electric buses. In 2018 Moscow trolleybus system has only 4 depots and dozens of kilometers of unused wires. Almost all trolleybus wires inside Garden Ring (Sadovoe Koltso) were cut in 2016–2017 due to the reconstruction of central streets ("Moya Ulitsa"). Opened on 15 November 1933, it is also the world's 6th oldest operating trolleybus system.
In 2018 the vehicle companies Kamaz and GAZ have won the Mosgortrans tender for delivering 200 electric buses and 62 ultra-fast charging stations to the city transport system. The manufacturers will be responsible for the quality and reliable operation of the buses and charging stations for the next 15 years. The city will be procuring only electric buses as of 2021, replacing the diesel bus fleet gradually. According to expectations, Moscow will become the leader amongst the European cities in terms of electric and gas fuel share in public transport by 2019.[213]
Moscow cable car
On 26 November 2018, the mayor of Moscow Sergey Sobyanin took part in the ceremony to open the cable car above the Moskva River. The cable car will connect the Luzhniki sports complex with Sparrow Hills and Kosygin Street. The journey from the well-known viewpoint on Vorobyovy Gory to Luzhniki Stadium will last for five minutes instead of 20 minutes that one would have to spend on the same journey by car.
Tram
Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899.[214] The newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, making up for approximately 5% of trips because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross-links between metro lines, for example between Universitet station of Sokolnicheskaya Line (#1 red line) and Profsoyuznaya station of Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line (#6 orange line) or between Voykovskaya and Strogino.
There are three tram networks in the city:
- Krasnopresnenskoye depot network with the westernmost point at Strogino (depot location) and the easternmost point near platform Dmitrovskaya. This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it could easily have been reconnected by about one kilometre (fifty chains) of track and three switches. The network has the highest usage in Moscow and no weak points based on turnover except to-depot lane (passengers serviced by bus) and tram ring at Dmitrovskaya (because now it is neither a normal transfer point nor a repair terminal).
- The Apakov depot services the south-western part from the Varshavsky lane – Simferopolsky boulevard in the east to the Universitet station in the west and Boulevard lane at the center. This network is connected only by the four-way Dubininskaya and Kozhevnicheskaya streets. A second connection by Vostochnaya (Eastern) street was withdrawn in 1987 due to a fire at the Dinamo plant and has not been recovered, and remains lost (Avtozavodsky bridge) at 1992. The network may be serviced anyway by another depot (now route 35, 38).
- Main three depot networks with railway gate and tram-repair plant.
In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion.
Taxi
Commercial taxi services and route taxis are in widespread use. In the mid-2010s, service platforms such as Yandex.Taxi, Uber and Gett displaced many private drivers and small service providers and were in 2015 servicing more than 50% of all taxi orders in Moscow.[215][216]
Russian tech firm Yandex is testing self-driving taxis in Moscow.[217]
Railway
Several train stations serve the city. Moscow's ten rail terminals (or vokzals) are:
- Belorussky Rail Terminal
- Kazansky Rail Terminal
- Kiyevsky Rail Terminal
- Kursky Rail Terminal
- Leningradsky Rail Terminal
- Paveletsky Rail Terminal
- Rizhsky Rail Terminal
- Savyolovsky Rail Terminal
- Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal
- Vostochny railway Terminal
The terminals are located close to the city center, along with the metro ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metro line to the centre of town. Each station handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia.[218] There are many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are cheap, they are the preferred mode of travel for Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is the western terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which traverses nearly 9,300 kilometres (5,800 mi) of Russian territory to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast.
Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter elektrichka (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to 140 km or 87 mi) large railway stations.
During the 2010s, the Little Ring of the Moscow Railway was converted to be used for frequent passenger service; it is fully integrated with Moscow Metro; the passenger service started on 10 September 2016. A connecting railway line on the North side of the town connects Belorussky terminal with other railway lines. This is used by some suburban trains.
Moscow Central Circle
The Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga formed a ring around the now-downtown Moscow since 1903, but only served as a non-electrified, fueled locomotive-only railway prior to reconstruction into MCC in 2010's.
The Moscow Central Circle is a 54-kilometre-long (34 mi) urban-metro railway orbital line that encircles historical Moscow. It was built alongside Little Ring of the Moscow Railway, taking some of its tracks into itself as well. M.C.C. was opened for passenger use on 10 September 2016.
The line is operated by the Moscow Government owned company MKZD through the Moscow Metro, with the Federal Government owned Russian Railways selected as the operation subcontractor.
Moscow Central Diameters
Another system, which forms "genuine S-Bahn" as in "suburbia-city-suburbia"-designed railway, is the Moscow Central Diameters, a pass-through railways system, created by constructing bypasses from "vokzals" final stations (e.g. by avoiding the central stations of already existing Moscow Railway, used for both intercity and urban-suburban travel before)[219] and forming a train line across Moscow's centre.
Out of 5 projected lines, the first 2 lines were completed and launched on 2019-11-21.
Roads
There are over 2.6 million cars in the city daily. Recent years have seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems.
The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), along with the Third Transport Ring and the canceled Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. Several other roadway systems form concentric circles around the city.
Air
There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow: Sheremetyevo (SVO), Domodedovo (DME), Vnukovo (VKO), Zhukovsky (ZIA), Ostafyevo (OSF).
Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most globally connected of Moscow's airports, handling 60% of all international flights.[220] It is also a home to all SkyTeam members, and the main hub for Aeroflot (itself a member of SkyTeam). Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo. It is a hub for S7 airlines, and most of OneWorld and Star Alliance members use Domodedovo as their international hub. Vnukovo International Airport handles flights of Turkish Airlines, Wizz Air Abu Dhabi and others. Ostafyevo International Airport caters primarily to business aviation.
Moscow's airports vary in distances from the MKAD beltway: Domodedovo is the farthest at 22 km (14 mi); Vnukovo is 11 km (7 mi); Sheremetyevo is 10 km (6 mi); and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from MKAD.[220]
There are a number of smaller airports close to Moscow (19 in Moscow Oblast) such as Myachkovo Airport, that are intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters.[221]
Water
Moscow has two passenger terminals, (South River Terminal and North River Terminal), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along the Moskva and Oka rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The North River Terminal, built in 1937, is the main hub for long-range river routes. There are three freight ports serving Moscow.
Sharing system
Moscow has different vehicle sharing options that are sponsored by the local government. There are several car sharing companies which are in charge of providing cars to the population. To drive the automobiles, the user has to book them through the app of the owning company. In 2018 the mayor Sergey Sobyanin said Moscow's car sharing system has become the biggest in Europe in terms of vehicle fleet.[223] Every day about 25,000 people use this service. In the end of the same year Moscow carsharing became the second in the world in therms of fleet with 16.5K available vehicles.[224] Another sharing system is bike sharing (Velobike) of a fleet formed by 3000 traditional and electrical bicycles.[225] The Delisamokat is a new sharing service that provides electrical scooters.[226]
Future development
In 1992, the Moscow government began planning a projected new part of central Moscow, the Moscow International Business Center, with the goal of creating a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe,[229] that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. Situated in Presnensky District and located at the Third Ring, the Moscow City area is under intense development. The construction of the MIBC takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up to one square kilometre (250 acres). The area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes.
The Federation Tower, completed in 2016, is the second-tallest building in Europe. It is planned to include a water park and other recreational facilities; business, office, entertainment, and residential buildings, a transport network and a new site for the Moscow government. The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has been completed, two of which have opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned.
- A rail shuttle service, directly connecting MIBC with the Sheremetyevo International Airport is also planned.
Major thoroughfares through MIBC are the Third Ring and Kutuzovsky Prospekt.
Three metro stations were initially planned for the Filyovskaya Line. The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005 and was later renamed Vystavochnaya in 2009. The branch extended to the Mezhdunarodnaya station in 2006, and all work on the third station, Dorogomilovskaya (between Kiyevskaya and Delovoi Tsentr), has been postponed. There are plans to extend the branch as far as the Savyolovskaya station, on the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line.
The cellphone service provider MTS announced on 5 March 2021, that they would begin the country's first pilot 5G network in Moscow.[230]
Media
Moscow is home to nearly all of Russia's nationwide television networks, radio stations, newspapers, and magazines.
Newspapers
This section needs to be updated.(February 2024) |
English-language media include The Moscow Times and Moscow News, which are, respectively, the largest[231] and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of Russia. Kommersant, Vedomosti and Novaya Gazeta are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. Kommersant and Vedomosti are among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language business newspapers.
TV and radio
Other media in Moscow include the Echo of Moscow, the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and NTV, one of the first privately owned Russian television stations. The total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near 50.
Moscow television networks:
Moscow radio stations:
- "Russian (Russkoye) Radio"
- "Europa Plus"
- "DFM"
- "NRJ (Russia)"
- "Radio Maximum"
- "Voice of Russia (in English)"
- "Radio Freedom (Svoboda)"
- "Megapolis FM"
- "Radio Kultura (Culture)"
- "Pioneer FM"
- "Zvezda"
- "Komsomolskaya Pravda"
- "Orpheus"
- "Monte Carlo"
- "Love Radio"
- "The Main" Главная
- "Govorit Moskva"
- "Radio Dacha"
- "Nashe Radio"
- "Radio 7"
- "Humor FM"
- "Retro FM"
- "Ultra"
- "Keks FM"
- "Carnival"
- "Dobrye Pesni (Good Songs)"
- "Voyage FM"
- "Kino FM"
- "Finam FM"
- "First Popular"
- "Politseiskaya Volna (Police Wave)"
- "Radio Sport"
- "Radio Rossii"
- "Radio Podmoskovye"
- "Radiocompany Moscow"
- "UFM"
- "Mayak"
- "Business FM"
- "Autoradio"
- "Moya Semia (My Family)"
- "XFM"
- "Fresh Radio"
- "Silver Rain"
- "Chanson"
- "M-Radio"
- "Orphey"
- "Echo of Moscow"
- "Radio Jazz"
- "Classic Radio"
- "Vesti FM"
- "City FM"
- "Relax FM"
- "Kommersant FM"
- "Rock FM"
- "Children's Radio"
- "Radio Alla"
- "Best FM"
- "Next FM"
- "Hit FM"
- "Radio Record"
- "Capital FM Moscow"
People
-
Alexander Pushkin, the founder of modern Russian literature, was born in Moscow in 1799.
-
Fyodor Dostoyevsky was born in Moscow in 1821.
-
Alexander Suvorov was born in Moscow in 1730.
-
Peter the Great was born in Moscow in 1672.
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Moscow is twinned with:
- Almaty, Kazakhstan[232]
- Ankara, Turkey[233]
- Astana, Kazakhstan[232]
- Baku, Azerbaijan[234]
- Bangkok, Thailand[235]
- Beijing, China[236]
- Bucharest, Romania[237]
- Buenos Aires, Argentina[238]
- Cusco, Peru[239]
- Dubai, United Arab Emirates[240]
- Ganja, Azerbaijan[241]
- Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam[242]
- Jakarta, Indonesia[243]
- Ljubljana, Slovenia[244]
- London, United Kingdom[245]
- Manila, Philippines[246]
- New Delhi, India[247]
- Pyongyang, North Korea[248]
- Rasht, Iran[249]
- Reykjavík, Iceland[250]
- Riga, Latvia[251]
- Seoul, South Korea[252]
- Tashkent, Uzbekistan[253]
- Tehran, Iran[254]
- Tokyo, Japan[255]
- Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia[256]
Cooperation agreements
Moscow has cooperation agreements with:
Former twin towns and sister cities
- Berlin, Germany (suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)[263]
- Brno, Czech Republic (terminated due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)[264]
- Chicago, United States (suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)[265]
- Düsseldorf, Germany (suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)[266][267]
- Kharkiv, Ukraine[268]
- Kyiv, Ukraine[269]
- Prague, Czech Republic (suspended since 2014 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)[270][271][272]
- Tallinn, Estonia[273]
- Vilnius, Lithuania[274]
- Warsaw, Poland (terminated due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)[275]
See also
Notes
References
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- ^ Including Moscow Oblast (8,524,665)
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- ^ According to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network
- ^ Brade, Isolde; Rudolph, Robert (2004). "Moscow, the Global City? The Position of the Russian Capital within the European System of Metropolitan Areas". Area. 36 (1). Wiley: 69–80. Bibcode:2004Area...36...69B. doi:10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00306.x. ISSN 0004-0894. JSTOR 20004359.
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{{cite book}}
: Check|chapter-url=
value (help) - ^ a b c d e f Smolitskaya, G.P. (2002). Toponimicheskyi slovar' Tsentral'noy Rossii Топонимический словарь Центральной России (in Russian). pp. 211–2017.
- ^ a b c Trubachyov, O.N., ed. (1994). Etimologicheskyi slovar' slavyanskikh yazykov Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian). V. 20: pp. 19–20, 197, 202–203; V. 21: pp. 12, 19–20, 76–79.
- ^ Pokorny, Julius. "meu". Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016.
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- ^ Tarkiainen, Kari (2010). Ruotsin itämaa. Helsinki: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. p. 19. ISBN 978-951-583-212-2.
- ^ "Translations for "Moscow" in the English » German Dictionary". PONS Online Dictionary. 14 May 2024. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
- ^ "French translation of 'Moscow'". Collins Dictionary. 14 May 2024. Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
- ^ "Translation of Moscow – English–Portuguese dictionary". Cambridge Dictionary. 14 May 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
- ^ "Translation of Moscow – English–Spanish dictionary". Cambridge Dictionary. 14 May 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
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- ^ "Hero City". President of Russia. 18 May 2024. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
- ^ "The origins of Moscow: What archaeological finds, chronicles and urban legends tell us". Mos.ru. 5 April 2017. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ "History of Moscow - from village to metropolis". moskau.ru. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ "Начало Москвы: пир после убийства". BBC News Russian. 11 April 2017. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
- ^ French, Richard Antony; Berton Murrell, Kathleen; Ioffe, Grigory (19 May 2024). "History of Moscow". Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ Bronnitsky.), Tikhon (Bishop of (1997). The Orthodox Shrines of Moscow. Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ J. L. I. Fennell, Ivan the Great of Moscow (1961) p. 354
- ^ Sergei M. Soloviev, and John J. Windhausen, eds. History of Russia. Vol. 8: Russian Society in the Age of Ivan III (1979)
- ^ "The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World Archived November 22, 2022, at the Wayback Machine". John F. Richards (2006). University of California Press. p. 260. ISBN 0-520-24678-0
- ^ Абецедарский, Л. С. (1978). Белоруссия и Россия (in Russian). Москва. p. 213.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ П.В.Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", М, 1948, p. 296.
- ^ Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster Archived 22 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine. John T. Alexander (2002). Oxford University Press US. p. 17. ISBN 0-19-515818-0
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- ^ One from an elderly pensioner whose dream was to "live in Stalinodar" and had selected the name to represent the "gift" (dar) of the genius of Stalin. Sarah Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941
- ^ And after it was suggested again to him by Nikolai Yezhov, he was outraged, saying "What do I need this for?". This was following Stalin banning the renaming of places in his name in 1936. Simon Montefiore, The Court of the Red Tsar
- ^ Moscow Encyclopedia, ed. Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1997, entry "Battle of Moscow"
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Robert J. Mason and Liliya Nigmatullina, "Suburbanization and Sustainability in Metropolitan Moscow," Geographical Review (2011) 101#3 pp. 316–333.
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External links
- Media related to Moscow at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
- Interactive map of housing in Moscow from 1785–2018. Archived 23 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
- Travel2moscow.com – Official Moscow Guide
- Official Moscow Administration Site
- Informational website of Moscow Archived 27 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- Old maps of Moscow. Archived 16 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The National Library of Israel. In Historic Cities Research Project. Archived 25 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine.