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{{Short description|Afghan political movement beginning in the late 1970s}} |
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'''Setami Milli''' (Dari: ''National Oppression'') was a political movement in Afghanistan, led by [[Tahir Badakhshi]]. The organization was affiliated with the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and was opposed by both the Afghan monarchy and by the leftist [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]]. In soviet and russian sources National Oppression is considered to be а Maoist organisation. <ref>{{cite book |last=Liahovsky |first=Alexander |title=Tragedy and Valor of Afghan |year=1995, 2004 |publisher=Iskona, Nord |location=Moscow |http://lib.rus.ec/b/216411/read }}</ref> |
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'''Settam-e-Melli''' ({{langx|ps|ستم ملي|lit=National Oppression}}){{efn|Transliterations include ''Setam-i-Milli''', '''Setami Milli''', '''Setam-i-Meli''', '''Setam-e-Meli''', '''Setami-i-Milli''' and '''Setame Melli'''.}} was a political movement in [[Afghanistan]], led by [[Tahir Badakhshi]]. The organization was affiliated with the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and was opposed by both the [[Barakzai dynasty|Afghan monarchy]] and by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-aligned [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]]. Its followers were mostly [[Persian-speakers of Afghanistan|Persian speakers]]. Most of its members were non-[[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]]—[[Tajik people|Tajik]], [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]], and other minorities—and it has been variously described as an anti-Pashtun separatist group and as a Tajik and Uzbek separatist group.<ref name="CordovezHarrison">Diego Cordovez & Selig S. Harrison, [https://books.google.com/books/about/Out_of_Afghanistan.html?id=iFasqHGo3p0C&source=kp_book_description ''Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal''] (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 34-35.</ref><ref>Dan Caldwell, [https://books.google.com/books/about/Vortex_of_Conflict.html?id=QifgYV59DK0C&source=kp_book_description ''Vortex of Conflict: U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq''] (Stanford University Press, 2007), p. 24.</ref><ref name="Nawid">Senzil Nawid, Language Policy in Afghanistan: Linguistic Diversity and National Unity, in [https://books.google.com/books/about/Language_Policy_and_Language_Conflict_in.html?id=52aicl9l7rwC&source=kp_book_description ''Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors''] (Koninklijke Brill NV 2012), p. 42.</ref><ref>M. Hassan Kakar, [https://books.google.com/books/about/Afghanistan.html?id=QyTmFj5tUGsC&source=kp_book_description ''Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982''] (University of California Press, 1995), p. 58.</ref><ref>Asger Christensen, [https://books.google.com/books/about/Aiding_Afghanistan.html?id=7LKS93lbSM0C ''Aiding Afghanistan: The Background and Prospects for Reconstruction in a Fragmented Society''] (NIAS Press, 1995), p. 24.</ref><ref name="Clements">Frank Clements, Badakhshi, Tahir (?-1979), in [https://books.google.com/books/about/Conflict_in_Afghanistan.html?id=bv4hzxpo424C ''Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia''] (2003), p. 37.</ref> "Information on Settam-e-Melli is vague and contradictory, but it appears to have been an anti-Pashtun leftist mutation."<ref>Anthony Arnold, [https://books.google.com/books/about/Afghanistan_s_Two_party_Communism.html?id=QtIjAAAAMAAJ&source=kp_book_description ''Afghanistan's Two-party Communism: Parcham and Khalq''] (Hoover Press, 1983), p. 39.</ref> |
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The group was founded in 1968 by [[Tahir Badakhshi]], a Tajik who formerly had been a member of the Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and split with the party.<ref name="Nawid"/><ref name="Clements"/> The group emphasized "militant [[class struggle]] and [[mass mobilization]] of peasants" and recruited Tajiks, Uzbeks, and other minorities from [[Kabul]] and the northeastern [[Provinces of Afghanistan|provinces]].<ref name="Nawid"/> |
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On February 14, 1979, the [[United States Ambassador to Afghanistan]] [[Adolph Dubs]] was kidnapped by four armed militants belonging to the Setami Milli party posing as police. The kidnappers demanded the release of Badruddin Bahes, the imprisoned leader of their party. The government of [[Hafizullah Amin]] denied holding Bahes, and refused categorically to negotiate with the militants, in spite of the US embassy's demands.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Selig |coauthors=Cordovez, Diego |title=Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet withdrawal |year=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-506294-9 |pages=34–35 }}</ref> Dubs was held in Room 117 of the [[Serena Hotels|Kabul Hotel]] (now called ''[[Serena Hotel|Kabul Serena Hotel]]''). Afghan security forces and Russian advisers swarmed the hallway and surrounding rooftops, but negotiations stalled. Shortly after 12:30 p.m., an exchange of gunfire started between the terrorists and the Afghan security forces, and the ambassador was killed.[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5380.htm] |
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Responsibility for the kidnapping and murder of the [[United States Ambassador to Afghanistan|American ambassador to Afghanistan]], [[Adolph Dubs]], on February 14, 1979, at the [[Kabul Serena Hotel|Kabul Hotel]] is sometimes attributed to Settam-e-Melli,<ref name="CordovezHarrison"/><ref>Jagmohan Meher, [https://books.google.com/books/about/America_s_Afghanistan_War.html?id=-HCgAAAAMAAJ ''America's Afghanistan War: The Success that Failed''] (Gyan Books, 2004), p. 64.</ref> but the true identity and aims of the militants who kidnapped Dubs is uncertain,<ref>Mohammad Khalid Ma'aroof, ''Afghanistan in World Politics: A Study of Afghan-U.S. Relations'' (Gian Publishing House, 1987), p. 117.</ref> and the circumstances are "still clouded."<ref>Robert C. Gray & Stanley J. Michalak, ''American Foreign Policy Since Détente'' (Harper & Row, 1984), p. 99.</ref> Some consider the allegation that Settam-e-Melli was responsible to be "dubious," pointing to a former Kabul policeman who has claimed that at least one kidnapper was part of the [[Parcham]] faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.<ref>Anthony Arnold, [https://books.google.com/books/about/Afghanistan_the_Soviet_Invasion_in_Persp.html?id=Af9tAAAAMAAJ&source=kp_book_description ''Afghanistan, the Soviet Invasion in Perspective''] (Hoover Press, 1985), p. 154.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | During the [[Nur Muhammad Taraki|Taraki]]-[[Hafizullah Amin|Amin]] period, the Setamis withdrew to the Afghan countryside, though as an urban movement this removed them from their powerbase. During the 1979-1986 rule of communist president [[Babrak Karmal]], the Setamis became closer with the government, partially as Karmal had been personal friend of Badakhshi (who had been killed in 1979).<ref>Gilles Dorronsoro. [ |
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| ⚫ | During the [[Nur Muhammad Taraki|Taraki]]-[[Hafizullah Amin|Amin]] period, the Setamis withdrew to the Afghan countryside, though as an urban movement this removed them from their powerbase. During the 1979-1986 rule of communist president [[Babrak Karmal]], the Setamis became closer with the government, partially as Karmal had been a personal friend of Badakhshi (who had been killed in 1979).<ref name="books.google.com">Gilles Dorronsoro. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3DOuOSYR4PcC&pg=PA185 Revolution unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the present.]. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2005. {{ISBN|1-85065-703-3}}, {{ISBN|978-1-85065-703-3}}</ref> A Setami leader, [[Bashir Baghlani]], went over to the government in 1983, and was made [[Ministry of Justice (Afghanistan)|Minister of Justice]].<ref>J. Bruce Amstutz. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RUSNyMH1aFQC&pg=PA119 Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation]''. DIANE Publishing, 1994. {{ISBN|0-7881-1111-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7881-1111-2}}</ref> |
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The Setamis continued to play a prominent role among the non-Pashtun northeastern Afghan militias, playing a part in [[Ahmad Shah Mahsud]]'s defeat at [[Shahr-i Bozorg]] in 1990.<ref>Gilles Dorronsoro. [http://books.google.com/booksid=3DOuOSYR4PcC&pg=PA185&lpg=PA185&dq=safza+militia&source=bl&ots=9oGh1PsPQz&sig=4NxiQBKfifMY_HJU0IGwdN7bq2s&hl=en&ei=rsOzS8nlOMP68AbguODyBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=setamis&f=false Revolution unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the present.]. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2005. ISBN 1-85065-703-3, ISBN 978-1-85065-703-3</ref> |
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The Setamis continued to play a prominent role among the non-Pashtun northeastern Afghan militias, playing a part in [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]]'s defeat at [[Shahr-i Bozorg]] in 1990.<ref name="books.google.com"/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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===Notes=== |
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[[Category:Political history of Afghanistan]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:10, 11 November 2024
Settam-e-Melli (Pashto: ستم ملي, lit. 'National Oppression')[a] was a political movement in Afghanistan, led by Tahir Badakhshi. The organization was affiliated with the Non-Aligned Movement, and was opposed by both the Afghan monarchy and by the Soviet-aligned People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. Its followers were mostly Persian speakers. Most of its members were non-Pashtuns—Tajik, Uzbek, and other minorities—and it has been variously described as an anti-Pashtun separatist group and as a Tajik and Uzbek separatist group.[1][2][3][4][5][6] "Information on Settam-e-Melli is vague and contradictory, but it appears to have been an anti-Pashtun leftist mutation."[7]
The group was founded in 1968 by Tahir Badakhshi, a Tajik who formerly had been a member of the Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and split with the party.[3][6] The group emphasized "militant class struggle and mass mobilization of peasants" and recruited Tajiks, Uzbeks, and other minorities from Kabul and the northeastern provinces.[3]
Responsibility for the kidnapping and murder of the American ambassador to Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs, on February 14, 1979, at the Kabul Hotel is sometimes attributed to Settam-e-Melli,[1][8] but the true identity and aims of the militants who kidnapped Dubs is uncertain,[9] and the circumstances are "still clouded."[10] Some consider the allegation that Settam-e-Melli was responsible to be "dubious," pointing to a former Kabul policeman who has claimed that at least one kidnapper was part of the Parcham faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.[11]
During the Taraki-Amin period, the Setamis withdrew to the Afghan countryside, though as an urban movement this removed them from their powerbase. During the 1979-1986 rule of communist president Babrak Karmal, the Setamis became closer with the government, partially as Karmal had been a personal friend of Badakhshi (who had been killed in 1979).[12] A Setami leader, Bashir Baghlani, went over to the government in 1983, and was made Minister of Justice.[13]
The Setamis continued to play a prominent role among the non-Pashtun northeastern Afghan militias, playing a part in Ahmad Shah Massoud's defeat at Shahr-i Bozorg in 1990.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Diego Cordovez & Selig S. Harrison, Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 34-35.
- ^ Dan Caldwell, Vortex of Conflict: U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq (Stanford University Press, 2007), p. 24.
- ^ a b c Senzil Nawid, Language Policy in Afghanistan: Linguistic Diversity and National Unity, in Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors (Koninklijke Brill NV 2012), p. 42.
- ^ M. Hassan Kakar, Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982 (University of California Press, 1995), p. 58.
- ^ Asger Christensen, Aiding Afghanistan: The Background and Prospects for Reconstruction in a Fragmented Society (NIAS Press, 1995), p. 24.
- ^ a b Frank Clements, Badakhshi, Tahir (?-1979), in Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia (2003), p. 37.
- ^ Anthony Arnold, Afghanistan's Two-party Communism: Parcham and Khalq (Hoover Press, 1983), p. 39.
- ^ Jagmohan Meher, America's Afghanistan War: The Success that Failed (Gyan Books, 2004), p. 64.
- ^ Mohammad Khalid Ma'aroof, Afghanistan in World Politics: A Study of Afghan-U.S. Relations (Gian Publishing House, 1987), p. 117.
- ^ Robert C. Gray & Stanley J. Michalak, American Foreign Policy Since Détente (Harper & Row, 1984), p. 99.
- ^ Anthony Arnold, Afghanistan, the Soviet Invasion in Perspective (Hoover Press, 1985), p. 154.
- ^ a b Gilles Dorronsoro. Revolution unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the present.. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2005. ISBN 1-85065-703-3, ISBN 978-1-85065-703-3
- ^ J. Bruce Amstutz. Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation. DIANE Publishing, 1994. ISBN 0-7881-1111-6, ISBN 978-0-7881-1111-2
Notes
[edit]- '^ Transliterations include Setam-i-Milli, Setami Milli, Setam-i-Meli, Setam-e-Meli, Setami-i-Milli and Setame Melli.
