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{{Short description|Fringe unified theory of physics}} |
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{{cleanup-date|February 2006}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}} |
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'''Heim theory''' is a term used to describe a non-mainstream proposed '[[theory of everything]]', based on the assumptions used by Heim on his work in propulsion and mass calculations. Neither most of his original work nor theories based on his work have been ''[[peer review|peer reviewed]]''. [[Burkhard Heim]] attempted to resolve incompatibilities between [[quantum theory]] and [[general relativity]]. To meet that goal, he developed a mathematical approach based on quantizing spacetime itself, and proposed the [[metron]] as a (two-dimensional) quantum of (multidimensional) space. The mathematics behind Heim's theory requires extending spacetime with extra dimensions; various formulations by Heim and his successors involve 6, 8, or 12 dimensions. Within the quantum spacetime of Heim theory, [[elementary particles]] are represented as "hermetry forms" or multidimensional structures of space. In his lifetime, Heim has attempted to use his method to calculate elementary particle masses directly from fundamental physical constants. Most of the resulting masses are in remarkable agreement with experiment. After his death, others have continued with his multi-dimensional "quantum hyperspace" framework. Most notable are the theoretical generalizations put forth by [[Walter Dröscher]], who worked in collaboration with Heim at some length. Their combined theories are also known as "Heim-Droescher" theories. There are some discrepancies between the original "Heim Theory" and the extended versions proposed by his successors. For example, in its original version Heim theory used 6 dimensions, which was sufficient to derive the masses of elementary particles. Droescher first extended this to 8, in order to demonstrate that the [[quantum electrodynamics]] and [[quantum chromodynamics|QCD]] structures of the [[standard model]] could be found within this expanded version of the original Heim theory. Later, 4 more dimensions were used in the 12 dimensional version that involves extra gravitational forces one of which corresponds to [[quintessence (physics)|quintessence]]. All these theories are often known as "Heim theories". The various [[dimension]]al extensions allow one to interpret that branches of established physics can be found in Heim theory, including [[Maxwell's equations]]. The extended Heim-Dröscher theory also claims to account for the "[[dark matter]]" problem of [[astrophysics]]. |
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'''Heim theory''', first proposed by German physicist [[Burkhard Heim]] publicly in 1957, is an attempt to develop a [[theory of everything]] in [[theoretical physics]]. The theory claims to bridge some of the disagreements between [[quantum mechanics]] and [[general relativity]].<ref name=long/> The theory has received little attention in the scientific literature and is regarded as being outside mainstream science<ref name=newsci/><ref name=long> |
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==History== |
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{{cite book |
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<!--somewhere a timeline should be provided so that readers can follow the development of the theory, since it is very confusing without providing the context in which everything in Heim theory was derived--> |
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| last = Long |
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| first = Kelvin F. |
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| title = Deep Space Propulsion: A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight |
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| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]] |
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| year = 2012 |
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| format = Google Books preview |
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| pages = 295–296 |
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EAD2-GrarkEC&q=Heim+theory&pg=PA295 |
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| isbn =978-1461406075}}</ref><ref name=drow> |
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{{cite web |
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|author1=Citation rates |author2=other information | title = Dröscher, W. |
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| publisher = Google Scholar |
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| date = 20 July 2013 |
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| url = https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Dr%C3%B6scher%2C+W.&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C22&as_sdtp= |
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| access-date =2013-07-20}}</ref><ref name=giov> |
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{{cite book |
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| last = Modanese |
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| first = Giovanni and Robertson, Glen A. |
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| title = Gravity-Superconductors Interactions: Theory and Experiment |
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| publisher = [[Bentham Science Publishers]] |
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| year = 2012 |
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| format = Google Books preview |
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| pages = 230–231 |
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YafxlC5hL0UC&q=%22heim+theory%22+physics&pg=PA231 |
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| isbn =978-1608054008}}</ref> but has attracted some interest in popular and fringe media.<ref name=giov/><ref> |
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{{cite book |
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| last = Farrell |
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| first = Joseph P. |
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| title = Babylon's Banksters: The Alchemy of Deep Physics, High Finance and Ancient Religion |
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| publisher = [[Feral House]] |
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| year=2010 |
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| location = Port Townsend, WA |
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| pages = 110–111 |
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UvSGUxT76NkC&q=%22heim+theory%22+physics&pg=PA111 |
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| isbn = 978-1932595796}}</ref><ref name=ufo>{{cite book |
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| title =Ufos For Know-It-Alls |
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| publisher =Filiquarian Publishing |
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| year =2008 |
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| pages =41 |
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| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=E2hO2WIlgS0C&q=%22heim+theory%22+physics&pg=PA42 |
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| isbn =978-1599862323 |
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}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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==Development== |
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The basic theory was developed in near [[isolation]] from the [[scientific community]]. Heim's [[Disability|handicaps]] led him to prefer this isolation as the effort of communication in a [[university]] environment was too much of a strain for a handless, essentially deaf and blind physicist. Heim himself only had one publication in a [[peer review]]ed [[journal]], and this only at the insistence of his [[friend]]s, as he himself did not see the need for publication until his theory was complete. Heim's original 1977 publication remains the only peer-reviewed publication on Heim theory. A small group of physicists is now trying to bring it to the attention of the scientific community, by publishing and copy-editing Heim's work and by checking and expanding the relevant calculations. Recently a series of presentations of Heim theory were made by Haeuser, Droescher and Von Ludwiger. A paper based on the former was published in a conference proceedings by the American Institute of Physics journal in [[2005]] (see table of contents in [http://proceedings.aip.org/proceedings/confproceed/746.jsp] and abstract of paper in [http://proceedings.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000746000001001430000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=Yes]). This article has won a prize for the best paper received in [[2004]] by the AIAA Nuclear and Future Flight Technical Committee. Von Ludwiger's presentation was to the First European Workshop on Field Propulsion, January 20-22, 2001 at the University of Sussex (see list of talks [http://www.workshop.cwc.net/agendax.htm]). Droescher was able to extend Heim's 6-dimensional theory, which had been sufficient for derivation of the mass formula, to an 8-dimensional theory which included particle interactions, thus re-producing the structures seen in the standard model. |
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Heim attempted to resolve incompatibilities between [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]] and [[general relativity]]. To meet that goal, he developed a mathematical approach based on quantizing [[spacetime]].<ref name=newsci> |
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{{cite news |
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| last =Lietz |
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| first =Haiko |
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| title = Take a leap into hyperspace |
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| newspaper = [[New Scientist]] magazine |
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| format = Full text article available for free download. |
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| quote = ...the idea relies on an obscure and largely unrecognized kind of physics...The majority of physicists have never heard of Heim theory, and most of those contacted by New Scientist said they couldn't make sense of Dröscher and Häuser's description of the theory behind their proposed experiment...The general consensus seems to be that Dröscher and Häuser's theory is incomplete at best...it has not passed any normal form of peer review. |
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| publisher =Reed Business Information Ltd. |
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| date =5 January 2006 |
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| url = http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_hyperdimensions11.htm |
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| access-date =2013-07-20}}</ref> Others have attempted to apply Heim theory to nonconventional [[space propulsion]] and [[faster than light]] concepts, as well as the origin of [[dark matter]].<ref name="hpcc-space.de/publications">[http://www.hpcc-space.de/publications/index.html List of Publications]. HPCC-Space GmbH. 2006.</ref><ref name=auerbach> |
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{{cite journal |
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|author1=Auerbach, T. |
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|author2=von Ludwiger, I. |
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|title=Heim's Theory of Elementary Particle Structures |
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|journal=Journal of Scientific Exploration |
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|volume=6 |
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|pages=217–231 |
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|quote=So far Heim has not succeeded in finding a criterion which would limit the number of excited states to those actually observed. Despite the insight gained into particle physics, the theory is not entirely equivalent to modem quantum theory. This enables [Heim] to derive logically precise statements about the process of life, the origin of paranormal phenomena, and the structure of realms far transcending the 4-dimensional world of our experience. |
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|date=1992 |
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|issue=3 |
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|url=http://scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_06_3_auerbach.pdf |
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|access-date=2013-07-20 |
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|url-status=dead |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507015633/http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_06_3_auerbach.pdf |
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|archive-date=7 May 2012 |
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}}{{rs?|date=February 2020}}</ref> |
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Heim claimed that his theory yields particle masses directly from fundamental [[physical constants]] and that the resulting [[mass]]es are in agreement with experiment, but this claim has not been confirmed. Heim's theory is formulated mathematically in six or more dimensions and uses Heim's own version of [[difference equation]]s. |
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==Principles== |
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Two of the main principles of Heim's theory are his: |
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==References== |
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* Predictions for the masses of [[Neutrino|neutrinos]], and |
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{{reflist}} |
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* Predictions for the conversion of photons into the so-called "gravito-photons" resulting in a measurable force. |
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These are empirical predictions which can in principle be experimentally verified, but have not all been achieved to date. Physicists have confirmed that neutrinos have mass. This is a major finding of the US-based Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (Minos) experiment. The news release of this is found in the "News Items" section. |
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Heim also introduces in his theory a new vocabulary which describes his predicted forces and interactions with matter. As a majority of these terms were originally in German, translation of these into English has resulted in some ambiguity. |
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==Introduction== |
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In order to appreciate the significance of Heim theory and other "theories of everything", it is necessary to briefly discuss the incompatibilities of quantum theory and general relativity. For sufficiently small and bound [[system]]s, (say, around the size of [[atom]]s and [[quark]]s) quantum theory proposes that these systems behave as if certain physical characteristics of them are [[quantized]]. For example, only fixed amounts of [[energy]] can be exchanged with such systems. For sufficiently large and unbound systems, [[general relativity]] proposes that energy and [[mass]] are interchangeable, and that systems possess a continuum of energies as particles approach the speed of [[light]]. If we consider the situation where small particles move close to the speed of light in a bound system, both theories become problematic in describing the full behaviour of the observed system. This is because discretization of energy proposed by quantum mechanics is apparently incompatible with the continuum of energy proposed by general relativity and its consequences. A similar situation arises when an attempt is made to describe a large quantity of mass or energy confined to a small region of [[space]]. In particular, a successful theory that can unify quantum and general relativity theory should be able to explain the [[lifetime]]s of particles (how long the particle exists before it [[Radioactive decay|decay]]s into energy and disappears), and the reasoning behind the observed quantization of mass in elementary particles. |
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To resolve this difference, Heim theory attempts to explain the nature of [[elementary particle]]s, along with their observed lifetimes and discrete [[mass spectrum]] using a concept known as [[quantized geometrodynamics]]. This concept involves an [[abstract math]]ematical object embedded in 12-dimensional space. The space occupied by this object is extremely small. In this model, all space consists of many quantized [[surface element]]s on the order of 10<sup>-70</sup> m<sup>2</sup> small. Each quantized surface element is known as a [[metron]] (term coined by Heim). The theory is a purely [[geometrical]] theory - that is, space is considered quantized and all the [[nuclear force]]s arise analogously to [[gravity]] in general relativity. Some features of the theory are: |
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* The reasonable accuracy of the [[mass formula]] - The mass formula predicts the masses of 16 elementary particles to a relative [[accuracy]] of one part in 10,000. No other established theory of fundamental particles at present have made comparable theoretical predictions to this accuracy. |
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* The 8-dimensional extension by Droescher gives the interactions - and a [[group (mathematics)|group structure]] as in the [[Standard Model]]. It also gives two additional gravity forces - one that has the characteristics called ''quintessence''. The observed apparent [[acceleration]] in the expansion of the [[universe]] can be rationalized with a combination of Heim and Droescher's theories. |
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* There are 4 input parameters in the theory - h ([[Planck's Constant]]), G ([[Gravitational constant]]), [[vacuum permittivity]] and [[permeability]]. Combinations of these constants in various mathematical functions derived from Heim theory allows one to derive existing particle masses and their lifetimes to within a reasonable [[experimental error]]. It also proposes that other particles not discovered at present, are in existence. The Heim theory also proposes that the [[fine structure constant]] is dependent on these 4 other constants. |
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*Some of the predictions are still outstanding - e.g. the [[neutrino]] masses (see selected results in [http://www.heim-theory.com/Contents/Introduction_to_Heim_s_Mass-Fo/introduction_to_heim_s_mass-fo.html]). |
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*A sign that the theory is perhaps undergoing a renewal of interest is a paper published by the [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] in [[2005]] authored by Droescher and Haeuser. The paper discusses potential [[aerospace]] applications of Heim theory. It was decided by the Nuclear and Future Flight Propulsion Technical Committee of the [[AIAA]] to acknowledge the publication with a "best paper of the year" award in July 2005. This award attracted much attention, including the cover story for the first 2006 issue of [[New Scientist]] [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/fundamentals/mg18925331.200] |
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== Terminology == |
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Heims theory as any scientific discipline requires strict terminology to be used, even more stringent than in other disciplines due to the complexity and vastness of the theory. This section declares the terms and gives a short explanation: |
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*'''Corpuscle''': A particle such as a photon can be considered a [[wave]] or a quanta, and can be described in a [[materialistic]] (measuring, weighting etc.) or [[energetic]] (as [[holographic]] [[wave interference]]-patterns) fashion. The term dates back to Newton ([[Corpuscular theory]]), and is adapted in a modern way by Heim (someone with proper understanding should update this definition). |
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==The mass formulae== |
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The mass formulae are perhaps the most important aspects of Heim's theory at the moment. This is because it is the portion of his theory which can be thoroughly analyzed by comparing its numerical results and a standard table of masses for fundamental particles. There are multiple mass formula equations used in succession to compute the entire theoretical "[[mass spectrum]]". |
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The mass spectrum predicts the masses of fundamental particles and their "resonances". It consists of several nested levels of variables, and is described in summary in the paper "Recommendation of a Way to a Unified Description of Elementary Particles" by Burkhard Heim, published in the journal Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Teil A, Band 32A Heft 1-7, 1977 Jan.-Juli, pg. 233-243. |
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Heim gives the ''form'' of the mass spectrum to be |
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:<math>m = a^4 \eta_q \sqrt{\frac{2N }{2N-1}} </math> |
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In Heim's 1989 mass formula [http://www.heim-theory.com/downloads/F_Heims_Mass_Formula_1989.pdf], the expression for the masses is broken down as follows: |
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:<math>M = \mu \alpha_+ [(G + S + F + \phi) + 4 q \alpha_- ]</math> |
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(see the above link for explanations of the terms in this expression). |
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The derivation of Heim's 1989 formula relies on the partial result published in 1977. Also, there are specific mass spectrum formulae for charged particles, and uncharged particles. These formulae are based on their respective ''hermetry forms''. |
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===Comparison between theoretical and experimental values=== |
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Here are tables comparing the experimental masses and lifetimes of selected particles with the data generated using Heim's non-peer reviewed code: |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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! Particle name |
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! Theoretical mass (MeV/c<sup>2</sup>) |
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! Experimental mass (MeV/c<sup>2</sup>) |
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! Absolute error |
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! Relative error |
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|- |
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| Proton |
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| 938.27959 |
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| 938.27231 |
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| 0.00728 |
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| 0.00000776 |
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|- |
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| Neutron |
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| 939.57337 |
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| 939.56563 |
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| 0.00773 |
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| 0.00000823 |
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|- |
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| Electron |
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| 0.51100343 |
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| 0.51099907 |
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| 0.00000436 |
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| 0.00000853 |
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|} |
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The mass for the neutron has been predicted by the formula a decade before experimental data existed. |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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! Particle type |
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! Particle name |
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! Theoretical mass (MeV/c<sup>2</sup>) |
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! Measured mass (MeV/c<sup>2</sup>) |
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! Theoretical mean life/10<sup>-8</sup> sec |
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! Measured mean life/10<sup>-8</sup> sec |
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|- |
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| Lepton |
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| Ele-Neutrino |
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| 0.381 × 10<sup>-8</sup> |
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| < 5 × 10<sup>-8</sup> |
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| Infinite |
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| Infinite |
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|- |
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| Lepton |
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| Mu -Neutrino |
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| 0.00537 |
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| < 0.17 |
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| Infinite |
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| Infinite |
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|- |
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| Lepton |
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| Tau-Neutrino |
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| 0.010752 |
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| < 18.2 |
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| Infinite |
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| Infinite |
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|- |
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| Lepton |
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| Electron |
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| 0.51100343 |
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| 0.51099907 ± 0.00000015 |
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| Infinite |
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| Infinite |
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|- |
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| Lepton |
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| Muon |
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| 105.65948493 |
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| 105.658389 ± 0.000034 |
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| 219.94237553 |
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| 219.703 ± 0.004 |
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|- |
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| Baryon |
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| Proton |
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| 938.27959246 |
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| 938.27231 ± 0.00026 |
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| Infinite |
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| Infinite |
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|- |
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| Baryon |
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| Neutron |
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| 939.57336128 |
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| 939.56563 ± 0.00028 |
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| 917.33526856 × 10<sup>8</sup> |
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| (886.7 ± 1.9) × 10<sup>8</sup> |
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|} |
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* "measured" = [http://pdg.lbl.gov Particle Data Group Cern 2002] |
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* "theoretical" = [http://www.heim-theory.com/downloads/G_Selected_Results.pdf Heim-theory Group 2003] |
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Heim's approach to calculating the mass spectrum requires 4 parameters, of which the gravitational constant [[gravitational_constant|G]] is the least precise. It has an uncertainty of up to 0.001 (see e.g. [http://www.npl.washington.edu/eotwash/gconst.html] where it is suggested that uncertainty might even be higher). As a result, relative errors of up to 0.001 are expected. This assumption holds if the mass formula equations are more or less [[linear]] with respect to G. |
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The errors indicated in the table are approximately 100 times lower than this value. |
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This indicates that the theory is either: |
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# Nonlinear in G; |
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# The value of G fortuitously produces these results. |
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A more precise estimate of the expected error due to G from the theorists would be required to determine which case this is, but this has apparently not yet been produced. As a result, no error bars have been computed for the theoretical values. |
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==Gravitation== |
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Heim theory assumes that a gravitational potential arises from the gradient of a field φ(r). ''Position dependent'' mass is the function m(r), and r is the radial distance from a quanta of a point mass. |
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A differential equation used to describe the basis is |
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:<math> \left ( \frac{d \phi}{dr} \right ) ^2 + 32 \frac{c^2}{3}F \left( \frac{d \phi}{dr} + F \phi \right ) = 0, F = \frac{1}{r} \frac{h^2 + \gamma m^3 r}{h^2 - \gamma m^3 r}.</math> |
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If this equation is [[nondimensionalization|nondimensionalized]] the characteristic length of the system is |
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:<math>r_c = \frac{h^2}{\gamma m^3}. </math> |
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The characteristic length is the distance from a point mass for which the field φ(r)=0. It is also the case that the field attains its absolute minimum. Hence, the gravitational force is identically zero at this distance. |
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The solution to the differential equation has the curve φ(r) concave up. The gravitational potential that arises from this field can be positive, negative or zero. |
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==Further technical details== |
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The 8 dimensions of Heim theory is the result of two mathematical objects |
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# a [[non-linear operator]] whose [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] representation C consists of 4 submatrices |
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#* These submatrices are generated with the 4 non-linear operators indexed as C<sub>a</sub> |
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# 64 state functions ψ indexed with three independent labels ψ<sub>abc</sub> |
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The three indices run from 1 to 4, resulting in 64 different [[eigenvalue]] [[equation]]s |
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<!-- The \,\! is to keep the formula rendered as PNG instead of HTML. Please don't remove it.--> |
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:<math>\,\! \hat C_a \psi_{abc} = \lambda_{abc} \psi_{abc} \Rightarrow |
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\hat C_a \left | abc \right \rangle = \lambda_{abc} \left | abc \right \rangle</math> |
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The resulting matrix representation for the four C operators is a 64 by 64 matrix defined by |
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:<math>\,\! C = \left \langle abc \right | \hat C_d \left | def \right \rangle.</math> |
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This large matrix is entirely zero with the exception of 24 elements on the [[main diagonal]]. The 64 elements on the main diagonal represent the components of an [[energy density]] [[tensor]]. The 64 elements can be arranged in an 8 by 8 matrix T such that |
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:<math> T = |
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\begin{bmatrix} T_{11} & T_{12} & T_{13} & T_{14} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ |
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T_{21} & T_{22} & T_{23} & T_{24} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ |
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T_{31} & T_{32} & T_{33} & T_{34} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ |
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T_{41} & T_{42} & T_{43} & T_{44} & T_{45} & T_{46} & 0 & 0 \\ |
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0 & 0 & 0 & T_{54} & T_{55} & T_{56} & 0 & 0 \\ |
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0 & 0 & 0 & T_{64} & T_{65} & T_{66} & 0 & 0 \\ |
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0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ |
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0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ |
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\end{bmatrix} |
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</math> |
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The [[non-zero]] elements T<sub>ij</sub> are equal to the appropriate eigenvalue which has been mapped into this matrix. This matrix has 8 eigenvalues (and thus 8 eigenvectors) which can be grouped into 4 unique groups based on their [[degeneracy]]. The [[eigenvectors]] [[span]] a [[coordinate space]] called R<sub>8</sub>. This space has coordinates x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2</sub>, x<sub>3</sub>, x<sub>4</sub>, x<sub>5</sub>, x<sub>6</sub>, x<sub>7</sub>, x<sub>8</sub>, which can be grouped as {x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2</sub>, x<sub>3</sub>}, {x<sub>4</sub>}, {x<sub>5</sub>, x<sub>6</sub>}, and {x<sub>7</sub>, x<sub>8</sub>}. |
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Note also that if we take the basic number of physically existing dimensions to be 6, corresponding to the 6x6 non-zero sub-matrix of T, then we can use Heim's formula relating this number, P, to the maximum possible number of dimensions, n, in a containing 'hyperspace'i.e.: |
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:<math> n = 1 + sqrt(1 + p(p - 2)(p - 1) ) |
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</math> |
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to give n = 12 for p = 6. This explains the 6 'extra' dimensions of the fully extended theory. Note that the above equation only has low integer solutions (p,n) = (4, 6) or (6, 12). The next highest solution is (57, 420). After that solutions are space by appoximately 1,000,000 or more. Additional considerations rule out the higher dimensional variations, leaving only the lower two as unique solutions. |
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===Interpretation=== |
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These groupings are labeled respectively |
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:* R<sub>3</sub>, representing the typical [[cartesian_coordinate_system|cartesian]] [[state space]] |
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:* T<sub>1</sub>, representing the time coordinate |
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:* S<sub>2</sub>, representing the "entelechial" and "aeonic" coordinates |
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:* I<sub>2</sub>, representing the coordinates which govern the probability state space |
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The last 4 coordinates have various different interpretations, of which many are "[[unphysical]]". They are usually interpreted as auxiliary coordinates which project into the spaces R<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>1</sub> through special operators. |
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As an aside, in the original theory of Heim, the tensor T is only a 6 by 6 matrix. In this Heim-Droescher extension, the tensor is an 8 by 8 matrix. The theory of Heim is typically extended by redefining the [[operator]] C to have more components. Hence, the [[generalization]] of Heim's theory is usually done in this manner. The operator C arises from an indexing of state functions and tensors. |
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Focussing on only the elements of the 6 by 6 tensor, it can be interpreted as a [[coupling]] between two sets of coordinate systems. The elements T<sub>11</sub> to T<sub>33</sub> represent the [[Cartesian coordinates]]. The elements T<sub>11</sub> to T<sub>44</sub> represent the cartesian coordinates plus the [[time]] coordinate. These 16 elements are the constituents of [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]'s tensor representing [[spacetime]]. |
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An extension by Droescher to 12 dimensional theory allows some aspects of quantum mechanics to result from Heim theory. |
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===Matter and forces=== |
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In [[Albert Einstein]]'s theory of [[General Relativity]], gravitation is interpreted in a geometrical way; it is a consequence of the curvature of space-time. Heim Theory expands this approach to all forces, so all physical phenomena, even matter itself, are a consequence of the structure of space-time. As it was stated before, Heim Theory uses an 8-dimensional space. Different [[subset]]s of R<sub>8</sub>, that Heim called "[[hermetries]]", give rise to all the known particles and interactions: |
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<!-- set union operators may not render correctly in some web-browsers --> |
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:*H<sub>1</sub> = R<sub>3</sub>∪I<sub>2</sub>: [[gluons]] |
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:*H<sub>2</sub> = R<sub>3</sub>∪T<sub>1</sub>∪I<sub>2</sub>: [[color charge]]s |
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:*H<sub>3</sub> = R<sub>3</sub>∪T<sub>1</sub>∪S<sub>2</sub>∪I<sub>2</sub>: [[W boson]]s |
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:*H<sub>4</sub> = R<sub>3</sub>∪S<sub>2</sub>∪I<sub>2</sub>: [[Z boson]]s |
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:*H<sub>5</sub> = T<sub>1</sub>∪S<sub>2</sub>∪I<sub>2</sub>: [[photon]]s |
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<!-- another paper states that photons are T1+S2 --> |
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:*H<sub>6</sub> = H<sub>6</sub> (T<sub>1</sub>∪I<sub>2</sub>) * H<sub>7</sub> (T<sub>1</sub>∪S<sub>2</sub>): [[weak charge]] |
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:*H<sub>8</sub> = R<sub>3</sub>∪S<sub>2</sub>: neutral particles with mass |
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:*H<sub>9</sub> = R<sub>3</sub>∪T<sub>1</sub>∪S<sub>2</sub>: particles with [[electric charge]] and mass |
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:*H<sub>10</sub> = I<sub>2</sub>: [[probability field]] |
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:*H<sub>11</sub> = S<sub>2</sub>∪I<sub>2</sub>: [[gravito-photon]] |
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:*H<sub>12</sub> = S<sub>2</sub>: [[graviton]] |
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Note that, according to Heim, either S<sub>2</sub> or I<sub>2</sub> (or both) is always necessary for interactions to take place. It's worth noting that Heim Theory predicts the existence of all the known 4 forces, along with 2 new gravitational-like forces: |
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:*H<sub>1</sub> predicts [[gluons]], carriers of the [[strong nuclear force]]. |
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:*H<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>4</sub> predicts the [[W boson]]s and [[Z boson]], carriers of the [[weak nuclear force]]. |
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:*H<sub>5</sub> predicts [[photon]]s, carriers of the [[electromagnetic force]]. |
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:*H<sub>10</sub> predicts [[Quintessence (physics)|quintessence]], a weak gravitational-like repulsive force that would cause the expansion of universe. |
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:*H<sub>11</sub> predicts [[gravito-photon]]s, as yet unobserved particles that would, theoretically, allow the conversion of an electromagnetic field into a gravitational-like field. |
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:*H<sub>12</sub> predicts [[graviton]]s, carriers of [[gravity]]. |
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These force carriers together also allow one to predict novel forms of [[space travel]]. Whether this holds true in practice remains controversial. |
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===Misnomers=== |
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The method of extending Heim Theory to higher dimensions than the four known, results in a theory which describes the [[physical world]] in terms of an increasing number of [[dimension]]s. These extra dimensions (which are auxiliary to [[length]], [[width]], [[height]], and [[time]]) are often liberally associated with notions such as "[[consciousness]]", "[[spirit]]", etc. This, however, is a misinterpretation of Heim, as he always associated x5 and x6 only with [[organisation]] and nothing more. This misunderstanding is probably due to Heim's interest later in his life to provide a framework for such [[perception]]s and [[experience]]s. |
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It should be noted that it is ''convenient'' to label the additional dimensions, but this only serves as a [[tool]] for organization. The additional dimensions need not necessarily correspond to physical reality and be interpreted literally. This is because the labelling is [[arbitrary]], and it serves to provide a name for a particular property of the [[equation]]s in Heim Theory. This is analogous to [[quantum chromodynamics]] where [[quark]]s are assigned [[colour charge|properties]] named after different [[colours]]. Particle physicists are not suggesting that quarks have "colour", rather, that they have an important property for which an arbitrary label has been applied. |
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These extra dimensions in Heim Theory should be considered auxiliary coordinates occurring as a mathematical tool in the theory. It introduces [[symmetry]] into Heim Theory which simplifies its expression and manipulation. The [[phenomena]] described in these auxiliary coordinates of Heim theory are ''projected'' into real coordinate space which ''then'' describe the physics of fundamental particles and the universe. |
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As an [[analogy]], in [[Max Born]]'s interpretation of [[quantum mechanics]], the [[wavefunction]] ψ itself has no physical meaning, but its magnitude squared |ψ|<sup>2</sup> has physical meaning corresponding to [[probability density]]. Likewise, the additional coordinates in Heim theory have no physical meaning - only when they are combined together in some mathematical manner does the result have any meaningful physical result. |
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==Relation to other theories== |
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===Quantum theory=== |
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<!-- This term is somewhat vague...which one to use? Can be "quantum mechanics", "quantum electrodynamics", "quantum chromodynamics" --> |
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The theory is [[consistent]] with [[quantum mechanics]], as it is a quantised form of [[General Relativity]] (GR). Also, the 8-dimensional theory of Dröscher & Heim reproduces the [[group structure]] of the [[standard model]] (SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1)). |
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===Electromagnetism=== |
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<!-- Which term to use here? Should cover Maxwell's Equations at least --> |
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In Heim-Theory, electromagnetism is explained in the same geometrical way as Gravity in General Relativity. |
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===Relativity=== |
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The theory is consistent with [[general relativity]] (GR), as it is a quantised form thereof. The results of this quantisation lead to Heim-Theory being an extension of GR to higher dimensions. |
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===Loop quantum gravity and string theory === |
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The theory shares a similar physical picture with LQG, namely a [[quantized spacetime]], i.e. with the recently published [[loop quantum gravity|loop quantum gravity theory]] (LQG) by [[Lee Smolin]], [[Abhay Ashtekar]], [[Carlo Rovelli]], [[Martin Bojowald]] et al. LQG, if proved correct, would stand for a major revision of current physics, while HQT (Heim Quantum Theory) would cause a revolution therein. |
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'''Table: Comparisons between LQG, String and Heim theories''' |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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! Properties and features |
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! String theory |
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! Quantum geometry (LQG) |
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! Heim-Theory |
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|- |
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| Description area |
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| space-time R4 |
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| R4 |
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| R6 |
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|- |
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| Fundamental objects |
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| Space, time, strings & branes |
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| Spin network, spin-foam |
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| Surface quanta (metrons) |
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|- |
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| Number of spatial dimensions |
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| 9 or 10 |
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| 3 (more possible) |
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| 3 |
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|- |
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| Number of imaginary dimensions |
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| 1 |
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| 1 |
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| 3 (or 5) |
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|- |
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| space-time as a background metric |
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| yes |
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| no |
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| no |
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|- |
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| Modification of general relativity |
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| yes |
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| yes |
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| yes |
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|- |
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| Modification of quantum theory |
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| yes |
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| yes |
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| no |
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|- |
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| Conceptual Fusion of quantum theory and general relativity |
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| no |
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| yes |
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| no (or possible) |
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|- |
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| new physical principles needed |
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| yes |
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| no |
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| no |
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|- |
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| Nature of matter |
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| Excitation states of strings/branes |
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| States of the spin networks |
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| Cyclic exchange processes of maxima of structure compressions |
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|- |
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| Explanation of standard model of matter |
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| only tentative |
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| not required, not possible |
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| with extension to 8 Dimensions |
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|- |
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| Unknown elementary particles predicted |
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| yes |
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| no |
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| neutral electron |
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|- |
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| Explanation for dark matter in the universe |
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| maybe |
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| no |
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| probably |
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|- |
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| infinity problems in the formalism |
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| no (?) |
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| no (?) |
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| no |
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|- |
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| unification of quantization |
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| not of space and time |
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| yes |
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| (under development) |
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|- |
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| Unification of the forces of nature |
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| yes |
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| no , but allowed |
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| Electromagnetism and gravitation |
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|- |
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| Super-symmetry required and presupposed |
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| yes |
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| no |
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| no |
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|- |
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| Uniqueness |
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| no (many string vacua) |
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| no (ambiguity in Hamilton operator) |
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| yes |
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|- |
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| Existence of many other universes |
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| possible |
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| uncertain |
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| yes |
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|- |
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| Explanation possible for beginning of universe |
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| Big Bang model |
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| Big Bang model |
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| Zero Matter origin model |
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|- |
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| Explanation for entropy of black holes |
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| limited |
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| yes |
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| not yet examined |
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|- |
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| Explanation possible for cosmic Inflation |
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| possible |
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| possible |
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| not necessary |
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|- |
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| Description of scattering experiments |
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| yes |
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| not yet achieved |
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| not yet calculated |
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|- |
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| Explanation of fundamental physical constants |
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| no |
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| no |
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| yes |
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|- |
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| Contact with low energy physics (everyday world) |
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| only tentative |
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| only tentative |
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| fully |
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|- |
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| Verifiable predictions |
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| only tentative, partly falsified |
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| only tentative |
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| Masses and lifetimes of elementary particles and resonances |
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|- |
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|} |
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extended table (von Ludwiger, 2006, private communication) after R. Vaas: The duel: Strings versus loops, in "Bild der Wissenschaft", 4, 2004 |
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==Unresolved inconsistencies with current physical theory== |
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===Neutral electron=== |
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Despite making many accurate predictions about sub-atomic particles, Heim-Theory makes at least one prediction that does not seem to agree with the current state of knowledge in this area, namely that there might be a [[neutral electron]] with almost the same mass as the normal electron, however HT does not demand the existence of a neutral electron. |
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Experiments have been done to detect a neutral electron, but they may have focused more on far higher mass ranges than the actual electron. In addition, the [[selection rule]]s for Heim-Theory are not complete - thus it may still turn out that this particle is forbidden. |
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==See also== |
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* [[List_of_alternative%2C_speculative_and_disputed_theories#Physics|List of fringe theories in physics]] |
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* [[:Category:Theories of gravitation]] for mainstream alternatives to [[general relativity]] |
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* [[Kaluza-Klein theory]], a five-dimensional extension of general relativity unifying [[gravitation]] and [[electromagnetism]]. |
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* [[Eugene Podkletnov]], allegedly observed gravity shielding effects of rotating [[superconductor]]s in 1992. |
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::''A similar (though opposite, in that the [[Cooper Pair]]s actually weigh more than predicted by [[general relativity]] ) result has been confirmed as of March 2006 by recent and extensive studies carried out by the [[European Space Agency]], and the results do not correlate with the [[gravitomagnetism]], that is predicted by general relativity, by several orders higher in magnitude. (see ESA report at [http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/GSP/SEM0L6OVGJE_0.html] and paper at [http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0603033]) |
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* [[Bios theory]] |
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* [[Biota]] |
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* [[Theory of everything]] |
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* [[Burkhard Heim]] |
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==Further reading== |
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*Burkhard Heim. ''Elementarstrukturen der Materie'', Resch (1980), ISBN 3853820085, in German |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [http://www.engon.de/protosimplex/downloads/Heimchronology.pdf Chronological Overview of the Research of Burkhard Heim] (5 pages, English translation by John Reed, Feb 2011) |
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===Theory=== |
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* [http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/07/heim-theory.html Heim Theory Falsified]. Next Big Future. 1 July 2011. This article posts John Reed's comments. |
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* [http://www.thephysicsforum.com/general-discussions/144-heim-theory.html General Discussions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129041931/http://www.thephysicsforum.com/general-discussions/144-heim-theory.html |date=29 January 2014 }}. Heim Theory. The Physics Forum. 2013-03-26. |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104103647/http://home.comcast.net/~djimgraham/INDEX.HTML Heim Theory Translation]. Borje Mansson and Anton Mueller. 2006. |
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* Discussion about [http://www.physforum.com/index.php?showtopic=4385&st=2955# Burkhard Heim's Particle Structure Theory]. Physforum. May 2011. |
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[[Category:Faster-than-light travel]] |
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A site which alleges to offer an explanation of Heim theory: |
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[[Category:Fringe physics]] |
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* http://www.heim-theory.com |
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[[Category:Quantum gravity]] |
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===Various Implementations of Heim theory mass formula=== |
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*[http://forum.physorg.com/index.php?showtopic=4385&st=0 Thread about ''Burkhard Heim's Particle Structure Theory'' on ''Physorg Forum''] In this thread on the Physorg Forum, the mass formula is under discussion and investigation. Several implementations in Java, C, C#, Pascal, Excel, Maxima and Mathematica have been developed. |
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*[http://sourceforge.net/projects/heim-theory Project ''Heim-Theory'' on ''Sourceforge''] has source code of those various implementations. |
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*[http://www.daimi.au.dk/~spony/HeimMassFormula/HeimCalculator/ Heim Mass Calculator] The Java implementation as an applet (runs directly in the web browser). |
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*[http://www.engon.de/protosimplex/new.htm Protosimplex] The Protosimplex site was among the first to offer a popularized introduction of Heim theory in both German and English. The Excel Worksheet Heim Mass Calculator is available there. |
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===Neutral electron searches=== |
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* [http://pdg.lbl.gov/2004/listings/s077.pdf Searches for Heavy Neutral Leptons] at [http://pdg.lbl.gov/ Particle Data Group] of [[Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory]] |
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* [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-wrap/getdoc/slac-pub-3515.pdf Searches for unstable neutral leptons] at [[Stanford Linear Accelerator Center]] |
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* [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?indexer=1&rawcmd=find+j+PRLTA,42,407 DYNAMICAL ROLE OF LIGHT NEUTRAL LEPTONS IN COSMOLOGY] at SLAC |
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===Conference proceedings=== |
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*http://proceedings.aip.org/proceedings/confproceed/746.jsp |
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*http://proceedings.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=APCPCS&Volume=746&Issue=1 |
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===Propulsion physics=== |
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* Papers by [[Walter Dröscher]] and [[Jochem Häuser]] at [http://www.hpcc-space.de/publications/index.html HPCC-Space GmbH] |
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**''[http://www.hpcc-space.de/publications/documents/aiaa2004-3700-a4.pdf Guidelines for a Space Propulsion Device Based on Heim's Quantum Theory]'' 2004 [[AIAA]] Best Paper (pdf: A4, [http://www.hpcc-space.de/publications/documents/aiaa2004-3700-letter.pdf US letter]) |
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***[http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=406&gTable=Paper&gID=18840 same document at aiaa.org] (requires subscription) |
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** ''[http://www.hpcc-space.de/publications/documents/PrinciplesOfAdvancedSpacePropulsionAIAA-paper-2002-4094.pdf Physical Principals of Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Heim's Field Theory]'' 2002 |
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** [http://www.hpcc-space.de/publications/documents/aiaa2003-4990-Talk_Huntsville.pdf Future Space Propulsion Device Based on Heim's Field Theory] 2003 presentation |
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* [http://www.mufon-ces.org/docs/heimphysics.pdf The Physics of Burkhard Heim and its Applications to Space Propulsion] by [[Illobrand von Ludwiger]] 2001 |
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* [[NASA]] [http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/bpp/ Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (BPP) Project] |
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===News items=== |
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*[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=16902006 Welcome to Mars express: only a three hour trip], The Scotsman, [[2006-01-05]] |
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*[http://www.newscientistspace.com/article/mg18925331.200 Take a leap into hyperspace], New Scientist, [[2006-01-05]] |
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*[http://english.pravda.ru/science/tech/16-02-2006/76045-0 Spaceships of the future to take humans to Mars in 2.5 hours], Pravda, [[2006-02-16]] |
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4862112.stm Light shed on mysterious particle - Neutrino], BBC, [[2006-03-31]] |
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[[Category:Faster-than-light travel]] |
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[[Category:Warp drive theory]] |
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[[Category:Protoscience]] |
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{{physics-stub}} |
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[[fr:Théorie de Heim]] |
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Latest revision as of 09:27, 23 July 2024
Heim theory, first proposed by German physicist Burkhard Heim publicly in 1957, is an attempt to develop a theory of everything in theoretical physics. The theory claims to bridge some of the disagreements between quantum mechanics and general relativity.[1] The theory has received little attention in the scientific literature and is regarded as being outside mainstream science[2][1][3][4] but has attracted some interest in popular and fringe media.[4][5][6]
Development
[edit]Heim attempted to resolve incompatibilities between quantum theory and general relativity. To meet that goal, he developed a mathematical approach based on quantizing spacetime.[2] Others have attempted to apply Heim theory to nonconventional space propulsion and faster than light concepts, as well as the origin of dark matter.[7][8]
Heim claimed that his theory yields particle masses directly from fundamental physical constants and that the resulting masses are in agreement with experiment, but this claim has not been confirmed. Heim's theory is formulated mathematically in six or more dimensions and uses Heim's own version of difference equations.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Long, Kelvin F. (2012). Deep Space Propulsion: A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight (Google Books preview). Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 295–296. ISBN 978-1461406075.
- ^ a b
Lietz, Haiko (5 January 2006). "Take a leap into hyperspace" (Full text article available for free download.). New Scientist magazine. Reed Business Information Ltd. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
...the idea relies on an obscure and largely unrecognized kind of physics...The majority of physicists have never heard of Heim theory, and most of those contacted by New Scientist said they couldn't make sense of Dröscher and Häuser's description of the theory behind their proposed experiment...The general consensus seems to be that Dröscher and Häuser's theory is incomplete at best...it has not passed any normal form of peer review.
- ^ Citation rates; other information (20 July 2013). "Dröscher, W." Google Scholar. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ^ a b
Modanese, Giovanni and Robertson, Glen A. (2012). Gravity-Superconductors Interactions: Theory and Experiment (Google Books preview). Bentham Science Publishers. pp. 230–231. ISBN 978-1608054008.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Farrell, Joseph P. (2010). Babylon's Banksters: The Alchemy of Deep Physics, High Finance and Ancient Religion. Port Townsend, WA: Feral House. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-1932595796.
- ^ Ufos For Know-It-Alls. Filiquarian Publishing. 2008. p. 41. ISBN 978-1599862323.[permanent dead link]
- ^ List of Publications. HPCC-Space GmbH. 2006.
- ^
Auerbach, T.; von Ludwiger, I. (1992). "Heim's Theory of Elementary Particle Structures" (PDF). Journal of Scientific Exploration. 6 (3): 217–231. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
So far Heim has not succeeded in finding a criterion which would limit the number of excited states to those actually observed. Despite the insight gained into particle physics, the theory is not entirely equivalent to modem quantum theory. This enables [Heim] to derive logically precise statements about the process of life, the origin of paranormal phenomena, and the structure of realms far transcending the 4-dimensional world of our experience.
[unreliable source?]
External links
[edit]- Chronological Overview of the Research of Burkhard Heim (5 pages, English translation by John Reed, Feb 2011)
- Heim Theory Falsified. Next Big Future. 1 July 2011. This article posts John Reed's comments.
- General Discussions Archived 29 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Heim Theory. The Physics Forum. 2013-03-26.
- Heim Theory Translation. Borje Mansson and Anton Mueller. 2006.
- Discussion about Burkhard Heim's Particle Structure Theory. Physforum. May 2011.
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