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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Taxobox
{{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = VU
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=106001475/0 |title=''Cyanoramphus unicolor''| assessors = [[BirdLife International]] |version=2012.1 |year=2012 |accessdate=5 July 2012}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International. |year=2022 |title=''Cyanoramphus unicolor'' |volume=2022 |page=e.T22685162A213655486 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22685162A213655486.en |access-date=5 September 2024}}</ref>
| trend = stable
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
⚫
| image = Cyanoramphus unicolor, Pengo.jpg
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| image_width = 250px
| image = Antipodes Island Parakeet.jpg
| image_caption = A parakeet in [[Wellington Zoo]]'s breeding program
| image_caption = A parakeet at Ringdove Bay on Antipodes Island.
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
⚫
| genus = Cyanoramphus
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
⚫
| species = unicolor
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Psittaciformes]]
| authority = ([[Edward Lear|Lear]], 1831)
| superfamilia = [[Psittacoidea]]
| familia = [[Psittaculidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Platycercinae]]
| tribus = [[Platycercini]]
| genus = ''[[Cyanoramphus]]''
⚫
| species = '''''C. unicolor'''''
| binomial = ''Cyanoramphus unicolor''
| binomial_authority = ([[Edward Lear|Lear]], 1831)
}}
}}


The '''Antipodes parakeet''' or '''Antipodes Island parakeet''' ('''''Cyanoramphus unicolor''''') is a parrot in the family [[Psittaculidae]] that is endemic to the [[Antipodes Islands]] of New Zealand. It is one of two parrot species found on the islands, and one of only five ground-dwelling parrots in the world. They are long-living birds that may live up to 10 years of age, but the introduction of mice that compete with them for food was a threat to their survival on the Antipodes Islands until the mice were successfully eradicated from the Islands in 2016 (confirmed 2018).<ref>{{cite web|title=Eradication of mice from Antipodes Island, New Zealand
The '''Antipodes Parakeet''' or '''Antipodes Island Parakeet''' (''Cyanoramphus unicolor'') is endemic to the [[Antipodes Islands]] of New Zealand, one of two parrot species found on the islands. It is the largest species in the [[genus]] ''[[Cyanoramphus]]'' at 30&nbsp;cm (12&nbsp;in) long.<ref name="Forshaw (2006). plate 59.">Forshaw (2006). plate 59.</ref> The parakeets eat leaves, buds, grass, and tussock stalks, as well as sometimes feeding on seeds, flowers, and will scavenge dead [[seabirds]]. The Antipodes Parakeet also [[predation|preys]] on [[Grey-backed Storm Petrel]]s. It will enter burrows to kill incubating adults, even dig at the entrance if it is too small.<ref>Greene, T. (1999) "[http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_46-1999/Notornis_46_2_301.pdf#search=%22storm-petrel%22 Aspects of the ecology of Antipodes Parakeet ( ''Cyanoramphus unicolor'') and Reischek's Parakeet ( ''C. novaezelandiae hochstetten'') on Antipodes Island, October - November 1995]" ''Notornis'' '''46''': 301-310</ref> In this way it is rare amongst parrots for its use of other birds as prey items, a feature shared by the [[kea]] in the [[Kaikoura]] region. Antipodes Parakeets spend much of their time on the ground and in very small groups, pair or solitary. Restricted to the islands that bear their name they are also present on the mainland in small numbers in captivity which was foundered by less than 20 birds.
|author=S. Horn|author2=T. Greene|author3=G. Elliott|url=https://library.sprep.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/eradication-mice-new-zealand.pdf |publisher=NZ Department of Conservation}}</ref> Unusually for parrots, they sometimes prey upon other birds, a trait shared by another New Zealand parrot, the [[kea]].

==Taxonomy==
The Antipodes parakeet was depicted in 1831 by the English artist [[Edward Lear]] in his ''[[Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots]]''. Lear used the common name "Uniform parakeet" and coined the [[binomial name]] ''Platycercus unicolor''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Lear | first=Edward | author-link=Edward Lear | year=1831 | title=Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots | place=London | publisher=Published by the author | at=Plate 25 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40634405 }}</ref> The species is now placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Cyanoramphus]]'' that was introduced in 1854 by the French ornithologist [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte]].<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Bonaparte | first=Charles Lucien | author-link=Charles Lucien Bonaparte | year=1854 | title=Tableau des perroquets | journal=Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée | series=2nd series | volume=6 | pages=145–158 [153] | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13681224 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2020 | title=Parrots, cockatoos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=24 February 2020 }}</ref>

Its closest relative is [[Reischek's parakeet]], which also lives on the Antipodes Islands. Other relatives include the [[Norfolk parakeet]], [[Society parakeet]] and [[Chatham parakeet]].

==Description==
It is the largest species in the [[genus]] ''[[Cyanoramphus]]'' at {{cvt|30|cm|in|0}} long.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Joseph M. |last=Forshaw |author-link=Joseph Forshaw |title=Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide |others=Illustrated by [[Frank Knight (artist)|Frank Knight]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-09251-6 |page=Plate 59 |no-pp=yes |year=2006 |url=https://archive.org/details/parrotsofworldid0000fors |url-access=registration }}</ref> and makes a penetrating ''kok-kok-kok-kok'' noise.[[File:Cyanoramphus unicolor -Platycercus unicolor Uniform Parrakeet -by Edward Lear 1812-1888.jpg|alt=Illustration of Antipodes Parakeet by Edward Lear (1812-1888).|left|thumb|Illustration of ''Antipodes Parakeet'' by [[Edward Lear]] (1812–1888).]]

==Distribution and habitat==
The Antipodes parakeet is endemic to the [[Antipodes Islands]] of New Zealand. They are common on the main Antipodes Island, but are less common on smaller islands in the group such as [[Bollons Island]]. They live in very small numbers on Leeward Island, where they only live in a {{convert|0.1|km2}} region of the island. The Antipodes parakeet also live on the {{convert|0.1|km2}} Archway Island as well.

==Behaviour and ecology==
These parakeets eat leaves, buds, grass, and tussock stalks, as well as sometimes feeding on seeds and flowers, and will scavenge dead [[seabirds]]. The Antipodes parakeet also [[predation|preys]] on [[grey-backed storm petrel]]s, entering burrows to kill incubating adults, even digging at the entrance if it is too small.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Greene, Terry C. |year=1999|url=https://www.birdsnz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Notornis_46_2_301.pdf |title=Aspects of the ecology of Antipodes Parakeet (''Cyanoramphus unicolor'') and Reischek's Parakeet (''C. novaezelandiae hochstetteri'') on Antipodes Island, October - November 1995|journal=Notornis|volume=46|pages=301-310}}</ref>

Antipodes parakeets spend much of their time on the ground and in very small groups, in pairs or solitary.

They are quite inquisitive, territorial, probing and mischievous.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]] |year=1995|title=Captive Management Plan Antipodes Island Parakeet |url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/documents/science-and-technical/tsop07.pdf}}</ref>

Their nest is in a tunnel 2 metres beneath the fibrous peat away from the wind.<ref>{{cite web |website=TerraNature | title=New Zealand ecology - Antipodes Island parakeet (''Cyanoramphus unicolor'') |url=http://terranature.org/parakeetantipodes.htm}}</ref>

==Status==
The population is stable but conservation status is Vulnerable. The population is 2,000-3,000.<ref name="iucn" />
Originally entirely restricted to the islands that bear their name there is now a small captive population, founded with less than 20 individuals, on the mainland.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Cited texts==
* {{Cite book |first=Joseph M. |last=Forshaw | authorlink=Joseph Forshaw |title=Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide|others =Illustrated by [[Frank Knight (artist)|Frank Knight]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-09251-6 |page= |nopp = yes| year=2006 }}


==External links==
==External links==
⚫
{{Commons category|Cyanoramphus unicolor}}
*[http://www.parrots.org/index.php/encyclopedia/profile/antipodes_green_parakeet/ World Parrot Trust] Parrot Encyclopedia - Species Profile
*[http://www.parrots.org/index.php/encyclopedia/profile/antipodes_green_parakeet/ World Parrot Trust] Parrot Encyclopedia - Species Profile
*[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/ebas/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1475&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet.]
*[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/ebas/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1475&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet.]
*ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Cyanoramphus_unicolor/ images and movies of the Antipodes Parakeet ''(Cyanoramphus unicolor)'']
*ARKive - [https://web.archive.org/web/20060422092838/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Cyanoramphus_unicolor/ images and movies of the Antipodes Parakeet ''(Cyanoramphus unicolor)'']
*[http://www.terranature.org/parakeetAntipodes.htm Antipodes Parakeet] TerraNature | New Zealand ecology
*[http://www.terranature.org/parakeetAntipodes.htm Antipodes Parakeet] TerraNature | New Zealand ecology


{{Taxonbar|from=Q240529}}
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[[Category:Parrots]]
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Cyanoramphus]]
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[[Category:Antipodes Islands]]
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[[Category:Animals described in 1831]]
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[[Category:Endemic fauna of New Zealand]]


{{parrot-stub}}


[[ca:Cyanoramphus unicolor]]
[[Category:Cyanoramphus|Antipodes parakeet]]
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[[Category:Birds of the Antipodes Islands]]
[[de:Einfarblaufsittich]]
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[[Category:Endemic birds of New Zealand]]
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[[es:Cyanoramphus unicolor]]
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[[Category:Parakeets]]
[[eu:Cyanoramphus unicolor]]
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[[Category:Parrots of Oceania]]
[[fr:Perruche des Antipodes]]
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[[Category:Birds described in 1831|Antipodes parakeet]]
[[hu:Egyszínű papagáj]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Lear]]
[[it:Cyanoramphus unicolor]]
[[ru:Антиподский прыгающий попугай]]
[[fi:Antipodienviherkaija]]
[[sv:Antipodparakit]]
[[zh:安蒂波德斯长尾小鹦鹉]]

Latest revision as of 22:02, 10 November 2024

Antipodes parakeet
A parakeet at Ringdove Bay on Antipodes Island.
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittaculidae
Genus: Cyanoramphus
Species:
C. unicolor
Binomial name
Cyanoramphus unicolor
(Lear, 1831)

The Antipodes parakeet or Antipodes Island parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor) is a parrot in the family Psittaculidae that is endemic to the Antipodes Islands of New Zealand. It is one of two parrot species found on the islands, and one of only five ground-dwelling parrots in the world. They are long-living birds that may live up to 10 years of age, but the introduction of mice that compete with them for food was a threat to their survival on the Antipodes Islands until the mice were successfully eradicated from the Islands in 2016 (confirmed 2018).[3] Unusually for parrots, they sometimes prey upon other birds, a trait shared by another New Zealand parrot, the kea.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The Antipodes parakeet was depicted in 1831 by the English artist Edward Lear in his Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots. Lear used the common name "Uniform parakeet" and coined the binomial name Platycercus unicolor.[4] The species is now placed in the genus Cyanoramphus that was introduced in 1854 by the French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte.[5][6]

Its closest relative is Reischek's parakeet, which also lives on the Antipodes Islands. Other relatives include the Norfolk parakeet, Society parakeet and Chatham parakeet.

Description

[edit]

It is the largest species in the genus Cyanoramphus at 30 cm (12 in) long.[7] and makes a penetrating kok-kok-kok-kok noise.

Illustration of Antipodes Parakeet by Edward Lear (1812-1888).
Illustration of Antipodes Parakeet by Edward Lear (1812–1888).

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The Antipodes parakeet is endemic to the Antipodes Islands of New Zealand. They are common on the main Antipodes Island, but are less common on smaller islands in the group such as Bollons Island. They live in very small numbers on Leeward Island, where they only live in a 0.1 square kilometres (0.039 sq mi) region of the island. The Antipodes parakeet also live on the 0.1 square kilometres (0.039 sq mi) Archway Island as well.

Behaviour and ecology

[edit]

These parakeets eat leaves, buds, grass, and tussock stalks, as well as sometimes feeding on seeds and flowers, and will scavenge dead seabirds. The Antipodes parakeet also preys on grey-backed storm petrels, entering burrows to kill incubating adults, even digging at the entrance if it is too small.[8]

Antipodes parakeets spend much of their time on the ground and in very small groups, in pairs or solitary.

They are quite inquisitive, territorial, probing and mischievous.[9]

Their nest is in a tunnel 2 metres beneath the fibrous peat away from the wind.[10]

Status

[edit]

The population is stable but conservation status is Vulnerable. The population is 2,000-3,000.[1] Originally entirely restricted to the islands that bear their name there is now a small captive population, founded with less than 20 individuals, on the mainland.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b BirdLife International. (2022). "Cyanoramphus unicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22685162A213655486. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22685162A213655486.en. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ S. Horn; T. Greene; G. Elliott. "Eradication of mice from Antipodes Island, New Zealand" (PDF). NZ Department of Conservation.
  4. ^ Lear, Edward (1831). Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots. London: Published by the author. Plate 25.
  5. ^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1854). "Tableau des perroquets". Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée. 2nd series. 6: 145–158 [153].
  6. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  7. ^ Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton University Press. Plate 59. ISBN 0-691-09251-6.
  8. ^ Greene, Terry C. (1999). "Aspects of the ecology of Antipodes Parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor) and Reischek's Parakeet (C. novaezelandiae hochstetteri) on Antipodes Island, October - November 1995" (PDF). Notornis. 46: 301–310.
  9. ^ "Captive Management Plan Antipodes Island Parakeet" (PDF). Department of Conservation. 1995.
  10. ^ "New Zealand ecology - Antipodes Island parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor)". TerraNature.
[edit]
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