Skunk: Difference between revisions

Skunks
	Striped skunks
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Superfamily:	Musteloidea
Family:	Mephitidae
Groups included
	Conepatus; Mephitis; Spilogale; †Brachyprotoma
	Skunk genera ranges
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
	Mydaus; †Palaeomephitis; †Promephitis

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 06:28, 21 December 2024

Skunks are mammals in the family Mephitidae. They are known for their ability to spray a liquid with a strong, unpleasant scent from their anal glands. Different species of skunk vary in appearance from black-and-white to brown, cream or ginger colored, but all have warning coloration.

While related to polecats and other members of the weasel family, skunks have as their closest relatives the Old World stink badgers.^[1]

Taxonomy

In alphabetical order, the living species of skunks are:^[2]

Family Mephitidae
- Genus: Conepatus
  - Conepatus chinga – Molina's hog-nosed skunk
  - Conepatus humboldtii – Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk
  - Conepatus leuconotus – American hog-nosed skunk
  - Conepatus semistriatus – striped hog-nosed skunk
- Genus: Mephitis
  - Mephitis macroura – hooded skunk
  - Mephitis mephitis – striped skunk
- Genus: Spilogale
  - Spilogale angustifrons – southern spotted skunk
  - Spilogale gracilis – western spotted skunk
  - Spilogale putorius – eastern spotted skunk
  - Spilogale pygmaea – pygmy spotted skunk

Terminology

The word skunk is dated from the 1630s, adapted from a southern New England Algonquian language (probably Abenaki) seganku, from Proto-Algonquian *šeka:kwa, from *šek- 'to urinate' + *-a:kw 'fox'.^[3] Skunk has historic use as an insult, attested from 1841.^[4]

In 1634, a skunk was described in The Jesuit Relations:

The other is a low animal, about the size of a little dog or cat. I mention it here, not on account of its excellence, but to make of it a symbol of sin. I have seen three or four of them. It has black fur, quite beautiful and shining; and has upon its back two perfectly white stripes, which join near the neck and tail, making an oval that adds greatly to their grace. The tail is bushy and well furnished with hair, like the tail of a Fox; it carries it curled back like that of a Squirrel. It is more white than black; and, at the first glance, you would say, especially when it walks, that it ought to be called Jupiter's little dog. But it is so stinking and casts so foul an odor, that it is unworthy of being called the dog of Pluto. No sewer ever smelled so bad. I would not have believed it if I had not smelled it myself. Your heart almost fails you when you approach the animal; two have been killed in our court, and several days afterward there was such a dreadful odor throughout our house that we could not endure it. I believe the sin smelled by Saint Catherine de Sienne must have had the same vile odor.^[5]^[a]

In Southern United States dialect, the term polecat is sometimes used as a colloquial nickname for a skunk,^[7] even though polecats are only distantly related to skunks.

As a verb, skunk is used to describe the act of overwhelmingly defeating an opponent in a game or competition. Skunk is also used to refer to certain strong-smelling strains of Cannabis whose smell has been compared to that of a skunk's spray.

Description

Skunk species vary in size from about 15.6 to 37 in (40 to 94 cm) long and in weight from about 1.1 lb (0.50 kg) (spotted skunks) to 18 lb (8.2 kg) (hog-nosed skunks). They have moderately elongated bodies with relatively short, well-muscled legs and long front claws for digging. They have five toes on each foot.

Although the most common fur color is black and white, some skunks are brown or grey and a few are cream-colored. All skunks are striped, even from birth. They may have a single thick stripe across the back and tail, two thinner stripes, or a series of white spots and broken stripes (in the case of the spotted skunk).

Behavior

Skunks are crepuscular and solitary animals when not breeding, though in the colder parts of their range, they may gather in communal dens for warmth. During the day they shelter in burrows, which they can dig with their powerful front claws. For most of the year the normal home range for skunks is 0.5 to 2 miles (1 to 3 km) in diameter, with males expanding during breeding season to travel 4 to 5 miles (6 to 8 km) per night.^[8]

Skunks are not true hibernators in the winter, but do den up for extended periods of time. However, they remain generally inactive and feed rarely, going through a dormant stage.^[9] Over winter, multiple females (as many as 12) huddle together; males often den alone. Often, the same winter den is repeatedly used.

Although they have excellent senses of smell and hearing, they have poor vision, being unable to see objects more than about 3 m (10 ft) away, making them vulnerable to death by road traffic. They are short-lived; their lifespan in the wild can reach seven years, with an average of six years.^[10]^[11] In captivity, they may live for up to 10 years.^[10]^[11]

Reproduction

Female skunk with young

Young skunk foraging in a backyard.

Skunks mate in early spring and are polygynous (that is, successful males are uninhibited from mating with additional females).

Before giving birth (usually in May), the female excavates a den to house her litter of four to seven kits.

Skunks are placental, with a gestation period of about 66 days.^[12]

When born, skunk kits are blind and deaf, but already covered by a soft layer of fur. About three weeks after birth, they first open their eyes; the kits are weaned about two months after birth. They generally stay with their mother until they are ready to mate, roughly at one year of age.

The mother is protective of her kits, spraying at any sign of danger. The male plays no part in raising the young.^[13]

Diet

Skunks are omnivorous, eating both plant and animal material and changing their diets as the seasons change. They eat insects, larvae, earthworms, grubs, rodents, lizards, salamanders, frogs, snakes, birds, moles, and eggs. They also commonly eat berries, roots, leaves, grasses, fungi and nuts.

In settled areas, skunks also seek garbage left by humans. Less often, skunks may be found acting as scavengers, eating bird and rodent carcasses left by cats or other animals. Pet owners, particularly those of cats, may experience a skunk finding its way into a garage or basement where pet food is kept. Skunks commonly dig holes in lawns in search of grubs and worms.

Skunks use their long claws to break apart rotting logs to find insects that live within them. They also use those claws to help dig for insects, which leaves behind pits, which are easy signs of foraging. The claws also help with pinning down live and active prey.^[14]

Skunks are one of the primary predators of the honeybee, relying on their thick fur to protect them from stings. The skunk scratches at the front of the beehive and eats the guard bees that come out to investigate.^[15] Mother skunks are known to teach this behavior to their young.

Spray

Skunks are notorious for their anal scent glands, which they can use as a defensive weapon. They are similar to, though much more developed than, the glands found in species of the family Mustelidae. Skunks have two glands, one on each side of the anus. These glands produce the skunk's spray, which is a mixture of sulfur-containing chemicals such as thiols (traditionally called mercaptans), which have an offensive odor. The thiols also make their spray highly flammable.^[16]^[17] A skunk's spray is powerful enough to ward off bears and other potential attackers.^[18] Muscles located next to the scent glands allow them to spray with a high degree of accuracy, as far as 3 m (10 ft).^[19] The spray can also cause irritation and even temporary blindness, and is sufficiently powerful to be detected by a human nose up to 5.6 km (3.5 miles) downwind.^[20] Their chemical defense is effective, as illustrated by this extract from Charles Darwin's 1839 book The Voyage of the Beagle:

We saw also a couple of Zorrillos, or skunks—odious animals, which are far from uncommon. In general appearance, the Zorrillo resembles a polecat, but it is rather larger and much thicker in proportion. Conscious of its power, it roams by day about the open plain and fears neither dog nor man. If a dog is urged to the attack, its courage is instantly checked by a few drops of the fetid oil, which brings on violent sickness and running at the nose. Whatever is once polluted by it, is forever useless. Azara says the smell can be perceived at a league distance; more than once, when entering the harbour of Monte Video, the wind being offshore, we have perceived the odour onboard the Beagle. Certain it is, that every animal most willingly makes room for the Zorrillo.^[21]

Skunks carry just enough for five or six successive sprays – about 15 cm³ – and require up to ten days to produce another supply.^[22] Their bold black and white coloration makes their appearance memorable. It is to a skunk's advantage to warn possible predators off without expending scent: black and white aposematic warning coloration aside, threatened skunks will go through an elaborate routine of hisses, foot-stamping, and tail-high deimatic or threat postures before resorting to spraying. Skunks usually do not spray other skunks, except among males in the mating season. If they fight over den space in autumn, they do so with teeth and claws.^[23]

Most predators of the Americas, such as wolves, foxes, and badgers, seldom attack skunks, presumably out of fear of being sprayed. The exceptions are reckless predators whose attacks fail once they are sprayed, dogs, and the great horned owl,^[24] which is the skunk's only regular predator.^[25] In one case, the remains of 57 striped skunks were found in a single great horned owl nest.^[26]

Mitigation

Skunks are common in suburban areas, and domestic dogs are often sprayed by skunks. There are many misconceptions about the removal of skunk odor, including the pervasive idea that tomato juice will neutralize the odor. These household remedies are ineffective, and only appear to work due to olfactory fatigue.^[27] In 1993,^[28] The American chemist Paul Krebaum has developed a formula that chemically neutralizes skunk spray by changing the odor-causing thiols into odorless acids,^[29] which is endorsed by the Humane Society of the United States for sprayed dogs.^[30] It involves hydrogen peroxide, baking soda, and liquid dish soap.

Skunk spray is composed mainly of three low-molecular-weight thiol compounds, (E)-2-butene-1-thiol, 3-methyl-1-butanethiol, and 2-quinolinemethanethiol, as well as acetate thioesters of these.^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36] These compounds are detectable by the human nose at concentrations of only 11.3 parts per billion.^[37]^[38]

Relations with humans

Bites

It is rare for a healthy skunk to bite a human, though a tame skunk whose scent glands have been removed (usually on behalf of those who will keep it as a pet) may defend itself by biting. There are, however, few recorded incidents of skunks biting humans. Skunk bites in humans can result in infection with the rabies virus. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recorded 1,494 cases of rabies in skunks in the United States for the year 2006—about 21.5% of reported cases in all species.^[39]^[40] Skunks in fact are less prominent than raccoons as vectors of rabies. (However, this varies regionally in the United States, with raccoons dominating along the Atlantic coast and the eastern Gulf of Mexico, while skunks instead predominate throughout the Midwest, including the western Gulf, and in California.)

As pets

Mephitis mephitis, the striped skunk, is the most social skunk and the one most commonly kept as a pet. In the US, skunks can legally be kept as pets in 17 states.^[41] When a skunk is kept as a pet, its scent glands are often surgically removed.^[41]

In the UK, skunks can be kept as pets,^[42] but the Animal Welfare Act 2006 made it illegal to remove their scent glands.^[43]

Notes

^ French: L'autre est vn animal basset, de la grandeur des petits chiens, ou d'vn chat ; ie luy donne place icy, non pour son excellence, mais pour en faire vn symbole du peché ; i'en ay veu trois ou quatre. Il est d'vn poil noir assez beau et luisant, il porte sur son dos deux rayes toutes blanches, qui se ioignans vers le col et croche de la queuë, font une ouale qui luy donne tres belle grace ; la queuë est touffuë et bien fournie de poil, comme la queuë d'vn Regnard, il la porte retroussée, comme vn Escurieux, elle est plus blanche que noire : vous diriez à l'œil notamment quand il marche, qu'il meriteroit estre nommé le petit chien de Iupiter ; mais il est si puant, et iette vne odeur si empestée, qu'il est indigne d'estre appellé le chien de Pluton, il n'y a voirie si infecte ; ie ne l'aurois pas creu si ie ne l'auois senty moy mesme, le cœur vous manque quasi quand vous en approchez. On en a tué deux dans nostre court ; plusieurs iours apres il sentoit si mal par tout nostre maison, qu'on n'en pouuoit supporter l'odeur. Ie croy que le peché que sentit saincte Catherine de Sienne, deuoit estre de mesme puanteur.^[6]

References

^ "Old World skunk". Retrieverman.net. 2 November 2015. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ "skunk (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
^ Harper, Douglas. "skunk". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ Thwaites, Reuben Gold, ed. (1633–1634). The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France 1610—1791. Vol. VI. Quebec. Archived from the original on 15 December 2001.
^ Jesuits (1858). Relations des Jésuites contenant ce qui s'est passé de plus remarquable dans les missions des Pères de la Compagnie de Jésus dans la Nouvelle-France [The Jesuit Relations, Containing the Most Remarkable Things Which Have Transpired in the Missions of the Fathers of the Society of Jesus in New France] (in French). Québec: Augustin Coté. p. 212.
^ "Skunk Fact Sheet" (PDF). The Georgia Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Resources Division.
^ Brittingham, Margaret (23 June 2006). "Skunks - Solutions to Common Problems". PennState Extension.
^ "Striped Skunk | Adirondack Ecological Center | SUNY ESF | College of Environmental Science and Forestry". www.esf.edu. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
^ ^a ^b ADW: Mephitis mephitis: INFORMATION. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. Retrieved on 5 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b Virtual Nature Trail. Striped Skunk. The Pennsylvania State University (2002).
^ "Skunks Management Guidelines". Ipm.ucdavis.edu.
^ "Eastern Spotted Skunk". Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
^ "Striped Skunk | Adirondack Ecological Center | SUNY ESF | College of Environmental Science and Forestry". www.esf.edu. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ April (8 March 2022). "Do Skunks Eat Bees? (If Yes, Why Do They?)". Exploration Squared. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
^ "18 Interesting Facts About Skunks". Wildlife Informer. 17 May 2020.
^ "Is That Skunk? Skunk Spray Chemistry". Nature. 24 August 2011.
^ "Ask a Bear: Skunk Spray as Deterrent?". 4 May 2011.
^ "Skunks: Notorious—or Not?Skunks: Notorious—or Not?". National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ "19 Stinky Skunk Facts". Fact Animal. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ Darwin, Charles (1839). Voyage of the Beagle. London, England: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-043268-X. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
^ Biology and Control of Skunks. Agriculture and Rural Development. Government of Alberta, Canada. 1 June 2002
^ "Do Skunks Fight Each Other?". www.wildlife-removal.com. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
^ "Oregon Zoo Animals: Great Horned Owl". Oregonzoo.org. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
^ "Great Horned Owl". The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ Hunter, Luke (2011). Carnivores of the World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15228-8.^{[page needed]}
^ Is it true that tomato sauce will get rid of the smell of a skunk?. Scienceline. Retrieved on 5 April 2012.
^ Forbes, JE (March 1995). "The tip of the month" (PDF). The Probe (152). Hopland, CA: National Animal Damage Control Association: 2.
^ "Removing Skunk Odor" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln. UNL Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "What to do when a skunk sprays your dog". The Humane Society of the United States.
^ Andersen K. K.; Bernstein D. T. (1978). "Some Chemical Constituents of the Scent of the Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 1 (4): 493–499. doi:10.1007/BF00988589. S2CID 9451251.
^ Andersen K. K.; Bernstein D. T. (1978). "1-Butanethiol and the Striped Skunk". Journal of Chemical Education. 55 (3): 159–160. Bibcode:1978JChEd..55..159A. doi:10.1021/ed055p159.
^ Andersen K. K.; Bernstein D. T.; Caret R. L.; Romanczyk L. J. Jr. (1982). "Chemical Constituents of the Defensive Secretion of the Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)". Tetrahedron. 38 (13): 1965–1970. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(82)80046-X.
^ Wood, William F. (1990). "New Components in Defensive Secretion of the Striped Skunk, Mephitis mephitis". J. Chemical Ecology. 16 (6): 2057–2065. Bibcode:1990JCEco..16.2057W. doi:10.1007/BF01020516. PMID 24264006.
^ Wood W. F.; Sollers B. G.; Dragoo G. A.; Dragoo J. W. (2002). "Volatile Components in Defensive Spray of the Hooded Skunk, Mephitis macroura". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 28 (9): 1865–70. Bibcode:2002JCEco..28.1865W. doi:10.1023/A:1020573404341. PMID 12449512. S2CID 19217201.
^ Wood, William F. "Chemistry of Skunk Spray". Dept. of Chemistry, Humboldt State University. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
^ Wood, William F. (1999). "The History of Skunk Defensive Secretion Research" (PDF). Chem. Educator. 4 (2): 44–50. doi:10.1007/s00897990286a. S2CID 94181805. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 September 2003.
^ Aldrich, T.B. (1896). "A chemical study of the secretion of the anal glands of mephitis mephitica (common skunk), with remarks on the physiological properties of this secretion". J. Exp. Med. 1 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1084/jem.1.2.323. PMC 2117909. PMID 19866801.
^ Blanton J.D.; Hanlon C.A.; Rupprecht C.E. (2007). "Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2006". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 231 (4): 540–56. doi:10.2460/javma.231.4.540. PMID 17696853.; Updated in Dyer JL, Yager P, Orciari L, Greenberg L, Wallace R, Hanlon CA, Blanton JD (2014). "Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2013". J Am Vet Med Assoc. 245 (10): 1111–23. doi:10.2460/javma.245.10.1111. PMC 5120391. PMID 25356711.
^ "Rabies Surveillance US 2006" (PDF). U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Is That Skunk? | Do Skunks Make Good Pets?". PBS. 20 November 2008.
^ "A stink in the tale: Why Britain is swooning over the pet with a pong". The Independent. 23 April 2011.
^ "Animal Welfare Act 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 5 December 2009.

External links

Skunks and the management of skunk damage Archived 13 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine

[7] French: L'autre est vn animal basset, de la grandeur des petits chiens, ou d'vn chat ; ie luy donne place icy, non pour son excellence, mais pour en faire vn symbole du peché ; i'en ay veu trois ou quatre. Il est d'vn poil noir assez beau et luisant, il porte sur son dos deux rayes toutes blanches, qui se ioignans vers le col et croche de la queuë, font une ouale qui luy donne tres belle grace ; la queuë est touffuë et bien fournie de poil, comme la queuë d'vn Regnard, il la porte retroussée, comme vn Escurieux, elle est plus blanche que noire : vous diriez à l'œil notamment quand il marche, qu'il meriteroit estre nommé le petit chien de Iupiter ; mais il est si puant, et iette vne odeur si empestée, qu'il est indigne d'estre appellé le chien de Pluton, il n'y a voirie si infecte ; ie ne l'aurois pas creu si ie ne l'auois senty moy mesme, le cœur vous manque quasi quand vous en approchez. On en a tué deux dans nostre court ; plusieurs iours apres il sentoit si mal par tout nostre maison, qu'on n'en pouuoit supporter l'odeur. Ie croy que le peché que sentit saincte Catherine de Sienne, deuoit estre de mesme puanteur.^[6]

[1] "Old World skunk". Retrieverman.net. 2 November 2015. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2018.

[2] Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[3] "skunk (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 18 March 2021.

[4] Harper, Douglas. "skunk". Online Etymology Dictionary.

[5] Thwaites, Reuben Gold, ed. (1633–1634). The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France 1610—1791. Vol. VI. Quebec. Archived from the original on 15 December 2001.

[6] Jesuits (1858). Relations des Jésuites contenant ce qui s'est passé de plus remarquable dans les missions des Pères de la Compagnie de Jésus dans la Nouvelle-France [The Jesuit Relations, Containing the Most Remarkable Things Which Have Transpired in the Missions of the Fathers of the Society of Jesus in New France] (in French). Québec: Augustin Coté. p. 212.

[8] "Skunk Fact Sheet" (PDF). The Georgia Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Resources Division.

[9] Brittingham, Margaret (23 June 2006). "Skunks - Solutions to Common Problems". PennState Extension.

[10] "Striped Skunk | Adirondack Ecological Center | SUNY ESF | College of Environmental Science and Forestry". www.esf.edu. Retrieved 4 December 2022.

[UMich-11] ADW: Mephitis mephitis: INFORMATION. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. Retrieved on 5 April 2012.

[PSU-12] Virtual Nature Trail. Striped Skunk. The Pennsylvania State University (2002).

[13] "Skunks Management Guidelines". Ipm.ucdavis.edu.

[14] "Eastern Spotted Skunk". Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 23 February 2019.

[15] "Striped Skunk | Adirondack Ecological Center | SUNY ESF | College of Environmental Science and Forestry". www.esf.edu. Retrieved 6 December 2022.

[16] April (8 March 2022). "Do Skunks Eat Bees? (If Yes, Why Do They?)". Exploration Squared. Retrieved 4 December 2022.

[17] "18 Interesting Facts About Skunks". Wildlife Informer. 17 May 2020.

[18] "Is That Skunk? Skunk Spray Chemistry". Nature. 24 August 2011.

[19] "Ask a Bear: Skunk Spray as Deterrent?". 4 May 2011.

[20] "Skunks: Notorious—or Not?Skunks: Notorious—or Not?". National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 6 December 2022.

[21] "19 Stinky Skunk Facts". Fact Animal. Retrieved 6 December 2022.

[22] Darwin, Charles (1839). Voyage of the Beagle. London, England: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-043268-X. Retrieved 27 June 2006.

[23] Biology and Control of Skunks. Agriculture and Rural Development. Government of Alberta, Canada. 1 June 2002

[24] "Do Skunks Fight Each Other?". www.wildlife-removal.com. Retrieved 6 December 2022.

[25] "Oregon Zoo Animals: Great Horned Owl". Oregonzoo.org. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.

[Cornell-26] "Great Horned Owl". The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2013.

[Hunter_Carnivores-27] Hunter, Luke (2011). Carnivores of the World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15228-8.^{[page needed]}

[28] Is it true that tomato sauce will get rid of the smell of a skunk?. Scienceline. Retrieved on 5 April 2012.

[29] Forbes, JE (March 1995). "The tip of the month" (PDF). The Probe (152). Hopland, CA: National Animal Damage Control Association: 2.

[30] "Removing Skunk Odor" (PDF). University of Nebraska–Lincoln. UNL Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved 21 January 2024.

[31] "What to do when a skunk sprays your dog". The Humane Society of the United States.

[32] Andersen K. K.; Bernstein D. T. (1978). "Some Chemical Constituents of the Scent of the Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 1 (4): 493–499. doi:10.1007/BF00988589. S2CID 9451251.

[33] Andersen K. K.; Bernstein D. T. (1978). "1-Butanethiol and the Striped Skunk". Journal of Chemical Education. 55 (3): 159–160. Bibcode:1978JChEd..55..159A. doi:10.1021/ed055p159.

[34] Andersen K. K.; Bernstein D. T.; Caret R. L.; Romanczyk L. J. Jr. (1982). "Chemical Constituents of the Defensive Secretion of the Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)". Tetrahedron. 38 (13): 1965–1970. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(82)80046-X.

[35] Wood, William F. (1990). "New Components in Defensive Secretion of the Striped Skunk, Mephitis mephitis". J. Chemical Ecology. 16 (6): 2057–2065. Bibcode:1990JCEco..16.2057W. doi:10.1007/BF01020516. PMID 24264006.

[36] Wood W. F.; Sollers B. G.; Dragoo G. A.; Dragoo J. W. (2002). "Volatile Components in Defensive Spray of the Hooded Skunk, Mephitis macroura". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 28 (9): 1865–70. Bibcode:2002JCEco..28.1865W. doi:10.1023/A:1020573404341. PMID 12449512. S2CID 19217201.

[37] Wood, William F. "Chemistry of Skunk Spray". Dept. of Chemistry, Humboldt State University. Retrieved 27 July 2010.

[38] Wood, William F. (1999). "The History of Skunk Defensive Secretion Research" (PDF). Chem. Educator. 4 (2): 44–50. doi:10.1007/s00897990286a. S2CID 94181805. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 September 2003.

[39] Aldrich, T.B. (1896). "A chemical study of the secretion of the anal glands of mephitis mephitica (common skunk), with remarks on the physiological properties of this secretion". J. Exp. Med. 1 (2): 323–340. doi:10.1084/jem.1.2.323. PMC 2117909. PMID 19866801.

[40] Blanton J.D.; Hanlon C.A.; Rupprecht C.E. (2007). "Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2006". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 231 (4): 540–56. doi:10.2460/javma.231.4.540. PMID 17696853.; Updated in Dyer JL, Yager P, Orciari L, Greenberg L, Wallace R, Hanlon CA, Blanton JD (2014). "Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2013". J Am Vet Med Assoc. 245 (10): 1111–23. doi:10.2460/javma.245.10.1111. PMC 5120391. PMID 25356711.

[41] "Rabies Surveillance US 2006" (PDF). U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2008.

[PBS-42] "Is That Skunk? | Do Skunks Make Good Pets?". PBS. 20 November 2008.

[43] "A stink in the tale: Why Britain is swooning over the pet with a pong". The Independent. 23 April 2011.

[44] "Animal Welfare Act 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 5 December 2009.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[a]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[6]