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#REDIRECT [[Subject–object–verb word order]] |
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{{Linguistic_typology_topics}} |
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In [[linguistic typology]], '''Agent Object Verb''' (AOV) or '''Subject Object Verb''' (SOV) is the type of languages in which the [[agent (grammar)|agent]], [[object (grammar)|object]], and [[verb]] of a sentence appear (usually) in that order. |
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If English were AOV, then "Sam oranges ate" would be an ordinary sentence. |
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Among natural languages, AOV is the most common type. |
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It corresponds roughly to [[reverse Polish notation]] in computer languages. |
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The AOV languages include [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Manchu language|Manchu]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Ainu language|Ainu]], [[Nivkh language|Nivkh]], [[Yukaghir language|Yukaghir]], [[Itelmen language|Itelmen]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Burushaski [[language|Burushaski]], [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Latin]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Tibetan language|Tibetan]], [[Amharic language|Amharic]], [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]], [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Abaza language|Abaza]], [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]], [[Avar language|Avar]], [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]], [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]], [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], [[Elamite language|Elamite]], [[Hittite language|Hittite]], [[Navajo language|Navajo]], [[Hopi language|Hopi]], [[Aymara language|Aymara]], [[Quechua language|Quechua]], [[Pāli]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] and most [[Indian languages]]. |
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[[German language|German]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] are considered AVO in conventional typology and AOV in [[generative grammar]]. See [[V2 word order]]. [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] are AVO, but use AOV when a pronoun is used as the (direct or indirect) object: e.g., "''Sam a mangé des oranges''", "''Sam comeu laranjas''" or "''Sam comió naranjas''" or "''Sam ha mangiato delle arance''" (Sam ate oranges) would become "''Sam les a mangées''", "''Sam as comeu''" or "''Sam las comió''" or "''Sam le ha mangiate''" (Sam them ate). This type of ordering is sometimes (although rarely) used in English under [[poetic license]], especially in works of [[William Shakespeare]]. |
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AOV languages have a strong tendency to use [[postposition]]s rather than [[preposition]]s, to place [[auxiliary verb]]s after the action verb, to place [[genitive]] noun phrases before the possessed noun, and to have subordinators appear at the end of subordinate clauses. [[Relative clause]]s preceding the nouns to which they refer usually signals AOV word order, though the reverse does not hold: AOV languages feature prenominal and postnominal relative clauses roughly equally. Some have special [[grammatical particle|particle]]s to distinguish the subject and the object, such as the Japanese ''ga'' and ''o''. AOV languages also seem to exhibit a tendency towards using a [[Time Manner Place|Time-Manner-Place]] ordering of prepositional phrases. Within [[Eurasia]] AOV languages often place [[adjective]]s before the nouns they modify, and this is often cited as a universal tendency of AOV languages; however, outside Eurasia AOV languages usually place adjectives after the modified noun. |
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An example in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] is: |
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私は箱を開けます。(''watashi wa hako wo akemasu''.) meaning "I open a/the box/boxes." In this sentence, 私 (''watashi'') is the subject (or more specifically, topic) meaning "I" as in first person singular, and it is followed by the は (''wa'') topic-marker. 箱 (''hako'') is the object meaning box (in Japanese no distinction is made between whether a word uses "a" or "the", or plural or singular unless specifically stated), followed by を (''wo'', pronounced "oh" in this usage) which is the object-marker in Japanese. 開けます (''akemasu'') is the polite non-past form of the verb which means "to open" and is at the end of the sentence. Typical polite usage habitually suppresses direct reference to persons, preferring instead verbs of implied direction: 本を下さい (hon o kudasai, "Please give me the book"), a literal approximation for which might be, "hand the book down, please," although the English is far too breezy in tone. |
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Although [[Latin]] was an [[inflected language]], the most usual word order was AOV. An example would be: "''servus puellam amat''", meaning "The slave loves the girl." In this sentence, "''servus''" is the subject, "''puellam''" is the object and "''amat''" is the verb. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Topic-prominent language]] |
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* [[Verb Agent Object]] |
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* [[Agent Verb Object]] |
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[[be:SOV]] |
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[[de:Subjekt-Objekt-Prädikat]] |
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[[es:Sujeto Objeto Verbo]] |
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[[eo:Subjekto Objekto Verbo]] |
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[[fr:Langue SOV]] |
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[[ja:SOV型]] |
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[[no:SOV-språk]] |
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[[nn:SOV-språk]] |
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[[pl:SOV]] |
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[[sv:SOV-språk]] |
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[[zh:主宾谓结构]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:50, 20 February 2022
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