Xanthorhiza: Difference between revisions

Yellowroot
	Yellowroot flowers in spring
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Ranunculaceae
Subfamily:	Coptidoideae
Genus:	Xanthorhiza; Marshall
Species:	X. simplicissima
Binomial name
	Xanthorhiza simplicissima; Marshall
Synonyms
	Xanthorhiza apiifolia L'Hér.

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 22:06, 23 May 2023

Xanthorhiza simplicissima (yellowroot) is the only member of the genus Xanthorhiza, and one of very few genera in the family Ranunculaceae with a woody stem (the other notable example being Clematis). It is native to the eastern United States from Maine south to northern Florida and west to Ohio and eastern Texas. It contains the alkaloid berberine, which has a number of traditional and contemporary uses for dyeing and medicine.

The genus name as well as the common name refer to the plant's yellow roots (xantho- meaning "yellow" and rhiza meaning "root"), which was used to produce a yellow dye by Native Americans. The specific epithet refers to the simple (not branched) stems.^[1]

Description

In the wild, it grows on the edges of streams in sandy soil under a canopy of dappled sunlight. In cultivation, it is often provided with more sunlight so that the fall colors are more vivid. It is a subshrub, reaching 20–70 centimetres (8–28 in) (rarely 90 centimetres (35 in)) in height, with stems up to 6 millimetres (0.24 in) diameter. The leaves are spirally arranged, 10–18 centimetres (4–7 in) long, each divided into 5 toothed leaflets, and flowers emerge only from the upper portion of the unbranched stem. The flowers are produced in broad panicles 6–20 centimetres (2–8 in) long, each flower small, star-shaped, reddish brown to purple brown, with five petals.

Yellowroot propagates asexually by sending out many underground runners, and it reproduces sexually with seeds.

Yellowroot is considered an endangered species in Florida.

Cultivation

Yellowroot is comparatively rare in British gardens, although E.H. Wilson and E.A. Bowles are among distinguished plantsmen to have championed its merits. It was grown by Bowles in his garden at Myddelton House, near Enfield, Middlesex, and gardens that currently cultivate it include the Savill Garden at Windsor, Berkshire and the Westonbirt Arboretum near Tetbury, Gloucestershire.^[2] Wilson, who regarded yellowroot as one of the best plants for hardy deciduous ground cover, also described (in 1923) its use in the Arnold Arboretum at Harvard University in Massachusetts.^[3] It is hardy in USDA winter zones 3 to 9.^[4]

Traditional use

American Indians used the root tea for stomach ulcers, colds, jaundice, sore mouth or throat and as an astringent. A folk remedy used in the South for diabetes and hypertension. This species contains berberine, which is an anti-inflammatory, astringent, hemostatic, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant and immunostimulant. Berberine also stimulates secretion of bile and bilirubin and may be useful in correcting high tyramine levels in patients with liver cirrhosis.^[5]

Yellowroot flowers

References

^ Marshall, Humphry (1785). Arbustrum Americanum. 168. Biodiversity Heritage Library
^ Roy Lancaster in The Garden, volume 120, part 12, page 743 (December 1995).
^ Wilson (1923) More Aristocrats of the Garden
^ Dirr, Michael A. (2011-10-18). Dirr's Encyclopedia of Trees and Shrubs. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-901-0.
^ Foster, S. & Duke, J. A. (1998). Field Guide to Medicinal Plants: Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-92066-3.

Foster, S. & Duke, J. A. (1990). Field Guide to Medicinal Plants: Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-46722-5.

External links

[1] Marshall, Humphry (1785). Arbustrum Americanum. 168. Biodiversity Heritage Library

[2] Roy Lancaster in The Garden, volume 120, part 12, page 743 (December 1995).

[3] Wilson (1923) More Aristocrats of the Garden

[4] Dirr, Michael A. (2011-10-18). Dirr's Encyclopedia of Trees and Shrubs. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-901-0.

[5] Foster, S. & Duke, J. A. (1998). Field Guide to Medicinal Plants: Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-92066-3.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Italic title}}
-| name = Yellowroot
+{{speciesbox
-| image = Yellowroot- Xanthorhiza simplicissima.JPG
+|name = Yellowroot
-| image_width = 240px
-| image_caption = Yellowroot flowers in spring
+|image = Yellowroot- Xanthorhiza simplicissima.JPG
+|image_caption = Yellowroot flowers in spring
-| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
+|display_parents = 2
-| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
+|genus = Xanthorhiza
-| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
+|parent_authority = [[Humphry Marshall|Marshall]]
-| ordo = [[Ranunculales]]
+|species = simplicissima
-| familia = [[Ranunculaceae]]
+|authority = Marshall
-| genus = '''''Xanthorhiza'''''
+|synonyms = ''Xanthorhiza apiifolia'' {{au|[[L'Hér.]]}}
-| species = '''''X. simplicissima'''''
-| binomial = ''Xanthorhiza simplicissima''
-| binomial_authority = [[Humphry Marshall|Marshall]]
 }}
-The '''Yellowroot''' ('''''Xanthorhiza simplicissima''''', syn. ''X. apiifolia'') is the only member of the genus '''''Xanthorhiza''''', and one of very few genera in the family [[Ranunculaceae]] with a [[woody plant|woody]] stem (the other notable example being ''[[Clematis]]''). It is native to the eastern [[United States]] from [[Maine]] south to northern [[Florida]] and west to [[Ohio]] and eastern [[Texas]].
+'''''Xanthorhiza simplicissima''''' ('''yellowroot''') is the only member of the genus '''''Xanthorhiza''''', and one of very few genera in the family [[Ranunculaceae]] with a [[woody plant|woody]] stem (the other notable example being ''[[Clematis]]''). It is native to the eastern [[United States]] from [[Maine]] south to northern [[Florida]] and west to [[Ohio]] and eastern [[Texas]]. It contains the [[alkaloid]] [[berberine]], which has a number of traditional and contemporary uses for dyeing and medicine.
-The genus name as well as the common name refer to the plant's yellow [[root]]s (''xantho-'' meaning "yellow" and ''rhiza'' meaning "root"), which was used to produce a yellow [[dye]] by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. The species name refers to the simple (not branched) root.
+The genus name as well as the common name refer to the plant's yellow [[root]]s (''xantho-'' meaning "yellow" and ''rhiza'' meaning "root"), which was used to produce a yellow [[dye]] by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. The specific epithet refers to the simple (not branched) stems.<ref>Marshall, Humphry (1785). ''Arbustrum Americanum''. 168. [https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68506 Biodiversity Heritage Library]</ref>
+==Description==
-[[Image:Yellowroot- Xanthorhiza simplicissima..JPG|thumb|left|Closeup of yellowroot's flowers]]
-In the wild, it grows on the edges of streams in sandy soil under a canopy of dappled sunlight. In cultivation, it is often provided with more sunlight so that the fall colors are more vivid. It is a [[subshrub]], reaching {{convert|20|-|70|cm|in|0}} (rarely {{convert|90|cm|in|0}}) in height, with stems up to {{convert|6|mm|in}} diameter. The [[leaf|leaves]] are spirally arranged, {{convert|10|-|18|cm|in|0}} long, each divided into 5 toothed [[leaflets]], and flowers emerge only from the upper portion of the unbranched [[Plant stem|stem]]. The [[flower]]s are produced in broad [[panicle]]s {{convert|6|-|20|cm|in|0}} long, each flower small, star-shaped, reddish brown to purple brown, with five petals.
+In the wild, it grows on the edges of streams in sandy soil under a canopy of dappled sunlight. In cultivation, it is often provided with more sunlight so that the fall colors are more vivid. It is a [[subshrub]], reaching {{convert|20|-|70|cm|in|0}} (rarely {{convert|90|cm|in|0}}) in height, with stems up to {{convert|6|mm|in}} diameter. The [[leaf|leaves]] are spirally arranged, {{convert|10|-|18|cm|in|0}} long, each divided into 5 toothed [[leaflet (botany)|leaflets]], and flowers emerge only from the upper portion of the unbranched [[Plant stem|stem]]. The [[flower]]s are produced in broad [[panicle]]s {{convert|6|-|20|cm|in|0}} long, each flower small, star-shaped, reddish brown to purple brown, with five petals.
 Yellowroot propagates [[asexual reproduction|asexually]] by sending out many underground runners, and it reproduces [[Sexual reproduction|sexually]] with seeds.
+Yellowroot is considered an [[endangered species]] in Florida.
-Yellowroot is comparatively rare in British gardens, although [[E.H. Wilson]] and [[E.A. Bowles]] are among distinguished plantsmen to have championed its merits. It was grown by Bowles in his garden at [[Bulls Cross#Places of interest|Myddelton House]], near [[Enfield, Middlesex|Enfield]], [[Middlesex]], and gardens that currently cultivate it include the [[Savill Garden]] at [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]], [[Berkshire]] and the [[Westonbirt Arboretum]] near [[Tetbury]], [[Gloucestershire]].<ref>Roy Lancaster in ''The Garden'', volume 120, part 12, page 743 (December 1995).</ref> Wilson, who regarded yellowroot as one of the best plants for hardy [[deciduous]] ground cover, also described (in 1923) its use in the [[Arnold Arboretum]] at [[Harvard]] University in [[Massachusetts]].<ref>Wilson (1923) ''More Aristocrats of the Garden''</ref>
+==Cultivation==
-Yellowroot is considered an [[endangered species]] in Florida.
+Yellowroot is comparatively rare in British gardens, although [[E.H. Wilson]] and [[E.A. Bowles]] are among distinguished plantsmen to have championed its merits. It was grown by Bowles in his garden at [[Bulls Cross#Places of interest|Myddelton House]], near [[Enfield, Middlesex|Enfield]], [[Middlesex]], and gardens that currently cultivate it include the [[Savill Garden]] at [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]], [[Berkshire]] and the [[Westonbirt Arboretum]] near [[Tetbury]], [[Gloucestershire]].<ref>Roy Lancaster in ''The Garden'', volume 120, part 12, page 743 (December 1995).</ref> Wilson, who regarded yellowroot as one of the best plants for hardy [[deciduous]] ground cover, also described (in 1923) its use in the [[Arnold Arboretum]] at [[Harvard]] University in [[Massachusetts]].<ref>Wilson (1923) ''More Aristocrats of the Garden''</ref> It is hardy in USDA winter zones 3 to 9.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dirr |first=Michael A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCVFA1hm8qUC&pg=PA885 |title=Dirr's Encyclopedia of Trees and Shrubs |date=2011-10-18 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-901-0 |language=en}}</ref>
+==Traditional use==
+American Indians used the root tea for stomach ulcers, colds, jaundice, sore mouth or throat and as an astringent. A folk remedy used in the South for diabetes and hypertension. This species contains berberine, which is an anti-inflammatory, astringent, hemostatic, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant and immunostimulant. Berberine also stimulates secretion of bile and bilirubin and may be useful in correcting high tyramine levels in patients with liver cirrhosis.<ref>Foster, S. & Duke, J. A. (1998). ''Field Guide to Medicinal Plants: Eastern and Central North America''. Houghton Mifflin. {{ISBN|0-395-92066-3}}.</ref>
 <gallery>
-Image:XanthorhizaSimplicissima.jpg|
+Image:XanthorhizaSimplicissima.jpg
+Image:Yellowroot- Xanthorhiza simplicissima..JPG|Yellowroot flowers
 </gallery>
-==References and external links==
+==References==
 {{Reflist}}
+* Foster, S. & Duke, J. A. (1990). ''Field Guide to Medicinal Plants: Eastern and Central North America''. Houghton Mifflin. {{ISBN|0-395-46722-5}}.
-{{commons|Xanthorhiza simplicissima}}
+==External links==
+{{Commons|Xanthorhiza simplicissima}}
+*[http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1994-54-2--a-very-valuable-shrub-xanthorhiza-simplicissima.pdf Indepth Article in the Arnold Arboretum's Silva by Jill Nooney.]
 *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220014377 Flora of North America: ''Xanthorhiza simplicissima'']
 *[http://www.sunfarm.com/picks/xanthorhizzasimplicissimafol.phtml Description with a picture of the fall colors]
 *[http://www.pittpaths.com/st/0111.htm site with a picture of the root]
 *[http://2bnthewild.com/plants/H45.htm Medicinal uses]
-*Foster, S. & Duke, J. A. (1998). ''Field Guide to Medicinal Plants: Eastern and Central North America''. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-92066-3.
-[[Category:Ranunculaceae genera]]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q1499457}}
+[[Category:Ranunculaceae genera]]
-{{ranunculales-stub}}
+[[Category:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains]]
+[[Category:Ranunculaceae]]
-[[cs:Žlutokořen jednoduchý]]
+[[Category:Monotypic Ranunculales genera]]
-[[de:Gelbwurz]]
-[[es:Xanthorhiza]]
-[[fr:Xanthorhiza]]
-[[pl:Xanthorhiza simplicissima]]
-[[pt:Xanthorhiza]]
-[[sk:Xanthorhiza]]