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{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Upper Sepik
|name=Upper Sepik
|region=[[Sepik River]] basin, [[Papua New Guinea]]
|altname=Upper Sepik River
|region=[[Sandaun Province]] and western [[East Sepik Province]], [[Papua New Guinea]]
|familycolor=Papuan
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=[[Sepik languages|Sepik]]
|fam1=[[Sepik languages|Sepik]]
|child1=[[Wogamusin languages|Wogamusin]]
|child1=Abau–Iwam
|child2=[[Iwam languages|Iwam]]
|child2=Yellow and Wanibe Rivers
|map=Sepik_as_classified_by_William_A._Foley.svg
⚫
|child3=''[[Abau language|Abau]]''
|mapcaption=The Sepik languages as classified by [[William A. Foley|Foley]] (2018)
|glotto=none
}}
}}


The '''Upper Sepik languages''' are a [[language family|family]] of the [[Sepik languages]] of northern [[Papua New Guinea]]. They were identified as a family by [[Donald Laycock]] in 1956, which he included in his Sepik family in 1965. Foley (2005) does not the unity family, but Ross (2005) reconstructs proto-Upper Sepik pronouns.
The '''Upper Sepik languages''' are a group of ten to a dozen languages generally classified among the [[Sepik languages]] of northern [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref name="Foley-Sepik">{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=197–432 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>


==References==
==Languages==
The Upper Sepik languages are:<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/sepik-river/upper-sepik-river Upper Sepik River], NewGuineaWorld</ref>
⚫
* {{Malcolm Ross Pronouns}}
* {{cite book | last = Foley | first = William A. | authorlink = William Foley (linguist) | year = 2005 | chapter = Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik–Ramu basin | editor = [[Andrew Pawley]], Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide, Jack Golson, eds. | title = Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples | location = Canberra | pages = 109–144 | publisher = Pacific Linguistics | isbn = 0-85883-562-2 | oclc = 67292782 }}
* {{cite book | last = Laycock | first = Donald C. | authorlink = Donald Laycock | year = 1973 | title = Sepik languages: checklist and preliminary classification | location = Canberra | publisher = Dept. of Linguistcs, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | isbn = 978-0-85883-084-4 | oclc = 5027628 }}
* {{cite book | last = Laycock | first = Donald C. | authorlink = Donald Laycock | coauthors = John Z'graggen | year = 1975 | chapter = The Sepik–Ramu phylum | editor = [[Stephen Wurm|Stephen A. Wurm]], ed. | title = Papuan languages and the New Guinea linguistic scene: New Guinea area languages and language study 1 | location = Canberra | publisher = Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | pages = 731–763 | isbn = | oclc = 37096514 }}
[[Category:Languages of Papua New Guinea]]
⚫
[[Category:Sepik languages]]


*'''Abau–Iwam'''
⚫
**[[Abau language|Abau]]
**[[Iwam languages]]
*'''Yellow and [[Wanibe River]]s'''
**Amal–Kalou
***[[Amal language|Amal]]
***[[Kalou language|Kalou]]
**[[Ram languages]] (see)
**[[Yellow River languages]] (see)


Although even the pronouns do not appear to be cognate, Foley classifies the Abau–Iwam languages with the [[Wogamus languages]] rather than with the Yellow and Wanibe River languages on the basis of a unique noun-class system in the numeral systems (see ''[[Wogamus languages#Noun classes]]''). Additionally, Foley considers [[Sepik Iwam language|Sepik Iwam]] and [[Wogamusin language|Wogamusin]] noun class prefixes to be likely cognate with each other. [[Abau language|Abau]] is more divergent, but its inclusion by Foley (2018) is based on the similarity of Abau verbal morphology to that of the Iwam languages.
{{pa-lang-stub}}
Foley observes that much of the lexicon and pronouns of these languages do not derive from proto-Sepik.<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>
{{PapuaNewGuinea-stub}}

==Numerals==
Upper Sepik morphological numerals are (Foley 2018):<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>

:{| {{table}}
! gloss !! [[Abau language|Abau]] !! [[Sepik Iwam language|Sepik Iwam]] !! [[Wogamusin language|Wogamusin]] !! [[Chenapian language|Chenapian]]
|-
! ‘one’
| -eyn ~ -mon ~ -ron || -or || -Vd || -rə
|-
! ‘two’
| -(r)eys || -is || -us || -si
|-
! ‘three’
| -(r)ompri || -um || -um || -mu
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
⚫
* {{Malcolm Ross Pronouns}}

{{Sepik languages}}
[[Category:Upper Sepik languages| ]]
⚫
[[Category:Sepik languages]]

Latest revision as of 08:57, 7 January 2021

Upper Sepik
Upper Sepik River
Geographic
distribution		Sandaun Province and western East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea
Linguistic classificationSepik
  • Upper Sepik
Subdivisions
  • Abau–Iwam
  • Yellow and Wanibe Rivers
Language codes
GlottologNone
The Sepik languages as classified by Foley (2018)

The Upper Sepik languages are a group of ten to a dozen languages generally classified among the Sepik languages of northern Papua New Guinea.[1]

Languages

[edit]

The Upper Sepik languages are:[2]

Although even the pronouns do not appear to be cognate, Foley classifies the Abau–Iwam languages with the Wogamus languages rather than with the Yellow and Wanibe River languages on the basis of a unique noun-class system in the numeral systems (see Wogamus languages#Noun classes). Additionally, Foley considers Sepik Iwam and Wogamusin noun class prefixes to be likely cognate with each other. Abau is more divergent, but its inclusion by Foley (2018) is based on the similarity of Abau verbal morphology to that of the Iwam languages. Foley observes that much of the lexicon and pronouns of these languages do not derive from proto-Sepik.[1]

Numerals

[edit]

Upper Sepik morphological numerals are (Foley 2018):[1]

gloss Abau Sepik Iwam Wogamusin Chenapian
‘one’ -eyn ~ -mon ~ -ron -or -Vd -rə
‘two’ -(r)eys -is -us -si
‘three’ -(r)ompri -um -um -mu

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  2. ^ Upper Sepik River, NewGuineaWorld
  • Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
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