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{{Taxobox |
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| name = ''Batis maritima'' |
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| image = Batis maritima male.jpg |
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| image_alt = Male adult plant with flower |
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| image_caption = ''Batis maritima'' |
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
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| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperm]]s |
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| ordo = [[Batales]] |
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| familia = [[Bataceae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Batis]]'' |
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| species = '''''maritima''''' |
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| binomial = ''Batis maritima'' |
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| binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |
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}} |
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'''Batis maritima''' (Saltwort /Beachwort) is a [[halophyte]]. It is a C3-Plant, long-lived perennial, dioecious, succulent shrub. The seeds are of high nutritional value<ref name="content">
Massimo F. Marcone, 2003. "Batis maritima (Saltwort/Beachwort): a nutritious, halophytic, seed bearings, perennial shrub for cultivation and recovery of otherwise unproductive agricultural land affected by salinity '' Food Research International 36:123-130</ref>. The plant forms dense colonies in salt marshes, brackish marshes, and mangrove swamps and frequently is found on the margins of salt pans and wind-tidal flats. <ref name="biology">
Robert I. Lonard, Frank W. Judd, and Richard Stalter, 2011. "The Biological Flora of Coastal Dunes and Wetlands: Batis maritima C. Linnaeus '' Journal of Coastal Research 27(3):441-449, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00142.1</ref>. |
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== Morphology == |
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===Seed=== |
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They are 1.1 mm long and o.8 mm wide and have an extreme low weight (0.5 mg/seed) <ref name="content" />. Seeds are smooth, very dark and hard walled coating. They have an elongated lenticular shape. They have germinated after floating in seawater for several months. |
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===Seedling=== |
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Each of the pair of cotyledons is fleshy, whereas young leaves are thick, glaucous, and succulent and are similar to mature leaves <ref name="biology" />. The primary root branches early in development and is unbranched until the shoot is 10 cm or more in height (Johnson, 1935). |
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===Adult Plant and flowers=== |
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Plants are dioecious, perennial subshrubs 0.1–1.5 m tall which form dense colonies. Stems are glabrous, ribbed, pale green to greenish yellow, and strong scented; bark is peeling at maturity. Carlquist (1978) noted that growth rings are absent in woody stem tissues, and xylem vessels are solitary or |
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grouped. Branching is alternate, and adventitious roots form at |
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the nodes. Leaves are opposite and sessile, and the stipules are vestigial; blades are succulent, linear, linear-clavate, or linear-oblanceolate, gla- brous, 3–4 angled, and 1–2 cm long; margins are entire, apices acute or mucronate, and the bases are tapered to a translucent membrane that overlaps the node, |
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The flowers of Batis maritima are self-incompatible and the morphology of the pollen indicate that the plant is wind pollinated <ref name="biology" /> |
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== Origin and regions of cultivation== |
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The geographic distribution of B. maritima extends from 33uN latitude at Cape Island, South Carolina, to about 3uS latitude in northern Brazil. The northern distribution appears to be influenced by the severity, duration, and frequency of freezing temperatures. Many sites where maritime saltwort occurs are subject to severe tropical storms <ref name="biology" />. Batis maritima occurs on tropical and subtropical coastlines of North America, Central America, northern South America, and the Caribbean Islands <ref name="biology" />. Salt marshes are characterized by a broad spectrum of environmental gradients.<ref name="biology" />. Mangrove swamps, about 0.5 m above mean sea level and subject to frequent tidal inundation and water-logged conditions, often support a ground layer of dense colonies of B. maritima on tropical coastlines (Lewis, 2005; Long and Lakela, 1971). |
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Ability to produce adequate levels of biomass over a wide environmental range have been well documented (Noaman & El-Haddad, 2000). It typically occurs at elevations less than 1.0 m above mean sea level and at sites where salinity ranges from 18 to 50 ppt (muddy tidalbanks, mangrove swamps, salt-marshes, mud and saltflats) <ref name="biology" /> |
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Batis maritima occurs in sites normally subject to minimal sand coverage <ref name="biology" />. Wrack deposits stimulate growth <ref name="biology" /> . |
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Maritime saltwort has been reported as an invasive species in Hawaii, where it displaces native species (Rauzon and Drigot, 2002; Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer, 1990) |
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== Product use== |
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===Seeds=== |
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The yellow to golden hued meal is used for food <ref name="content" />. |
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===Oil=== |
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Suitable as a drying oil for use in the paint and coatings industry (White) similar to safflower oil in fatty acid composition, is considered to be very healthy. |
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===Leaves=== |
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Leaves occasionally are added to salads in Puerto Rico (Logier, 1990). |
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===Roots=== |
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Roots are used as a sweetener for coffee by Comia'ac Indians (Wilder, Felger,and Romero-Morales, 2008). |
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===Medicinal Use=== |
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Batis maritima has been used in folk herbal medicine in Puerto Rico to treat gout, eczema, psoriasis, rheumatism, blood disorders, and thyroid disorders (Logier, 1990). Standley (1930) indicated that it is used to treat cutaneous infections in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. |
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===Special compounds and nutritive value=== |
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{{Nutritional value |
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| carbs = 46.5 % |
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| fructose = 0.1 % |
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| glucose = 0.03 % |
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| sucrose = 1.20 % |
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| fat = 25 % |
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| protein = 17.3 % |
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| water = 7.3 % |
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| calcium_ppm = 1600 |
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| iron_ppm = 250 |
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| magnesium_ppm = 4200 |
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| phosphorus_ppm = 8400 |
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| potassium_ppm = 8500 |
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| sodium_ppm = 500 |
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| note = Footnote text here |
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| source_usda = 1 |
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| float = 1 |
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}} |
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===Additional value=== |
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Batis maritima is proposed to have a major role in reducing ozone levels in the stratosphere (Bill et al., 2002; Manley et al. 2006; Rhew, et al., 2002). Maritime saltwort produces methyl halides, which are the chief carriers of bromide and chloride ions from the marine and terrestrial environments to the stratosphere (Manley et al., 2006; Ni and Hager, 1998; Rhew et al., 2002). Halide emission by B. maritima is temperature influenced, and a small area of salt marsh dominated by maritime saltwort can make an appreciable contribution to total methyl halides emitted from a salt marsh (Manley et al., 2006). |
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== Physiology == |
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High leaf sap osmotic pressures, high tensions in the water columns of xylem, and high sodium and chloride ion levels indicate that B. maritima is a xeromorphic, salt-accumulating halophyte (Carlquist, 1978). Lu¨ ttge et al. (1989) noted that succulence and sulfate concentrations doubled in maritime saltwort in the dry season. Seasonal variation in the halophytic succulent zone is great because of temporary flooding in the wet season followed by extended drought during the dry season (Medina et al., 1989). Leaf succulence increases significantly in the dry season and leaves are shed, thereby reducing salt-induced stress <ref name="biology" /> . Water balance is influenced further by nighttime transpiration rates that significantly reduce predawn xylem pressure potential (Donovan, Linton, and Richards, 2001). saltwort has year-round photosynthetic activity, but the winter rate of carbon dioxide fixation is reduced. |
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tolerate frequent to infrequent flooding by high tides<ref name="biology" /> |
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===Symbionts=== |
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Koske (1988) found that obligate-symbiotic vesicular-arbus cular mycorrhizae (VAM) colonize B. maritima roots. VAM improve phosphate nutrition and indirectly reduce water stress in host plants. |
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==Genetics== |
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Maritime saltwort has a chromosome number of 2n 5 22 (Goldblatt, 1976) |
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Latest revision as of 01:43, 15 November 2015
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