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{{Short description|Genus of flies}}
{{italic title}}{{Taxobox
{{About|the fly genus|other species with "microdon" in their species name|Microdon (disambiguation)}}
| name = ''Microdon''
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Microdon mutabilis.jpg
| image = Microdon mutabilis.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Microdon mutabilis]]''
| image_caption = ''[[Microdon mutabilis]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Microdon
| authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1803
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]]
| familia = [[Hoverfly|Syrphidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Microdontinae]]
| genus = '''''Microdon'''''
| genus_authority = [[Johann Wilhelm Meigen|Meigen]], 1803
| type_species = ''[[Microdon mutabilis|Musca mutabilis]]''
| type_species = ''[[Microdon mutabilis|Musca mutabilis]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] [[Systema Naturae|1758]]
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = Subgenera and species groups<ref name=Reemer2013>{{cite journal|first1=Menno |last1=Reemer|first2=Gunilla|last2=Ståhls|year=2013|title=Generic revision and species classification of the Microdontinae (Diptera, Syrphidae)|journal=[[ZooKeys]]|issue=288|pages=1–213|doi=10.3897/zookeys.288.4095|pmid=23798897|pmc=3690914|doi-access=free |bibcode=2013ZooK..288....1R }}</ref>
| synonyms = *''Aphritis'' <small>[[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804</small>
| subdivision =
*''[[Chymophila]]'' <small>[[Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1834</small>
*''[[Dimeraspis]]'' <small>Newman, 1838</small>
*''[[Megodon]]'' <small>Keiser, 1971</small>
*''Microdon'' ''[[sensu stricto]]''
*''[[Myiacerapis]]'' <small>[[Frank Montgomery Hull|Hull]], 1949</small>
*''[[Syrphipogon]]'' <small>[[Frank Montgomery Hull|Hull]], 1937</small>
*''Microdon'' ''[[sensu lato]]''
**''craigheadii''-group
**''erythros''-group
**''mirabilis''-group
**''tarsalis''-group
**''virgo''-group
**unplaced species
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Reemer2013/>
| synonyms =
* ''Aphritis'' <small>[[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804</small>
* ''Colacis'' <small>[[Johannes von Nepomuk Franz Xaver Gistel|Gistel]], 1848</small>
* ''Scutelligera'' <small>[[Johann Baptist von Spix|Spix]], 1824</small>
* ''Parmula'' <small>[[Carl von Heyden|Heyden]], 1825</small>
* ''Scutigerella'' <small>[[Fritz Haas|Haas]], 1924</small>
}}
}}
[[File:Microdon Eggeri larvae third instar (by Maria andries, 1912).jpg|thumb|''[[Microdon eggeri]]'', larva, third instar]]
Hover flies (family [[Syrphidae]]) of the genus '''''Microdon''''' are unusual among the [[Fly|Diptera]]. Like other members of the subfamily, they are [[myrmecophile]]s, meaning they inhabit the nests of ants.


There are 249 species known worldwide, with the greatest diversity being from the [[tropics]]; 30 species are known from North America, though it is expected that many of these species will be placed in other genera in time, as ''Microdon'' has been used as a catch-all for various unrelated species not placed in other genera.<ref name="Cheng2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Cheng | first1 = Xin-Yue | last2 = Thompson | first2 = F. Christian | year = 2008 | title = A generic conspectus of the Microdontinae (Diptera: Syrphidae) with the description of two new genera from Africa and China | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 1879 | pages = 21–48 | publisher = Magnolia Press | location = New Zealand | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.1879.1.3 | issn = 1175-5334 | url = http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01879p048.pdf | access-date = 2009-09-11 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Thompson">{{cite journal |last = Thompson | first = F.C |year=1981 |title=Revisionary notes on Nearctic ''Microdon'' flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) |journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington |volume=83 |pages=725–758 |publisher=Allen Press |location=Washington D.C. |issn= 0013-8797 }}</ref>{{update inline|reason=No longer up-to-date, see Reemer & Ståhls (2013) for current information.|date=December 2018}}
Hover flies (family [[Syrphidae]]) of the genus '''''Microdon''''' are unusual among the [[Diptera]]. Like other members of the subfamily, they are [[myrmecophile]]s, meaning they inhabit the nests of ants. There are 249 species are known worldwide, with the greatest diversity being from the [[tropics]]; 30 species are known from North America, though it is expected that many of these species will be placed in other genera in time, as ''Microdon'' has been used as a catch all for various unrelated species
not placed in other genera <ref name="Cheng2008">{{cite journal | last = Cheng | first = Xin-Yue | coauthors = Thompson, F. Christian | year = 2008 | title = A generic conspectus of the Microdontinae (Diptera: Syrphidae) with the description of two new genera from Africa and China | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 1879 | pages = 21–48 | publisher = Magnolia Press | location = New Zealand | issn = 1175-5334 | url = http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01879p048.pdf | format = PDF Adobe Acrobat | accessdate = 2009-09-11 }}</ref><ref name="Thompson">{{cite journal |author=Thompson, F.C |year=1981 |month= |title=Revisionary notes on Nearctic ''Microdon'' flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) |journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington |volume=83 |issue= |pages=725–758 |publisher=Allen Press |location=Washington D.C. |issn= 0013-8797 }}</ref>.


==Appearance==
==Appearance==
''Microdon'' adults look more or less like typical flies. Like some other hover flies, they are generally robust and very hairy, often closely resembling bees. They are between 8 and 15&nbsp;mm long. The [[Antenna (biology)|antenna]]e are rather long, with the last (third) segment nearly as long as, or sometimes significantly longer than, the first segment; the antennae are nearly as long as the fly's face. These flies are clothed in black or pale (white or golden) hairs, and are themselves either black or metallic green or blue. The [[Scutellum (insect)|scutellum]] is with apical [[calcars]] and wing vein R4+5 with an appendix. They have simple legs and abdomen.<ref name="Cheng2008"/>
''Microdon'' adults look more or less like typical flies. Like some other hoverflies, they are generally robust and very hairy, often closely resembling bees. They are between 8 and 15&nbsp;mm long. The [[Antenna (biology)|antenna]]e are rather long, with the last (third) segment nearly as long as, or sometimes significantly longer than, the first segment; the antennae are nearly as long as the fly's face. These flies are covered in black or pale (white or golden) hairs, and are themselves either black or metallic green or blue. The [[Scutellum (insect)|scutellum]] is with apical [[calcar]]s and wing vein R4+5 with an appendix. They have simple legs and abdomens.<ref name="Cheng2008"/>


The real oddity of the genus ''Microdon'' is in its larvae and pupae. These are dome-shaped and look like stout little slugs. Their appearance originally led scientists to describe them as [[mollusk]]s and [[scale insect]]s.<ref name="Duffield">{{cite journal |author=Duffield, R.M|year=1981 |month= |title=Biology of ''Microdon fuscipennis'' (Diptera: Syrphidae) with interpretation of reproductive strategies of ''Microdon'' species found north of Mexico. |journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington |volume=83 |issue= |pages=716–724. |publisher=Allen Press |location=Washington D.C. |issn= 0013-8797 }}</ref> They are slow moving. Most have the [[spiracles]] on a peg-like protuberance extending from the end of the abdomen.
The real oddity of the genus ''Microdon'' is in its larvae and pupae. These are dome-shaped and look like stout little slugs. Their appearance originally led scientists to describe them as [[mollusk]]s and [[scale insect]]s.<ref name="Duffield">{{cite journal |last = Duffield | first = R.M |year=1981 |title=Biology of ''Microdon fuscipennis'' (Diptera: Syrphidae) with interpretation of reproductive strategies of ''Microdon'' species found north of Mexico |journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington |volume=83 |pages=716–724 |publisher=Allen Press |location=Washington D.C. |issn= 0013-8797 }}</ref> They are slow-moving. Most have the [[Spiracle (arthropods)|spiracles]] on a peg-like protuberance extending from the end of their abdomens.


==Behaviour==
==Behaviour==
Adult ''Microdon'' flies do not behave like other syrphid flies: they do not hover around flowers but instead remain very near the ant colonies which serve as larval hosts.
Adult ''Microdon'' flies do not behave like other syrphid flies; they do not hover around flowers, but instead remain very near the ant colonies which serve as larval hosts.


Larvae may be found very deep in ant colonies. Some species actively feed on ant larvae in the colony,<ref name="Duffield"/> others are speculated to be scavengers. ''Microdon'' larvae are more or less restricted in their ant host species. Some ''Microdon'' have only ever been found in the colonies of a single ant species, while others are restricted to related ant species or genera. Because these flies have such cryptic life cycles, biological information on most species is limited.
Larvae may be found very deep in ant colonies. Some species actively feed on ant larvae in the colony,<ref name="Duffield"/> others are speculated to be scavengers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Donisthorpe |first=H. St. J. |author-link= |date=1927 |title=The guests of British ants : their habits and life-histories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBA5AAAAMAAJ&q=The+guests+of+British+ants. |location=London |publisher=Routledge |pages= 244 |isbn= }}</ref> ''Microdon'' larvae are more or less restricted in their ant host species. Some ''Microdon'' species have only ever been found in the colonies of a single ant species, while others are restricted to related ant species or genera. Because these flies have such cryptic life cycles, biological information on most species is limited.


==Species==
==Species==
''Microdon'' is divided into six subgenera (including ''Microdon'' ''[[sensu stricto]]''), plus five species groups and some unplaced species in ''Microdon'' ''[[sensu lato]]''.<ref name=Reemer2013/>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

*''[[Microdon abditus]]'' <small>Thompson, 1981</small><ref name="Thompson"/>
===Subgenus ''Chymophila''===
*''[[Microdon abstrusus]]'' <small>Thompson, 1981</small><ref name="Thompson"/>
{{main|Chymophila}}
*''[[Microdon adventitius]]'' <small>Thompson, 1981</small><ref name="Thompson"/>

Nearctic:

* ''[[Microdon fulgens]]'' <small>[[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1830</small> (Synonyms: ''Microdon euglossoides'' <small>Gray, 1832</small>; ''Chymophila splendens'' <small>[[Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1834</small>)

Neotropical:
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* ''[[Microdon angulatus]]'' <small>[[Frank Montgomery Hull|Hull]], 1943</small>
* ''[[Microdon argentinae]]'' <small>[[Frank Montgomery Hull|Hull]], 1937</small>
* ''[[Microdon aurifacius]]'' <small>[[Frank Montgomery Hull|Hull]], 1937</small>
* ''[[Microdon barbiellinii]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1936</small>
* ''[[Microdon bruchi]]'' <small>[[Raymond Corbett Shannon|Shannon]], 1927</small>
* ''[[Microdon cyaneiventris]]'' <small>[[Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1846</small> (Synonym: ''Aphritis cyanoventris'' <small>[[Samuel Wendell Williston|Williston]], 1886</small> (misspelling))
* ''[[Microdon cyaneus]]'' <small>[[Maximilian Perty|Perty]], 1833</small>
* ''[[Microdon emeralda]]'' <small>[[Frank Montgomery Hull|Hull]], 1943</small>
* ''[[Microdon flavoluna]]'' <small>[[Frank Montgomery Hull|Hull]], 1943</small>
* ''[[Microdon histrio]]'' <small>[[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1830</small>
* ''[[Microdon inaequalis]]'' <small>[[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1866</small>
* ''[[Microdon instabilis]]'' <small>[[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1830</small> (Synonyms: ''Aphritis dives'' <small>[[Camillo Rondani|Rondani]], 1848</small>; ''Microdon aurifex'' <small>[[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1830</small>; ''Microdon trochilus'' <small>[[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Walker]], 1852</small>)<ref name="Reemer2014"/>
* ''[[Microdon limbatus]]'' <small>[[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1830</small>
* ''[[Microdon marceli]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1936</small>
* ''[[Microdon nero]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1936</small>
* ''[[Microdon nestor]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1940</small>
* ''[[Microdon opulentus]]'' <small>[[Jacques-Marie-Frangile Bigot|Bigot]], 1883</small>
* ''[[Microdon pulcher]]'' <small>[[Samuel Wendell Williston|Williston]], 1887</small>
* ''[[Microdon shannoni]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1940</small>
* ''[[Microdon splendens]]'' <small>[[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1830</small>
* ''[[Microdon stramineus]]'' <small>[[Frank Montgomery Hull|Hull]], 1943</small>
* ''[[Microdon superbus]]'' <small>[[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1830</small>
* ''[[Microdon tigrinus]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1940</small>
* ''[[Microdon willistoni]]'' <small>[[Josef Mik|Mik]], 1899</small> (Synonym: ''Microdon inermis'' <small>[[Samuel Wendell Williston|Williston]], 1888 (nec Loew, 1858)</small>)
}}

Oriental:
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* ''[[Microdon aenoviridis]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1931</small>
* ''[[Microdon baramus]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1942</small>
* ''[[Microdon beatus]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1942</small>
* ''[[Microdon latiscutellaris]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1931</small>
* ''[[Microdon lativentris]]'' <small>[[Johannes C. H. de Meijere|Meijere]], 1921</small> (Synonym: ''Microdon grandis'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1928</small>)
* ''[[Microdon lundura]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1942</small>
* ''[[Microdon stilboides]]'' <small>[[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Walker]], 1849</small>
}}
Palaearctic:
* ''[[Microdon katsurai]]'' <small>Maruyama & Hironaga, 2004</small><ref name="Maruyama">{{cite journal | last1 = Maruyama | first1 = Munetoshi | last2 = Hironaga | first2 = Teruhiko | date = December 22, 2004 | title = ''Microdon katsurai'', a New Species of Myrmecophilous Hoverfly (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Japan, Associated with ''Polyrhachis lamellidens'' (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) | journal = Bulletin of the National Science Museum | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 173–179 | publisher = National Science Museum, Tokyo | location = Tokyo | url = http://www.myrmecophile.net/maruyama/papers/kenran.pdf }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Subgenus ''Dimeraspis''===
{{main|Dimeraspis}}

*''[[Microdon abditus]]'' <small>Thompson, 1981</small> <ref name=thompson81/>
*''[[Microdon adventitius]]'' <small>Thompson, 1981</small> <ref name=thompson81>{{cite journal |last= Thompson |first= F.C |year=1981 |title=Revisionary notes on Nearctic ''Microdon'' flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) |journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington |volume=83 |pages=725–758 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/55215#page/755/mode/1up}}</ref>
*''[[Microdon fuscipennis]]'' <small>(Macquart, 1834)</small>
*''[[Microdon globosus]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1805)</small><ref name="Fabricius1805">{{cite book |last=Fabricius |first= Johann Christian |author-link= |date=1805 |title=Systema antliatorum : secundum ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53432#page/11/mode/1up |location= Brunsvigae |publisher= |page= 372 |isbn= }}?</ref>
*''[[Microdon marmoratum]]'' <small>Bigot, 1884</small> <ref name="Bigot1884">{{cite journal |last1=Bigot |first1=Jacques-Marie-Frangile |title=Diptères nouveaux ou peu connus. 22e partie, XXXII: Syrphidi (2e partie). espèces nouvelles, No 1er |journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France |date=1884 |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=315–356 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32548743#page/319/mode/1up |access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref>
*''[[Microdon remotus]]'' <small>Knab, 1917</small><ref>{{cite journal |last=Knab |first=F. |year=1917 |title=On some North American species of Microdon (Diptera: Syrphidae) |journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |volume=30 |pages= 133–143 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3335018#page/162/mode/1up }}</ref>

===Subgenus ''Megodon''===
{{main|Megodon}}
*''[[Microdon planitarsus|M. planitarsus]]'' <small>Keiser, 1971</small>
*''[[Microdon stuckenbergi|M. stuckenbergi]]'' <small>(Keiser, 1971)</small>

===Subgenus ''Microdon'' ''sensu stricto''===

[[Nearctic realm|Nearctic]]:
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* ''[[Microdon abstrusus]]'' <small>[[F. Christian Thompson|Thompson]], 1981</small><ref name="Thompson"/>
* ''[[Microdon albicomatus]]'' <small>Novak, 1977</small>
* ''[[Microdon aurulentus]]'' <small>([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1805)</small>
* ''[[Microdon cothurnatus]]'' <small>[[Jacques-Marie-Frangile Bigot|Bigot]], 1883</small>
* ''[[Microdon lanceolatus]]'' <small>Adams, 1903</small>
* ''[[Microdon manitobensis]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1924</small>
* ''[[Microdon megalogaster]]'' <small>Snow, 1892</small>
* ''[[Microdon newcomeri]]'' <small>Mann, 1924</small>
* ''[[Microdon ocellaris]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1924</small>
* ''[[Microdon piperi]]'' <small>Knab, 1917</small>
* ''[[Microdon ruficrus]]'' <small>[[Samuel Wendell Williston|Williston]], 1887</small>
* ''[[Microdon tristis]]'' <small>[[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1864</small>
* ''[[Microdon xanthopilis]]'' <small>[[Charles Henry Tyler Townsend|Townsend]], 1895</small>
}}
[[Neotropical realm|Neotropical]]:
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* ''[[Microdon aureopilis]]'' <small>Marinoni, 2004</small>
* ''[[Microdon barbouri]]'' <small>[[Frank Montgomery Hull|Hull]], 1942</small>
* ''[[Microdon bassleri]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1940</small>
* ''[[Microdon bonariensis]]'' <small>Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891</small>
* ''[[Microdon brutus]]'' <small>[[Frank Montgomery Hull|Hull]], 1944</small>
* ''[[Microdon caesar]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1940</small>
* ''[[Microdon colakriki]]'' <small>Reemer, 2014</small><ref name="Reemer2014">{{cite journal|first=Menno|last=Reemer|year=2014|title=A review of Microdontinae (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Surinam, with a key to the Neotropical genera|journal=Tijdschrift voor Entomologie|volume=157|issue=1|pages=27–57|doi=10.1163/22119434-00002035|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ''[[Microdon crassitarsis]]'' <small>([[Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1848)</small>
* ''[[Microdon eutristis]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1925</small>
* ''[[Microdon macquartii]]'' <small>Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891</small>
* ''[[Microdon mourei]]'' <small>Marinoni, 2004</small>
* ''[[Microdon remus]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1941</small>
* ''[[Microdon rufiventris]]'' <small>([[Camillo Rondani|Rondani]], 1848)</small>
* ''[[Microdon violaceus]]'' <small>([[Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1842)</small>
* ''[[Microdon virgo]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1940</small>
}}
Oriental:
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* ''[[Microdon aeneus]]'' <small>Keiser, 1952</small>
* ''[[Microdon alboscutatus]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1931</small>
* ''[[Microdon bellus]]'' <small>[[Enrico Brunetti|Brunetti]], 1923</small>
* ''[[Microdon formosanus]]'' <small>Shiraki, 1930</small>
* ''[[Microdon fulvopubescens]]'' <small>[[Enrico Brunetti|Brunetti]], 1923</small>
* ''[[Microdon fumipennis]]'' <small>[[Frank Montgomery Hull|Hull]], 1944</small>
* ''[[Microdon metallicus]]'' <small>[[Johannes C. H. de Meijere|Meijere]], 1904</small>
* ''[[Microdon sumatranus]]'' <small>[[Frederik Maurits van der Wulp|Wulp]], 1892</small>
* ''[[Microdon sumbanus]]'' <small>Keiser, 1952</small>
}}

[[Palearctic realm|Palaearctic]]:
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* ''[[Microdon analis]]'' <small>([[Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1842)</small>
* ''[[Microdon auricomus]]'' <small>[[Daniel William Coquillett|Coquillett]], 1898</small>
* ''[[Microdon dentigiganteus]]'' <small>Tian, Huo & Zhang, 2019</small><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tian|first1=Jing|last2=Huo|first2=Ke-Ke|last3=Zhang|first3=Chun-Tian|last4=Ren|first4=Bing-Zhong|year=2019|title=''Microdon dentigiganteum'' sp. nov. and other Microdontinae species (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Northeast China|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=4712|issue=1|pages=65–76|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4712.1.4|pmid=32230696|s2cid=212755775 }}</ref>
* ''[[Microdon devius]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1761)</small>
* ''[[Microdon hauseri]]'' <small>Reemer, 2013</small><ref name=Reemer2013/>
* ''[[Microdon ignotus]]'' <small>Violovitsh, 1976</small>
* ''[[Microdon japonicus]]'' <small>Yano, 1915</small>
* ''[[Microdon kidai]]'' <small>Hironaga & Maruyama, 2004</small>
* ''[[Microdon lateus]]'' <small>Violovitsh, 1976</small>
* ''[[Microdon lehri]]'' <small>Mutin, 1999</small>
* ''[[Microdon macrocerus]]'' <small>Hironaga & Maruyama, 2004</small>
* ''[[Microdon major]]'' <small>Andries, 1912</small>
* ''[[Microdon mandarinus]]'' <small>Reemer, 2013</small><ref name=Reemer2013/>
* ''[[Microdon maritimus]]'' <small>Violovitsh, 1976</small>
* ''[[Microdon miki]]'' <small>Doczkal & Schmid, 1999</small>
* ''[[Microdon murayamai]]'' <small>Hironaga & Maruyama, 2004</small>
* ''[[Microdon mutabilis]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small>
* ''[[Microdon myrmicae]]'' <small>Schönrogge, Barr, Wardlaw, Napper, Gardner, Breen, Elmes & Thomas, 2002</small>
* ''[[Microdon mysa]]'' <small>Violovitsh, 1971</small>
* ''[[Microdon nigripes]]'' <small>Shiraki, 1930</small>
* ''[[Microdon nigrodorsatus]]'' <small>Mutin, 2011</small>
* ''[[Microdon novus]]'' <small>([[Franz von Paula Schrank|Schrank]], 1776)</small>
* ''[[Microdon oitanus]]'' <small>Shiraki, 1930</small>
* ''[[Microdon podomelainus]]'' <small>Huo, Ren & Zheng, 2007</small>
* ''[[Microdon ursitarsis]]'' <small>[[Aleksandr Stackelberg|Stackelberg]], 1926</small>
* ''[[Microdon yokohamai]]'' <small>Hironaga & Maruyama, 2004</small>
* ''[[Microdon yunnanensis]]'' <small>Reemer, 2013</small><ref name=Reemer2013/>
}}

===Subgenus ''Myiacerapis''===
{{main|Myiacerapis}}

'''''Myiacerapis''''' is a [[subgenus]] of the [[hoverfly]] [[genus]] ''Microdon''. It contains only one species, '''''Microdon villosus.'''''<ref name=Reemer2013>{{cite journal|first1=Menno |last1=Reemer|first2=Gunilla|last2=Ståhls|year=2013|title=Generic revision and species classification of the Microdontinae (Diptera, Syrphidae)|journal=[[ZooKeys]]|issue=288|pages=1–213|doi=10.3897/zookeys.288.4095|pmid=23798897|pmc=3690914|doi-access=free |bibcode=2013ZooK..288....1R }}</ref><ref name="Cheng2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Cheng | first1 = Xin-Yue | last2 = Thompson | first2 = F. Christian | year = 2008 | title = A generic conspectus of the Microdontinae (Diptera: Syrphidae) with the description of two new genera from Africa and China | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 1879 | pages = 21–48 | publisher = Magnolia Press | location = New Zealand | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.1879.1.3 | issn = 1175-5334 | url = http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01879p048.pdf | access-date = 2009-09-11 | doi-access = free }}</ref> It is native to [[Uganda]], though an undescribed species is known from [[South Africa]].<ref name=Reemer2013/> [[Larva]]e are found in [[ant]] nests.

===Subgenus ''Syrphipogon''===
{{main|Syrphipogon}}
There are two species described in ''Syrphipogon'':<ref name=Reemer2013/>
*''[[Microdon fucatissimus|M. fucatissimus]]'' <small>([[Frank Montgomery Hull|Hull]], 1937)</small>
*''[[Microdon gaigei|M. gaigei]]'' <small>Steyskal, 1953</small>

===''Microdon'' ''sensu lato'' species groups===
====''craigheadii''-group====
Nearctic:
* ''[[Microdon craigheadii]]'' <small>Walton, 1912</small>

====''erythros''-group====
[[Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]]:
* ''[[Microdon erythros]]'' <small>[[Mario Bezzi|Bezzi]], 1908</small>
:= ''Microdon erytherus'' <small>[[Mario Bezzi|Bezzi]], 1921</small> (misspelling)
* ''[[Microdon luteiventris]]'' <small>[[Mario Bezzi|Bezzi]], 1915</small>

====''mirabilis''-group====
[[Neotropical realm|Neotropical]]:
* ''[[Microdon bertonii]]'' <small>[[Mario Bezzi|Bezzi]], 1910</small>
:= ''Microdon arcuata'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1941</small>
* ''[[Microdon iheringi]]'' <small>[[Mario Bezzi|Bezzi]], 1910</small>
* ''[[Microdon mirabilis]]'' <small>[[Samuel Wendell Williston|Williston]], 1888</small>

====''tarsalis''-group====
Afrotropical:
* ''[[Microdon tarsalis]]'' <small>Hervé-Bazin, 1913</small>
:= ''Microdon bequaerti'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1929</small>

====Unplaced species====
[[Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]]

*''[[Microdon harinhalai]]'' <small>(Reemer, 2015)</small> <ref name=reemer15>{{cite journal |last=Reemer |first=Menno |year=2015 |title=Six new species of Microdon Meigen from Madagascar |journal=Zootaxa |volume= 4034 |issue=1 |pages=127–147 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4034.1.6 |pmid=26624434 |s2cid=44650485 |url=https://antwiki.org/wiki/images/1/11/Reemer_Bot_2015_Microdon_Madagascar.pdf }}</ref>
*''[[Microdon berobak]]'' <small>(Reemer, 2015)</small> <ref name=reemer15/>
*''[[Microdon ifanadiana]]'' <small>(Reemer, 2015)</small> <ref name=reemer15/>
*''[[Microdon irwini]]'' <small>(Reemer, 2015)</small> <ref name=reemer15/>
*''[[Microdon janne]]'' <small>(Reemer, 2015)</small> <ref name=reemer15/>
*''[[Microdon sava]]'' <small>(Reemer, 2015)</small> <ref name=reemer15/>
* ''[[Microdon tsara]]'' <small>Keiser, 1971</small>

[[Australasian realm|Australian]] / [[Oceanian realm|Oceanian]]:
* ''[[Microdon amabilis]]'' <small>[[Eustace William Ferguson|Ferguson]], 1926</small>
* ''[[Microdon macquariensis]]'' <small>[[Eustace William Ferguson|Ferguson]], 1926</small>
* ''[[Microdon nigromarginalis]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]] & Bryan, 1926</small>
* ''[[Microdon pictipennis]]'' <small>([[Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1850)</small>
:= ''Microdon pictulipennis'' <small>[[Frank Montgomery Hull|Hull]], 1944</small>
* ''[[Microdon rieki]]'' <small>Paramonov, 1957</small>
* ''[[Microdon waterhousei]]'' <small>[[Eustace William Ferguson|Ferguson]], 1926</small>

Oriental:
* ''[[Microdon carbonarius]]'' <small>[[Enrico Brunetti|Brunetti]], 1923</small>
* ''[[Microdon pagdeni]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1942</small>
* ''[[Microdon trimacula]]'' <small>[[Charles Howard Curran|Curran]], 1928</small>
* ''[[Microdon unicolor]]'' <small>[[Enrico Brunetti|Brunetti]], 1915</small>

<!-- Old, kept around for reference{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*''[[Microdon abditus]]'' <small>[[F. Christian Thompson|Thompson]], 1981</small><ref name="Thompson"/>
*''[[Microdon abstrusus]]'' <small>[[F. Christian Thompson|Thompson]], 1981</small><ref name="Thompson"/>
*''[[Microdon adventitius]]'' <small>[[F. Christian Thompson|Thompson]], 1981</small><ref name="Thompson"/>
*''[[Microdon albicomatus]]'' <small>Novak, 1977</small>
*''[[Microdon albicomatus]]'' <small>Novak, 1977</small>
*''[[Microdon analis]]'' <small>([[Justin Pierre Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1842)</small><ref name="Stubbs">{{cite book|author=Stubbs, Alan E. and Falk, Steven J.|year=1983 |title=British Hoverflies: An Illustrated Identification Guide|pages=253, xvpp |publisher=British Entomological & Natural History Society}}</ref>
*''[[Microdon analis]]'' <small>([[Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1842)</small><ref name="Stubbs">{{cite book| last1 = Stubbs | first1 = Alan E. | last2 = Falk | first2 = Steven J. | year=1983 |title=British Hoverflies: An Illustrated Identification Guide|pages=253, xvpp |publisher=British Entomological & Natural History Society}}</ref>
*''[[Microdon aurulentus]]'' <small>([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1805)</small>
*''[[Microdon aurulentus]]'' <small>([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1805)</small>
*''[[Microdon baliopterus]]'' <small>[[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1872</small>
*''[[Microdon baliopterus]]'' <small>[[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1872</small>
*''[[Microdon brunetti]]'' <small>Sodhi & Singh, 1991</small><ref name="Sodhi">{{cite journal| last = Sodhi| first = N.S.| coauthors = Singh A.| year = 1991| title = Three new species of family Syrphidae (Diptera) from India.| journal = Acta zoologica cracoviensia| volume = 34| issue = 1| series = b| pages = 315–322}}</ref>
*''[[Microdon brunetti]]'' <small>Sodhi & Singh, 1991</small><ref name="Sodhi">{{cite journal| last1 = Sodhi| first1 = N.S.| last2 = Singh | first2 = A.| year = 1991| title = Three new species of family Syrphidae (Diptera) from India.| journal = Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia| volume = 34| issue = 1| series = b| pages = 315–322}}</ref>
*''[[Microdon carolae]]'' <small>(Capelle, 1956)</small>
*''[[Microdon carolae]]'' <small>(Capelle, 1956)</small>
*''[[Microdon coarctatus]]'' <small>[[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1864</small>
*''[[Microdon coarctatus]]'' <small>[[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1864</small>
Line 45: Line 267:
*''[[Microdon devius]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1761)</small><ref name="Stubbs"/>
*''[[Microdon devius]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1761)</small><ref name="Stubbs"/>
*''[[Microdon diversipilosus]]'' <small>Curran, 1925</small>
*''[[Microdon diversipilosus]]'' <small>Curran, 1925</small>
*''[[Microdon eggeri]]'' <small>[[Josef Mik|Mik]], 1897</small><ref name="szmn">{{cite web |first = A.V |last = Barkalov |title = Syrphidae collection of Siberian Zoological Museum |url = http://szmn.sbras.ru/Diptera/Syrphidae.htm |publisher = the Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences |location = Novosibirsk, Russia |accessdate = 17 August 2009 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081020082104/http://szmn.sbras.ru/Diptera/Syrphidae.htm |archivedate=October 20, 2008}}</ref>
*''[[Microdon eggeri]]'' <small>[[Josef Mik|Mik]], 1897</small><ref name="szmn">{{cite web |first = A.V |last = Barkalov |title = Syrphidae collection of Siberian Zoological Museum |url = http://szmn.sbras.ru/Diptera/Syrphidae.htm |publisher = the Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences |location = Novosibirsk, Russia |access-date = 17 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020082104/http://szmn.sbras.ru/Diptera/Syrphidae.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2008}}</ref>
*''[[Microdon fulgens]]'' <small>[[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1830</small>
*''[[Microdon fulgens]]'' <small>[[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1830</small>
*''[[Microdon fuscipennis]]'' <small>([[Justin Pierre Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1834)</small><ref name="Duffield"/>
*''[[Microdon fuscipennis]]'' <small>([[Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1834)</small><ref name="Duffield"/>
*''[[Microdon globosus]]'' <small>([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1805)</small>
*''[[Microdon globosus]]'' <small>([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1805)</small>
*''[[Microdon ignotus]]'' <small>Violovitsh, 1976</small><ref name="szmn"/>
*''[[Microdon ignotus]]'' <small>Violovitsh, 1976</small><ref name="szmn"/>
*''[[Microdon katsurai]]'' <small>Maruyama & Hironaga, 2004</small> <ref name="Maruyama">{{cite journal | last = Maruyama | first = Munetoshi | coauthors = Hironaga, Teruhiko | date = December 22, 2004 | title = ''Microdon katsurai'', a New Species of Myrmecophilous Hoverfly (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Japan, Associated with ''Polyrhachis lamellidens'' (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) | journal = Bulletin of the National Science Museum | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | series = A | pages = 173–179 | publisher = National Science Museum, Tokyo | location = Tokyo | format = PDF/Adobe Achrobat |url = http://www.myrmecophile.net/maruyama/papers/kenran.pdf }}</ref>
*''[[Microdon katsurai]]'' <small>Maruyama & Hironaga, 2004</small> <ref name="Maruyama">{{cite journal | last1 = Maruyama | first1 = Munetoshi | last2 = Hironaga | first2 = Teruhiko | date = December 22, 2004 | title = ''Microdon katsurai'', a New Species of Myrmecophilous Hoverfly (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Japan, Associated with ''Polyrhachis lamellidens'' (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) | journal = Bulletin of the National Science Museum | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | series = A | pages = 173–179 | publisher = National Science Museum, Tokyo | location = Tokyo | url = http://www.myrmecophile.net/maruyama/papers/kenran.pdf }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*''[[Microdon laetoides]]'' <small>[[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1935</small>
*''[[Microdon laetoides]]'' <small>[[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1935</small>
*''[[Microdon laetus]]'' <small>[[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1864</small>
*''[[Microdon laetus]]'' <small>[[Hermann Loew|Loew]], 1864</small>
Line 70: Line 292:
*''[[Microdon piperi]]'' <small>Knab, 1917</small>
*''[[Microdon piperi]]'' <small>Knab, 1917</small>
*''[[Microdon ruficrus]]'' <small>Williston, 1887</small>
*''[[Microdon ruficrus]]'' <small>Williston, 1887</small>
*''[[Microdon rufipes]]'' <small>([[Justin Pierre Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1842)</small>
*''[[Microdon rufipes]]'' <small>([[Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart|Macquart]], 1842)</small>
*''[[Microdon scutifer]]'' <small>Knab, 1917</small>
*''[[Microdon scutifer]]'' <small>Knab, 1917</small>
*''[[Microdon sophianus]]'' <small>Drensky 1934</small>
*''[[Microdon sophianus]]'' <small>Drensky 1934</small>
Line 77: Line 299:
*''[[Microdon viridis]]'' <small>Townsend, 1895</small>
*''[[Microdon viridis]]'' <small>Townsend, 1895</small>
*''[[Microdon xanthopilis]]'' <small>Towsend, 1895</small>
*''[[Microdon xanthopilis]]'' <small>Towsend, 1895</small>
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}-->
{{Expand list|date=August 2009}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|32em}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q115951}}
[[Category:Hoverflies]]
[[Category:Myrmecology]]


[[Category:Hoverfly genera]]
[[ru:Муравьиные журчалки]]
[[Category:Microdontinae]]
[[simple:Microdon]]
[[Category:Myrmecology]]
[[sv:Myrblomflugor]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Wilhelm Meigen]]

Latest revision as of 02:30, 29 July 2024

This article is about the fly genus. For other species with "microdon" in their species name, see Microdon (disambiguation).

Microdon
Microdon mutabilis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Syrphidae
Subfamily: Microdontinae
Genus: Microdon
Meigen, 1803
Type species
Musca mutabilis
Subgenera and species groups[1]
Synonyms[1]
Microdon eggeri, larva, third instar

Hover flies (family Syrphidae) of the genus Microdon are unusual among the Diptera. Like other members of the subfamily, they are myrmecophiles, meaning they inhabit the nests of ants.

There are 249 species known worldwide, with the greatest diversity being from the tropics; 30 species are known from North America, though it is expected that many of these species will be placed in other genera in time, as Microdon has been used as a catch-all for various unrelated species not placed in other genera.[2][3][needs update]

Appearance

[edit]

Microdon adults look more or less like typical flies. Like some other hoverflies, they are generally robust and very hairy, often closely resembling bees. They are between 8 and 15 mm long. The antennae are rather long, with the last (third) segment nearly as long as, or sometimes significantly longer than, the first segment; the antennae are nearly as long as the fly's face. These flies are covered in black or pale (white or golden) hairs, and are themselves either black or metallic green or blue. The scutellum is with apical calcars and wing vein R4+5 with an appendix. They have simple legs and abdomens.[2]

The real oddity of the genus Microdon is in its larvae and pupae. These are dome-shaped and look like stout little slugs. Their appearance originally led scientists to describe them as mollusks and scale insects.[4] They are slow-moving. Most have the spiracles on a peg-like protuberance extending from the end of their abdomens.

Behaviour

[edit]

Adult Microdon flies do not behave like other syrphid flies; they do not hover around flowers, but instead remain very near the ant colonies which serve as larval hosts.

Larvae may be found very deep in ant colonies. Some species actively feed on ant larvae in the colony,[4] others are speculated to be scavengers.[5] Microdon larvae are more or less restricted in their ant host species. Some Microdon species have only ever been found in the colonies of a single ant species, while others are restricted to related ant species or genera. Because these flies have such cryptic life cycles, biological information on most species is limited.

Species

[edit]

Microdon is divided into six subgenera (including Microdon sensu stricto), plus five species groups and some unplaced species in Microdon sensu lato.[1]

Subgenus Chymophila

[edit]
Main article: Chymophila

Nearctic:

Neotropical:

Oriental:

Palaearctic:

Subgenus Dimeraspis

[edit]
Main article: Dimeraspis

Subgenus Megodon

[edit]
Main article: Megodon

Subgenus Microdon sensu stricto

[edit]

Nearctic:

Neotropical:

Oriental:

Palaearctic:

Subgenus Myiacerapis

[edit]
Main article: Myiacerapis

Myiacerapis is a subgenus of the hoverfly genus Microdon. It contains only one species, Microdon villosus.[1][2] It is native to Uganda, though an undescribed species is known from South Africa.[1] Larvae are found in ant nests.

Subgenus Syrphipogon

[edit]
Main article: Syrphipogon

There are two species described in Syrphipogon:[1]

Microdon sensu lato species groups

[edit]

craigheadii-group

[edit]

Nearctic:

erythros-group

[edit]

Afrotropical:

= Microdon erytherus Bezzi, 1921 (misspelling)

mirabilis-group

[edit]

Neotropical:

= Microdon arcuata Curran, 1941

tarsalis-group

[edit]

Afrotropical:

= Microdon bequaerti Curran, 1929

Unplaced species

[edit]

Afrotropical

Australian / Oceanian:

= Microdon pictulipennis Hull, 1944

Oriental:


References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Reemer, Menno; Ståhls, Gunilla (2013). "Generic revision and species classification of the Microdontinae (Diptera, Syrphidae)". ZooKeys (288): 1–213. Bibcode:2013ZooK..288....1R. doi:10.3897/zookeys.288.4095. PMC 3690914. PMID 23798897.
  2. ^ a b c Cheng, Xin-Yue; Thompson, F. Christian (2008). "A generic conspectus of the Microdontinae (Diptera: Syrphidae) with the description of two new genera from Africa and China" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1879. New Zealand: Magnolia Press: 21–48. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1879.1.3. ISSN 1175-5334. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
  3. ^ a b Thompson, F.C (1981). "Revisionary notes on Nearctic Microdon flies (Diptera: Syrphidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 83. Washington D.C.: Allen Press: 725–758. ISSN 0013-8797.
  4. ^ a b Duffield, R.M (1981). "Biology of Microdon fuscipennis (Diptera: Syrphidae) with interpretation of reproductive strategies of Microdon species found north of Mexico". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 83. Washington D.C.: Allen Press: 716–724. ISSN 0013-8797.
  5. ^ Donisthorpe, H. St. J. (1927). The guests of British ants : their habits and life-histories. London: Routledge. p. 244.
  6. ^ a b Reemer, Menno (2014). "A review of Microdontinae (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Surinam, with a key to the Neotropical genera". Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 157 (1): 27–57. doi:10.1163/22119434-00002035.
  7. ^ Maruyama, Munetoshi; Hironaga, Teruhiko (December 22, 2004). "Microdon katsurai, a New Species of Myrmecophilous Hoverfly (Diptera, Syrphidae) from Japan, Associated with Polyrhachis lamellidens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the National Science Museum. 30 (4). Tokyo: National Science Museum, Tokyo: 173–179.[permanent dead link‍]
  8. ^ a b Thompson, F.C (1981). "Revisionary notes on Nearctic Microdon flies (Diptera: Syrphidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 83: 725–758.
  9. ^ Fabricius, Johann Christian (1805). Systema antliatorum : secundum ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Brunsvigae. p. 372.?
  10. ^ Bigot, Jacques-Marie-Frangile (1884). "Diptères nouveaux ou peu connus. 22e partie, XXXII: Syrphidi (2e partie). espèces nouvelles, No 1er". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 3 (6): 315–356. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  11. ^ Knab, F. (1917). "On some North American species of Microdon (Diptera: Syrphidae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 30: 133–143.
  12. ^ Tian, Jing; Huo, Ke-Ke; Zhang, Chun-Tian; Ren, Bing-Zhong (2019). "Microdon dentigiganteum sp. nov. and other Microdontinae species (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Northeast China". Zootaxa. 4712 (1): 65–76. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4712.1.4. PMID 32230696. S2CID 212755775.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Reemer, Menno (2015). "Six new species of Microdon Meigen from Madagascar" (PDF). Zootaxa. 4034 (1): 127–147. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4034.1.6. PMID 26624434. S2CID 44650485.
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