Pichincha (volcano): Difference between revisions

Pichincha
Pichincha
	Ruku Pichincha as seen from the trail from Quito to the top
Highest point
Elevation	4,784 m (15,696 ft)
Prominence	1,652 m (5,420 ft)
Listing	Ultra
Coordinates	0°10′16″S 78°35′53″W / 0.171°S 78.598°W
Geography
	Pichincha Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
Parent range	Andes
Geology
Rock age	Quaternary
Mountain type	Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc/belt	North Volcanic Zone
Last eruption	October to December 2002
Climbing
First ascent	1582 by José Ortiguera and others (first recorded ascent of Guagua Pichincha).

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Pichincha is a stratovolcano in Ecuador. The capital Quito wraps around its eastern slopes.

The two highest peaks of the mountain are Wawa Pichincha (Kichwa wawa child, baby / small,^[3] Spanish spelling Guagua Pichincha) (4,784 metres (15,696 ft)) and Ruku Pichincha (Kichwa ruku old person,^[3] Spanish Rucu Pichincha) (4,698 metres (15,413 ft)). The active caldera is in Wawa Pichincha on the western side of the mountain.^[4]

Description

Both peaks are visible from the city of Quito and both are popular acclimatization climbs. Wawa Pichincha is usually accessed from the village of Lloa outside of Quito. Ruku is typically accessed from the TelefériQo on the western side of Quito.

In October 1999, the volcano erupted and covered the city with several inches of ash. Before that, the last major eruptions were in 1553^[5] and in 1660, when about 30 cm (12 in) of ash fell on the city.

The province in which it is located was named for the mountain. This is also the case for many of the other provinces in Ecuador (including Cotopaxi, Chimborazo, and Imbabura).

Geography and geology

Dracula vampira, a type of orchid, can be found on the volcano, at an altitude of between 1,900–2,200 m (6,200–7,200 ft) above sea level.^[6]^[7]

Eruptions

In 1660, Pichincha underwent a Plinian eruption,^[8] spreading ash over 1,000 kilometres (621 mi), with over 30 centimetres (12 in) of ash falling on Quito.^[1]

The most recent significant eruption began in August 1998.^[1] On March 12, 2000, a phreatic eruption killed two volcanologists who were working on the lava dome.^[9]

History

The volcano was considered sacred to numerous cultures of the indigenous peoples who lived in this region for thousands of years before encounter with Spanish and other Europeans.

The first recorded ascent of Guagua Pichincha was in 1582 by a group of locals led by José Ortiguera.^[2]

In 1737 several members of the French Geodesic Mission to the equator, including Charles-Marie de La Condamine, Pierre Bouguer and Antonio de Ulloa, spent 23 days on the summit of Rucu Pichincha as part of their triangulation work to calculate the length of a degree of latitude.^[10]

On 17 June 1742, during the same mission, La Condamine and Bouguer made an ascent of Guagua Pichincha and looked down into the crater of the volcano, which had last erupted in 1660. La Condamine compared what he saw to the underworld.^[11]

In the summer season of 1802, Alexander von Humboldt climbed and measured the altitude of this mountain and several other volcanoes in the region.^[12] Humboldt's writings inspired artist Frederic Edwin Church to visit and paint Pichincha and other Andean peaks.^[13]

On May 24, 1822, General Sucre's southern campaign in the Spanish–American War of independence came to a climax when his forces defeated the Spanish colonial army on the southeast slopes of this volcano. The engagement, known as the Battle of Pichincha, secured the independence from Spain of the territories of present-day Ecuador.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Guagua Pichincha". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
^ ^a ^b Rachowiecki, Rob; Wagenhauser, Betsy (1997). Climbing & Hiking in Ecuador (4th ed.). Bradt. p. 91. ISBN 1898323542.
^ ^a ^b Fabián Potosí, C; et al. (2009). Kichwa Yachakukkunapa Shimiyuk Kamu, Runa Shimi - Mishu Shimi, Mishu Shimi - Runa Shimi (Kichwa-Spanish dictionary). Quito: Ministerio de Educación del Ecuador.
^ Hall, Minard (1977). El Volcanismo en el Ecuador (in Spanish). Sección Nacional del Ecuador.
^ Kington, John A. (2010). Climate and Weather. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 9780007185016.
^ Jenny, R. (1997) Dracula vampira. Caesiana, 8: center page.
^ Luer, C.A. (1993) Systematics of Dracula. Missouri Botanical Gardens.
^ "Guagua Pichincha Volcano". Volcano Discovery. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
^ "Guagua Pichincha Volcano". Volcano Live. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
^ Ulloa, Antonio de (1806). A voyage to South America: describing at large the Spanish cities, towns, provinces, &c. on that extensive continent. John Stockdale, R. Faulder, Longman, Lackington and J. Harding. p. 214. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
^ Ferreiro, Larrie (2011). Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition that Reshaped Our World. Basic Books. p. 215.
^ Wolf, Andrea (2015). The Invention of Nature. Vintage Books.
^ Howat, John K. (2015). Frederic Church. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780300109887.

External links

[si-1] "Guagua Pichincha". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.

[hiking-2] Rachowiecki, Rob; Wagenhauser, Betsy (1997). Climbing & Hiking in Ecuador (4th ed.). Bradt. p. 91. ISBN 1898323542.

[kichwa-3] Fabián Potosí, C; et al. (2009). Kichwa Yachakukkunapa Shimiyuk Kamu, Runa Shimi - Mishu Shimi, Mishu Shimi - Runa Shimi (Kichwa-Spanish dictionary). Quito: Ministerio de Educación del Ecuador.

[4] Hall, Minard (1977). El Volcanismo en el Ecuador (in Spanish). Sección Nacional del Ecuador.

[5] Kington, John A. (2010). Climate and Weather. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 9780007185016.

[Jenny-6] Jenny, R. (1997) Dracula vampira. Caesiana, 8: center page.

[Luer-7] Luer, C.A. (1993) Systematics of Dracula. Missouri Botanical Gardens.

[8] "Guagua Pichincha Volcano". Volcano Discovery. Retrieved 2018-04-19.

[9] "Guagua Pichincha Volcano". Volcano Live. Retrieved 2018-04-19.

[10] Ulloa, Antonio de (1806). A voyage to South America: describing at large the Spanish cities, towns, provinces, &c. on that extensive continent. John Stockdale, R. Faulder, Longman, Lackington and J. Harding. p. 214. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

[11] Ferreiro, Larrie (2011). Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition that Reshaped Our World. Basic Books. p. 215.

[12] Wolf, Andrea (2015). The Invention of Nature. Vintage Books.

[13] Howat, John K. (2015). Frederic Church. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780300109887.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Volcano in north-central Ecuador}}
 {{Infobox mountain
 | name = Pichincha
 | photo = Rucu_Pichincha_and_Trail.jpg
-| photo_caption = Rucu Pichincha as seen from the trail from Quito to the top
+| photo_caption = Ruku Pichincha as seen from the trail from Quito to the top
-| elevation_m   = 4784
+| elevation_m = 4784
 | elevation_ref =
-| prominence_m  = 1652
+| prominence_m = 1652
-| prominence_ref=
+| prominence_ref =
 | listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]
+| map = Ecuador
+| map_size = 250
 | location = [[Quito (canton)|Quito]], [[Pichincha Province|Pichincha]], [[Ecuador]]
 | range = [[Andes]]
-| coordinates = {{coord|0.171|0|0|S|78.598|0|0|W|display=inline, title}}
+| coordinates = {{coord|0.171|S|78.598|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
 | topo =
 | type = [[Stratovolcano]]
-| age = [[Pleistocene]]
+| age = [[Quaternary]]
 | volcanic_arc/belt = [[North Volcanic Zone]]
-| last_eruption = 2004
+| last_eruption = October to December 2002<ref name=si/>
+| first_ascent = 1582 by José Ortiguera and others (first recorded ascent of Guagua Pichincha).<ref name=hiking>{{cite book|last1=Rachowiecki|first1=Rob|first2=Betsy|last2=Wagenhauser|title=Climbing & Hiking in Ecuador|edition=4th|publisher=Bradt|year=1997|page=91|isbn=1898323542}}</ref>
-| first_ascent =
 | easiest_route =
 }}
+'''Pichincha''' is a [[stratovolcano]] in [[Ecuador]]. The capital [[Quito]] wraps around its eastern slopes.
-{{stack|{{Volcanoes in Ecuador}}}}
-'''Pichincha''' is an active [[stratovolcano]] in the country of [[Ecuador]], whose capital [[Quito]] wraps around its eastern slopes. The mountain's two highest peaks are the Guagua ({{convert|4784|m|ft|0}}), which means "child" in [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] and the Rucu ({{convert|4698|m|ft|0}}), which means "old person". The active [[caldera]] is in the Guagua, on the western side of the mountain.<ref>El Volcanismo en el Ecuador, Hall, Minard; Sección Nacional del Ecuador(1977)120 pp(in Spanish)</ref>
+The two highest peaks of the mountain are '''Wawa Pichincha''' ([[Kichwa language|Kichwa]] ''wawa'' child, baby / small,<ref name=kichwa>{{cite book|last=Fabián Potosí|first=C|display-authors=etal|publisher=Ministerio de Educación del Ecuador|title=Kichwa Yachakukkunapa Shimiyuk Kamu, Runa Shimi - Mishu Shimi, Mishu Shimi - Runa Shimi|location=Quito|year=2009|type=Kichwa-Spanish dictionary}}</ref> Spanish spelling ''Guagua Pichincha'') ({{convert|4784|m|ft|0}}) and '''Ruku Pichincha''' (Kichwa ''ruku'' old person,<ref name=kichwa/> Spanish ''Rucu Pichincha'') ({{convert|4698|m|ft|0}}). The active [[caldera]] is in Wawa Pichincha on the western side of the mountain.<ref>{{cite book|title=El Volcanismo en el Ecuador|last=Hall|first=Minard|publisher=Sección Nacional del Ecuador|year=1977|language=es}}</ref>
-Both peaks are visible from the city of [[Quito]] and are easily climbed. Guagua is usually accessed from the village Lloa outside of Quito. In October 1999, the volcano erupted and covered the city with several inches of [[Volcanic ash|ash]]. Prior to that, the last major eruptions were in 1553 <ref>Climate and Weather, Kington,J. Collins London,(2010)</ref> and in 1660, when about 30&nbsp;cm of ash fell on the city.
+==Description==
-The [[Pichincha Province|province]] in which it is located takes its name from the mountain, as is the case for many of the other provinces in Ecuador ([[Cotopaxi Province|Cotopaxi]], [[Chimborazo Province|Chimborazo]], [[Imbabura Province|Imbabura]], etc.). On 24 May 1822, in the context of the war of independence of Latin American, Patriot forces defeated a Spanish colonial army on the slopes of the Pichincha. The encounter, known as the [[Battle of Pichincha]], sealed the independence of the lands that constitute modern Ecuador.
+Both peaks are visible from the city of Quito and both are popular [[acclimatization]] climbs. Wawa Pichincha is usually accessed from the village of Lloa outside of Quito. Ruku is typically accessed from the [[TelefériQo]] on the western side of Quito.
+In October 1999, the volcano erupted and covered the city with several inches of [[Volcanic ash|ash]]. Before that, the last major eruptions were in 1553<ref>{{cite book|title=Climate and Weather|last=Kington|first=John A.|publisher=Harper Collins|location=London|year=2010|isbn=9780007185016}}</ref> and in 1660, when about {{cvt|30.|cm}} of ash fell on the city.
+The [[Pichincha Province|province]] in which it is located was named for the mountain. This is also the case for many of the other provinces in Ecuador (including [[Cotopaxi Province|Cotopaxi]], [[Chimborazo Province|Chimborazo]], and [[Imbabura Province|Imbabura]]).
+==Geography and geology==
+''[[Dracula vampira]]'', a type of [[orchid]], can be found on the volcano, at an altitude of between {{convert|1900|-|2200|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name=Jenny>Jenny, R. (1997) ''Dracula vampira''. Caesiana, 8: center page.</ref><ref name=Luer>Luer, C.A. (1993) ''Systematics of Dracula''. Missouri Botanical Gardens.</ref>
+==Eruptions==
+In 1660, Pichincha underwent a [[Plinian eruption]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/guagua_pichincha.html|title=Guagua Pichincha Volcano|publisher=Volcano Discovery|access-date=2018-04-19}}</ref> spreading ash over {{convert|1000.|km|mi}}, with over {{convert|30.|cm|in}} of ash falling on Quito.<ref name=si>{{cite gvp|vn=352020|name=Guagua Pichincha}}</ref>
+The most recent significant eruption began in August 1998.<ref name=si/> On March 12, 2000, a [[phreatic eruption]] killed two volcanologists who were working on the lava dome.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcanolive.com/pichincha.html|title=Guagua Pichincha Volcano|publisher=Volcano Live|access-date=2018-04-19}}</ref>
+==History==
+The volcano was considered sacred to numerous cultures of the indigenous peoples who lived in this region for thousands of years before encounter with Spanish and other Europeans.
+The first recorded ascent of Guagua Pichincha was in 1582 by a group of locals led by José Ortiguera.<ref name=hiking/>
+In 1737 several members of the [[French Geodesic Mission]] to the equator, including [[Charles-Marie de La Condamine]], [[Pierre Bouguer]] and [[Antonio de Ulloa]], spent 23 days on the summit of Rucu Pichincha as part of their triangulation work to calculate the length of a degree of latitude.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ulloa |first=Antonio de |title=A voyage to South America: describing at large the Spanish cities, towns, provinces, &c. on that extensive continent |publisher=John Stockdale, R. Faulder, Longman, Lackington and J. Harding |date=1806 |page=214 |url= http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=2&itemID=A556.1&viewtype=text |access-date=November 9, 2017 }}</ref>
+On 17 June 1742, during the same mission, La Condamine and Bouguer made an ascent of Guagua Pichincha and looked down into the crater of the volcano, which had last erupted in 1660. La Condamine compared what he saw to the underworld.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ferreiro|first=Larrie|title=Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition that Reshaped Our World|publisher=Basic Books|year=2011|page=215}}</ref>
+In the summer season of 1802, [[Alexander von Humboldt]] climbed and measured the altitude of this mountain and several other volcanoes in the region.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wolf|first=Andrea|title=The Invention of Nature|publisher=Vintage Books|year=2015}}</ref> Humboldt's writings inspired artist [[Frederic Edwin Church]] to visit and paint Pichincha and other Andean peaks.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Howat|first=John K.|title=Frederic Church|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2015|isbn=9780300109887|location=New Haven|pages=55}}</ref>
+On May 24, 1822, General [[Antonio José de Sucre|Sucre]]'s southern campaign in the Spanish–American War of independence came to a climax when his forces defeated the Spanish colonial army on the southeast slopes of this volcano. The engagement, known as the [[Battle of Pichincha]], secured the independence from Spain of the territories of present-day Ecuador.
+[[File:Batalla de Pichincha.jpg|thumb|right|Representative painting of the [[Battle of Pichincha]]]]
 ==See also==
-{{portal|Geography|South America|Ecuador|Mountains|Volcanoes}}
+{{Portal|Geography|South America|Ecuador|Mountains|Volcanoes|Andes}}
 *[[Lists of volcanoes]]
 **[[List of volcanoes in Ecuador]]
@@ Line 33: / Line 62: @@
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
-*{{cite gvp
-|vnum = 1502-02=
-|title = Guagua Pichincha
-|accessdate = 2009-01-11 }}
 == External links ==
+{{Commons}}
-* http://www.igepn.edu.ec/vulcanologia/pichincha/pichincha.htm
 * [http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Ecuador/description_ecuador_volcanoes.html CVO Website - Ecuador Volcanoes and Volcanics]
 * [http://www.ecuador365.com/ Photographs of the Andes]
-* [http://www.osei.noaa.gov/guagua.html "Eruptions of Guagua Pichincha (1999)" NOAA Operational Significant Event Imagery]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080915104247/http://www.osei.noaa.gov/guagua.html "Eruptions of Guagua Pichincha (1999)" NOAA Operational Significant Event Imagery]
 {{Andean volcanoes}}
+{{Authority control}}
+[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Ecuador]]
 [[Category:Active volcanoes]]
-[[Category:Stratovolcanoes]]
+[[Category:Andean Volcanic Belt]]
-[[Category:Mountains of Ecuador]]
+[[Category:Geography of Pichincha Province]]
-[[Category:Volcanoes of Ecuador]]
 [[Category:Quito Canton]]
+[[Category:Four-thousanders of the Andes]]
+[[Category:Sacred mountains of the Americas]]
-{{Ecuador-geo-stub}}
-[[bs:Pichincha (vulkan)]]
-[[ca:Pichincha]]
-[[cs:Pichincha]]
-[[de:Pichincha]]
-[[es:Volcán Pichincha]]
-[[fr:Guagua Pichincha]]
-[[ko:피친차 산]]
-[[it:Pichincha (vulcano)]]
-[[lt:Pičinča]]
-[[hu:Pichincha]]
-[[nl:Pichincha (vulkaan)]]
-[[oc:Guagua Pichincha]]
-[[pl:Pichincha]]
-[[pt:Pichincha]]
-[[qu:Pichincha]]
-[[ru:Пичинча (вулкан)]]
-[[sk:Guagua Pichincha]]
-[[fi:Pichincha]]
-[[sv:Pichincha]]
-[[tr:Pichincha]]
-[[uk:Пічінча (вулкан)]]
-[[zh:皮欽查火山]]

v t e Andean volcanoes
Northern Volcanic Zone (6° N – 3° S)	Paipa-Iza Romeral Cerro Bravo Nevado del Ruiz Nevado del Tolima Nevado del Huila Puracé Doña Juana Galeras Azufral Chiles Cayambe Reventador Pichincha Antisana Aliso Soche Illiniza Cotopaxi Quilotoa Chimborazo Tungurahua Licto volcanic field Sangay
Central Volcanic Zone (14°–27° S)	Quimsachata Auquihuato Firura Sara Sara Solimana Coropuna Hualca Hualca Sabancaya Huambo volcanic field Ampato Andagua volcanic field Chachani Misti Ubinas Pichu Pichu Huaynaputina Ticsani Tutupaca Yucamane Purupuruni Casiri Tacora Taapaca Parinacota Lauca Guallatiri Tata Sabaya Isluga Irruputuncu Olca-Paruma Aucanquilcha‎ Azufre Zapaleri Sairecabur Licancabur Purico complex Pacana Aguas Calientes Lascar Chiliques Aracar Socompa Llullaillaco Lastarria Lazufre Cordón del Azufre Galán Peinado San Francisco Cueros de Purulla Incahuasi Ojos del Salado
Southern Volcanic Zone (33°–46° S)	Tupungato Tupungatito Maipo Calabozos Descabezado Grande Cerro Azul Nevado de Longaví Nevados de Chillán Antuco Copahue Callaqui Lonquimay Llaima Sollipulli Villarrica Quetrupillán Lanín Mocho-Choshuenco Carrán-Los Venados Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Casablanca Osorno Calbuco Hornopirén Huequi Michinmahuida Chaitén Corcovado Mentolat Cay Macá Mate Grande Hudson
Austral Volcanic Zone (49°–55° S)	Lautaro Viedma Aguilera Reclus Burney Fueguino
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	United States Israel
Geographic	Global Volcanism Program