Delphinium nudicaule: Difference between revisions

Delphinium nudicaule
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Ranunculaceae
Genus:	Delphinium
Species:	D. nudicaule
Binomial name
	Delphinium nudicaule; Torr. & A.Gray

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Delphinium nudicaule, known by the common names canyon larkspur, red larkspur, orange larkspur, and canyon delphinium, is a flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is native to low-elevation canyons and slopes, foothills, and mountain ranges of California, US, from the Sierra Nevada to the California Coast Ranges, and of Oregon. It grows below 6,500 feet (2,000 m).^[1]

The plant sends up thin and long 1–2 feet (0.30–0.61 m) stems with finely dissected leaves.^[1] It bears attractive larkspur flowers in shades of red and orange that are generally pollinated by hummingbirds.^[1]^[2] D. nudicaule readily hybridizes with several other species of Delphinium.^[2]

Uses

The root of Delphinium nudicaule has been historically used as a medicinal narcotic, chiefly by the Mendocino Native Americans of the Yuki tribe. The Concow tribe called the plant sō-ma’ in the Konkow language, and sō-ma’ yem (root).^[3]^[4]

Phytochemistry

The first phytochemical study of this plant was carried out by Michael Benn and Palaniappan Kulanthaivel at the University of Calgary in Canada.^[5] These researchers reported the presence of a number of diterpenoid alkaloids: hetisine, 2-dehydrohetisine, 6-deoxydelcorine, dictyocarpine, dihydrogadesine, methyllycaconitine, lycoctonine, takaosamine, nudicaulamine, nudicauline, and nudicaulidine.

The presence of these alkaloids in D. nudicaule implies that the plant is likely to be quite poisonous. The LD₅₀ for MLA is ~5 mg/kg, i.v., in the mouse, and the LD₅₀ for nudicauline is ~3 mg/kg, i.v., in the mouse.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c NPIN: Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Database — Delphinium nudicaule (Red larkspur) . accessed 1.10.2013
^ ^a ^b Jepson Flora Project: Jepson eFlora — Delphinium nudicaule
^ Chesnut, Victor King (1902). Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Government Printing Office. p. 407. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ University of Michigan (Dearborn): Native American Ethnobotany — 'Delphinium nudicaule' . accessed 1.10.2013
^ P. Kulanthaivel and M. Benn (1985) Heterocycles 23 2515-2520.
^ K. E. Panter et al. (2002) Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 30 113-128.

External links

This Ranunculales article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[npin-1] NPIN: Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Database — Delphinium nudicaule (Red larkspur) . accessed 1.10.2013

[ucjeps.berkeley.edu-2] Jepson Flora Project: Jepson eFlora — Delphinium nudicaule

[3] Chesnut, Victor King (1902). Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Government Printing Office. p. 407. Retrieved 24 August 2012.

[4] University of Michigan (Dearborn): Native American Ethnobotany — 'Delphinium nudicaule' . accessed 1.10.2013

[5] P. Kulanthaivel and M. Benn (1985) Heterocycles 23 2515-2520.

[6] K. E. Panter et al. (2002) Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 30 113-128.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Species of plant}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Speciesbox
-| image = Delphinium nudicaule Lake County.jpg
+|image = Delphinium nudicaule Lake County.jpg
-| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
+|genus = Delphinium
-| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
+|species = nudicaule
-| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
+|authority = [[John Torrey|Torr.]] & [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]
-| ordo = [[Ranunculales]]
-| familia = [[Ranunculaceae]]
-| genus = ''[[Delphinium]]''
-| species = '''''D. nudicaule'''''
-| binomial = ''Delphinium nudicaule''
-| binomial_authority = [[John Torrey|Torr.]] & [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]
 }}
-'''''Delphinium nudicaule''''', known by the common names '''canyon larkspur''', '''red larkspur''', '''orange larkspur''', and '''canyon delphinium''', is a flowering [[perennial]] [[herb]] in the family [[Ranunculaceae]].
+'''''Delphinium nudicaule''''', known by the common names '''canyon larkspur''', '''red larkspur''', '''orange larkspur''', and '''canyon delphinium''', is a flowering [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]] in the buttercup family [[Ranunculaceae]]. It is native to low-elevation canyons and slopes, foothills, and mountain ranges of California, US, from the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] to the [[California Coast Ranges]], and of Oregon. It grows below {{convert|6500|ft|m}}.<ref name="npin">[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=DENU NPIN: Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Database — ''Delphinium nudicaule (Red larkspur)''] . accessed 1.10.2013</ref>
+The plant sends up thin and long {{convert|1|–|2|ft|m}} stems with finely dissected leaves.<ref name="npin"/> It bears attractive [[Delphinium|larkspur]] flowers in shades of red and orange that are generally pollinated by [[hummingbird]]s.<ref name="npin"/><ref name="ucjeps.berkeley.edu">[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=22492 Jepson Flora Project: Jepson eFlora — ''Delphinium nudicaule'']</ref> ''D. nudicaule'' readily hybridizes with several other species of ''Delphinium''.<ref name="ucjeps.berkeley.edu"/>
-It is native to the low elevation canyons and slopes, foothills, and mountain ranges, of California from the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] to the
-[[California Coast Ranges]], and of Oregon. It grows below {{convert|6500|ft|m}}.<ref name="npin">[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=DENU NPIN: Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Database — ''Delphinium nudicaule (Red larkspur)] . accessed 1.10.2013</ref>
-The plant sends up thin and long {{convert|1|-|2|ft|m}} stems with finely dissected leaves.<ref name="npin"/> It bears attractive [[Delphinium|larkspur]] flowers in shades of red and orange.  The flowers generally pollinated by [[hummingbird]]s.<ref>[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=22492 Jepson Flora Project: Jepson eFlora — ''Delphinium nudicaule] . accessed 1.10.2013</ref><ref name="npin"/>
 ==Uses==
 The root of ''Delphinium nudicaule'' has been historically used as a medicinal [[narcotic]], chiefly by the Mendocino Native Americans of the [[Yuki tribe]].
-The [[Maidu#Local divisions|Concow tribe]] called the plant '''sō-ma’''' in the [[Konkow language]], and '''sō-ma’ yem''' (root).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chesnut | first1 =Victor King |title=Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vLkUAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=24 August 2012|year=1902|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|Government Printing Office]]|page = 407}}</ref><ref>[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Delphinium+nudicaule University of Michigan (Dearborn): Native American Ethnobotany — ''''Delphinium nudicaule''''] . accessed 1.10.2013</ref>
+The [[Maidu#Local divisions|Concow tribe]] called the plant '''sō-ma’''' in the [[Konkow language]], and '''sō-ma’ yem''' (root).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chesnut | first1 =Victor King | author1-link=Victor King Chesnut |title=Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLkUAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=24 August 2012|year=1902|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|Government Printing Office]]|page = 407}}</ref><ref>[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Delphinium+nudicaule University of Michigan (Dearborn): Native American Ethnobotany — ''''Delphinium nudicaule''''] . accessed 1.10.2013</ref>
 ==Phytochemistry==
 The first phytochemical study of this plant was carried out by Michael Benn and Palaniappan Kulanthaivel at the University of Calgary in Canada.<ref>P. Kulanthaivel and M. Benn (1985) ''Heterocycles'' '''23''' 2515-2520.</ref> These researchers reported the presence of a number of [[diterpenoid]] [[alkaloids]]: hetisine, 2-dehydrohetisine, 6-deoxydelcorine, dictyocarpine, dihydrogadesine, [[methyllycaconitine]], lycoctonine, takaosamine, nudicaulamine, nudicauline, and nudicaulidine.
-The presence of these alkaloids in ''D. nudicaule'' implies that the plant is likely to be quite poisonous. The LD<sub>50</sub> for MLA is ~5 mg/kg, i.v., in the mouse, and the LD<sub>50</sub> for nudicauline is ~3 mg/kg, i.v., in the mouse.<ref>K. E. Panter et al. (2002) ''Biochem. Syst. Ecol.'' '''30''' 113-128.</ref>
+The presence of these alkaloids in ''D. nudicaule'' implies that the plant is likely to be quite poisonous. The LD<sub>50</sub> for MLA is ~5&nbsp;mg/kg, i.v., in the mouse, and the LD<sub>50</sub> for nudicauline is ~3&nbsp;mg/kg, i.v., in the mouse.<ref>K. E. Panter et al. (2002) ''Biochem. Syst. Ecol.'' '''30''' 113-128.</ref>
 ==References==
@@ Line 32: / Line 24: @@
 ==External links==
-{{commonscat|Delphinium nudicaule}}
+{{Commons category|Delphinium nudicaule}}
 *[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6434,6462,6490 Jepson Manual Treatment: ''Delphinium nudicaule'']
-*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DENU USDA Plants Profile]
-*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500524 Flora of North America]
 *[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Delphinium+nudicaule Univ. of Michigan: Ethnobotany]
 *[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Delphinium+nudicaule ''Delphinium nudicaule'' — U.C. Photo gallery]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q5254448}}
 [[Category:Delphinium|nudicaule]]
 [[Category:Flora of California]]<!--for regions not below-->
 [[Category:Flora of Oregon]]
-[[Category:Flora of California chaparral and woodlands]]
+[[Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)]]
-[[Category:Flora of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
-[[Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)]]
 [[Category:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges]]
 [[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
+[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]
-{{-}}
 {{Ranunculales-stub}}
-[[az:Delphinium nudicaule]]