Kula (volcano): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Volcanic field in Turkey}} |
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{{use dmy dates|date=July 2015}} |
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{{Infobox mountain |
{{Infobox mountain |
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| name = Kula |
| name = Kula |
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| other_name=[[Katakekaumene]]<ref name="Erfurt-Cooper2012">{{cite book|author=Patricia Erfurt-Cooper|title=Volcanic Tourist Destinations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQ5ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-16191-9|pages=100–101}}</ref> |
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| photo = |
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| photo = The scoria cone at the Kula Volcano.JPG |
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| photo_caption = |
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| photo_caption = The scoria cone at the Kula Volcano |
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| elevation_m = 750 |
| elevation_m = 750 |
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| elevation_ref = |
| elevation_ref = |
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| location = [[Manisa Province]], [[Turkey]] |
| location = [[Manisa Province]], [[Turkey]] |
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| range = |
| range = |
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| map =Turkey |
| map =Turkey |
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| map_size = |
| map_size = |
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| label_position = right |
| label_position = right |
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| coordinates = {{coord|38|34|38|N|28|31|12|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |
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| lat_d = 38 | lat_m = 34| lat_s =38| lat_NS = N |
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| long_d = 28 | long_m = 31 | long_s =12 | long_EW = E |
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| topo = |
| topo = |
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| type = [[Volcanic field]] / [[Cinder cone]]s |
| type = [[Volcanic field]] / [[Cinder cone]]s |
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'''Kula''' is a [[volcanic field]] located in western [[Turkey]]. Kula field consists of a broad area of cinder cones and [[maar]]s. It is the westernmost volcano of Turkey.<ref>{{cite gvp|vn=213000|name=Kula|accessdate=12 July 2015}}</ref> The volcanic character of the area was recognized in antiquity, when it was named [[Katakekaumene]] (the burned lands) from the appearance of the environment, which was mostly suited for viticulture. Volcanism began in the Miocene and over three stages continued in the Holocene.<ref name="kataekaumene">{{cite journal | title=SOME EVIDENCE ON THE FIRST KNOWN RESIDENTS OF KATAKEKAUMENE (BURNED LANDS) | author=E. Akdeniz | journal=Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry | volume=11 | issue=1 | pages=69–74}}</ref> It is associated with the presence of two neighboring active graben structures. <ref name=Bunbury>{{cite journal|last1=Richardson-Bunbury|first1=J. M.| author-link=Judith Bunbury |title=The Kula Volcanic Field, western Turkey: the development of a Holocene alkali basalt province and the adjacent normal-faulting graben|journal=Geological Magazine|volume=133|issue=3|year=2009|pages=275–283|issn=0016-7568|doi=10.1017/S0016756800009018}}</ref> Footprints of prehistoric humans have been found in the area. The area is a [[Kula Geopark|geopark]] recognized by [[UNESCO]] given the universal and scientific value.<ref name="Erfurt-Cooper2012" /> |
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'''Kula''' is a [[volcanic field]] located in western [[Turkey]]. Kula field consists of a broad area of cinder cones and [[maar]]s. It is the westernmost volcano of Turkey. |
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==Geography== |
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The Kula volcano shows spectacular volcanic morphology with steep cones, maars and plato basalt flows. The works revealed that it was formed in a time period between 7 Ma to Quaternary. Kula volcanics are Na-dominant in character As a unique example in western Anatolia, the existence of a huge amount of plateau basalts at Kula indicates rapid uplift of mantle material, as confirmed by new geochemical data. The oldest Kula volcanics are the plateau basalts with more than one main lava flow. At the beginning of volcanic activity (first-period plateau basalts), this plateau was vast. Subsequently, parts of the first-period plateau basalts were uplifted and partly eroded while other parts were covered by younger lavas, tephra and sediments. The horsts, covered by plateau basalts, are well protected because of their resistance to erosion. During extensional activity, the development of cinder cones continued without hiatus. During the last period of volcanic activity, the youngest craters once again produced lava flows to form the second-period plateau basalts. As a result, there are more than 80 cinder cones with quite different erosional stages between the first and second plateau-basalt periods. The Kula basalts are the only example of rapid uplifting of asthenospheric material in western Anatolia, and are interpreted to form due to the opening of a horizontal slab window as a consequence of the more rapid southwestward movement of the Aegean microplate overriding Africa, with respect to the Anatolian plate. |
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The volcanic field is located in [[Kula, Manisa|Kula]], [[Manisa Province]]. It is 65 km west of [[Uşak]] and 130 km east of [[İzmir]]. It is located on the northern side of the [[Gediz River|Gediz]] Graben, while the [[Bozdağ]] mountain range is on the southern side. |
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The current cones are mostly of small size and one of them has its internal structure exposed. Total volume of the volcanic field extrusion is about 2,3 km<sup>3</sup> and the [[lava]]s are rich in [[xenoliths]]. The lava field is formed of [[Basalt|basaltic]] [[lava|lavas]] and [[tephra]] that were originated from 80 cinder cones.<ref name=Bunbury></ref> |
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==Geology== |
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[[File:The scoria cone at the Kula Volcano.JPG|5.2 MBpx|thumbnail|left|The scoria cone at the Kula Volcano]] |
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{{See also|Geology of Turkey}} |
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[[File:The scoria cone at the Kula Volcano.JPG|5.2 MBpx|framed|left|The scoria cone at the Kula Volcano]] |
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The [[Anatolian Plate]] is a minor [[tectonic plate]] moving towards the west. The east of the Anatolian Plate is being compressed by the northward motion of [[Arabian Plate]] forming a mountainous area. Aside from the mountainous eastern provinces, the plate is characteristically a [[plateau]] about 1 km above sea level. The plateau moves west away from the mountain belts along two [[Strike-slip tectonics|strike-slip]] faults; the [[North Anatolian Fault Zone|North Anatolian Fault]] and the [[East Anatolian Fault]]. Towards the west of the plate movement changes from westward to south-westward, generating north-south extensions which increases towards the west and the [[Aegean Sea]], itself formed of stretched continental crust. Extension in Central Turkey has generated broad basins such as the [[Lake Tuz]] [[Depression (geology)|depression]] while in Western Turkey larger amounts of extension are accommodated on east-west normal faults which define [[grabens]] separated by mountain ranges. The town of Kula is situated upon the edge of one of these grabens, the Gediz Graben, and is about halfway between Uşak, where the plateau ends, and İzmir on the Aegean coast. The oldest remaining volcanic rocks of Kula are about 2 Ma old and observations indicate that most of the [[basalts]] extruded since this time have been preserved.<ref name=Bunbury></ref> |
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[[File:Lava Flow in Kula Geopark in Turkey.tif|thumb|Lava flows sourced from the scoria cones nearby]] |
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[[File:Kulamounds.jpg|thumb|Mounds within the volcanic field]] |
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===Geologic formations=== |
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Within the [[Kula Volcanic Geopark]] and near the volcanic field, there are several other geologic wonders caused by this volcanic system which include [[hoodoos]], basalt columns and [[hot springs]]. |
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==Ecology== |
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The plant succession on the lava fields and cones was subject of a study in 1974, which found that the vegetation is influenced both by climate factors such as temperature and precipitation and the orientation of the sides of the volcanoes in question.<ref name="biology">{{cite journal|last1=Öner|first1=M.|last2=Oflas|first2=S.|title=Plant succession on the Kula Volcano in Turkey|journal=Vegetatio|volume=34|issue=1|year=1977|pages=55–62|issn=0042-3106|doi=10.1007/BF00119886|s2cid=24427124}}</ref> |
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==Climate== |
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The [[Mediterranean climate]] is dominant in the Aegean area, which the volcano can be found in. The usual characteristics of the Mediterranean climate are warm and arid summers with rather mild, rainy winters. However, due to the topography of the region, other specific climates can occur at certain places. Further, there are climatic differences between the east of the region and the coastline because of increasing altitude heading to the east. Therefore, the average yearly temperature is 12.2 °C and average yearly precipitation is 540.8 mm in Uşak, a city in the vicinity of the volcano, whereas these values are 17.5 °C and 693.2 mm respectively in İzmir. On the other hand, the lowest temperature recorded in January was -20 °C in Uşak and -8.2 °C in İzmir.<ref name="biology"></ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[List of volcanoes in Turkey]] |
* [[List of volcanoes in Turkey]] |
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* [[Kula, Manisa]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0103-00- Global Volcanism Program] |
* [http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0103-00- Global Volcanism Program] |
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{{commons category|Kula-Salihli Geopark|position=left}} |
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{{Clear}} |
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{{Mountains of Turkey}} |
{{Mountains of Turkey}} |
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{{Clear}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
[[Category:Volcanoes of Turkey]] |
[[Category:Volcanoes of Turkey]] |
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[[Category:Volcanic fields]] |
[[Category:Volcanic fields]] |
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[[Category:Cinder cones]] |
[[Category:Cinder cones]] |
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[[Category:Landforms of Manisa Province]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
{{AegeanTR-geo-stub}} |
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[[nn:Kula i Tyrkia]] |
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[[sk:Kula (sopka)]] |
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[[tr:Kula Tepeleri]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:46, 9 August 2024
| Kula | |
|---|---|
| Katakekaumene[1] | |
 The scoria cone at the Kula Volcano | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 750 m (2,460 ft) |
| Coordinates | 38°34′38″N 28°31′12″E / 38.57722°N 28.52000°E |
| Geography | |
  Kula | |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Volcanic field / Cinder cones |
| Last eruption | Unknown |
Kula is a volcanic field located in western Turkey. Kula field consists of a broad area of cinder cones and maars. It is the westernmost volcano of Turkey.[2] The volcanic character of the area was recognized in antiquity, when it was named Katakekaumene (the burned lands) from the appearance of the environment, which was mostly suited for viticulture. Volcanism began in the Miocene and over three stages continued in the Holocene.[3] It is associated with the presence of two neighboring active graben structures. [4] Footprints of prehistoric humans have been found in the area. The area is a geopark recognized by UNESCO given the universal and scientific value.[1]
Geography
[edit]The volcanic field is located in Kula, Manisa Province. It is 65 km west of Uşak and 130 km east of İzmir. It is located on the northern side of the Gediz Graben, while the Bozdağ mountain range is on the southern side.
The current cones are mostly of small size and one of them has its internal structure exposed. Total volume of the volcanic field extrusion is about 2,3 km3 and the lavas are rich in xenoliths. The lava field is formed of basaltic lavas and tephra that were originated from 80 cinder cones.[4]
Geology
[edit]The Anatolian Plate is a minor tectonic plate moving towards the west. The east of the Anatolian Plate is being compressed by the northward motion of Arabian Plate forming a mountainous area. Aside from the mountainous eastern provinces, the plate is characteristically a plateau about 1 km above sea level. The plateau moves west away from the mountain belts along two strike-slip faults; the North Anatolian Fault and the East Anatolian Fault. Towards the west of the plate movement changes from westward to south-westward, generating north-south extensions which increases towards the west and the Aegean Sea, itself formed of stretched continental crust. Extension in Central Turkey has generated broad basins such as the Lake Tuz depression while in Western Turkey larger amounts of extension are accommodated on east-west normal faults which define grabens separated by mountain ranges. The town of Kula is situated upon the edge of one of these grabens, the Gediz Graben, and is about halfway between Uşak, where the plateau ends, and İzmir on the Aegean coast. The oldest remaining volcanic rocks of Kula are about 2 Ma old and observations indicate that most of the basalts extruded since this time have been preserved.[4]
Geologic formations
[edit]Within the Kula Volcanic Geopark and near the volcanic field, there are several other geologic wonders caused by this volcanic system which include hoodoos, basalt columns and hot springs.
Ecology
[edit]The plant succession on the lava fields and cones was subject of a study in 1974, which found that the vegetation is influenced both by climate factors such as temperature and precipitation and the orientation of the sides of the volcanoes in question.[5]
Climate
[edit]The Mediterranean climate is dominant in the Aegean area, which the volcano can be found in. The usual characteristics of the Mediterranean climate are warm and arid summers with rather mild, rainy winters. However, due to the topography of the region, other specific climates can occur at certain places. Further, there are climatic differences between the east of the region and the coastline because of increasing altitude heading to the east. Therefore, the average yearly temperature is 12.2 °C and average yearly precipitation is 540.8 mm in Uşak, a city in the vicinity of the volcano, whereas these values are 17.5 °C and 693.2 mm respectively in İzmir. On the other hand, the lowest temperature recorded in January was -20 °C in Uşak and -8.2 °C in İzmir.[5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Patricia Erfurt-Cooper (2012). Volcanic Tourist Destinations. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-3-642-16191-9.
- ^ "Kula". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
- ^ E. Akdeniz. "SOME EVIDENCE ON THE FIRST KNOWN RESIDENTS OF KATAKEKAUMENE (BURNED LANDS)". Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry. 11 (1): 69–74.
- ^ a b c Richardson-Bunbury, J. M. (2009). "The Kula Volcanic Field, western Turkey: the development of a Holocene alkali basalt province and the adjacent normal-faulting graben". Geological Magazine. 133 (3): 275–283. doi:10.1017/S0016756800009018. ISSN 0016-7568.
- ^ a b Öner, M.; Oflas, S. (1977). "Plant succession on the Kula Volcano in Turkey". Vegetatio. 34 (1): 55–62. doi:10.1007/BF00119886. ISSN 0042-3106. S2CID 24427124.
External links
[edit]
