Red (Taylor Swift album): Difference between revisions

Red
Red
	Standard edition cover
Studio album by Taylor Swift
Released	October 22, 2012
Recorded	2011–2012
Studio	Blackbird (Nashville); Pain in the Art (Nashville); Ballroom West (New York); Instrument Landing (Minneapolis); MXM (Stockholm); Conway (Los Angeles); Village (Los Angeles); Garage (Topanga Canyon); Ruby Red (Atlanta);
Genre	Pop; country rock;
Length	65:09
Label	Big Machine;
Producer	Taylor Swift; Nathan Chapman; Jeff Bhasker; Dann Huff; Jacknife Lee; Max Martin; Shellback; Butch Walker; Dan Wilson;
Taylor Swift chronology
Singles from Red
	"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together"; Released: August 13, 2012; "Begin Again"; Released: October 1, 2012; "I Knew You Were Trouble"; Released: November 27, 2012; "22"; Released: March 12, 2013; "Red"; Released: June 24, 2013; "Everything Has Changed"; Released: July 14, 2013; "The Last Time"; Released: November 4, 2013;

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Red is the fourth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, released on October 22, 2012, by Big Machine Records. Swift designated Red as a breakup album that portrays the complex and conflicting feelings ensuing from lost love.

Hoping to convey those sentiments through music, Swift engaged new producers to experiment with styles beyond the country pop sound of her past albums. The ensemble included Dann Huff, Max Martin, Shellback, Jeff Bhasker, Dan Wilson, Jacknife Lee, Butch Walker, alongside her long-time collaborator Nathan Chapman. Red incorporates styles of pop, country, and rock, using acoustic instruments alongside electronic synths and drum machines. Initial reviews mostly praised Swift's songwriting for its emotional exploration and engagement but were divided on the production, with critics deeming it inconsistent and questioning her identity as a country artist.

Red was supported by a world tour, the Red Tour (2013–2014). The singles "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" and "I Knew You Were Trouble" peaked at numbers one and two on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top 10 on charts worldwide. Red topped the charts and received multi-platinum certifications in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. In the United States, it spent seven weeks atop the Billboard 200 and made Swift the first artist since the Beatles to have three albums each with at least six weeks at number one on that chart. The Recording Industry Association of America certified the album seven-times platinum.

Red was nominated for Album of the Year at the 2013 Country Music Association Awards, and Album of the Year and Best Country Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards. The critical debate influenced Swift to relinquish her country identity on subsequent releases. Retrospectively, critics have regarded Red as a career-defining work showcasing Swift's evolved songcraft and a transitional album bridging her country roots to mainstream pop. Many publications ranked it among the best albums of the 2010s decade, and Rolling Stone placed it at number 99 on their 2023 revision of "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Following a 2019 dispute regarding the ownership of Swift's back catalog, she re-recorded the album and released it as Red (Taylor's Version) in 2021.

Background

Taylor Swift's third studio album, Speak Now, was released by Big Machine Records on October 25, 2010. She wrote the album entirely herself^[2] and produced it with Nathan Chapman, who had produced both of her previous albums.^[3] Speak Now expands on those albums' country pop sound with a more aggressive influence of crossover pop that was also characteristic of Fearless (2008)^[4] and incorporates rock styles including pop rock, arena rock, and new wave rock.^[5] Speak Now registered in the 2010 Guinness World Records as the fastest-selling digital album by a female artist^[6] and was nominated for Best Country Album at the 54th Grammy Awards in 2012.^[7]

After Speak Now, Swift continued working with Chapman on her next album.^[8] By October 2011, she had written around 25 songs.^[9] Although executives at Big Machine felt that the materials were sufficient and congratulated her for finishing work within one year, Swift felt that her creativity diminished because she had been repeating the same songwriting process.^[10] She sought to collaborate other producers to venture outside of her "comfort zone" of writing songs alone.^[10] While Swift viewed the solo-written Speak Now was her statement as a songwriter, she envisioned her fourth studio album as a statement of her "thirst for learning".^[11] She reworked the new album while touring on the Speak Now World Tour from 2011 to 2012.^[12]

Writing and production

Swift recalled working on her fourth studio album within two years—she wrote songs by herself and produced them with Chapman within the first year, and engaged other producers within the second year. She explained that she recruited producers whose works had instilled curiosities in her.^[10]^[12] While experimenting sonically, she prioritized conveying emotional sentiments through her lyrics over what particular sounds she should pursue, as with her typical approach.^[13] On songs that Swift co-wrote, she first presented her co-writers with the feelings she had been going through, played a rough version of her song on guitar, and asked for their ideas on ways to better convey the story.^[8] Each track's production corresponded to the emotion it portrayed, to which Swift attributed the album's "eclectic blend of music".^[10]

Production sessions took place in between stops of the Speak Now World Tour.^[14] The first song that Swift wrote was "All Too Well"; during a February 2011 rehearsal of the tour, she ad-libbed lyrics written after a broken relationship while playing a four-chord guitar riff as her touring band spontaneously played backing instruments.^[11] Swift told Rolling Stone that this relationship caused "a few roller coasters", and she channeled the tumult into the songs.^[14] She continued writing tracks like "Red" and "State of Grace" and produced them with Chapman in her creative base of Nashville.^[11] "Red" was a critical point during the album's formation;^[8] Big Machine's president Scott Borchetta overheard the production and suggested a more pop-oriented sound.^[15] After several failed attempts at the desired outcome, Swift asked Borchetta to recruit Max Martin, a Swedish producer known for his chart-topping pop songs.^[8]^[15] Swift travelled to Los Angeles to work with Martin and his frequent collaborator Shellback, who produced the songs "22", "I Knew You Were Trouble", and "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together".^[15]

The final version of "Red" was produced by Swift, Chapman, and Dann Huff, and the three produced two more tracks: "Starlight" and "Begin Again".^[12] Swift engaged Jeff Bhasker because she was intrigued by his drum production, citing "We Are Young" (2011) by the indie band Fun as an example.^[10]^[16] Bhasker produced two songs: "Holy Ground" and "The Lucky One".^[17] She worked with Butch Walker on "Everything Has Changed"—a duet with the English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran, and Dan Wilson on "Treacherous".^[12] She wrote "The Last Time" with Gary Lightbody and Jacknife Lee of the Irish-Scottish band Snow Patrol; Lightbody featured as a guest vocalist, and Lee produced the track.^[8]^[12] Swift named the album Red, denoting the color to which she associated the tumultuous and extreme emotions that she was experiencing—"intense love, intense frustration, jealousy, confusion".^[18]^[19] By the time recording began, Swift had written more than 30 songs, and 16 of which made the final cut of the standard edition; Swift was the sole writer of nine tracks.^[11]^[16]

Composition

Music and lyrics

Red incorporates various musical styles across pop, rock, and folk, in addition to the country-pop sound of Swift's past albums,^[20]^[21] namely dance-pop, indie pop, dubstep, Britrock, and arena rock.^{[note 1]} The arrangements of its songs include acoustic instruments, electronic synths, and drum machines.^[20] Calling Red her "only true breakup album", Swift said that the diverse musical styles were a "metaphor for how messy a real breakup is".^[11] Its first half consists of country and pop songs intertwined with each other;^[25] "22", "I Knew You Were Trouble", and "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" have a pop production that incorporates electronic vocal processing and hip-hop-influenced bass drums.^[26]^[27] The rock stylings of Speak Now^[28] expand on "State of Grace", "Red", and "Holy Ground", which the musicologist James E. Perone found reminiscent of 1980s arena rock.^[29] Other songs, such as "I Almost Do", "Stay Stay Stay", "Sad Beautiful Tragic", and "Begin Again", continue the country sound of Swift's earlier music.^[30]^[31]

Critics were divided on the album's genre classification. Jon Dolan's review for Rolling Stone appeared in the magazine's column for country music, but he described its musical foundation as "post-country rock".^[32] Some reviewers commented that Red blurred the divide between country and pop,^[25]^[33] but others called it a straightforward pop album with little trace of country.^[34]^[35] According to Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times and Jon Caramanica of The New York Times, Red was Swift's inevitable move from country into mainstream pop to broaden her audience. The former said much of the album could perform well on commercial country radio but at its core, it is "perfectly rendered American popular music" with contemporary influences;^[36] the latter described Swift as "a pop star in a country context".^[26] For American Songwriter's Jewly Hight, debating Swift's genre was pointless because her music was meant for a young audience open to diverse styles for their digital playlists.^[37]

The songs on Red are autobiographical,^[38] forming a loose concept about the aftermath of an intense breakup, detailing loss, pain, abandonment, and regrets.^[39] According to Swift, most of the album was inspired by an ex-boyfriend who contacted her after listening to it and described the experience to her as "bittersweet".^[40] Whereas her previous songs contain fantasy-driven narratives and happy endings, Red realizes the uneasy reality of how a seemingly enduring relationship can painfully end.^[41] In the album's physical booklet, Swift quotes a line from Pablo Neruda's poem Tonight I Can Write The Saddest Lines,^[42] "Love is so short, forgetting is so long", which she found suitable for the album's overarching theme.^[43] Expanding on her country-music beginnings,^[44] Swift's songwriting retains the storytelling aspect by setting up scenes and characters for each track's narrative.^[38]^[22] She was additionally inspired by Joni Mitchell's songcraft on Blue (1971) for how it "explores somebody's soul so deeply".^[45] Some journalists also found Blue's influence on the cover artwork of Red, which shows Swift looking downward with her face partially shadowed from her brimmed hat.^[41]^[24]^[46]

Red expands on Swift's common themes of love and heartbreak but explores them from a more complex perspective.^[40]^[47]^[48] Sam Lansky in Billboard wrote that the album depicts her negative emotions in extremes and how frustrating it can be to experience them,^[19] while Emily Yoshida in Vulture thought that there are moments of vulnerability that "feel wise beyond the 22 years Swift was";^[38] in the words of Caramanica, "Almost everything here is corroded in some way."^[26] Writing for NPR, J. English described the album as Swift's coming of age and her early-20s exploration of womanhood and adulthood: the characters in the Red songs detail their first-hand experiences with sexuality and loss of innocence—topics that Swift had explored on her past albums from an outsider perspective;^[22] Caramanica found allusions to how "[Swift's] body is as alive as her mind" on songs like "State of Grace", "Treacherous", and "Stay Stay Stay".^[26] In The Atlantic, Brad Nelson wrote that Red sees Swift no longer putting the blame solely on ex-lovers and instead viewing heartbreak with "ambiguity", and that her songcraft uses intricate details and narrative devices that evoke the styles of rock and roll musicians such as Steely Dan, Bruce Springsteen, and Leonard Cohen.^[47]

Songs

"State of Grace" is an arena-rock song that features chiming guitars and dynamic drums, and its lyrics are about the tumultuous feelings stemming from romantic beginnings.^[41]^[49] According to Perone, the lyric, "Love is a ruthless game, unless you play it good and right", sets the overall theme of an album about passionate romance gone wrong.^[50] The title track explores an intense relationship that has failed,^[50] relating the stages of love to colors: "losing him" is blue, "missing him" is a dark gray, and "loving him" is red.^[51] It is built on an acoustic arrangement consisting of string instruments of acoustic guitar, banjitar, cello, fiddle, and bouzouki, which display a country sound,^[50] while also featuring electronic vocal manipulation and elements of mainstream pop, soft rock, and adult contemporary.^[52] "Treacherous", which begins with slow guitar strumming and percussion and gradually builds up,^[25]^[41] is about attempting to protect a fragile relationship.^[30]

"I Knew You Were Trouble"

"I Knew You Were Trouble" incorporates dubstep and pulsing synthesizers in its chorus, a style that critics deemed widely different from the music in Swift's previous songs.

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"I Knew You Were Trouble" has a pop-rock production in its verses, and its refrain begins with a dubstep drop and continues with aggressive synth backing and hip hop-influenced syncopated percussion.^[41]^[50] In the lyrics of "I Knew You Were Trouble", Swift's character blames herself for a toxic relationship that has ended.^[26] Critics considered the song widely different from the music that Swift had explored on her past albums: Perone said that the track's dynamic shifts between the verses were "sudden and unexpected",^[21] and Caramanica wrote that the dubstep drop was "a wrecking ball, changing the course not just of the song but also of Ms. Swift's career".^[26] "All Too Well", considered by critics the emotional centerpiece of the album's narrative,^[11] has a slow-building production containing of overdubs of acoustic guitar, electric guitar, bass, drums, and harmony vocals.^[53] It chronicles a lost relationship from the peak of romance to the lingering memories after it has ended.^[25]^[35]

"22" is about celebrating the joys of being youthful by going out and meeting new people to move on from heartbreak.^[22]^[44] Its verses are driven by acoustic guitar, and its refrain incorporates a dance-influenced arrangement consisting of electronic synths and hip hop-influenced bass drums.^[26]^[54] According to Perone, the arrangement of "I Almost Do" is derived from Swift's early country songs: its verses are formed on short melodic motives and Swift's lower register vocals, while its refrain has a longer range in Swift's vocals. The song displays elements of country and folk via acoustic guitars and open string notes in the texture.^[55] In "I Almost Do", Swift's character wonders what she would do if an ex-lover asked her to come back to him, and she admits she would likely agree to do so.^[55] Her character in "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together", meanwhile, promises an ex-lover that they will never rekindle their relationship.^[25] Swift's vocals in the song are electronically processed,^[56] and its production features an acoustic guitar arrangement alongside other stylistic embellishments including filtered guitar tones, synths, and hip hop-influenced bass drums.^[34]^[56] "Stay Stay Stay", a fast-tempo song combining styles of country and 1980s pop,^[56] features toy piano, ukulele, mandolin, and hand claps, and its lyrics are about two lovers trying to reconcile after a fight.^[26]^[35]

"The Last Time", a duet with Lightbody, has a melancholic, balladic production consisting of strings.^[56] Perone compared its production with the music of late-1970s and early-1980s rock bands but with a muted texture.^[57] Lightbody's and Swift's characters detail their perspectives on a failing long-term relationship in the first and second verses,^[57] and the refrain is backed by an orchestra playing intense strings and brass.^[56]^[58] In "Holy Ground", Swift's character reminisces about an absent lover and the specific memories of their past.^[57] It is a country rock and heartland rock track with persistent drums and a recurring guitar riff.^[35]^[47] Perone found the lyrical imagery of "Sad Beautiful Tragic" to extend the "lyrical impressionism" of Swift's songwriting by using various images without drawing a straightforward connection between them.^[59] It has an intimate and melancholic sound^[25]^[30] consisting of overdubs of acoustic instruments that evoke folk music.^[59] "The Lucky One" incorporates a driving drum machine and has a soft-rock^[22] and 1960s pop-rock sound.^[59] Written in third-person perspective, the lyrics tell the story of a successful singer who looked "like a '60s queen" in her high-school days, was envied by her friends after achieving fame in "the angels' city",^[59] and ultimately "chose the rose garden over Madison Square".^[25]^[35]

"Begin Again"

Red's closing track, "Begin Again", is a country ballad. The musicologist James E. Perone commented that this solidified country as an important aspect of Swift's artistry.

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"Everything Has Changed", a duet with Sheeran, is a mid-tempo acoustic guitar-led ballad^[25] that incorporates deep bass drums.^[60] Perone commented that the song's arrangement is similar to the music from Swift's debut album, using "a high degree of syncopation" at the sixteenth note level. In the song, Swift and Sheeran sing about the beginnings of a new romance, alternating their lead vocals in the verses.^[60] Swift was inspired to write "Starlight" by the romance between Ethel and Robert F. Kennedy.^[61] In the lyrics, Swift's character reminisces about meeting her lover one evening in the "summer of '45" and how they intruded a "yacht club party" and danced "like [they] were made of starlight".^[32]^[60] Containing an electric guitar solo,^[60] "Starlight" is a dance-pop song^[35] that Perone deemed "vaguely contemporary country pop in nature".^[60] In the closing track of the standard edition, "Begin Again", Swift's character explores how a newfound love interest differs from her ex-lovers, giving her hopes of a new romance.^[31] According to Perone, that the genre-spanning Red concludes with a country ballad confirms country music as an integral part of Swift's musical identity.^[31]

The deluxe edition of Red includes the extra original songs "The Moment I Knew", "Come Back ... Be Here", and "Girl at Home"; original demo recordings of "Treacherous" and "Red"; and an acoustic version of "State of Grace".^[62] "The Moment I Knew" is a somber piano ballad, and its lyrics are about a woman celebrating her birthday party without her boyfriend, signaling a failing relationship.^[63] The 2000s-adult-contemporary-oriented "Come Back... Be Here" has lyrics about a long-distance relationship with few chances to endure.^[64] "Girl at Home", a song combining country with 1980s music elements,^[65]^[66] details a woman's contempt for a flirtatious man who is in a relationship with another woman.^[62]

Release and promotion

Marketing

On August 13, 2012, via a live webchat held on Google Hangouts,^[67] Swift announced the album's details and released the lead single, "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together",^[68] which was her first number-one song on the Billboard Hot 100.^[69] An alternative version of "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" was released to US country radio;^[70] it spent 10 weeks atop Hot Country Songs.^[71] Both the standard and deluxe versions of Red were released on October 22, 2012.^[72] In the United States, the standard edition was available in digital and physical formats, and the deluxe edition containing six extra tracks was available exclusively for physical purchase at Target.^[72]

Swift and Big Machine implemented an extensive marketing plan for Red.^[72] To increase sales, Swift had tie-ins with corporations including Starbucks, Keds, Walmart, Walgreens, and Papa John's.^[72]^[73] A day after the release, she began a cycle of television appearances, which included Good Morning America (October 23), Late Show with David Letterman (October 23), The View (October 24), The Ellen DeGeneres Show (October 25), Katie (October 26), and 20/20 (October 26).^[73] She gave interviews to as many as 72 radio stations, mostly in the United States and some from South Africa, New Zealand, Spain, Germany, and Mexico.^[72] Her live performances at awards shows included the MTV Video Music Awards,^[74] the Country Music Association Awards,^[75] and the American Music Awards.^[76]

Red was promoted with further singles. From September 24 until the album's release date, Swift previewed one album track each week via Good Morning America as part of a four-week countdown^[77]—"Begin Again", "Red", "I Knew You Were Trouble", and "State of Grace";^[78] the first three songs were later released as singles. "Begin Again", released to US country radio on October 1, 2012,^[79] peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and number three on Country Airplay.^[80] Released to US pop radio on November 27, 2012,^[81] "I Knew You Were Trouble" spent seven weeks at number one on Pop Songs^[82] and peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100^[83] and in the top 10 on charts of Australasian and European countries.^[84] "Red" was released to US country radio on June 24, 2013.^[85] Other singles were "22",^[86] "Everything Has Changed",^[87] and "The Last Time".^[88]

Despite Red's promotion as a country album, its diverse musical styles sparked a media debate over Swift's status as a country artist.^[70]^[89] Spin argued Red was difficult to categorize because country music was "the most dynamically vibrant pop genre of the last decade or so".^[90] Other critics commented Swift had always been more pop-oriented than country and described Red as her inevitable move to mainstream pop.^[91] In an interview with The Wall Street Journal, Swift responded that country music "feels like home" and dismissed the debate: "I leave the genre labeling to other people."^[91]

Touring

Swift announced the album's accompanying world tour, the Red Tour, shortly after the album's release.^[92] On October 26, 2012, she announced the first 58 dates for the North American leg, beginning in Omaha, Nebraska, visiting Canada and the United States throughout the spring and summer of 2013, and concluding in Nashville, Tennessee, in September.^[93] To support a high demand, Swift held the concerts mostly in sports arenas and stadiums.^[92] After the North American leg, the Red Tour visited Australasia,^[94] the United Kingdom,^[95] and Asia.^[96]

The Red Tour was a box office success. The four shows at Staples Center in Los Angeles extended Swift's total of sold-out shows to 11, making her the solo artist with the most sold-out shows at Staples Center.^[97] She was the first female artist to sell out the Sydney Football Stadium since its opening in 1988.^[98] Tickets for the Shanghai show sold out within 60 seconds, setting the Chinese record for the fastest sellout.^[96] When it ended in June 2014, the tour had grossed $150.2 million and became the highest-grossing tour by a country artist of all time.^[99]

Commercial performance

In the United States, Red debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 1.208 million copies, surpassing Garth Brooks's Double Live (1998) as the fastest-selling country album.^[73] With Speak Now and Red, Swift was recognized in the Guinness World Records as the "First Solo Female with Two Million-Selling Weeks on the U.S. Albums Chart".^[100] Red spent seven non-consecutive weeks at number one on the Billboard 200,^[101] and made Swift the first female artist, and the second after the Beatles, to have three consecutive studio albums each spend six or more weeks atop the chart.^{[note 2]} It was the third consecutive time—after Fearless (2008) and Speak Now (2010)—that Swift had a number-one album during the last week before Christmas, which is traditionally the most competitive week of the year.^[103] On Billboard's Top Country Albums chart, it was at number one for 16 weeks and was the year-end number-one album of both 2012 and 2013.^[104] Surpassing 3.11 million copies after two months of sales, Red was the second-highest-selling album of 2012.^[105] As of January 2024, its US sales stood at 4.582 million copies.^[106] The Recording Industry Association of America certified the album seven-times platinum for surpassing seven million album-equivalent units.^[107]

The album reached number one on the record charts of European and Oceanic countries, including Australia,^[108] Canada,^[109] New Zealand,^[110] Ireland,^[111] and Scotland.^[112] It received multi-platinum certifications in Australia (4× Platinum),^[113] Canada (4× Platinum),^[114] and New Zealand (2× Platinum).^[115] In the United Kingdom, Red was Swift's first number one on the Albums Chart and had four top-ten songs on the Singles Chart, the most of Swift's albums;^[116] it was certified 2× Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and sold 619,000 copies as of June 2021^[update].^[117]^[118] Less than a month after its release, Red sold 2.8 million copies worldwide.^[119] By the end of 2012, Red finished as the global second-best-selling album with 5.2 million copies.^[120] By August 2014, it had sold over eight million copies.^[121]

Critical reception

*Red* ratings
Aggregate scores
Source	Rating
AnyDecentMusic?	6.6/10^[122]
Metacritic	77/100^[123]
Review scores
Source	Rating
AllMusic	^[34]
The A.V. Club	B+^[48]
The Daily Telegraph	^[33]
Entertainment Weekly	B+^[124]
The Guardian	^[125]
Los Angeles Times	^[36]
MSN Music (Expert Witness)	A−^[126]
Pitchfork	9.0/10^[41]
Rolling Stone	^[32]
Spin	8/10^[90]

Music critics generally praised Swift's songwriting on Red,^[127] with some appreciating it to showcase her artistic maturity.^[72] Dolan called the album "a 16-song geyser of willful eclecticism", said Swift "often succeeds in joining the Joni [Mitchell]/Carole King tradition of stark-relief emotional mapping", and that "When she's really on, her songs are like tattoos".^[32] Pitchfork's Brad Nelson lauded the "newfound patience to Swift's observations" and deeper exploration of emotion in Red's songwriting.^[41]

The album's production polarized critics. Billboard praised Red's radio-friendly tunes that catapulted Swift to even greater fame.^[25] Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic asserted that although Swift's lyrics about romantic relationships and social anxiety sound somewhat clumsy, they add substance to "the pristine pop confections", which makes Red a compelling album.^[34] The Guardian's Kate Mossman described the album as "one of the finest fantasies pop music has ever constructed".^[125] Roberts was impressed by the different musical styles as Swift "strives for something much more grand and accomplished".^[36] Caramanica agreed, commenting that the production is a striking feature of Red that proves Swift is more of a pop star than a country singer.^[26]

Critics often considered Red to be a sign of Swift growing up. Billboard considered Red to be her first adult pop album, describing her previous works as that of "an accomplished teenager".^[25] Caramanica stated that her growth was "largely musical, not experiential."^[26] He noted that she was beginning to show more maturity as a strategist and adult.^[26] Caramanica asserted that there are indications that Red shows her "body is as alive as her mind," which was "territory she's generally skipped before now."^[26] Dolan considered the album part "Joni Mitchell-influenced maturity binge" and part pop, describing the combination as "not just inevitable but natural."^[32] Spin's Michael Robbins characterized the album as a record "full of adult pleasures".^[90]

Some reviewers were more reserved in their praise. Jonathan Keefe from Slant Magazine considered Red not consistent enough to be "truly great" but asserted that some of the songs were "career-best work for Swift, who now sounds like the pop star she was destined to be all along".^[35] Michael Gallucci from The A.V. Club argued the music was more ambitious than Swift's previous records but considered the album as a whole "complicated and sometimes unfocused".^[48] He considered the duets boring and the occasional use of Auto-Tune to "sound like any number of indistinguishable female pop singers".^[48] Writing for MSN Music, Robert Christgau viewed Red as an inferior version of the Magnetic Fields' 1999 album 69 Love Songs but appreciated "Begin Again" and "Stay Stay Stay", considering them to "stay happy and hit just as hard" as songs on 69 Love Songs.^[126] The Daily Telegraph's James Lachno found the production bloated and commented the album would be better had Swift fully embraced mainstream pop and abandoned her old country sound.^[33] Mesfin Fekadu of the Associated Press asserted that the album "sounded empty" compared to Fearless (2008) and Speak Now (2010), but praised "I Almost Do" and the duets.^[128]

Accolades

Red received accolades in terms of both critical and popular recognition. Mainstream publications featuring Red on their lists of the best albums of 2012 included Billboard,^[129] The Daily Beast,^[130] The Guardian,^[131] Idolator,^[132] MTV News,^[133] Newsday,^[134] PopMatters,^[135] Rolling Stone,^[136] Spin,^[137] and Stereogum.^[138] Jon Caramanica ranked the album second on his list of 2012's best albums for The New York Times.^[139] Red was placed at number 17 on the 2012 Pazz & Jop, an annual mass critics' poll conducted by The Village Voice.^[140] Spin proclaimed Red one of 2012's best country albums.^[141]

At the 56th Grammy Awards in 2014, Red was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Country Album.^[142] The album received nominations at US country music awards, including two nominations for Album of the Year at the 2013 Country Music Association Awards^[143] and the 2013 Academy of Country Music Awards.^[144] It won Favorite Country Album at the 2013 American Music Awards,^[145] Top Album and Top Country Album at the 2013 Billboard Music Awards,^[146] Top Selling Album at the 2013 Canadian Country Music Association Awards,^[147] and Top Selling International Album of the Year at the 2014 Country Music Awards of Australia.^[148]

Impact

Red appeared on many publications' lists of the best albums of the 2010s.^[149] It featured on lists by Atwood Magazine,^[150] The Independent,^[151] and Pitchfork;^[152] and was ranked within the top 10 by Uproxx,^[153] Billboard,^[154] Rolling Stone,^[155] the Tampa Bay Times,^[156] and Stereogum.^[157] Taste of Country ranked it as one of the best country albums of the decade.^[158] Red is regarded as Swift's best album by Jon Bream of the Star Tribune^[20] and the editorial staff of Paste.^[159] It ranked within the upper tier of Swift's 11-album discography as of 2024 by publications like The Arizona Republic,^[160] The New York Times,^[161] Slant Magazine,^[162] and Spin.^[163] Rob Sheffield wrote that the album established Swift as not only "the supreme pop songwriter of her generation" but also one of the greatest songwriters of all time.^[164] In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Red at number 99 on its revised list "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".^[165]

Red's successful pop singles, notably "I Knew You Were Trouble", influenced Swift to work again with Martin and Shellback when she recalibrated her artistic identity from country to pop with her subsequent album, 1989 (2014).^[166]^[167] Many critics have upheld Red as a defining record that bridged between Swift's country beginnings and pop career. Pitchfork commented that the album pushed the boundaries of her sounds "to meet the highest aspirations of her songwriting",^[168] and Lindsay Zoladz in The New York Times wrote that it both started Swift's pop crossover and captured "the moment before her songwriting became [...] sleek and streamlined".^[169] Clash's Lucy Habron wrote that Red's experimentation with musical styles, from country to pop and rock, laid the groundwork to Swift's later sounds on albums like Reputation (2017), Lover (2019), and Evermore (2020). For Harbron, the album made Swift credible as a boundary-pushing artist by "allowing [pop music] to merge with the softer elements of country and the confessional songwriting of traditional folk".^[170]

Critics have considered Red an influential album on other artists. Steven Hyden said that it inspired new indie artists to release their music that is pop-friendly rather than "anything in the rock underground".^[171] According to MTV's Carson Mlnarik, the songwriting about intimacy and vulnerability inspired a generation of other singer-songwriters including Halsey, Kacey Musgraves, Troye Sivan, Billie Eilish, Olivia Rodrigo, and Conan Gray.^[172] In 2019, an indie rock album titled ReRed, featuring Wild Pink, Adult Mom, Chris Farren, and other artists, was released as a tribute to Red, with all of its proceeds going to Equal Justice Initiative.^[173]

In November 2020, following a dispute over the ownership of the masters to her back catalog, Swift began to re-record her first six studio albums.^[174] The first one was Fearless (Taylor's Version), released on April 9, 2021.^[175] On June 18, 2021, Swift announced Red (Taylor's Version) would be released on November 12, 2021, a week earlier than originally planned.^[176] The album contains all 30 songs Swift recorded for the 2012 release of Red;^[177] these include the charity single "Ronan", her recordings of the 2016 Little Big Town single "Better Man" and 2018 Sugarland single "Babe", the ten-minute version of "All Too Well", and six other previously unreleased tracks.^[178]^[179]

Track listing

*Red* standard track listing
No.	Title	Writer(s)	Producer(s)	Length
1.	"State of Grace"	Taylor Swift	Swift Nathan Chapman	4:55
2.	"Red"	Swift	Swift Chapman Dann Huff	3:43
3.	"Treacherous"	Swift Dan Wilson	Wilson	4:02
4.	"I Knew You Were Trouble"	Swift Max Martin Shellback	Martin Shellback	3:39
5.	"All Too Well"	Swift Liz Rose	Swift Chapman	5:29
6.	"22"	Swift Martin Shellback	Martin Shellback	3:52
7.	"I Almost Do"	Swift	Swift Chapman	4:04
8.	"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together"	Swift Martin Shellback	Swift^{[note 3]} Martin Shellback	3:13
9.	"Stay Stay Stay"	Swift	Swift Chapman	3:25
10.	"The Last Time" (featuring Gary Lightbody of Snow Patrol)	Swift Lightbody Jacknife Lee	Lee	4:59
11.	"Holy Ground"	Swift	Jeff Bhasker	3:22
12.	"Sad Beautiful Tragic"	Swift	Swift Chapman	4:44
13.	"The Lucky One"	Swift	Bhasker	4:00
14.	"Everything Has Changed" (featuring Ed Sheeran)	Swift Sheeran	Butch Walker	4:05
15.	"Starlight"	Swift	Swift Chapman Huff	3:40
16.	"Begin Again"	Swift	Swift Chapman Huff	3:57
Total length:				65:09

Deluxe edition bonus tracks
No.	Title	Writer(s)	Producer(s)	Length
17.	"The Moment I Knew"	Swift	Swift Chapman	4:46
18.	"Come Back... Be Here"	Swift Wilson	Wilson	3:43
19.	"Girl at Home"	Swift	Swift Chapman	3:40
20.	"Treacherous" (original demo recording)	Swift Wilson	Wilson	4:00
21.	"Red" (original demo recording)	Swift	Swift Chapman	3:47
22.	"State of Grace" (acoustic version)	Swift	Swift Chapman	5:23
Total length:				25:19

Notes

"I Knew You Were Trouble" is stylized as "I Knew You Were Trouble." (with a period).

Personnel

Musicians

Taylor Swift – lead vocals, background vocals, acoustic guitar
Nathan Chapman – bass guitar, drums, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, keyboards, mandolin, percussion, piano, soloist, synthesizer, background vocals
Peggy Baldwin – cello
Brett Banducci – viola
Jeff Bhasker – bass guitar, keyboards, piano, background vocals
J. Bonilla – drums, percussion
Nick Buda – drums
Tom Bukovac – electric guitar
David Campbell – string arrangements, conducting
Daphne Chen – violin
Lauren Chipman – viola
Eric Darken – percussion
Marcia Dickstein – harp
Richard Dodd – cello
Paul Franklin – steel guitar
Eric Gorfain – violin
Dann Huff – bouzouki, electric guitar, high strung guitar, mandolin
Charlie Judge – accordion, Hammond B3, piano, upright piano, strings, synthaxe, synthesizer
Gina Kronstadt – violin
John Krovoza – cello
Marisa Kuney – violin
Jacknife Lee – bass guitar, guitar, keyboards
Max Martin – keyboards
Grant Mickelson – guitar
Anders Mouridsen – guitar
Jamie Muhoberac – cello
Neli Nikolaeva – violin
Owen Pallett – conductor, orchestration
Radu Pieptea – violin
Simeon Pillich – contrabass
Wes Precourt – violin
Bill Rieflin – drums
Shellback – bass guitar, guitar, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, keyboards
Jake Sinclair – bass guitar, background vocals
Jimmie Lee Sloas – bass guitar
Aaron Sterling – drums
Jeff Takiguchi – contrabass
Andy Thompson – guitar, electric piano
Ilya Toshinsky – mandolin
Butch Walker – drums, guitar, keyboards, percussion, background vocals
Patrick Warren – string arrangements
Amy Wickman – violin
Dan Wilson – bass guitar, electric guitar, piano, background vocals
Rodney Wirtz – violin
Jonathan Yudkin – fiddle, violin
Caitlin Evanson – background vocals
Elizabeth Huett – background vocals ("The Moment I Knew")
Tyler Sam Johnson – background vocals
Gary Lightbody – featured artist, background vocals
Ciara O'Leary – background vocals
Ed Sheeran – featured artist

Production

Taylor Swift – songwriting, production
Nathan Chapman – production, engineering
Joe Baldridge – engineering
Sam Bell – engineering
Matt Bishop – engineering
Delbert Bowers – assistant
Chad Carlson – engineering
Tom Coyne – mastering
Leland Elliott – assistant
Jeff Bhasker – production
Eric Eylands – assistant
Greg Fuess – assistant
Chris Galland – assistant
Şerban Ghenea – mixing
Matty Green – assistant
John Hanes – mixing engineering
Sam Holland – engineering
Dann Huff – production
David Huff – digital editing
Michael Ilbert – engineer
Tyler Sam Johnson – guitar engineer
Jacknife Lee – engineering, production, songwriting, programming
Gary Lightbody – songwriting
Steve Marcantonio – engineer
Manny Marroquin – mixing
Max Martin – production, songwriting
Seth Morton – assistant
Justin Niebank – mixing
Chris Owens – assistant
John Rausch – engineering
Matt Rausch – engineering
Tim Roberts – assistant
Eric Robinson – engineering
Liz Rose – songwriting
Pawel Sek – engineering
Shellback – production, songwriting, programming
Ed Sheeran – songwriting
Jake Sinclair – engineering
Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
Andy Thompson – engineering
Butch Walker – production
Hank Williams – mastering
Brian David Willis – engineer
Dan Wilson – production, songwriting

Visuals and design

Taylor Swift – creative director
Sarah Barlow – photography
Austin Hale – designing
Jemma Muradian – hair stylist
Bethany Newman – art direction
Josh Newman – art direction
Lorrie Turk – make-up artist

Managerial

Scott Borchetta – executive producer
Leann Bennett – production coordination
Jason Campbell – production coordination
Mike "Frog" Griffith – production coordination
JoAnn Tominaga – production coordination

Charts

Weekly charts

2012–2013 weekly chart performance for *Red*
Chart (2012–2013)	Peak position
Australian Albums (ARIA)^[108]	1
Australian Country Albums (ARIA)^[181]	1
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)^[182]	3
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)^[183]	2
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)^[184]	25
Canadian Albums (Billboard)^[109]	1
Chinese Albums (Sino Chart)^[185]	1
Croatian Albums (HDU)^[186]	27
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)^[187]	3
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)^[188]	7
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)^[189]	49
French Albums (SNEP)^[190]	30
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)^[191]	5
Irish Albums (IRMA)^[111]	1
Italian Albums (FIMI)^[192]	3
Japanese Albums (Oricon)^[193]	3
Mexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico)^[194]	4
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)^[110]	1
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)^[195]	2
Portuguese Albums (AFP)^[196]	8
Scottish Albums (OCC)^[112]	1
South African Albums (RISA)^[197]	4
South Korean Albums (Gaon)^[198]	12
South Korean International Albums (Gaon)^[199]	1
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)^[200]	4
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)^[201]	8
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)^[202]	9
UK Albums (OCC)^[203]	1
US Billboard 200^[204]	1
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)^[205]	1

2019–2024 weekly chart performance for *Red*
Chart (2019–2024)^{[note 4]}	Peak position
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)^[206]	4
Croatian International Albums (HDU)^[207]	4
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)^[208]	8
Greek Albums (IFPI)^[209]	1
Hungarian Physical Albums (MAHASZ)^[210]	33
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)^[211]	7
US Independent Albums (Billboard)^[212]	3

Year-end charts

2012 year-end charts for *Red*
Chart (2012)	Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)^[213]	7
Canadian Albums (Billboard)^[214]	10
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)^[215]	84
Japanese Albums (Oricon)^[216]	64
Mexican Albums (AMPROFON)^[217]	56
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)^[218]	6
South Korean International Albums (Gaon)^[219]	36
UK Albums (OCC)^[220]	42
US Billboard 200^[221]	4
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)^[222]	1

2013 year-end charts for *Red*
Chart (2013)	Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)^[223]	24
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)^[224]	140
Canadian Albums (Billboard)^[225]	8
Japanese Albums (Oricon)^[226]	38
French Albums (SNEP)^[227]	194
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)^[228]	17
South Korean International Albums (Gaon)^[229]	98
UK Albums (OCC)^[230]	27
US Billboard 200^[231]	2
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)^[232]	1

2014 year-end charts for *Red*
Chart (2014)	Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)^[233]	96
Chinese Albums (Sino Chart)^[234]	18
South Korean International Albums (Gaon)^[235]	86
US Billboard 200^[236]	106
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)^[237]	24

2015 year-end charts for *Red*
Chart (2015)	Position
Japanese Albums (Billboard Japan)^[238]	94
US Billboard 200^[239]	111

2017 year-end chart for *Red*
Chart (2017)	Position
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)^[240]	48

2018 year-end chart for *Red*
Chart (2018)	Position
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)^[241]	28

2019 year-end chart for *Red*
Chart (2019)	Position
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)^[242]	25

2020 year-end chart for *Red*
Chart (2020)	Position
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)^[243]	25

2021 year-end charts for *Red*
Chart (2021)	Position
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)^[244]	70
US Independent Albums (Billboard)^[245]	28
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)^[246]	15

2022 year-end chart for *Red*
Chart (2022)	Position
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)^[247]	62

Decade-end charts

2010s decade-end charts for *Red*
Chart (2010–2019)	Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)^[248]	23
UK Albums (OCC)^[249]	96
US Billboard 200^[250]	32
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)^[251]	11

All-time charts

All-time charts for *Red*
Chart	Position
US Billboard 200^{[note 5]}	140
US Billboard 200 (Women)^{[note 6]}	37
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)^{[note 7]}	72

Certifications and sales

Certifications for *Red*, with pure sales where available
Region	Certification	Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)^[113]	5× Platinum	350,000^‡
Austria (IFPI Austria)^[257]	Platinum	20,000^*
Belgium (BEA)^[258]	2× Platinum	60,000^‡
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)^[259]	Gold	20,000^*
Canada (Music Canada)^[114]	4× Platinum	320,000^{^}
Colombia^[260]	Gold
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)^[261]	Platinum	20,000^‡
France (SNEP)^[262]	Gold	50,000^‡
Germany (BVMI)^[263]	Platinum	200,000^‡
Ireland (IRMA)^[264]	Platinum	15,000^{^}
Japan (RIAJ)^[265]	Platinum	250,000^{^}
Japan (RIAJ)^[266] Digital download	Gold	100,000^*
Mexico (AMPROFON)^[267]	Gold	30,000^{^}
New Zealand (RMNZ)^[115]	2× Platinum	30,000^{^}
Poland (ZPAV)^[268]	Platinum	20,000^‡
Singapore (RIAS)^[269]	2× Platinum	20,000^*
Sweden (GLF)^[270]	Gold	20,000^‡
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)^[271]	Platinum	30,000^‡
United Kingdom (BPI)^[118]	2× Platinum	619,000^{[note 8]}
United States (RIAA)^[107]	7× Platinum	4,582,000^{[note 9]}
^* Sales figures based on certification alone. ^{^} Shipments figures based on certification alone. ^‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Footnotes

^ Attributed to publications including Rolling Stone,^[11] NPR,^[22] Beats Per Minute,^[23] and Consequence^[24]
^ Swift's previous studio albums Fearless and Speak Now respectively spent 11 weeks in 2008–09 and six weeks in 2010–11.^[102]
^ The album's liner notes credit Martin and Shellback as producers, but the Recording Academy, in a list announcing nominees for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 2012, additionally credits Swift as a producer.^[180]
^ The chart positions listed below coincided with the release of the 2021 re-recording Red (Taylor's Version). In Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, the sales performance of the original Red was combined with that of Red (Taylor's Version).
^ Complied by Billboard for albums 1963–2015^[252]^[253]
^ Compiled by Billboard for albums 1963–2017^[254]^[255]
^ Compiled by Billboard for albums 1963–2016^[256]
^ UK sales for Red of June 2021^[117]
^ US sales for Red as of January 2024^[106]

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Cited literature

Lamb, Charles W.; Hair, Joe F.; McDaniel, Carl (2014). MKTG 8: Principles of Marketing. Cengage. ISBN 978-1-305-43699-2.
McNutt, Myles (2020). "From 'Mine' to 'Ours': Gendered Hierarchies of Authorship and the Limits of Taylor Swift's Paratextual Feminism". Communication, Culture and Critique. 13 (1): 72–91. doi:10.1093/ccc/tcz042.
Perone, James E. (2017). "Red". The Words and Music of Taylor Swift. The Praeger Singer-Songwriter Collection. ABC-Clio. pp. 43–54. ISBN 978-1-4408-5294-7.
Spencer, Liv (2013). Taylor Swift: The Platinum Edition. ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-77041-151-7.
Tanner, Grafton (2020). The Circle of the Snake: Nostalgia and Utopia in the Age of Big Tech. John Hunt Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78904-023-4. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2020.

External links

Red at Discogs (list of releases)

[25] Attributed to publications including Rolling Stone,^[11] NPR,^[22] Beats Per Minute,^[23] and Consequence^[24]

[104] Swift's previous studio albums Fearless and Speak Now respectively spent 11 weeks in 2008–09 and six weeks in 2010–11.^[102]

[183] The album's liner notes credit Martin and Shellback as producers, but the Recording Academy, in a list announcing nominees for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 2012, additionally credits Swift as a producer.^[180]

[209] The chart positions listed below coincided with the release of the 2021 re-recording Red (Taylor's Version). In Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, the sales performance of the original Red was combined with that of Red (Taylor's Version).

[258] Complied by Billboard for albums 1963–2015^[252]^[253]

[261] Compiled by Billboard for albums 1963–2017^[254]^[255]

[263] Compiled by Billboard for albums 1963–2016^[256]

[UKalbums-279] UK sales for Red of June 2021^[117]

[280] US sales for Red as of January 2024^[106]

[notes-1] Swift, Taylor (2012). Red (vinyl liner notes). Nashville: Big Machine Records. BMR310400D.

[2] Dunham, Nancy (July 21, 2010). "Taylor Swift on New Album, New Home, Favorite Fan Moments". The Boot. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2010.

[SoS-3] Tingen, Paul (February 2011). "Taylor Swift Speak Now". Sound on Sound. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2021.

[4] Thomas Erlewine, Stephen. "Speak Now – Taylor Swift". AllMusic. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2019.

[FOOTNOTEPerone201733-5] Perone 2017, p. 33.

[6] "Fastest-selling digital album in the US by a female artist". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.

[7] "Grammy Awards 2012: Complete Winners And Nominees List". The Hollywood Reporter. February 12, 2012. Archived from the original on January 22, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.

[BB_qa-8] Gallo, Phil (October 19, 2012). "Taylor Swift Q&A: The Risks of Red and The Joys of Being 22". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013.

[9] Schillaci, Sophie (October 19, 2011). "Taylor Swift on Speak Now Follow-Up: 'I've Written 25 Songs So Far'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 23, 2011.

[yahoo-10] Willman, Chris (October 23, 2012). "Exclusive: Taylor Swift Talks About Red, How to 'Begin Again' With New Love, and Being the World's Best-Behaved Bad-Ass". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019.

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v t e Taylor Swift
Albums discography Singles discography Awards and nominations Live performances Songs Videography Public image
Studio albums	Taylor Swift Fearless Speak Now Red 1989 Reputation Lover Folklore Evermore Midnights The Tortured Poets Department
Re-recorded albums	Fearless (Taylor's Version) Red (Taylor's Version) Speak Now (Taylor's Version) 1989 (Taylor's Version)
Extended plays	The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection Beautiful Eyes
Live albums	Speak Now World Tour – Live Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008 Lover (Live from Paris) Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions
Concert tours	Fearless Tour Speak Now World Tour The Red Tour The 1989 World Tour Reputation Stadium Tour The Eras Tour
Films and specials	Miss Americana City of Lover Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions All Too Well: The Short Film Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour
Legacy	Cultural impact Fashion Political impact Swifties Impact of the Eras Tour Nannaria swiftae Castianeira swiftay
Controversies and incidents	2009 MTV Video Music Awards Sexual assault trial Masters dispute Ticketmaster controversy Death of Ana Clara Benevides Deepfake pornography Southport stabbing Vienna terrorism plot
Related	Taylor Swift Productions SwiftOnSecurity Austin Swift Marjorie Finlay Olivia Benson Tree Paine High Watch Samuel Goldwyn Estate
Category

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
Other	MusicBrainz release group