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{{short description|Dialects and languages spoken in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India}}
[[File:Map on Dialects Of Punjabi Language.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Punjab's dialects]]
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Punjabi languages
| ethnicity = [[Punjabis]]
| region = [[Punjab]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Northwestern Zone|Northwestern]]
| child3 =
| glotto = lahn1241
| ancestor = [[wikt:Old Punjabi|Old Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haldar |first1=Gopal |title=Languages of India |date=2000 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788123729367 |page=149 |quote=The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |title=Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781136894602 |page=XXV |edition=Reprint |quote=As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9781136451089 |edition=First |chapter=0.2.1 – Form |quote=Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=William |title=International encyclopedia of linguistics |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195139778 |page=423 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Peter |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520255609 |page=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139465502 |page=411}}</ref>
}}
{{Punjabis}}
[[File:Dialects_Of_Punjabi.jpg|thumb|right|Map of dialects of Punjabi and some closely related languages.]]
The '''Punjabi dialects and languages''' or '''Greater Punjabi''' are a [[dialect chain|series of dialects]] and languages spoken around the [[Punjab]] region of Pakistan and India with varying degrees of official recognition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Greater Panjabic |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lahn1241 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=glottolog.org}}</ref> They have sometimes been referred to as the ''Greater Punjabi'' macrolanguage.<ref>For the use of the term "Greater Panjabi", see {{harvtxt|Rensch|1992|p=87}} and {{harvtxt|Rahman|1996|p=175}}.</ref> Punjabi may also be considered as a pluricentric language with more than one standard variety.<ref>[https://www.peterlang.com/document/1050736]Muhr, Rudoplh (2016) Pluricentric Languages and Non-Dominant Varieties Worldwide. Peter Lang</ref>


Punjabi is a language spoken primarily in the Punjab region, which is divided between India and Pakistan. It is also spoken by Punjabi diaspora communities around the world. Punjabi itself has several dialects that can vary based on geographical, cultural, and historical factors.
'''Dialects of Punjab''' are spoken by almost 60% of the population in Pakistan. In India, Punjab state also has a number of dialects.


The varieties of "Greater Punjabi" have a number of characteristics in common, for example the preservation of the [[Prakrit]] double consonants in stressed syllables.{{sfn|Shackle|2003|p=591}} Nevertheless, there is disagreement on whether they form part of a single [[language group]], with some proposed classifications placing them all within the Northwestern zone of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], while others reserving this only for the western varieties, and assigning the eastern ones to the Central zone alongside [[Hindi]].{{sfn|Masica|1991|pp=446–63}}
==Standard dialect==


== Geographic distribution ==
===Majhi (India & Pakistan)===
The literary languages that have developed on the basis of dialects of this area are Standard [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] in eastern and central Punjab, [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] in the southwest, and [[Pahari-Pothwari]] in the northwest.{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=198}} A distinction is usually made between [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] in the east and the diverse group of "[[Lahnda]]" in the west. "Lahnda" typically subsumes the Saraiki and Hindko varieties, with [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]] and [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]] intermediate between the two groups. Pothwari shares features with both Lahnda and Punjabi.<ref>Pothwari has previously been regarded as part of "Lahnda", but {{harvtxt|Shackle|1979|pp=201}} argues that it shares features with both groups. Jhangvi {{harv|Wagha|1997|p=229}} and Shahpuri {{harv|Shackle|1979|pp=201}} are transitional between Saraiki and Punjabi.</ref>
The Majhi is Punjabi's [[prestige dialect]] because it is standard of written Punjabi. It is spoken in the heart of Punjab in historical region of Majha which spans [[Lahore]], [[Sheikhupura]], [[Kasur]], [[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]], [[Nankana Sahib]], [[Faisalabad]],[[Gujranwala]], [[Wazirabad]], [[Sialkot]], [[Narowal]], [[Gujrat]], [[Pakpattan]], [[Hafizabad]], [[Mandi Bahauddin]] Districts of Pakistan Punjab Province and also in major cities of Pakistani Punjab.


=== Pakistan ===
In India [[Amritsar]], [[Tarn Taran Sahib]], and [[Gurdaspur]] Districts of the State of Punjab and sizable population also in major cities of State of Punjab,Haryana, Utherchal Pardesh, Dehli and Mumbai India.
Punjabi, Hindko and Saraiki are listed separately in the census enumerations of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/publications/pds2020/Pakistan_Demographic_Survey-2020.pdf|title=Pakistan Demographic Survey 2020|website=pbs.gov.pk|access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> According to the [[2017 Census of Pakistan]], there are 80,536,390 Punjabi speakers; 25,324,637 Saraiki speakers and 5,065,879 Hindko speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf |title=Table 11. Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban|website=pbs.gov.pk|access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> Saraiki was added to the census in 1981, and Hindko was added in 2017, prior to which both were represented by Lahnda language. In areas such as [[Gujar Khan]] and [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]] where Pothwari is a spoken language,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Gurmeet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SodCEAAAQBAJ&dq=hindko+rawalpindi&pg=PA98 |title=Information Seeking Behaviour of Users in Punjabi Literature |date=2021-09-11 |publisher=K.K. Publications |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref> speakers significantly selected 'Punjabi" instead of "Other" in all previous census enumeration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table 11. Population of Rawalpindi District by mother tongue. |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/results/04211.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk.}}</ref>


==== Azad Kashmir ====
==Major dialects==
In a statistical survey carried about by a proxy of the [[Government of Azad Kashmir]], most speakers of [[Azad Kashmir]] spoke a variety of [[Pahari-Pothwari]], while [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] attained a plurality in the [[Bhimber District|Bhimber district]].<ref name="SYB 2020">{{Cite book |url=https://www.pndajk.gov.pk/uploadfiles/downloads/Statistical%20Year%20Book%202020.pdf |title=Statistical Year Book 2020 |publisher=AJ&K Bureau Of Statistics |place=Muzaffarabad |pages=131, 140 |access-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.pndajk.gov.pk/uploadfiles/downloads/Statistical%20Year%20Book%202020.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some Pothwari speakers in Azad Kashmir and the [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar]] refer to their mother tongue as Punjabi, hence those choosing 'Punjabi' may be referring to 'Pothwari/Pahari'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pahari and Pothwari: a sociolinguistic survey |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/9130 |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=SIL International |page=44 |language=en}}</ref>


===Shahpuri===
=== India ===
In India, Punjabi is listed as a constitutional language and is counted in the census returns. According to the [[2011 Census of India]], there are 33,124,726 Punjabi speakers which includes the varieties of [[Bagri language|Bagri]] (1,656,588 speakers) [[Bilaspuri]] (295,805 speakers) and [[Bhateali]] (23,970 speakers).<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf Census catalog]</ref> Bagri is spoken in parts of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. Bilaspuri and Bhateali are spoken in Himachal Pradesh. The status of Bagri is split between Punjabi and Rajasthani in the census returns with options available under Punjabi and Rajasthani.<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458 Language (Paper 1 OF 2018)- Census of India2011]</ref>
Shah Puri is rather divergent, and is perhaps closest to Punjabi rather than an actual Panjabi dialect. It is one of the oldest dialect of the Punjabi language spoken in Sargodh Division<ref>http://sargodha.dc.lhc.gov.pk/?page_id=1335</ref> of Pakistani Punjab.<ref>[http://www.learnpunjabi.org/intro1.asp Punjabi University, Patiala]</ref> Its name is derived from former Shahpur District (now Shahpur Tehsil, being part of Sargodha District). It can be described as a mixture of Majhi, Pothohari and thalochi dialects. Shahpurias in the [[Khushab]] area speak this dialect in a more Thalochi tone while those in southern parts of its distribution have color of Jhangochi on their language.<ref>The Indo-Aryan Languages By Colin P. Masica (page 18)</ref> It is spoken throughout a widespread area, spoken in [[Sargodha]] and Khushab Districts and also spoken in neighbouring [[Mianwali]] and [[Bhakkar]] Districts. It is mainly spoken on western end of Sindh River to Chennab river crossing Jehlam river.<ref>http://www.sikhchic.com/history/mother_tongue_the_many_dialects_of_punjabi</ref> The Shahpuri dialect of Punjabi has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi variants.<ref>http://languages.iloveindia.com/punjabi.html</ref>
Gusain (1991) places Bagri as a Rajasthani dialect.<ref>*{{Cite thesis| last = Gusain| first = Lakhan| date = 1999| title = A Descriptive Grammar of Bagri| hdl = 10603/16847| institution = Jawaharlal Nehru University| type = PhD}}
</ref> Similarly, the identities of Bilaspuri and Bhateali are also split, in their case, between Punjabi and [[Dogri language|Dogri]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Dr Siyaram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak87DwAAQBAJ&q=bhatiyali++Dogri&pg=PA197|title=Bhartiya Bhashaon Ki Pahchan|publisher=Vani Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5229-677-4|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Q|Q115652507|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/frontmatter/abbreviations.html|page=xii}}</ref>


Lahnda languages are only enumerated in the census returns in India with 108,791 speakers listed in the 2011 census. The varieties listed under Lahnda are Bahawalpuri (29,253 speakers); Multani which is described as Hindi Multani (61,722 speakers) and unclassified (17,816 speakers).<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10219 Census Index]</ref> Punchi is spoken in Jammu. The language variety is listed under Lahnda as it, together with Bahwalpuri and Multani satisfies the "criterion of 10,000 or more speakers at the all India level".<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables Census Tables]</ref>
===Jhangochi/Changvi===
Jhangochi (جھنگوچی) dialect is oldest and most idiosyncratic dialect of the Punjabi. It is spoken in Pakistani Punjab throughout a widespread area, starting from [[Khanewal]] and [[Jhang]] at both ends of Ravi and Chenab to Hafizabad district. This entire area has almost the same traditions, customs and culture. The Jhangochi dialect of Punjabi has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi variants. This area has a great culture and heritage, especially literary heritage, as it is credited with the creation of the famous epic romance stories of Heer Ranjha and Mirza Sahiba.


Historically, Dogri was considered to be a dialect of Punjabi spoken primarily in [[Jammu]].<ref>Kli︠u︡ev, B. I. (1981). India, National and Language Problem. India: Sterling.[https://books.google.com/books?id=s96JAAAAMAAJ&q=dogri+]</ref> In the 1941 Census, [[Dogri language|Dogri]] was listed under Punjabi.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wgjSt2mmG58C&q=dogri+census+panjabi+dialect Census of India, 1941.  (1943). India: Manager of publications]</ref> Since 2003, Dogri is listed as an independent language in the constitution of India.<ref>Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism. (2007). (n.p.): Taylor & Francis [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rv6Kge4ql2AC&dq=dogri+census+2003&pg=PA103]</ref> According to the 2011 Census - India, there are 2,596,767 Dogri speakers. Similar to Dogri, the [[Kangri language]] spoken in [[Himachal Pradesh]] was regarded as a Punjabi dialect but since 1971, it has been reclassified under Hindi.<ref>Language Sciences.  (1991). Japan: International Christian University Language Sciences Summer Institute.[https://books.google.com/books?id=eQZPAQAAIAAJ&q=languages+sciences+1991+kangri]</ref> There were 1,117,342 Kangri speakers listed in the 2011 Census- India. Despite the independent status of Dogri and reclassification of Kangri, both languages are claimed to fall within Punjabi by some writers.<ref>Grewal, J.S. and Banga, Indu (1998) Punjab in prosperity and violence: administration, politics, and social change, 1947-1997. K.K. Publishers for Institute of Punjab Studies, Chandigarh [https://books.google.com/books?id=oS9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Government+awarded+the+status+of+language,+was+actually+a+spoken+form+of+Punjabi.]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pushp & Warikoo: Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh - Linguistic Predicament|url=https://koshur.org/Linguistic/4.html|access-date=2023-02-11|website=koshur.org}}</ref> Others place Dogri and Kangri within the Western Pahari group.<ref>Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, Matthias Fritz (2017) Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics [https://books.google.com/books?id=cQA2DwAAQBAJ&dq=dogri+and+kangri+western+pahari&pg=PA437]</ref> Eberle et al. (2020) believe Dogri and Kangri are related to Eastern Punjabi and place these languages in a group of related languages descended from an intermediate division of [[Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eberle |first=Ulrich J. |last2=Henderson |first2=J. Vernon |last3=Rohner |first3=Dominic |last4=Schmidheiny |first4=Kurt |date=2020 |title=Ethnolinguistic diversity and urban agglomeration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26935214 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=117 |issue=28 |pages=16250–16257 |issn=0027-8424}}</ref>
===Jangli/Rachnavi===
Jaangli is a dialect of former nomad tribes of areas whose names are often suffixed with 'Bar' derived from jungle bar before irrigation system arrived in start of 20th centuary , for example Sandal Bar, Kirana Bar, Neeli Bar, Ganji Bar. Former layllpur and western half of montgomary district use to spoke this dialect. Currently area includes [[Faisalabad]], [[Chiniot]], [[Sahiwal]], [[Toba Tek Singh]] districts in Pakistani Punjab. Rachnavi is alternate names of this dialect. [[Punjab Region| Punjab]].


===Malwai===
== See also ==
* [[Bengali dialects]]
It is spoken in the eastern part of Indian Punjab and also in [[Bahawalnagar]] and [[Vehari]] districts of Pakistan. Main areas are [[Ludhiana]], [[Ambala]], [[Bathinda]], [[Ganganagar]], [[Malerkotla]], [[Fazilka]], [[Ferozepur]]. [[Malwa]] is the southern and central part of present day Indian Punjab. It also includes the Punjabi speaking northern areas of [[Haryana]], viz. [[Ambala]], [[Hisar, India|Hissar]], [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]], [[Kurukshetra]] etc. Not to be confused with the Malvi language, which shares its name.
* [[Sindhi languages]]
* [[Hindi Belt]]
* [[Bazigar language]]
* [[Baahar di boli]], term used to refer to diasporic Punjabis use of the language
* [[Khalsa bole]], coded language of Nihang Sikhs largely based on Punjabic


===[[Doabi]]===
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
Doabi is spoken in both the Indian Punjab as well as parts of Pakistan Punjab owing to post-1947 migration of Muslim populace from East Punjab. The word "Do Aabi" means "the land between two rivers" and this dialect was historically spoken between the rivers of [[Beas River | the Beas]] and [[Sutlej River | the Sutlej]] in the region called [[Doaba]]. Regions it is presently spoken includes the [[Jalandhar District | Jalandhar]] and [[Kapurthala District | Kapurthala]] districts in Indian Punjab, specifically in the areas known as the Dona and [[Manjki Region | Manjki]], as well as the [[Toba Tek Singh District | Toba Tek Singh]] and [[Faisalabad District | Faisalabad]] districts in Pakistan Punjab where the dialect is known as Faisalabadi Punjabi.


===Pwadhi===
== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
Powadh or Puadh or Powadha is a region of Punjab and parts of Haryana between the Satluj and Ghaggar rivers. The part lying south, south-east and east of Rupnagar adjacent to [[Ambala]] District (Haryana) is Powadhi. The Powadh extends from that part of the [[Rupnagar]] District which lies near Satluj to beyond the Ghaggar river in the east upto Kala Amb, which is at the border of the states of Himachal pradesh and Haryana. Parts of [[Fatehgarh Sahib]] district, and parts of [[Patiala]] districts like Rajpura are also part of Powadh. The language is spoken over a large area in present Punjab as well as Haryana. In Punjab, Kharar, Kurali, Ropar, Nurpurbedi, Morinda, Pail, Rajpura and Samrala are the areas where the Puadhi is spoken and the dialect area also includes Pinjore, Kalka, Ismailabad, Pehowa to Bangar area in [[Fatehabad]] district.
*{{Cite journal| last1 = Birmani| first1 = Ali H.| last2 = Ahmed| first2 = Fasih| date = 2017| title = Language of the Khetrans of Barkhan of Pakistani Balochistan: A preliminary description| journal = Lingua| volume = 191–192| pages = 3–21| issn = 0024-3841| doi = 10.1016/j.lingua.2016.12.003}}

===Pothohari/Potwari===
Spoken in north Pakistani Punjab and [[Azad Kashmir]]. The area where it is spoken extends in the north from [[Muzaffarabad]] to as far south as [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]], [[Gujar Khan]] and [[Rawalpindi]], [[Murree Hills]] north of Rawalpindi, and east to [[Bhimber]] and [[Rawalakot]]. Chibhali and Dhundi-Kairali dialects may be related. It is in a dialect chain with Majhi and Hindko dialects of Punjabi.

===Multani/Seraiki===
It is spoken in Multan and Lodhran districts of Pakistan Punjab.It had been historically classified as dialect of Punjabi. In 1920’s Garrison in his Linguist Survey of India classified in to Southern cluster of Lahnda (Western Punjabi). In 1964 Multani was termed as Saraiki which is claimed as a separate language.The debate over Saraiki as a separate language or dialect of Punjabi is a issue which could not be resolved to date because Saraiki is also considered as a dialect of Main stream Punjabi because Saraiki is Mutually intangible, Morphologicaly and Syntactically similar with Standard Punjabi and is in fact dialect of Punjabi agreed by majority of local linguists such as Dulai, K Narinder, Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill, A Henry. Gleason (Jr), Koul, N Omkar, Siya Madhu Bala, Afzal Ahmed Cheema, Aamir Malik, Amar Nath <ref>Dulai, Narinder K. 1989. A Pedagogical Grammar of Punjabi. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language Studies.</ref><ref>Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill and Henry A. Gleason, Jr: A Reference Grammar of Punjabi: Patiala University Press</ref><ref>Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala :Punjabi Language and Linguistics: An Annotated Bibliography: New Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies</ref><ref>Malik, Amar Nath, Afzal Ahmed Cheema : 1995 : The Phonology and Morphology of Panjabi: New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers</ref> as well as modern linguistics publications such as US National advisory Committee based The UCLA Language Materials Project (LMP) along with modern linguistics such as Lambert M Surhone, Mariam T Tennoe, Susan F Henssonow, Cardona and Nataliia Ivanovna Tolstaia classifing Saraiki as a dialect of Punjabi.<ref>http://books.google.fr/books?id=C9MPCd6mO6sC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=95&menu=004</ref><ref>Lambert M Surhone, Mariam T Tennoe, Susan F Henssonow:2012:Punjabi Dialects:Beta script publishing:6134873527, 9786134873529</ref><ref>http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=BmA9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
Today like all other dialects in Punjab, a process of unification and getting closer to Standard Pakistani Punjabi (Urdu influenced Majhi written in Shahmukhi), has made it quite similar Morphologicaly, Syntactically and Mutually intangible with Standard Punjabi.

===Kohati/Peshaweri/Hindko===
These similer dialects are spoken in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan in districts of [[Peshawar]], [[Nowshera]], [[Kohat]], [[Mansehra]], [[Abbottabad]], [[Haripur]] and the lower half of [[Neelum District]] of AJK.It had been historically classified as dialect of Punjabi. In 1920’s Garrison in his Linguist Survey of India classified in to Western cluster of Lahnda (Western Punjabi). After 1980,s it was termed as Hindko which is claimed as a separate language.The debate over Hindko as a separate language or dialect of Punjabi is a issue which could not be resolved to date because Hindko is also considered as a dialect of Main stream Punjabi because Hindko is Mutually intangible, Morphologicaly and Syntactically similar with Standard Punjabi and is in fact dialect of Punjabi agreed by majority of local linguists such as Dulai, K Narinder, Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill, A Henry. Gleason (Jr), Koul, N Omkar, Siya Madhu Bala, Afzal Ahmed Cheema, Aamir Malik, Amar Nath <ref>Dulai, Narinder K. 1989. A Pedagogical Grammar of Punjabi. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language Studies.</ref><ref>Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill and Henry A. Gleason, Jr: A Reference Grammar of Punjabi: Patiala University Press</ref><ref>Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala :Punjabi Language and Linguistics: An Annotated Bibliography: New Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies</ref><ref>Malik, Amar Nath, Afzal Ahmed Cheema : 1995 : The Phonology and Morphology of Panjabi: New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers</ref> as well as modern linguistics publications such as US National advisory Committee based The UCLA Language Materials Project (LMP) along with modern foriegn linguistics such as Lambert M Surhone, Mariam T Tennoe, Susan F Henssonow, Cardona and Nataliia Ivanovna Tolstaia classifing Hindko as a dialect of Punjabi.<ref>http://books.google.fr/books?id=C9MPCd6mO6sC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=95&menu=004</ref><ref>Lambert M Surhone, Mariam T Tennoe, Susan F Henssonow:2012:Punjabi Dialects:Beta script publishing:6134873527, 9786134873529</ref><ref>http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=BmA9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
Today like all other dialects in Punjab, a process of unification and getting closer to Standard Pakistani Punjabi (Urdu influenced Majhi written in Shahmukhi), has made it quite similar Morphologicaly, Syntactically and Mutually intangible with Standard Punjabi.

===Derawali===
It is mostly spoken in [[Rajanpur]], [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] districts in Pakistani Punjab.It is also recently classified as Saraiki dialect, but Saraiki as a separate language or dialect of Punjabi is a issue which could not be resolved to date because of contrasting views of Local linguists.

===Ghebi===
This dialect is quite similar to Potowari dialect but differs slightly for example in past tense, in which it uses (ahay+prefix) for 'was'.For exmaple Mea ahayaan means I was. It also uses "Vinjna" instead of "jaana" or "gchna" for "going" It is mostly spoken in [[Pindi Gheb Tehsil]] in Pakistani Punjab. Awaankari dialect spoken in Mianwali is also very close to ghebi.

===Riasti===
Also known as Bhawalpuri/Choolistani; spoken in [[Bahawalpur]], [[Lodhran]] and [[Rahim Yar Khan]] districts of Punjab (Pakistan). Its name is derived from Riast (State) of Bahawalpur. It is a mix of Rajasthani, Punjabi and Multani(Saraiki).It is spoken throughout a widespread area on the banks of river Sutlej and Choolistan desert.It is also recently classified as Saraiki dialect, but Saraiki as a separate language or dialect of Punjabi is a issue which could not be resolved to date because of contrasting views of Local linguists.

===Chhachi===
It is one of dialect spoken in Pakistani Punjab which is a mixture of Potowari, Hindko dialects of Punjabi.Its name is derived form Chach region in Attock District of Pakistani Punjab where chhachi clan which is sub section of the Kohli Khokhran clan. It is mainly spoken in [[Attock District]], Parts of Hazara Division and adjacent araes of Pakistani Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkha.

===Jandali===
Jandali is a mixture of Potowari, Chachi (Hindko sub dialect) and Thalochi dialects. It is also called Rohi. It is mostly spoken in [[Jand Tehsil]] and [[Mianwali]] district in Pakistani Punjab.

===Thalochi/Thali===
Spoken in Thal Desert of Pakistani Punjab. Its name is derived from Thal Desert. This dialect has great proximity with Shah puri Dialect of Punjabi Language spoken in Sargodha and Khaushab Districts. It is spoken throughout a widespread area, starting from [[Bhakkar]], [[Layyah]] to [[Muzzaffargarh]] Districts on eastern end of Sindh River In Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is also spoken on western end of Sindh River from [[Bannu]], [[Tank]] runs down to [[Dera Ismail Khan]] in KPK Province of Pakistan.

===Dhani===
Spoken in parts of Rawalpindi Division (Pothohar) of Pakistani Punjab.<ref>[http://www.learnpunjabi.org/intro1.asp Punjabi University, Patiala]</ref> Its name is derived from Dhan valley where its spoken. It is spoken in [[Chakwal]],<ref>http://meetcornor.wordpress.com/category/history/history-of-chakwal/</ref> parts of Jehlam Districts and Attock Districts. The people of Pothohar speak Pothohari dialect. However, the people of Chakwal or the Dhanni area in particular do not speak Pothohari and are ethnologically not regarded as Potoharis. They speak a distinctive Chakwali or Dhanni dialect of Punjabi, which is closer to Shahpuri, a dialect spoken in the Shahpur-Salt Range area.<ref>http://www.sikhchic.com/history/mother_tongue_the_many_dialects_of_punjabi</ref>

===Jafri/Khetrani===
May not actually be a Lahnda language, but Dardic.
These are a form of Derawali very strongly influenced by baluchi and sindhi languages, spoken in [[Musakhel]] and [[Barkhan]], districts of Pakistani Province Balochistan respectively.

===Chenavari===
West of Chenaab river in Jhang district of Pakistani Punjab the dialect of Jhangochi merges with Thalochi and resultant dialect is Chenavari. Name is derived from Chenaab river.

==Other dialects==
Other dialects spoken in Indian Punjab are include Bhatiani, Bilaspuri,Bagri,Kangri and Chambiali

==Punjabi University classification==

The University has issued the following list of dialects of Punjabi:[25]:<ref>[http://www.advancedcentrepunjabi.org/intro1.asp Advanced Centre for Technical Development of Punjabi Language, Literature and Culture]</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*[[Awankari]]
*[[Baar di Boli]]
*Banwali
*[[Bhattiani]]
*[[Bherochi]]
*[[Chacchi]]
*[[Chakwali]]
*[[Chambiali]]
*[[Chenavri]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Dhani]]
*[[Doabi]]
*[[Dogri]]
*[[Ghebi]]
*[[Gojri]]
*[[Hindko]]
*[[Jatki language|Jatki]]
*[[Jhangochi]]
*Mulatni/saraiki
*[[Kangri language|Kangri]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Kachi]]
*[[Lubanki]]
*[[Malwi dialect|Malwai]]
*[[Pahari languages|Pahari]]
*[[Pothohari language|Pothohari]]/Pindiwali
*Powadhi
*[[Punchi]]
*[[Peshori]]/Peshawari
*[[Rathi]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Swaen]]
*[[Shah puri]]
*[[Thalochi]]
*[[Wajeerawadi]]
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Burling, Robbins. 1970. ''Man's many voices''. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
*Burling, Robbins. 1970. ''Man's many voices''. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
*Ethnologue. [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_family.asp?subid=90032 Indo-Aryan] Classification of 219 languages that have been assigned to the Indo-Aryan grouping of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.
*Ethnologue. [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_family.asp?subid=90032 Indo-Aryan] Classification of 219 languages that have been assigned to the Indo-Aryan grouping of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.
*Ethnologue. [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=IN Languages of India]
*Ethnologue. [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=IN Languages of India]
*Ethnologue. [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=PK Languages of Pakistan]
*Ethnologue. [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=PK Languages of Pakistan]
*Grierson, George A. 1904-1928. [http://www.joao-roiz.jp/LSI/ Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India]. Calcutta.
*{{Linguistic Survey of India}} [http://www.joao-roiz.jp/LSI/ Online database ]
*Masica, Colin. 1991. ''The Indo-Aryan languages''. Cambridge Univ. Press.
*{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7}}
*{{Cite book| last = Rahman| first = Tariq| author-link = Tariq Rahman| title = Language and politics in Pakistan| date = 1996| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-577692-8}}
*Rahman, Tariq. 2006. The role of English in Pakistan with special reference to tolerance and militancy. In Amy Tsui et al., ''Language, policy, culture and identity in Asian contexts''. Routledge. 219-240.
*Rahman, Tariq. 2006. The role of English in Pakistan with special reference to tolerance and militancy. In Amy Tsui et al., ''Language, policy, culture and identity in Asian contexts''. Routledge. 219–240.
*Shackle, C. 1970. Punjabi in Lahore. ''Modern Asian Studies'', 4(3):239-267. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/311495 Available online at [[JSTOR]]].
*{{Cite book| last1 = Rensch| first1 = Calvin R.| editor-last1 = O'Leary| editor-first1 = Clare F.| editor-last2 = Rensch| editor-first2 = Calvin R.| editor-last3 = Hallberg| editor-first3 = Calinda E.| date = 1992| title = Hindko and Gujari| chapter = The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People| isbn = 969-8023-13-5| publisher = National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics| location = Islamabad| series = Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan| url = http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/38573}}
*Shackle, C. 1970. Punjabi in Lahore. ''Modern Asian Studies'', 4 (3):239–267. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/311495 Available online] at [[JSTOR]].
* {{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab| journal = Transactions of the Philological Society| date = 1979| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x| issn = 0079-1636| volume = 77| issue = 1| pages = 191–210}}
*{{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 2003| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| chapter = Panjabi| editor-last1 = Cardona| editor-first1 = George| editor-last2 = Jain| editor-first2 = Dhanesh| location = London| publisher = Routledge| series = Routledge language family series. Y| isbn = 978-0-7007-1130-7| pages = 581–621}}
*{{cite thesis|last= Wagha|first= Muhammad Ahsan|date= 1997|title= The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan|type= Ph.D.|publisher= School of Oriental and African Studies|url= http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267685}} (requires registration)
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*[http://llmap.org/assets/maps/LinguisticSurveyIndia/punjabi.tif Map of Punjabi dialects] from [[G.A. Grierson|Grierson's]] early 20th-century [[Linguistic Survey of India]]

{{Punjabi dialects}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Language varieties}}


[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Lahnda languages]]
[[Category:Punjabi language]]
[[Category:Punjabi language]]
[[Category:Dialects of Punjabi]]
[[Category:Punjabi dialects| ]]
[[Category:Greater Punjabi languages and dialects]]

Latest revision as of 08:20, 5 December 2024

Punjabi languages
Geographic
distribution		Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh
EthnicityPunjabis
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Early form
Language codes
Glottologlahn1241
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Punjab portal
Map of dialects of Punjabi and some closely related languages.

The Punjabi dialects and languages or Greater Punjabi are a series of dialects and languages spoken around the Punjab region of Pakistan and India with varying degrees of official recognition.[7] They have sometimes been referred to as the Greater Punjabi macrolanguage.[8] Punjabi may also be considered as a pluricentric language with more than one standard variety.[9]

Punjabi is a language spoken primarily in the Punjab region, which is divided between India and Pakistan. It is also spoken by Punjabi diaspora communities around the world. Punjabi itself has several dialects that can vary based on geographical, cultural, and historical factors.

The varieties of "Greater Punjabi" have a number of characteristics in common, for example the preservation of the Prakrit double consonants in stressed syllables.[10] Nevertheless, there is disagreement on whether they form part of a single language group, with some proposed classifications placing them all within the Northwestern zone of Indo-Aryan, while others reserving this only for the western varieties, and assigning the eastern ones to the Central zone alongside Hindi.[11]

Geographic distribution

The literary languages that have developed on the basis of dialects of this area are Standard Punjabi in eastern and central Punjab, Saraiki in the southwest, and Pahari-Pothwari in the northwest.[12] A distinction is usually made between Punjabi in the east and the diverse group of "Lahnda" in the west. "Lahnda" typically subsumes the Saraiki and Hindko varieties, with Jhangvi and Shahpuri intermediate between the two groups. Pothwari shares features with both Lahnda and Punjabi.[13]

Pakistan

Punjabi, Hindko and Saraiki are listed separately in the census enumerations of Pakistan.[14] According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan, there are 80,536,390 Punjabi speakers; 25,324,637 Saraiki speakers and 5,065,879 Hindko speakers.[15] Saraiki was added to the census in 1981, and Hindko was added in 2017, prior to which both were represented by Lahnda language. In areas such as Gujar Khan and Rawalpindi where Pothwari is a spoken language,[16] speakers significantly selected 'Punjabi" instead of "Other" in all previous census enumeration.[17]

Azad Kashmir

In a statistical survey carried about by a proxy of the Government of Azad Kashmir, most speakers of Azad Kashmir spoke a variety of Pahari-Pothwari, while Punjabi attained a plurality in the Bhimber district.[18] Some Pothwari speakers in Azad Kashmir and the Pothohar refer to their mother tongue as Punjabi, hence those choosing 'Punjabi' may be referring to 'Pothwari/Pahari'.[19]

India

In India, Punjabi is listed as a constitutional language and is counted in the census returns. According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 33,124,726 Punjabi speakers which includes the varieties of Bagri (1,656,588 speakers) Bilaspuri (295,805 speakers) and Bhateali (23,970 speakers).[20] Bagri is spoken in parts of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. Bilaspuri and Bhateali are spoken in Himachal Pradesh. The status of Bagri is split between Punjabi and Rajasthani in the census returns with options available under Punjabi and Rajasthani.[21] Gusain (1991) places Bagri as a Rajasthani dialect.[22] Similarly, the identities of Bilaspuri and Bhateali are also split, in their case, between Punjabi and Dogri.[23][24]

Lahnda languages are only enumerated in the census returns in India with 108,791 speakers listed in the 2011 census. The varieties listed under Lahnda are Bahawalpuri (29,253 speakers); Multani which is described as Hindi Multani (61,722 speakers) and unclassified (17,816 speakers).[25] Punchi is spoken in Jammu. The language variety is listed under Lahnda as it, together with Bahwalpuri and Multani satisfies the "criterion of 10,000 or more speakers at the all India level".[26]

Historically, Dogri was considered to be a dialect of Punjabi spoken primarily in Jammu.[27] In the 1941 Census, Dogri was listed under Punjabi.[28] Since 2003, Dogri is listed as an independent language in the constitution of India.[29] According to the 2011 Census - India, there are 2,596,767 Dogri speakers. Similar to Dogri, the Kangri language spoken in Himachal Pradesh was regarded as a Punjabi dialect but since 1971, it has been reclassified under Hindi.[30] There were 1,117,342 Kangri speakers listed in the 2011 Census- India. Despite the independent status of Dogri and reclassification of Kangri, both languages are claimed to fall within Punjabi by some writers.[31][32] Others place Dogri and Kangri within the Western Pahari group.[33] Eberle et al. (2020) believe Dogri and Kangri are related to Eastern Punjabi and place these languages in a group of related languages descended from an intermediate division of Indo-Aryan languages.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ Haldar, Gopal (2000). Languages of India. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. p. 149. ISBN 9788123729367. The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.
  2. ^ Bhatia, Tej K. (2013). Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. XXV. ISBN 9781136894602. As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).
  3. ^ Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). "0.2.1 – Form". Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures (First ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781136451089. Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.
  4. ^ Frawley, William (2003). International encyclopedia of linguistics (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 423. ISBN 9780195139778.
  5. ^ Austin, Peter (2008). One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780520255609.
  6. ^ Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 411. ISBN 9781139465502.
  7. ^ "Glottolog 4.8 - Greater Panjabic". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  8. ^ For the use of the term "Greater Panjabi", see Rensch (1992, p. 87) and Rahman (1996, p. 175).
  9. ^ [1]Muhr, Rudoplh (2016) Pluricentric Languages and Non-Dominant Varieties Worldwide. Peter Lang
  10. ^ Shackle 2003, p. 591.
  11. ^ Masica 1991, pp. 446–63.
  12. ^ Shackle 1979, p. 198.
  13. ^ Pothwari has previously been regarded as part of "Lahnda", but Shackle (1979, pp. 201) argues that it shares features with both groups. Jhangvi (Wagha 1997, p. 229) and Shahpuri (Shackle 1979, pp. 201) are transitional between Saraiki and Punjabi.
  14. ^ "Pakistan Demographic Survey 2020" (PDF). pbs.gov.pk. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  15. ^ "Table 11. Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban" (PDF). pbs.gov.pk. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  16. ^ Singh, Dr Gurmeet (2021-09-11). Information Seeking Behaviour of Users in Punjabi Literature. K.K. Publications. p. 98.
  17. ^ "Table 11. Population of Rawalpindi District by mother tongue" (PDF). pbs.gov.pk.
  18. ^ Statistical Year Book 2020 (PDF). Muzaffarabad: AJ&K Bureau Of Statistics. pp. 131, 140. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  19. ^ "Pahari and Pothwari: a sociolinguistic survey". SIL International. p. 44. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
  20. ^ Census catalog
  21. ^ Language (Paper 1 OF 2018)- Census of India2011
  22. ^ *Gusain, Lakhan (1999). A Descriptive Grammar of Bagri (PhD). Jawaharlal Nehru University. hdl:10603/16847.
  23. ^ Tiwari, Dr Siyaram. Bhartiya Bhashaon Ki Pahchan (in Hindi). Vani Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5229-677-4.
  24. ^ Ralph Lilley Turner (1985), A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, p. xii, Wikidata Q115652507
  25. ^ Census Index
  26. ^ Census Tables
  27. ^ Kli︠u︡ev, B. I. (1981). India, National and Language Problem. India: Sterling.[2]
  28. ^ Census of India, 1941.  (1943). India: Manager of publications
  29. ^ Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism. (2007). (n.p.): Taylor & Francis [3]
  30. ^ Language Sciences.  (1991). Japan: International Christian University Language Sciences Summer Institute.[4]
  31. ^ Grewal, J.S. and Banga, Indu (1998) Punjab in prosperity and violence: administration, politics, and social change, 1947-1997. K.K. Publishers for Institute of Punjab Studies, Chandigarh [5]
  32. ^ "Pushp & Warikoo: Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh - Linguistic Predicament". koshur.org. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
  33. ^ Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, Matthias Fritz (2017) Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics [6]
  34. ^ Eberle, Ulrich J.; Henderson, J. Vernon; Rohner, Dominic; Schmidheiny, Kurt (2020). "Ethnolinguistic diversity and urban agglomeration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (28): 16250–16257. ISSN 0027-8424.

Sources

  • Birmani, Ali H.; Ahmed, Fasih (2017). "Language of the Khetrans of Barkhan of Pakistani Balochistan: A preliminary description". Lingua. 191–192: 3–21. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2016.12.003. ISSN 0024-3841.
  • Burling, Robbins. 1970. Man's many voices. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Ethnologue. Indo-Aryan Classification of 219 languages that have been assigned to the Indo-Aryan grouping of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.
  • Ethnologue. Languages of India
  • Ethnologue. Languages of Pakistan
  • Grierson, George A. (1903–1928). Linguistic Survey of India. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. Online database
  • Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
  • Rahman, Tariq (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.
  • Rahman, Tariq. 2006. The role of English in Pakistan with special reference to tolerance and militancy. In Amy Tsui et al., Language, policy, culture and identity in Asian contexts. Routledge. 219–240.
  • Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5.
  • Shackle, C. 1970. Punjabi in Lahore. Modern Asian Studies, 4 (3):239–267. Available online at JSTOR.
  • Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
  • Shackle, Christopher (2003). "Panjabi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. pp. 581–621. ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7.
  • Wagha, Muhammad Ahsan (1997). The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan (Ph.D.). School of Oriental and African Studies. (requires registration)
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