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{{short description|Celebration honouring mothers}}
[[Image:Mother's Day cake.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A celebratory [[cake]].]]
{{Other uses}}
'''Mother's Day''' is a [[holiday]] honoring [[mother]]s, celebrated (on various days) in many places around the world. Mothers often receive [[gift]]s on this day.
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Mother's Day
|image = William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Maternal Admiration (1869).jpg
|caption = ''Maternal Admiration'', painted by [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]]
|type = worldwide
|observedby = 40+ countries
|significance = Honors mothers and motherhood
|date = Varies per country
|celebrations =
|duration = 1 day
|frequency = Annual
|observances =
|relatedto = {{hlist|[[Children's Day]]|[[Siblings Day]]|[[Father's Day]]|[[Parents' Day]]|[[Grandparents' Day]]}}
}}


'''Mother's Day''' is a celebration honoring the [[mother]] of the family or individual, as well as [[motherhood]], [[maternal bond]]s, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on different days in many parts of the world, most commonly in March or May.<!-- Note: this means Mother’s Day falls in autumn in most of South America, South Africa, Australia, and N.Z.; see list "Dates around the world". --> It complements similar celebrations honoring family members, such as [[Father's Day]], [[Siblings Day]], and [[Grandparents' Day]].
Mother's Day is a strange time of year for [[mail]] in many countries. In [[1973]], the [[U.S. Postal Service]] was held up for eight days because of the amount of mail. [[Telephone]] networks are also at their busiest on Mother's Day. Mother's Day is the number one holiday for flowers purchased throughout the year.


In the 19th century in the British Isles, "[[Mothering Sunday]]" was celebrated on the fourth Sunday in Lent. On this day, clerics and curates were encouraged to use the time at their disposal to visit their original [[Mother church|mother churches]].
==History==
Different countries celebrate '''Mother's Day''' on various days of the year because the day has a number of different origins. One school of thought claims this day emerged from a custom of mother worship in ancient [[Greece]]. Mother worship &mdash; which kept a festival to [[Cybele]], a great mother of gods, and [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]], the wife of [[Cronus]] &mdash; was held around the [[Vernal Equinox]] around [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] and eventually in Rome itself from the [[Ides of March]] ([[March 15]]) to [[March 18]].


While other countries also have a multi-century history of a day to celebrate mothers, the modern American version of the holiday began in the United States in the early 20th century at the initiative of [[Anna Jarvis]]. She organized the first Mother's Day [[Church service|service of worship]] and celebration at [[Andrews Methodist Church|Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church]] in [[Grafton, West Virginia]], which serves as the [[International Mother's Day Shrine]] today.<ref name="O'Reilly2010">{{cite book|last=O'Reilly|first=Andrea|title=Encyclopedia of Motherhood |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamoth00orei|url-access=limited|date=April 6, 2010|publisher=Sage Publications (CA)|isbn=978-1-4522-6629-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamoth00orei/page/n651 602]|quote=She organized the first official Mother's Day service at Andrews Methodist Church in Grafton, West Virginia, on the morning of May 10, 1908. That same afternoon, 15,000 people attended a Mother's Day service at the Wanamaker Store Auditorium in Philadelphia, which she also organized. Jarvis chose the second Sunday in May for Mother's Day to mark the anniversary of her mother's death and selected her mother's favorite flower, the white carnation, as the day's official emblem.}}</ref> It is not directly related to the many traditional celebrations of mothers and motherhood that have existed throughout the world over thousands of years, such as the [[Greek language|Greek]] cult to [[Cybele]], the mother deity [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]], the Roman festival of [[Hilaria]], or the other Christian ecclesiastical [[Mothering Sunday]] celebration (associated with the image of [[Mother Church]]).<ref name="grold">{{citation |title= Mother's Day |author=L. James Grold | journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume= 124 |issue=10 |date= April 1968 |pages= 1456–1458 |quote= Mother's Day, conceived by Anna Jarvis to honor unselfish mothers (...) Although there is no direct lineal descent to our modern Mother's Day custom, secular and religious motherhood have existed for thousands of years before 10 May 1908: the first church – St. Andrew's in Grafton, West Virginia – responded to her request for a Sunday service honoring mothers . Cybele (...)|doi=10.1176/ajp.124.10.1456 |pmid=5643668 | issn=0002-953X}}</ref><ref name="tuleja">{{citation |title= Curious Customs: The Stories Behind 296 Popular American Rituals |first= Tad |last= Tuleja |publisher=Galahad Books |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-1578660704 |page= 167 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CJJracI4-JUC |quote= Although attempts have been made to link Mother's Day to ancient cults of the mother goddess, especially the worship of Cybele, the association is more conceptual than historic. Mother's Day is a modern, American invention. |author-link= Tad Tuleja }}</ref><ref name="myers">{{citation |title= Celebrations; the complete book of American holidays |author=Robert J. Myers, [[Hallmark Cards]] |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |year= 1972 |page= 143 |isbn=9780385076777 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8jbgAAAAMAAJ |quote= Our observance of Mother's Day is little more than half a century old [this was written in 1972], yet the nature of the holiday makes it seem as if it had its roots in prehistoric times. Many antiquarians, holiday enthusiasts, and students of folklore have claimed to find the source of Mother's Day in the ancient spring festivals dedicated to the mother goddess, particularly the worship of Cybele. }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Helsloot|2007|p=208}} "The American origin of the Day, however, was duly acknowledged. 'The idea is imported,. America led the way.'"</ref> However, in some countries, Mother's Day is still synonymous with these older traditions.<ref name="bbc a">{{citation
In the [[United States]], Mother's Day was originally conceived by social activist [[Julia Ward Howe]] during the [[American Civil War]] with a call to unite women against war. She wrote the [[Mother's Day Proclamation]]. In the United States, the day now simply celebrates [[motherhood]] and thanking [[mother]]s.
| title = Mothering Sunday
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/motheringsunday_1.shtml
| date = 2011-07-05
| access-date = 2023-05-08
| publisher = [[BBC]]
}}</ref><ref name="bbc b">{{citation
| title = Mother's Day: When is it celebrated and where did it come from?
| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/17343360
| date = 2023-03-19
| access-date = 2023-05-08
| publisher = [[BBC]]
}}</ref><ref name="CoE">{{citation
| title = Mothering Sunday, what are its origins in the Church?
| url = https://www.churchofengland.org/news-and-media/stories-and-features/mothering-sunday-what-are-its-origins-church
| date = 2019-03-26
| access-date = 2023-05-08
| publisher = [[Church of England]]
}}</ref>
[[File:Andrea Solario 002.jpg|alt=Mother's Day|thumb|Mother's Day]]
The American version of Mother's Day has been criticized for having become too commercialized.<ref name=why/><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/mothers-day-2017-uk-date-facts-traditions/ Mother's Day 2017], ''The Daily Telegraph''</ref> Jarvis herself, who began the celebration as a liturgical observance, regretted this [[commercialism]] and expressed that this was never her intention.<ref name="O'Reilly2010"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/13/us/mothers-day-anna-jarvis-trnd/index.html|title=Mother's Day founder later came to regret it|last=Trammell|first=Kendall |work=CNN|access-date=13 May 2018}}</ref> In response, [[Constance Adelaide Smith]] successfully advocated for [[Mothering Sunday]] as a commemoration of a broader definition of motherhood in many other parts of the [[English-speaking world]].<ref name="BL">{{cite web |last1=Dunning |first1=Andrew |title=The medieval origins of Mothering Sunday |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2017/03/the-medieval-origins-of-mothering-sunday.html |website=Medieval manuscripts blog |publisher=The British Library |date=26 March 2017}}</ref>


{{TOC limit|3|date=March 2013}}
In most countries, Mother's Day is a new concept copied from [[western civilization]]. In many [[Africa|African]] countries, Mother's Day has its origins in copying the [[United Kingdom|British]] concept. In most of [[East Asia]], Mother's Day is a heavily marketed and commercialized concept copied straight from [[Mother's Day (United States)|Mother's Day in the USA]].


==Establishment of holiday==
===US origin===
[[File:Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church, the International Mother's Day Shrine. Grafton, West Virginia LCCN2015631665.tif|thumb|[[Andrews Methodist Church|Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church]], the site of the first Mother's Day religious service in 1908, is the [[International Mother's Day Shrine]].]]
[[Julia Ward Howe]] wrote the [[Mother's Day Proclamation]] in 1870, as a call for peace and disarmament. An excerpt follows:
{{main|Mother's Day (United States)#History}}
The modern holiday was first celebrated in 1907, when [[Anna Jarvis]] held the first Mother's Day [[Church service|service of worship]] at [[Andrews Methodist Church|Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church]] in [[Grafton, West Virginia]].<ref name="O'Reilly2010"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/05/10/nietzsche-wishes-you-an-ambivalent-mothers-day/|title=Nietzsche Wishes You an Ambivalent Mother's Day|last1=Kaag|first1=John|date=10 May 2018|work=[[The Paris Review]]|access-date=13 May 2018|last2=Cleary|first2=Skye C.}}</ref> Andrew's Methodist Church now holds the [[International Mother's Day Shrine]].<ref name="O'Reilly2010"/> Her campaign to make Mother's Day a recognized holiday in the United States began in 1905, the year her mother, [[Ann Jarvis|Ann Reeves Jarvis]], died. Ann Jarvis had been a peace activist who cared for wounded soldiers on both sides of the [[American Civil War]], and created Mother's Day Work Clubs to address public health issues. She and another peace activist and suffragist, [[Julia Ward Howe]], had been urging for the creation of a "Mother's Day For Peace" where mothers would ask that their husbands and sons were no longer killed in wars. Forty years before it became an official holiday, Ward Howe had made her [[Mother's Day Proclamation]] in 1870, which called upon mothers of all nationalities to band together to promote the "amicable settlement of international questions, the great and general interests of peace."<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Mother's Day as a Day of Peace: Julia Ward Howe|url=https://peacealliance.org/history-of-mothers-day-as-a-day-of-peace-julia-ward-howe/|last=Matthew|date=8 May 2015|website=The Peace Alliance|language=en-US|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> Anna Jarvis wanted to honor this and to set aside a day to honor all mothers because she believed a mother is "the person who has done more for you than anyone in the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ed.gov/news/newsletters/engagingfamilies/index.html|title=Engaging Families – U.S. Department of Education|date=14 December 2017|website=www2.ed.gov}}</ref>


In 1908, the [[U.S. Congress]] rejected a proposal to make Mother's Day an official holiday, joking that they would also have to proclaim a "Mother-in-law's Day".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Panati|first1=Charles|title=Panati's Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things|date=2016|publisher=Book Sales|isbn=978-0785834373|page=59|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utroDAAAQBAJ&q=%22mother-in-law's%20day%22%201908&pg=PA59|language=en}}</ref> However, owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis, by 1911 all U.S. states observed the holiday,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Antolini|first1=Katharine Lane|title=Encyclopedia of Motherhood |date=2010 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-1412968461 |page=602 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pcxqzal4bEYC&q=%22mother's%20day%22%201911%20jarvis&pg=PA602 |chapter=Jarvis, Anna}}</ref> with some of them officially recognizing Mother's Day as a local holiday<ref name="RiceTedesco2015">{{cite book|author1=Connie Park Rice|author2=Marie Tedesco|title=Women of the Mountain South: Identity, Work, and Activism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0fkBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29|date= 2015|publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-8214-4522-8 |pages=29–}}</ref> (the first being West Virginia, Jarvis's home state, in 1910). In 1914, Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother's Day, held on the second Sunday in May, as a national holiday to honor mothers.<ref name="deseret" />
<BLOCKQUOTE>
''From the voice of a devastated Earth a voice goes up with <br>
''Our own. It says: "Disarm! Disarm!<br>
''The sword of murder is not the balance of justice."<br>
''Blood does not wipe our dishonor,<br>
''Nor violence indicate possession.<br>
''As men have often forsaken the plough and the anvil at the summons of war,<br>
''Let women now leave all that may be left of home<br>
''For a great and earnest day of counsel.<br>
''Let them meet first, as women, to bewail and commemorate the dead.<br>
''Let them solemnly take counsel with each other as to the means<br>
''Whereby the great human family can live in peace...<br>
</BLOCKQUOTE>


Although Jarvis, who started Mother's Day as a liturgical service, was successful in founding the celebration, she became resentful of the commercialization of the holiday, and it became associated with the phrase "[[Hallmark holiday]]". By the early 1920s, [[Hallmark Cards]] and other companies had started selling Mother's Day cards. Jarvis believed that the companies had misinterpreted and exploited the idea of Mother's Day, and that the emphasis of the holiday was on sentiment, not profit. As a result, she organized boycotts of Mother's Day and threatened to issue [[lawsuits]] against the companies involved.<ref name="kansas2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.kansas.com/2014/04/27/3424594/hallmark-celebrates-the-100th.html|title=Hallmark celebrates 100th year of Mother's Day, started by a woman who grew to despise it|work=kansas.com|access-date=7 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705144324/http://www.kansas.com/2014/04/27/3424594/hallmark-celebrates-the-100th.html|archive-date=5 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jarvis argued that people should appreciate and honor their mothers through handwritten letters expressing their love and gratitude, instead of buying gifts and pre-made cards.<ref name="deseret">{{cite web|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865602516/Mothers-Day-100-year-history-a-colorful-tale-of-love-anger-and-civic-unrest.html|title=Mother's Day 100-year history a colorful tale of love, anger and civic unrest|author=Lois M. Collins|date=6 May 2014|work=Deseret News|access-date=7 May 2014|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220324/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865602516/Mothers-Day-100-year-history-a-colorful-tale-of-love-anger-and-civic-unrest.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jarvis protested at a candy makers' convention in [[Philadelphia]] in 1923, and at a meeting of [[American War Mothers]] in 1925. By this time, [[carnation]]s had become associated with Mother's Day, and the selling of carnations by the American War Mothers to raise money angered Jarvis, who was arrested for [[Breach of the peace|disturbing the peace]].<ref name="deseret" /><ref name="kansas2014" />
Howe failed in her attempt to get formal recognition of a Mother's Day for Peace. Her idea was influenced by [[Anna Jarvis]], a young [[Appalachia|Appalachian]] homemaker who, starting in 1858, had attempted to improve sanitation through what she called Mothers' Work Days. She organized women throughout the Civil War to work for better sanitary conditions for both sides, and in 1868 she began work to reconcile Union and Confederate neighbors.


In Britain, Constance Adelaide Smith was inspired to advocate for [[Mothering Sunday]], an already-existing Christian ecclesiastical celebration in which the faithful visit the church in which they received the [[sacrament]] of [[baptism]], as an equivalent celebration.<ref name="Diller1990">{{cite book |last1=Diller |first1=Harriett |title=Celebrations That Matter: A Year-Round Guide to Making Holidays Meaningful |date=1990 |publisher=Augsburg |isbn=978-0-8066-2498-3 |page=35 |language=en |quote=In England, Mothering Sunday is a day to honor both your mother church and your own mother. In the past, young people working away from home visited their mothers and the churches where they were baptized on Mothering Sunday.}}</ref><ref name="PearsonSzoke2009">{{cite book |last1=Pearson |first1=Sharon Ely |last2=Szoke |first2=Robyn |title=The Prayer Book Guide to Christian Education, Third Edition |date=2009 |publisher=[[Church Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8192-2337-1 |page=49 |language=en |quote=Mothering Sunday – In England children away from home at school or work were permitted to go home to visit their mothers and/or to visit their cathedral or mother church on this fourth Sunday of Lent. Today, many cathedrals and "mother" churches invite all who had been baptized there to return "home" to worship.}}</ref><ref name="Smith1921">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=C. Penswick |title=The Revival of Mothering Sunday |date=1921 |publisher=SPCK |location=London}}</ref><ref name="Smith1926">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Constance Penswick |title=A short history of Mothering Sunday (mid-Lent) |date=1926 |location=Nottingham |edition=3 |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009976838}}</ref> She referred to [[medieval]] traditions of celebrating [[Mother Church]], 'mothers of earthly homes', [[Mary, mother of Jesus]], and [[Mother Nature]].<ref name="Smith1921"/><ref name="BL"/> Her efforts were successful in the [[British Isles]] and other parts of the English-speaking world.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|id=103415|title=Smith, Constance Adelaide [''pseud.'' C. Penswick Smith]|last1=Moyse|first1=Cordelia}}</ref>
When Jarvis died, her daughter, also named Anna Jarvis, started the crusade to found a memorial day for women. The first such Mother's Day was celebrated in [[Grafton, West Virginia]], on [[May 10]], [[1908]], in the church where the elder Anna Jarvis had taught Sunday School. Grafton is the home to the [http://www.mothersdayshrine.com International Mother's Day Shrine]. From there, the custom caught on &mdash; spreading eventually to 45 states. The holiday was declared officially by somes states beginning in 1912. In 1914 President [[Woodrow Wilson]] declared the first national Mother's Day. Nine years after the first official Mother's Day holiday, commercialization of the U.S. holiday became so rampant that Anna Jarvis herself became a major opponent of what the holiday had become. Mother's Day continues to this day to be one of the most commercially successful U.S. holidays.


==Mothering Sunday==
== Spelling ==
{{main|Mothering Sunday}}
Mothering Sunday, commonly called "Mother's Day" in the [[United Kingdom]], has no direct connection to the American practice. It falls on the fourth Sunday of [[Lent]] (typically March or early April). It is believed to have originated from the [[Christian]] practice of visiting one's mother church annually, this meant that most families would be reunited on this day. Most historians believe that young apprentices and young women in servitude were released by their masters that weekend in order to visit their families<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/features/mday/index.shtml BBC article regarding Mothering Sunday]</ref>.


In 1912, Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrase "Second Sunday in May, Mother's Day, Anna Jarvis, Founder", and created the Mother's Day International Association.<ref>Compare footnote 51 in {{cite book
==Mother's Days in various parts of the world==
| last1 = LaRossa
Mothers' Day is celebrated on different days throughout the world. Examining the [[Google Trends|trends in Google searches]] for the term "mothers day" shows two major blips, the smaller one on the fourth Sunday in Lent, and the larger one on the first Sunday in May. [http://www.google.com/trends?q=mothers+day&ctab=0&date=all&geo=all]
| first1 = Ralph
| title = The Modernization of Fatherhood: A Social and Political History
| url = https://archive.org/details/modernizationoff00laro
| url-access = registration
| publisher = University of Chicago Press
| date = 1997
| page = [https://archive.org/details/modernizationoff00laro/page/272 272]
| isbn = 978-0226469041
| access-date = 28 April 2016
| quote = Technically, at least, Mother's Day was 'owned' by Jarvis. She managed not only to incorporate the Mother's Day International Association but also to register 'Second Sunday in May, Mother's Day, Anna Jarvis, Founder,' as the organization's trademark.
}}
</ref> She specifically noted that "Mother's" should "be a singular possessive, for each family to honor its own mother, not a plural possessive commemorating all mothers in the world."<ref name="vancouversun">{{Cite news | url = http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=c942370c-cdbb-43b2-af59-71ad4b546854 | title = Mother's Day creator likely 'spinning in her grave' | author = Louisa Taylor, Canwest News Service | work = The Vancouver Sun | location = Canada | date = 11 May 2008 | access-date = 7 July 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080514130408/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=c942370c-cdbb-43b2-af59-71ad4b546854 | archive-date = 14 May 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> This is also the spelling used by U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] in his 1914 presidential proclamation, by the U.S. Congress in relevant bills,<ref name="vote274">[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/vote.xpd?vote=h2008-274 House Vote No. 274 (7 May 2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122220858/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/vote.xpd?vote=h2008-274 |date=22 November 2008 }} H. Res. 1113: Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother's Day (Vote On Passage)</ref><ref name="vote275">[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/vote.xpd?vote=h2008-275 House Vote No. 275 (7 May 2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122104652/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/vote.xpd?vote=h2008-275 |date=22 November 2008 }} Table Motion to Reconsider: H RES 1113 Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother's Day</ref> and by various U.S. presidents in their proclamations concerning Mother's Day.<ref>Presidential proclamations from The American Presidency Project:
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=14859 71 – Proclamation 2083 – Mother's Day Proclamation], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], 3 May 1934.
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=24097 Proclamation 3535 Mother's Day, 1963] [[John F. Kennedy]], 26 April 1963.
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=75197 Proclamation 3583 – Mother's Day, 1964] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], 23 April 1964
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=834 Proclamation 4437 – Mother's Day, 1976], [[Gerald Ford]], 5 May 1976.
* [http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1988/042688c.htm Proclamation 5801 – Mother's Day, 1988] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111822/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1988/042688c.htm |date=24 September 2015 }}, [[Ronald Reagan]], 26 April 1988.
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=1845 Proclamation 6133 – Mother's Day, 1990], [[George H. W. Bush|George Bush]], 10 May 1990
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=62428 Proclamation 6559 – Mother's Day, 1993], [[Bill Clinton]], 7 May 1993.
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=77285 Proclamation 8253 – Mother's Day, 2008], [[George W. Bush]], 8 May 2008.</ref>


==Dates around the world==
{| class="wikitable"
While the United States holiday was adopted by some other countries, existing celebrations, held on different dates, honoring motherhood have become described as "Mother's Day", such as [[Mothering Sunday]] in the United Kingdom<ref name="bbc">{{citation |title= Mothering Sunday |publisher= [[BBC]] |access-date=4 March 2010 |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/motheringsunday_1.shtml }}</ref> or, in Greece, the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] celebration of the presentation of [[Jesus Christ]] to the temple (2 February of [[Julian calendar|Julian Calendar]]). Both the secular and religious Mother Day are present in [[Greece]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AT57AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA357|last1=Ebaugh|first1=Helen Rose|last2=Chafetz|first2= Janet Saltzman |title=Religion & the New Immigrants: Continuities & Adaptations in Immigrant Congregations|page=357|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|AltaMira Press]]|isbn=0742503909|year=2000|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref> Mothering Sunday is often referred to as "Mother's Day" even though it is an unrelated celebration.<ref name="bbc" />
|--
| second Sunday in February|| [[Norway]]
|--
| [[Shevat|Shevat 30]] (usually in February)|| [[Israel]]
|--
| [[March 3]]|| [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|--
| [[March 8]]|| [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Serbia and Montenegro]], [[Slovenia]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Albania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]], [[Belarus]], ((Ukraine)). The date coincides with the [[International Women's Day]].
|--
| fourth Sunday in [[Lent]] ([[Mothering Sunday|Mothering&nbsp;Sunday]]) ([[March 26]] 2006) || [[Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]]
|--
| [[March 21]] ([[vernal equinox|first&nbsp;day&nbsp;of&nbsp;spring]])|| [[Bahrain]], [[Egypt]], [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Palestinian Territories]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Yemen]]
|--
| [[April 7]]|| [[Armenia]]
|--
| first Sunday in May || [[Hungary]], [[Lithuania]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]]
|--
| [[May 8]]||[[South Korea]], [[Albania]] ([[Parents' Day]])
|--
| [[May 10]]|| much of [[South America]], [[India]], [[Mexico]], [[Oman]], [[Pakistan]], [[Qatar]]
|--
| second Sunday in May <!-- We shouldn't have to change this every year to reflect the day Mother's Day falls on this year - that's a generalization of the "weasel word" concept --> || [[Anguilla]], [[Aruba]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Bahamas]], [[Barbados]],[[Bangladesh]], [[Belgium]], [[Belize]], [[Bermuda]], [[Bonaire]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Colombia]], [[Cuba]], [[Croatia]], [[Curacao]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Denmark]], [[Ecuador]], [[El Salvador]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Grenada]], [[Holland]], [[Honduras]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Iceland]], [[Italy]], [[Jamaica]], [[Japan]], [[Latvia]], [[Malta]], [[Malaysia]], [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]], [[New Zealand]], [[Peru]], [[Philippines]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Singapore]], [[Slovakia]], [[South Africa]], [[Suriname]], [[Switzerland]], [[Taiwan]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Turkey]], [[United States]], [[Uruguay]], [[Venezuela]], [[Zimbabwe]] {{see|Mother's Day (United States)}}
|--
| [[May 26]]|| [[Poland]]
|--
| [[May 27]]|| [[Bolivia]]
|--
| [[May 30]]|| [[Nicaragua]]
|--
| last Sunday in May|| [[Sweden]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Haiti]]
|--
| last Sunday in May|| [[France]] (except if it coincides with [[Pentecost]] day, in which case Mother's Day will be shifted to the first Sunday of June)
|--
| [[August 12]] || [[Thailand]] (the birthday of Queen [[Sirikit Kitiyakara]])
|--
| [[August 15]] ([[Assumption Day|Assumption&nbsp;Day]])|| [[Antwerp]] ([[Belgium]]), [[Costa Rica]]
|--
| second or third Sunday in October|| [[Argentina]] (''Día de la Madre'')
|--
| last Sunday in November|| [[Russia]]
|--
| [[December 8]]|| [[Panama]]
|--
| [[December 22]]|| [[Indonesia]]
|--
| Varies|| [[Iran]] (The birthday of prophet Muhammad's daughter is considered Mother's Day, which is based on the Lunar calendar and consequently shifts in relation to the Christian calendar)


In some countries, the date adopted is one significant to the majority religion, such as [[Virgin Mary]] Day in Catholic countries. Other countries selected a date with historical significance. For example, Bolivia's Mother's Day is a fixed date, commemorating a battle in which women participated to defend their children.<ref name="bolivia" />

Some countries, such as [[Russia]], celebrate [[International Women's Day]] instead of Mother's Day<ref name="saunders">{{citation |title= Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation |volume= 78 |series= Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Historical dictionaries of French history |author1=Robert A. Saunders |author2=Vlad Strukov |edition= illustrated |publisher= Scarecrow Press |year= 2010 |isbn= 978-0810854758 |page= 246 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=l_uAoNJiOMwC&pg=PA246}}</ref> or simply celebrate both holidays, which is the custom in Ukraine. Kyrgyzstan has recently introduced Mother's Day, but "year on year [[International Women's Day]] is certainly increasing in status".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.internationalwomensday.com/About|title=About International Women's Day|website=International Women's Day}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;"
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Gregorian calendar]]
|-
! style="width:18%;" | Occurrence
! style="width:18%;" | Dates
! style="width:64%;" | Country
|-
| valign="top" |
Second Sunday of February
| style="vertical-align:top; width:150px;" |
{{weekday in month|Second|Sunday|February|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}} February {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}<br />
'''{{weekday in month|Second|Sunday|February|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}} February {{CURRENTYEAR}}'''<br />
{{weekday in month|Second|Sunday|February|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}} February {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Norway}}
|-
| valign="top" |
3 March
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Georgia}}<ref name="georgia" />
|-
| valign="top" |
8 March
(with [[International Women's Day]])
|
|{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{Plainlist|

*{{flag|Albania}}
*{{flag|Armenia}}
*{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
*{{flag|Belarus}}
*{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
*{{flag|Bulgaria}}
*{{flag|Burundi}}
*{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
*{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
*{{flag|Kosovo}}
*{{flag|Laos}}
*{{flag|Moldova}}
*{{flag|Montenegro}}
*{{flag|North Macedonia}}
*{{flag|Russia}}
*{{flag|Serbia}}
*{{flag|Tajikistan}}
*{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
*{{flag|Vietnam}}<ref name="vietnam">{{cite web|last1=Ngo|first1=Dong|title=Latest U.S. export to Vietnam: Mother's Day|url=https://cnet.com/news/latest-u-s-export-to-vietnam-mothers-day/|access-date=7 May 2016|website=[[CNET]]|date=25 June 2009}}</ref>
}}
{{div col end}}
|-
| valign="top" |
[[Laetare Sunday|Fourth Sunday]] in [[Lent]] ([[Mothering Sunday]])
| valign="top" |
{{#time:j F Y|{{JULIANDAY.TIMESTAMP|{{#expr:{{JD|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}|3|7}}+{{Computus/g|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}}}}}}}}<br />
'''{{#time:j F Y|{{JULIANDAY.TIMESTAMP|{{#expr:{{JD|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|3|7}}+{{Computus/g|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}}}}}'''<br />
{{#time:j F Y|{{JULIANDAY.TIMESTAMP|{{#expr:{{JD|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|3|7}}+{{Computus/g|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}}}}}}}}
|{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{Plainlist|
*{{flag|Guernsey}}
*{{flag|Ireland}}
*{{flag|Isle of Man}}
*{{flag|Jersey}}
*{{flag|Nigeria}}
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref name="telegraph1">{{cite news|last1=Allen|first1=Emily|last2=Macphail|first2=Cameron|title=Mother's Day 2016: Everything you need to know about Mothering Sunday 2016|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/12184972/Mothers-Day-Everything-you-need-to-know-about-Mothering-Sunday-2016.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/12184972/Mothers-Day-Everything-you-need-to-know-about-Mothering-Sunday-2016.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=6 March 2016|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=6 March 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
}}
{{div col end}}
|-
| valign="top" |
21 March<br />
(Spring [[equinox]])
|
|{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{Plainlist|
*{{flag|Bahrain}}<ref name="march21"/>
*{{flag|Comoros}}
*{{flag|Djibouti}}
*{{flag|Egypt}}<ref name="march21">{{cite news|last1=Sawwan|first1=Ameenah A.|title=A Special Note to Syrian Mothers on Mother's Day|url=https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/op-eds/2016/03/23/a-special-note-to-syrian-mothers-on-mothers-day|access-date=8 May 2016|work=[[News Deeply]]|date=23 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603192215/https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/op-eds/2016/03/23/a-special-note-to-syrian-mothers-on-mothers-day|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flag|Iraq}}
*{{flag|Jordan}}<ref name="march21"/>
*{{flag|Kuwait}}<ref name="march21"/>
*{{flag|Libya}}<ref name="march21"/>
*{{flag|Lebanon}}<ref>{{citation |title= The amazing mom book: real facts, tender tales, and thoughts from the heart about the most important person on Earth |author=John MacIntyre |page= 7 |year= 2005 |publisher=Sourcebooks |isbn= 978-1402203558 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dgZknK0tJEkC |quote= Lebanon in the first day of Spring. }}</ref><ref name="lebanonpalestine">{{cite web|title=Lamis' Story – International Women's Day 2015|url=http://www.map-uk.org/news/archive/post/249-lamisa-story-a-international-womenas-day-2015|website=[[Medical Aid for Palestinians]]|access-date=8 May 2016|date=21 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917190249/http://www.map-uk.org/news/archive/post/249-lamisa-story-a-international-womenas-day-2015|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref>
*{{flag|Mauritania}}
*{{flag|Oman}}<ref name="march21"/>
*{{flag|Palestine}}<ref name="march21"/><ref name="lebanonpalestine"/>
*{{flag|Qatar}}<ref name="march21"/>
*{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<ref>{{cite web|first=Ashraf Abd|last=El Hamid|title=Why the Arab world celebrates Mother's Day on March 21 |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/03/22/Why-does-the-Arab-world-celebrate-Mother-s-Day-on-March-21-.html|date=22 March 2018|website=Al Arabiya|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref>
*{{flag|Somalia}}
*{{flag|Sudan}}<ref name="march21"/>
*{{flag|Syria}}<ref name="march21"/>
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<ref name="march21"/>
*{{flag|Yemen}}<ref name="march21"/>}}
{{div col end}}
|-
| valign="top" |
25 March
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Slovenia}}
|-
| valign="top" |
7 April ([[Annunciation]] day)
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Armenia}} ([[Motherhood and Beauty Day]])
|-
| valign="top" |
First Sunday of May
| valign="top" |
{{weekday in month|First|Sunday|May|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}} May {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}<br />
'''{{weekday in month|First|Sunday|May|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}} May {{CURRENTYEAR}}'''<br />
{{weekday in month|First|Sunday|May|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}} May {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}
|{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{Plainlist|
*{{flag|Angola}}
*{{flag|Cape Verde}}
*{{flag|Hungary}}
*{{flag|Lithuania}}
*{{flag|Mozambique}}
*{{flag|Romania}}<ref name="romania"/>
*{{flag|Portugal}}
*{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
*{{flag|Spain}}
}}
{{div col end}}
|-
| valign="top" |
8 May
|
| style="vertical-align:top; width:150px;" |
{{flag|South Korea}} ([[Parents' Day]])
|-
| valign="top" |
10 May
|
|{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{Plainlist|
*{{flag|El Salvador}}
*{{flag|Guatemala}}
*{{flag|Mexico}}
}}
{{div col end}}
|-
| valign="top" |
Second Sunday of May
| valign="top" |
{{weekday in month|Second|Sunday|May|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}} May {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}<br />
'''{{weekday in month|Second|Sunday|May|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}} May {{CURRENTYEAR}}'''<br />
{{weekday in month|Second|Sunday|May|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}} May {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}
|{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{Plainlist|
*{{flag|Anguilla}}
*{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
*{{flag|Aruba}}
*{{flag|Australia}}
*{{flag|Austria}}
*{{flag|Bahamas}}
*{{flag|Bangladesh}}
*{{flag|Barbados}}
*{{flag|Belgium}}
*{{flag|Belize}}
*{{flag|Bermuda}}
*{{flag|Bhutan}}
*{{flag|Bonaire}}
*{{flag|Botswana}}
*{{flag|Brazil}}
*{{flag|Brunei}}
*{{flag|Canada}}
*{{flag|Cambodia}}
*{{flag|Cayman Islands}}
*{{flag|Central African Republic}}
*{{flag|Chad}}
*{{flag|Chile}}<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.feriadoschilenos.cl/DiasNacionales.html#DiaNacionalDeLaMadre | title=Días Nacionales en Chile | date=8 March 2009 | access-date= 8 April 2013}}</ref>
*{{flag|China}}<ref>{{cite web | title = It's Mother's Day | author = Xinhua from [[China Daily]] | publisher = SCUEC online | date = 16 May 2006 | url = http://news.scuec.edu.cn/english/viewtext1.php?id=556 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090305053657/http://news.scuec.edu.cn/english/viewtext1.php?id=556 | archive-date = 5 March 2009 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
*{{flag|Colombia}}
*{{flag|Congo, Dem. Rep.}}
*{{flag|Congo, Rep.}}
*{{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}}
*{{flag|Croatia}}
*{{flag|Cuba}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.enlace.cu/efemeride/mayo.htm | title = Principales efemérides. Mes Mayo | publisher = Unión de Periodistas de Cuba | access-date = 7 June 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080609042027/http://www.enlace.cu/efemeride/mayo.htm | archive-date = 9 June 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
*{{flag|Curaçao}}
*{{flag|Cyprus}}
*{{flag|Czech Republic}}<ref name=eastern>{{citation|title=Mixed emotions on Women's Day in Eastern Europe |date=9 March 2010 |publisher=euractiv.com |url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/mixed-emotions-women-s-day-eastern-europe-news-309486 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311192657/http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/mixed-emotions-women-s-day-eastern-europe-news-309486 |archive-date=11 March 2010 }}</ref>
*{{flag|Denmark}}
*{{flag|Dominica}}
*{{flag|Ecuador}}
*{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
*{{flag|Estonia}}
*{{flag|Ethiopia}}
*{{flag|Faroe Islands}}
*{{flag|Fiji}}
*{{flag|Finland}}
*{{flag|Gabon}}
*{{flag|Gambia}}
*{{flag|Germany}}
*{{flag|Ghana}}
*{{flag|Greece}}
*{{flag|Greenland}}
*{{flag|Grenada}}
*{{flag|Guyana}}
*{{flag|Honduras}}
*{{flag|Hong Kong}}
*{{flag|Iceland}}
*{{flag|India}}
*{{flag|Italy}}
*{{flag|Jamaica}}
*{{flag|Japan}}
*{{flag|Kenya}}
*{{flag|Latvia}}
*{{flag|Liberia}}
*{{flag|Liechtenstein}}
*{{flag|Macau}}
*{{flag|Malaysia}}
*{{flag|Malta}}
*{{flag|Myanmar}}
*{{flag|Namibia}}
*{{flag|Netherlands}}
*{{flag|New Zealand}}
*{{flag|Pakistan}}
*{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
*{{flag|Peru}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.drelm.gob.pe/index.php?p=art&menu=49 | title = Calendario Cívico Escolar | publisher = Dirección Regional de Educación de Lima Metropolitana | access-date = 7 June 2008 | archive-date = 9 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150909215742/http://www.drelm.gob.pe/index.php?p=art&menu=49 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*{{flag|Philippines}}
*{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
*{{flag|Saint Lucia}}
*{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
*{{flag|Samoa}}
*{{flag|Singapore}}
*{{flag|Sint Maarten}}
*{{flag|Slovakia}}<ref name=eastern />
*{{flag|South Africa}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/us-celebrates-mothers-day-second-sunday-may-best-quotes-express-awesomeness-mom-1447545|access-date=11 May 2014|title=Mother's Day 2014 to be Celebrated in US and other Countries: Best Quotes to Say 'Thank You' to Mum|date=9 May 2014|author=Kabita Maharana|work=International Business Times}}</ref>
*{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
*{{flag|Suriname}}
*{{flag|Switzerland}}
*{{flag|Taiwan}}
*{{flag|Tanzania}}
*{{flag|Tonga}}
*{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
*{{flag|Turkey}}
*{{flag|Uganda}}
*{{flag|Ukraine}}
*{{flag|United States}}
*{{flag|Uruguay}}
*{{flag|Vietnam}}<ref name="vietnam"/>
*{{flag|Venezuela}}
*{{flag|Zambia}}
*{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
}}
{{div col end}}
|-
| valign="top" |
14 May
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Benin}}
|-
| valign="top" |
15 May
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Paraguay}} (same day as ''Día de la Patria'')<ref name="paraguay1">{{citation |title= Día de la Madre |author= Ministerio de Educación y Cultura de Paraguay |language= es |url= http://www.mec.gov.py/cmsmec/?attachment_id=26430 |access-date= 10 March 2010 |archive-date= 7 July 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120707180404/http://www.mec.gov.py/cmsmec/?attachment_id=26430 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| valign="top" |
19 May
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} ({{langx|ru|День матери}}, {{langx|ky|Энэ күнү}})
|-
| valign="top" |
26 May
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Poland}} ({{langx|pl|Dzień Matki}})
|-
| valign="top" |
27 May
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Bolivia}}<ref name="bolivia" />
|-
| valign="top" |
Last Sunday of May
| valign="top" |
{{weekday in month|last|Sunday|May|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}} May {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}<br />
'''{{weekday in month|last|Sunday|May|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}} May {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}'''<br />
{{weekday in month|last|Sunday|May|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}} May {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}
|{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{Plainlist|
*{{flag|Algeria}}
*{{flag|Cameroon}}
*{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
*{{flag|Haiti}}<ref>Sources:
<nowiki>*</nowiki> {{cite web | url = http://www.discoverhaiti.com/history_holidays.htm | publisher = discoverhaiti.com | title = Haiti: Main Holidays | access-date = 8 July 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081014131034/http://www.discoverhaiti.com/history_holidays.htm | archive-date = 14 October 2008 | df = dmy-all }}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> {{cite web | url = http://www.haiti-reference.com/histoire/calendrier-fetes.html | title = 6310.- Fêtes et Jours Fériés en Haiti | language = fr| access-date = 8 July 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080401102516/http://www.haiti-reference.com/histoire/calendrier-fetes.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> | archive-date = 1 April 2008 }}</ref>
*{{flag|Madagascar}}
*{{flag|Mali}}
*{{flag|Mauritius}}
*{{flag|Morocco}}
*{{flag|Niger}}
*{{flag|Senegal}}
*{{flag|Sweden}}
*{{flag|Tunisia}}
}}
{{div col end}}
|-
| valign="top" |
Last Sunday of May, or first Sunday of June if the last Sunday of May is [[Pentecost]]
| valign="top" |
<!-- check Pentecoast -->{{#ifeq:{{weekday in month|last|Sunday|May|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}} May {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}|{{Moveable date|holiday=Pentecost|df=dmy|year={{LASTYEAR}}}}|<!--
if true -->{{weekday in month|first|Sunday|June|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}} June {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}|<!--
if false -->{{weekday in month|last |Sunday|May |{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}} May {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}<!-- #ifeq -->}}<br />
<!-- check Pentecoast -->'''{{#ifeq:{{weekday in month|last|Sunday|May|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}} May {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}|{{Moveable date|holiday=Pentecost|df=dmy|year={{CURRENTYEAR}}}}|<!--
if true -->{{weekday in month|first|Sunday|June|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}} June {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}|<!--
if false -->{{weekday in month|last |Sunday|May |{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}} May {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}<!-- #ifeq -->}}'''<br />
<!-- check Pentecoast -->{{#ifeq:{{weekday in month|last|Sunday|May|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}} May {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|{{Moveable date|holiday=Pentecost|df=dmy|year={{NEXTYEAR}}}}|<!--
if true -->{{weekday in month|first|Sunday|June|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}} June {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}|<!--
if false -->{{weekday in month|last |Sunday|May |{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}} May {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}<!-- #ifeq -->}}
|
{{flag|France}}<ref name="telegraph1"/><br />
[[French Antilles]]
|-
| valign="top" |
30 May
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Nicaragua}}<ref name="nicaragua" />
|-
| valign="top" |
1 June
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Mongolia}} (together with [[Children's Day]])
|-
| valign="top" |
Second Sunday of June
| valign="top" |
{{weekday in month|Second|Sunday|June|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}} June {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}<br />
'''{{weekday in month|Second|Sunday|June|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}} June {{CURRENTYEAR}}'''<br />
{{weekday in month|Second|Sunday|June|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}} June {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Luxembourg}}
|-
|14 June
|
|
{{flag|Afghanistan}}
|-
| valign="top" |
First Monday of July
| valign="top" |
{{weekday in month|first|Monday|July|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}} July {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}<br />
'''{{weekday in month|first|Monday|July|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}} July {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}'''<br />
{{weekday in month|first|Monday|July|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}} July {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|South Sudan}}
|-
| valign="top" |
12 August
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Thailand}} (birthday of [[Queen Sirikit]])
|-
| valign="top" |
15 August ([[Assumption of Mary]])
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Antwerp}} (Belgium) <br />
{{flag|Costa Rica}}
|-
|Third Sunday of September
|{{weekday in month|third|Sunday|September|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}} September {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}<br />
'''{{weekday in month|third|Sunday|September|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}} September {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}'''<br />
{{weekday in month|third|Sunday|September|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}} September {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|-
| valign="top" |
14 October
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Belarus}} (since 1996<ref name="belarusgov" />)
|-
| valign="top" |
15 October, or following work day
|
{{#ifexpr:{{weekday in month|Third|Monday|October|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}} > 17|15|{{weekday in month|Third|Monday|October|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}}}} October {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}<br />
'''{{#ifexpr:{{weekday in month|Third|Monday|October|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}} > 17|15|{{weekday in month|Third|Monday|October|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}}} October {{CURRENTYEAR}}'''<br />
{{#ifexpr:{{weekday in month|Third|Monday|October|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}} > 17|15|{{weekday in month|Third|Monday|October|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}}}} October {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Malawi}}
|-
|20 October
|
|{{flag|Vietnam}} (Vietnamese Women's Day'')''
|-
| valign="top" |
Third Sunday of October
| valign="top" |
{{weekday in month|Third|Sunday|October|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}}} October {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}<br />
'''{{weekday in month|Third|Sunday|October|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}} October {{CURRENTYEAR}}'''<br />
{{weekday in month|Third|Sunday|October|{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}}} October {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}+1}}
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Argentina}} (''Día de la Madre'')<ref name="argentina" />
|-
| valign="top" |
3 November
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Timor Leste}}
|-
| valign="top" |
16 November
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|North Korea}}<ref name="LeeSangYong2014" />
|-
| valign="top" |
Last Sunday of November
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Russia}}
|-
| valign="top" |
8 December ([[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]])
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Panama}}<ref name="panama" />
|-
| valign="top" |
22 December
|
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Indonesia}}<ref name="indonesia" /><br>({{lang|id|Hari Ibu}})
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Hebrew calendar]]
|-
! Occurrence
! Equivalent [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian dates]]
! Country
|-
| valign="top" |30 [[Shevat]]
|Between 30 January and 1 March<br />
{{#switch: {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|2022 = 12 February 2021<br/>''' 1 February 2022'''<br/>21 February 2023
|2023 = 1 February 2022<br/>'''21 February 2023'''<br/> 9 February 2024
|2024 = 21 February 2023<br/>''' 9 February 2024'''<br/>28 February 2025
|2025 = 9 February 2024<br/>'''28 February 2025'''<br/>17 February 2026
|2026 = 28 February 2025<br/>'''17 February 2026'''<br/> 7 February 2027
|2027 = 17 February 2026<br/>''' 7 February 2027'''<br/>27 February 2028
|2028 = 7 February 2027<br/>'''27 February 2028'''<br/>15 February 2029
|2029 = 27 February 2028<br/>'''15 February 2029'''<br/> 3 February 2030
|2030 = 15 February 2029<br/>''' 3 February 2030'''<br/>23 February 2031
|2031 = 3 February 2030<br/>'''23 February 2031'''<br/>12 February 2032
|2032 = 23 February 2031<br/>'''12 February 2032'''<br/>30 January 2033
|2033 = 12 February 2032<br/>'''30 January 2033'''<br/>19 February 2034
|2034 = 30 January 2033<br/>'''19 February 2034'''<br/> 9 February 2035
|2035 = 19 February 2034<br/>''' 9 February 2035'''<br/>28 February 2036
}}
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Israel}}<ref name="israel" /> (Family Day)
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Hindu calendar]]
|-
! Occurrence
! Equivalent [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian dates]]
! Country
|-
| valign="top" |
[[Vaisakha]]<ref name="nprmay2016">{{cite news|last1=Zhai|first1=Yun Tan|title=Celebrating Mother's Day? Make Sure You Have The Date Right|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/05/07/477021606/celebrating-mothers-day-make-sure-you-have-the-date-right|access-date=7 May 2016|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=7 May 2016}}</ref> [[Amavasya]] (Mata Tirtha Aunsi<ref name="nepalname">{{cite news|title=Mata Tirtha Aunsi today|url=http://myrepublica.com/society/story/41801/mata-tirtha-aunsi-today.html|access-date=8 May 2016|work=[[República (Nepalese newspaper)|República]]|publisher=Nepal Republic Media|date=6 May 2016|location=Kathmandu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507153153/http://myrepublica.com/society/story/41801/mata-tirtha-aunsi-today.html|archive-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>)
|Between 19 April and 19 May
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Nepal}}
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Islamic calendar]]
|-
! Occurrence
! Equivalent [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian dates]]
! Country
|-
| valign="top" |20 [[Jumada al-Thani]]
|{{#switch: {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|2022 = 3 February 2021<br/>'''22 January 2022'''<br/>13 January 2023
|2023 = 22 January 2022<br/>'''13 January 2023'''<br/>2 January 2024<br/>22 December 2024
|2024 = 13 January 2023<br/>'''2 January 2024'''<br/>'''22 December 2024'''<br/>11 December 2025
|2025 = 2 January 2024<br/>22 December 2024<br/>'''11 December 2025'''<br/>30 November 2026
|2026 = 11 December 2025<br/>'''30 November 2026'''<br/>19 November 2027
|2027 = 30 November 2026<br/>'''19 November 2027'''<br/>7 November 2028
|2028 = 19 November 2027<br/>'''7 November 2028'''<br/>28 October 2029
|2029 = 7 November 2028<br/>'''28 October 2029'''<br/>18 October 2030
|2030 = 28 October 2029<br/>'''18 October 2030'''<br/>7 October 2031
|2031 = 18 October 2030<br/>'''7 October 2031'''<br/>25 September 2032
|2032 = 7 October 2031<br/>'''25 September 2032'''<br/>14 September 2033
|2033 = 25 September 2032<br/>'''14 September 2033'''<br/>3 September 2034
|2034 = 14 September 2033<br/>'''3 September 2034'''<br/>24 August 2035
|2035 = 3 September 2034<br/>'''24 August 2035'''<br/>13 August 2036
}}
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{flag|Iran}}<ref name="debano" />
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Vietnamese calendar]]
|-
!Occurrence
!Equivalent [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian dates]]
!Country
|-
| valign="top" |15th day of seventh month
|Between 6 August and 6 September
{{#switch: {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|2022 = 22 August 2021<br/>'''12 August 2022'''<br/> 30 August 2023
|2023 = 12 August 2022<br/>'''30 August 2023'''<br/>18 August 2024
|2024 = 30 August 2023<br/>'''18 August 2024'''<br/>6 September 2025
|2025 = 18 August 2024<br/>'''6 September 2025'''<br/>29 June 2026
|2026 = 6 September 2025<br/>'''29 June 2026'''<br/>19 June 2027
|2027 = 29 June 2026<br/>'''19 June 2027'''<br/>7 June 2028
|2028 = 19 June 2027<br/>'''7 June 2028'''<br/>27 May 2029
|2029 = 7 June 2028<br/>'''27 May 2029'''<br/>16 May 2030
|2030 = 27 May 2029<br/>'''16 May 2030'''<br/>6 May 2031
|2031 = 16 May 2030<br/>'''6 May 2031'''<br/>24 May 2032
|2032 = 6 May 2031<br/>'''24 May 2032'''<br/>14 May 2033
|2033 = 24 May 2032<br/>'''14 May 2033'''<br/>3 May 2034
|2034 = 14 May 2033<br/>'''3 May 2034'''<br/>24 March 2035
|2035 = 3 May 2034<br/>'''24 March 2035'''<br/>12 March 2036
}}
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{{Flag|Vietnam}} ([[Ghost Festival|Vu-lan Báo Hiếu]])
|}
|}


==International history and tradition==
==Mother's Day in various languages==
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2016}}
* '''[[Arabic language|(ar)]]''' : ''يوم الأمّ'' (Yaum ul-Umm)
[[File:Moederdag (1925).ogv|thumb|thumbtime=47|Mother's Day in the [[Netherlands]] in 1925]]
* '''[[Berber language|(ber)]]''' : ''tameγra n tyemmat''
[[File:Northern Pacific Railway Mother's Day postcard 1916.JPG|thumb|[[Northern Pacific Railway]] postcard for Mother's Day 1916.]]
* '''[[Chinese language|(ch)]]''' : ''母亲节'' or ''母親節''
[[File:Mother's Day.jpg|thumb|Mother's Day gift in 2007]]
* '''[[Croatian language|(hr)]]''' : ''Majčin dan''
[[File:Mother's day card.jpg|thumb|Mother and daughter and Mother's Day card]]
* '''[[Czech Language|(cz)]]''' : ''Den Matek''
* '''[[Danish language|(da)]]''' : ''Mors dag''
* '''[[Dutch language|(nl)]]''' : ''Moederdag''
* '''[[German language|(de)]]''' : ''(Der) Muttertag''
* '''[[Greek language|(el)]]''' : ''Γιορτή της Μητέρας''
* '''[[Estonian language|(et)]]''' : ''Emadepäev''
* '''[[Farsi language| (fa)]]''' : ''روز مادر''
* '''[[Finnish language|(fi)]]''' : ''Äitienpäivä''
* '''[[French language|(fr)]]''' : ''(La) Fête des mères''
* '''[[Hungarian language|(hu)]]''' : ''(Az) Anyák napja''
* '''[[Icelandic language|(is)]]''' : ''Mæðradagur''
* '''[[Italian language|(it)]]''' : ''(La) Festa della mamma''
* '''[[Japanese language|(ja)]]''' : ''母の日 (Haha no Hi)''
* '''[[Latvian language|(lt)]]''' : ''Motinos diena''
* '''[[Malay language|(bm)]]''' : ''Hari Ibu''
* '''[[Norwegian language|(no)]]''' : ''Morsdag''
* '''[[Persian language| (per)]]''' : ''روز مادر'' (Rouz-e Maadar)
* '''[[Polish language|(pl)]]''' : ''Dzień Matki''
* '''[[Portuguese language|(pt)]]''' : ''(O) Dia da Mãe''
* '''[[Romanian language|(ro)]]''' : ''Ziua mamelor''
* '''[[Russian language|(ru)]]''' : ''День Матери''
* '''[[Spanish language|(es)]]''' : ''Día de la Madre''
* '''[[Slovak language|(sk)]]''' : ''Deň matiek''
* '''[[Slovenian language|(sl)]]''' : ''Materinski dan''
* '''[[Swedish language|(sv)]]''' : ''Mors dag''
* '''[[Swahili|(sh)]]''' : ''Liepstacoq Bua''
* '''[[Tagalog language|(ta)]]''' : ''Araw ng mga Ina/Nanay''
* '''[[Thai language|(th)]]''' : ''วันแม่''
* '''[[Turkish language|(tr)]]''' : ''Anneler günü''


In most countries, Mother's Day is an observance derived from the holiday as it has evolved in the [[United States]], promoted by companies who saw benefit in making it popular.<ref name=why>{{cite web|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/mothers-day-today-2016-when-is-it-why-celebrate-which-countries-a7019121.html |work= The Independent |date= 8 May 2016 | title= Mother's Day 2016: Which countries celebrate it on 8 May – and why?}}</ref> As adopted by other countries and cultures, the holiday has different meanings, is associated with different events (religious, historical or legendary), and is celebrated on different dates.
== See also ==

* [[Father's Day]]
In some cases, countries already had existing celebrations honoring motherhood, and their celebrations then adopted several external characteristics from the US holiday, such as giving carnations and other presents to one's mother.
* [[Mothering Sunday]]

The extent of the celebrations varies greatly. In some countries, it is potentially offensive to one's mother not to mark Mother's Day. In others, it is a little-known festival celebrated mainly by immigrants, or covered by the media as a taste of foreign culture.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

===Religion===
In certain traditional branches of [[Christianity]], the holiday is strongly associated with revering the [[Virgin Mary]].<ref>{{cite book| title = Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture |author1=Cordelia Candelaria |author2=Peter J. García | edition = illustrated | publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0313332104 | page = 375 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=STjcB_f7CVcC&pg=PA375 }}</ref> In some Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican homes, families have a special shrine on their [[home altar]] devoted to the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Lutheran Standard, Volume 27 |date=1987 |publisher=Augsburg Publishing House |page=23 |language=English}}</ref> In many Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, a special prayer service is held in honor of the [[Theotokos]] Virgin Mary.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNafZ4xYV2kC&pg=PA397 |title=Jesus and Mary |last1=Kennedy |first1=Jon |last2=Schroedel |first2=Jenny |last3=Schroedel |first3=John |publisher=Adams Media |year=2011 |isbn=978-1572157491 |location=East Bridgewater, MA |pages=397 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Orthodox Tradition and Mary : University of Dayton, Ohio|url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/o/orthodox-tradition-and-mary.php|access-date=2021-05-08|website=udayton.edu}}</ref>

In [[Islam]] there is no concept of Mother's Day, but the Quran teaches that children should give priority to loving their mother over their father.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamswomen.com/articles/mothers_in_islam.php|title=Islams Women – Status of Mothers in Islam|publisher=islamswomen.com|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326035505/http://www.islamswomen.com/articles/mothers_in_islam.php|archive-date=26 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Hindu]] tradition, Mother's Day is called "[[Matatirtha Aunsi|Mata Tirtha Aunshi]]" or "Mother Pilgrimage fortnight", and is celebrated in countries with a Hindu population, especially in Nepal, where mothers are honored with special foods. The holiday is observed on the new moon day in the month of [[Baisakh]], i.e., April/May. This celebration is based on the Hindu religion and it pre-dates the creation of the US-inspired celebration by at least a few centuries.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=James W. |title=The Story of Nepali Mother's Day |url=https://transglobalist.com/2014/04/mata-tirtha-aunshi/ |website=The Transglobalist |date=28 April 2014 |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>

In [[Buddhism]], the festival of [[Ghost Festival|Ullambana]] is derived from the story of [[Ghost Festival#Maudgaly.C4.81yana and his mother|Maudgalyayana and his mother]].<ref name="Teiser114">{{cite book|last=Teiser|first=Stephen F.|title=The Ghost Festival in Medieval China|year=1988|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-691-02677-0|page=114}}</ref>

===By country===
====Albania====
In Albania, as in a number of Balkan and Eastern European countries, Mother's Day is celebrated on 8 March, in conjunction with [[International Women's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=When is Mother's Day in Albania? What day is Mother's Day in Albania? |url=https://researchmaniacs.com/Days/MothersDay/When-Is-Mothers-Day-In-Albania.html |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=researchmaniacs.com}}</ref>

====Arab world====
Mother's Day in most Arab countries is celebrated on 21 March. It was introduced in Egypt by journalist [[Mustafa Amin]]<ref name="jehl">{{Cite news|title= Mustafa Amin, Liberal Editor Jailed by Nasser, Dies at 83 |author= Jehl, Douglas |date= 16 April 1997 |work= [[The New York Times]]| url= https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/16/world/mustafa-amin-liberal-editor-jailed-by-nasser-dies-at-83.html?pagewanted=1 | access-date = 10 March 2013}}</ref> and was first celebrated in 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anydayguide.com/calendar/1673|title=Mother's Day in the Arab World}}</ref> The practice has since been adopted by other Arab countries.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

====Argentina====
In [[Argentina]], Mother's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of October. The holiday was originally celebrated on 11 October, the old liturgical date for the celebration of the [[Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God|Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary]] but after the [[Second Vatican Council]], which moved the Virgin Mary festivity to 1 January, the Mother's Day started to be celebrated the third Sunday of October because of popular tradition.<ref name="argentina">{{cite news | author = Padre Fabián Castro | title= El día de la madre en el mundo y en la Argentina |date= 3 October 2010 |publisher= padrefabian.com.ar |language= es|url= http://padrefabian.com.ar/el-dia-de-la-madre-en-el-mundo-y-en-la-argentina/ | access-date = 13 May 2013 | quote= La cuestión tiene que ver con el calendario litúrgico que la Iglesia Católica utilizaba antes de la reforma producto del Concilio Vaticano II. Allí el 11 de octubre era la festividad de la Maternidad de la Virgen María. (Actualmente se celebra el 1 de enero). Con este motivo era costumbre argentina pasar la celebración litúrgica al domingo anterior o siguiente al 11. Con el lento correr de los años la tradición popular fue fijando como el tercer domingo de octubre la celebración de la Madre y las madres.}}</ref> [[Argentina]] is the only country in the world that celebrates Mother's Day on this date.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4IpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT34 |author=Baby Professor|title=A Special Day for Mommies: Origin of Mother's Day – Holiday Book for Kids|page=34|publisher=Speedy Publishing LLC|isbn=978-1541910553|year=2017|access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>

====Armenia====
In [[Armenia]], Mother's Day is celebrated on 8 March, and on 7 April as [[Motherhood and Beauty Day|Maternity and Beauty Day]].

====Australia====
In Australia, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May. Australia celebrated Mother’s Day for the first time in 1910 with special church services, however, it was not popularly observed until the 1920s.<ref>MOTHERS’ DAY. (1910, June 20). Leader (Orange, NSW : 1899–1945), p. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252410359</ref><ref>"MOTHERS' DAY." (1910, June 14). The Daily Telegraph (Sydney, NSW : 1883–1930), p. 5. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article239408160</ref> Because it is autumn in Australia for Mother’s Day, and carnations are a spring flower, white chrysanthemums are the traditional Mother’s Day flower in Australia.<ref>Traditional Mother's Day flower in Australia. April 2021. https://www.giftsaustralia.com.au/mothers-day</ref>

====Bangladesh====
There is no historical tradition of celebrating Mother's Day in Bangladesh ([[Bengali language|Bangla]]: মা/আম্মু দিবস, ''Ma/ammu dibosh''), and it has become popular in the country due to western influences. It is celebrated on the second Sunday of May and is not a [[Public holidays in Bangladesh|public holiday]]. Mother's Day was not very popular and in recent times it has been spread more widely by the [[Millennials|Millennial]] and [[Generation Z]] communities across the country through [[social media]]. Although many religious families do not celebrate it, it is more widespread than ever before. There is a popular phrase used by many parents, including mothers, which is "Every day is Father's/Mother's Day so you will love your parents every day." Most people just wish or pray for their mother, but many from [[Cities in bangladesh|big cities]] like [[Dhaka]], [[Chittagong]], [[Khulna]], [[Sylhet]], [[Barisal|Barishal]], [[Narayanganj|Narayangonj]], [[Bogra|Bogura]] etc. go to restaurants to celebrate, many also cut cakes. Many others cut cakes at home or [[Online food ordering|order meals online]]. Some children may give small gifts to their mothers.

====Belarus====
Belarus celebrates Mother's Day on 14 October. Like other ex-Communist republics, Belarus used to celebrate only International Women's Day on 8 March. Mother's Day in Belarus was officially established by the Belarusian government, and it was celebrated for the first time in 1996.<ref name="belarusgov">{{citation |title= Support for mothers remains the key priority of Belarus' social policy |date= 14 October 2009 |author= The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus |url= http://www.government.by/en/content/1696 |access-date= 7 June 2013 |archive-date= 30 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140330192128/http://www.government.by/en/content/1696 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The celebration of the Virgin Mary (the holiday of Protection of the Holy Mother of God) is celebrated on the same day.<ref>{{citation |title = Belarus celebrates Mother's Day for 15th time. The President congratulated the Belarusian mothers. |work = [[Belteleradio]] |date = 14 October 2010 |url = http://www.tvr.by/eng/society.asp?id=37013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140929180047/http://www.tvr.by/eng/society.asp?id=37013 |archive-date = 29 September 2014 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

====Bhutan====
Mother's Day in [[Bhutan]] is celebrated on 8 May. It was introduced in Bhutan by the Tourism Council of Bhutan.<ref>{{citation |title = Bhutan celebrates Mother's Day for 5th time.|work = [[Bhutanbroadcastingserviceradio]] |date = 8 May 2010 |url = http://www.bhutanrebirth.com}}</ref>

====Belgium====
In [[Belgium]], Mother's Day (''Moederdag'' or ''Moederkesdag'' in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and ''Fête des Mères'' in [[French language|French]]) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. In the week before this holiday children make little presents at primary school, which they give to their mothers in the early morning of Mother's Day. Typically, the father will buy [[croissant]]s and other sweet breads and pastries and bring these to the mother while she is still in bed – the beginning of a day of pampering for the mother. There are also many people who celebrate Mother's Day on 15 August instead; these are mostly people around [[Antwerp]], who consider that day ([[Assumption of Mary|Assumption]]) the classical Mother's Day and the observance in May an invention for commercial reasons. It was originally established on that day as the result of a campaign by [[Frans Van Kuyck]], a painter and Alderman from Antwerp.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.europeana.eu/2019/05/from-earth-goddess-festival-to-family-feast-the-roots-and-guises-of-mothers-day/|title=the roots and guises of 'Mother's Day'|last=Taes|first=Sofie|date=11 May 2019|website=[[Europeana]] (CC By-SA)|language=en-GB|access-date=13 May 2019|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513182154/http://blog.europeana.eu/2019/05/from-earth-goddess-festival-to-family-feast-the-roots-and-guises-of-mothers-day/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Bolivia====
In [[Bolivia]], Mother's Day is celebrated on 27 May. El ''Día de la Madre Boliviana'' was passed into law on 8 November 1927, during the presidency of [[Hernando Siles Reyes]]. The date commemorates the [[Battle of La Coronilla]], which took place on 27 May 1812, during the [[Bolivian War of Independence]], in what is now the city of [[Cochabamba]]. In this battle, women fighting for the country's independence were slaughtered by the Spanish army. It is not a public holiday, but all schools hold activities and festivities throughout the day.<ref name="bolivia">Sources for Bolivia:
* {{Cite web |title= 27 de mayo: madres que inspiran valentía |work= Los Tiempos |language= es |date= 27 May 2009 |url= http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/vida-y-futuro/20090527/27-de-mayo-madres-que-inspiran-valentia_10890_17707.html |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090611082715/http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/vida-y-futuro/20090527/27-de-mayo-madres-que-inspiran-valentia_10890_17707.html |archive-date= 11 June 2009 |df= dmy-all }}
* {{Citation |title= El Día de la Madre se nutre con la Virgen |work= La Razón (La Paz) |language= es |date= 27 May 2006 |url= http://www.la-razon.com/versiones/20060527_005554/nota_250_291138.htm |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081105112424/http://www.la-razon.com/versiones/20060527_005554/nota_250_291138.htm |archive-date= 5 November 2008 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

====Brazil====
In [[Brazil]], Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. The first Mother's Day in Brazil was promoted by Associação Cristã de Moços de [[Porto Alegre]] ([[Young Men's Christian Association]] of Porto Alegre) on 12 May 1918. In 1932, then President [[Getúlio Vargas]] made the second Sunday of May the official date for Mother's Day. In 1947, Archbishop [[Jaime de Barros Câmara]], Cardinal-Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro, decided that this holiday would also be included in the official calendar of the Catholic Church.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

Mother's Day is not an official holiday (see [[Public holidays in Brazil]]), but it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one's mother. Because of this, it is considered one of the celebrations most related to [[consumerism]] in the country, second only to [[Christmas Day]] as the most commercially lucrative holiday.<ref name="brazil shopping">{{cite web|title= Dia das Mães: shoppings têm promoções especiais |url=http://www.visaooeste.com.br/cidades/439_dia_das_maes_shoppings_tem_promocoes_especiais.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606231818/http://www.visaooeste.com.br/cidades/439_dia_das_maes_shoppings_tem_promocoes_especiais.html |archive-date=6 June 2012|date=11 May 2012|access-date=13 May 2012}}</ref>

====Canada====
:''See also [[Public holidays in Canada#Other observances|Other observances]] in Canada''
[[File:Mother's Day cake.jpg|thumb|Mother's Day cookie cake]]
Mother's Day in Canada is celebrated on the second Sunday in May (it is not a public holiday or bank holiday), and typically involves small celebrations and gift-giving to one's mother, grandmother, or other important female figures in one's family.<ref>{{cite web|first=Katherine|last=Gullion|title=Opinion – Mother's & Father's Day are exclusionary |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/opinion-mothers-day-should-not-be-in-school-1.5126567|date=8 May 2019|website=CBC.ca|access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref> Celebratory practices are very similar to those of other western nations. A Québécois tradition is for Québécois men to offer roses or other flowers to the women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dadshop.com.au/origins-of-mothers-day#canada|title=Mother's Day Celebrations Around the World|website=DadShop|language=en|access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref>

====China====
Mother's Day is becoming more popular in [[China]]. Carnations are a very popular Mother's Day gift and the most sold flowers in relation to the day.<ref name="china_popular" /> In 1997 Mother's Day was set as the day to help poor mothers and to remind people of the poor mothers in rural areas such as China's western region.<ref name="china_popular">{{Cite news| title = Mother's Day Popular in China |work=People's Daily | date = 14 May 2001 | url = http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200105/14/eng20010514_69871.html }}</ref> In the [[People's Daily]], the Chinese government's official newspaper, an article explained that "despite originating in the United States, people in China accept the holiday without hesitation because it is in line with the country's traditional ethics – respect for the elderly and filial piety towards parents."<ref name="china_popular" />

In recent years, the Communist Party member Li Hanqiu began to advocate for the official adoption of Mother's Day in memory of Meng Mu, the mother of [[Mencius|Mèng Zǐ]]. He formed a non-governmental organization called ''Chinese Mothers' Festival Promotion Society'', with the support of 100 Confucian scholars and lecturers of ethics.<ref name="allchina">{{cite web | title = Researchers and Experts Propose a Chinese Mother's Day | author = people.com.cn, sina.com.cn | date = 17 June 2008 | publisher = [[All-China Women's Federation]] | url = http://www.womenofchina.cn/Issues/OPINION/204586.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090305045811/http://www.womenofchina.cn/Issues/OPINION/204586.jsp | archive-date = 5 March 2009 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="china">{{Cite news| title = Do we need our own Mother's Day? |work=China Daily | date = 16 May 2007 | url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/ezine/2007-05/16/content_873529.htm}}</ref> Li and the Society want to replace the Western-style gift of carnations with [[lilium|lilies]], which, in ancient times, were planted by Chinese mothers when children left home.<ref name="china" /> Mother's Day remains an unofficial festival, except in a small number of cities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Le |first=Karen |date=2020-05-06 |title=Is There Mother's Day in China? |url=https://www.dumplingconnection.com/articles/do-they-celebrate-mothers-day-in-china/ |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Dumpling Connection |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Costa Rica====
In [[Costa Rica]], Mother's Day is celebrated on 15 August. In 1927, at the Nicolás Ulloa School in Heredia, Evangelina Solís founded an annual event that would celebrate the mothers of the students. It was held around the time of the distribution of midterm notes, in July. Evangelina's reasoning was that mothers should be congratulated for their children's successes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LA GACETA N° 197 DEL 25 DE OCTUBRE DEL 2023 |url=https://www.imprentanacional.go.cr/pub/2023/10/25/COMP_25_10_2023.html |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=www.imprentanacional.go.cr}}</ref> The event gained national traction and was enacted into law in 1932. The final date of 15 August was chosen as it coincided with the celebration of [[Assumption of Mary]], mother of Jesus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoy |first=Redacción Heredia |date=2019-09-04 |title=EVANGELINA SOLÍS SALVATIERRA Y EL DÍA DE LA MADRE EN COSTA RICA |url=https://herediahoy.com/educacion/evangelina-solis-salvatierra-y-el-dia-de-la-madre-en-costa-rica/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Heredia Hoy - Periodico, Noticias |language=es}}</ref>

====Czech Republic====
In the [[Czech Republic]], Mother's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May. It started in former Czechoslovakia in 1923.<ref name="eastern" /> The promoter of this celebration was [[Alice Masaryková]].<ref name="eastern" /> After World War II communists replaced Mother's Day with International Woman's Day, celebrated on 8 March.<ref name="eastern" /> The former Czechoslovakia celebrated Women's Day until the [[Velvet Revolution]] in 1989.<ref name="eastern" /> After the split of the country in 1993, the [[Czech Republic]] started celebrating Mother's Day again.<ref name="eastern" />

====Egypt====
Mother's Day in [[Egypt]] is celebrated on 21 March, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere. It was introduced in Egypt by journalist [[Mustafa Amin]]<ref name="jehl" /> in his book ''Smiling America'' (1943). The idea was overlooked at the time. Later Amin heard the story of a widowed mother who devoted her whole life to raising her son until he became a doctor. The son then married and left without showing any gratitude to his mother. Hearing this, Amin became motivated to promote "Mother's Day". The idea was first ridiculed by president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] but he eventually accepted it and Mother's Day was first celebrated on 21 March 1956. The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries.<ref>{{cite web|last=Meky|first=Shounaz|title=How Egypt introduced Mother's Day to the Arab world|date=21 March 2017|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/art-and-culture/2017/03/21/How-Egypt-introduced-Mother-s-Day-to-the-Arab-world.html|website=Al Arabiya|access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>

When Mustafa Amin was arrested and imprisoned, the government changed the name of the holiday from "Mother's Day" to "Family Day", but they reverted the name after Egyptian mothers wrote to complain. Celebrations continued to be held on the same date <ref name="Al Arabiya English 2018 d908">{{cite news|last= Abd El Hamid |first=Ashraf | title=Why the Arab world celebrates Mother's Day on March 21 | website=Al Arabiya English | date=March 22, 2018 | url=https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2018/03/22/Why-does-the-Arab-world-celebrate-Mother-s-Day-on-March-21- | access-date=April 11, 2024}}</ref> and classic songs celebrating mothers remain famous to this day.<ref name="Dailynewsegypt 2021 p979">{{cite news| title=Egyptian singers celebrate Mother's Day with new songs | website=Dailynewsegypt | date=March 28, 2021 | url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2021/03/28/egyptian-singers-celebrate-mothers-day-with-new-songs/ | access-date=April 11, 2024}}</ref>

==== Ethiopia ====
Mother's Day is celebrated for three days in [[Ethiopia]], after the end of the rainy season. It comes in mid-fall where people enjoy a three-day feast called "Antrosht".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.history.com/topics/holidays/mothers-day|title=Mother's Day – Holidays |website=History.com|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref>

For the feast, ingredients will be brought by the children for a traditional hash recipe. The ingredients are divided along genders, with girls bringing spices, vegetables, cheese and butter, while the boys bring a lamb or bull. The mother hands out the hash to the family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/alemayehu-g-mariam/ethiopia-happy-mothers-da_b_569185.html|title=Happy Mother's Day Birtukan!|website=HuffPost|date=17 May 2010|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref>

A celebration takes place after the meal. The mothers and daughters anoint themselves using butter on their faces and chests. While honoring their family and heroes, men sing songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mothersdaycentral.com/about-mothersday/history/|title=Mothers Day History ~ The Complete History of Mother's Day|website=Mothers Day Central|access-date=13 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203605/http://www.mothersdaycentral.com/about-mothersday/history/|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

====Estonia====
In [[Estonia]], Mother's Day (''emadepäev'' in [[Estonian language|Estonian]]) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is recognized nationally, but is not a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pühade ja tähtpäevade seadus|url=https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/898484|access-date=3 March 2012}}</ref>

====Finland====
In [[Finland]], Mother's Day (''äitienpäivä'' in [[Finnish language|Finnish]]) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is recognized nationally and is a public holiday. It is usually celebrated at homes where children or grandchildren bring Mother's day cards that they have drawn to their mothers and grandmothers. Usually, some food, coffee and cakes are served for guests. Grown up children visit their parents' homes and bring traditionally Mother's day roses or other flowers accompanied by a Mother's day card.
The president of Finland honors with medals every year some mothers who have done something exceptional and positive during the year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.juhlapyhät.fi/aitienpaiva|title=Äitienpäivä 2020 - Juhlapyhät.fi|date=7 February 2011}}</ref>

====France====
In [[France]], amidst alarm at the low birth rate, there were attempts in 1896 and 1904 to create a national celebration honoring the mothers of large families.<ref name="UFE">{{citation |title= Histoire de la fête des mères et celle de "l'Union fraternelle des pères de familles méritants d'Artas" |publisher= Union des Familles en Europe |url= http://www.uniondesfamilles.org/fete-des-meres.htm |access-date= 7 May 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110429110636/http://www.uniondesfamilles.org/fete-des-meres.htm |archive-date= 29 April 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 1906 ten mothers who had nine children each were given an award recognising "High Maternal Merit" ("Haut mérite maternel").<ref name="Artas">{{citation |title = Artas, berceau de la Fête des mères |publisher= mairie d'Artas |url= http://www.artas-mairie.fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=71 }}</ref> American World War I soldiers fighting in France popularized the US Mother's Day holiday created by Anna Jarvis. They sent so much mail back to their country for Mother's Day that the [[Union Franco-Américaine]] created a postal card for that purpose.<ref name="UFE" /> In 1918, also inspired by Jarvis, the town of Lyon wanted to celebrate a "journée des Mères", but instead decided to celebrate a "Journée Nationale des Mères de familles nombreuses." The holiday was more inspired by anti-depopulation efforts than by the US holiday, with medals awarded to the mothers of large families.<ref name="UFE" /> The French government made the day official in 1920 as a day for mothers of large families.<ref name="capdevila">Luc Capdevila (CRHISCO – [[University of Rennes 2]]), Fabrice Virgili (IHTP – [[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS]]), "[http://irice.cnrs.fr/IMG/doc/Guerre_femmes_nation.doc Guerre, femmes et nation en France (1939–1945)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728110925/http://irice.cnrs.fr/IMG/doc/Guerre_femmes_nation.doc |date=28 July 2011 }}", in IRICE.</ref> Since then the French government awards the [[Médaille de la Famille française]] to mothers of large families.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/Mag/French-Facts/France-honours-parents-who-raise-large-families|title=France honours parents who raise large families|date=1 March 2016|newspaper=[[The Connexion]]|access-date=9 July 2019|archive-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709063300/https://www.connexionfrance.com/Mag/French-Facts/France-honours-parents-who-raise-large-families|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1941, by an initiative of [[Philippe Pétain]], the wartime [[Vichy France|Vichy]] government used the celebration in support of their policy to encourage larger families, but all mothers were now honored, even mothers with smaller families.<ref name="capdevila" />

In 1950, after the war, the celebration was reinstated. The law of 24 May 1950 required (in Article 1) that the Republic pay official homage to French Mothers. Article 2 stated it should be celebrated on the last Sunday in May as the "Fête des Mères" (except when Pentecost fell on that day, in which case it was moved to the first Sunday in June). Article 3 stated that all expenditure shall be covered from the budget of the Ministry of Public Health and Population.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000886326| title=Loi no 50-577 du 24 mai 1950 relative à la Fête des mères| trans-title=Law No. 50-577 of 24 May 1950 relating to Mother's Day| access-date=30 December 2017| publisher=[[JORF]]| language=fr}}</ref>

During the 1950s, the celebration lost all its patriotic and natalist ideologies, and became heavily commercialized.<ref name="UFE" />

In 1956, the celebration was given a budget and integrated into the new [[Code de l'action Sociale et des familles]]. In 2004 responsibility for the holiday was transferred to the Minister responsible for families.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

====Georgia====
[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] celebrates Mother's Day on 3 March. It was declared by the first President of Georgia [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]] in order to replace the International Women Day, and it was officially approved by the Supreme Council in 1991. Nowadays Georgia celebrates both Mother's Day on 3 March and International Women's Day on 8 March.<ref name="georgia">{{cite web |title= Bidzina Ivanishvili Congratulates Mothers on Mother's Day |date= 3 March 2013 |publisher= News Agency [[InterPressNews]] (IPN) |url= http://www.interpressnews.ge/en/society/45055-bidzina-ivanishvili-congratulates-mothers-on-mothers-day.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200922205908/https://www.interpressnews.ge/en/society/45055-bidzina-ivanishvili-congratulates-mothers-on-mothers-day.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 22 September 2020 }}</ref>

====Germany====
[[File:Herztorte zum Muttertag.jpg|thumb|Mother's Day cake in [[Germany]]]]

In the 1920s, [[Germany]] had the lowest birthrate in Europe, and the declining trend was continuing. This was attributed to women's participation in the labor market. At the same time, influential groups in society (politicians of left and right, churchwomen, and feminists) believed that mothers should be honored but could not agree on how to do so. However, all groups strongly agreed on the promotion of the values of motherhood. In 1923, this resulted in the unanimous adoption of ''Muttertag'', the Mother's Day holiday as imported from America.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SlB2qcb0NIC&pg=PA423|last=Weindling|first=Paul |title=Health, Race & German Politics Between National Unification & Nazism|page=423|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=052142397X|year=1993|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref> The head of the Association of German Florists cited "the inner conflict of our ''[[Volk]]'' and the loosening of the family" as his reason for introducing the holiday. He expected that the holiday would unite the divided country. In 1925, the Mother's Day Committee joined the task force for the recovery of the ''volk'', and the holiday stopped depending on commercial interests and began emphasizing the need to increase the population in Germany by promoting motherhood.<ref name="mouton" />

The holiday was then seen as a means to encourage women to bear more children, which nationalists saw as a way to rejuvenate the nation. The holiday did not celebrate individual women, but an idealized standard of motherhood. The progressive forces resisted the implementation of the holiday because it was backed by so many conservatives and because they saw it as a way to eliminate the rights of working women. ''[[Die Frau]]'', the newspaper of the Federation of German Women's Associations, refused to recognize the holiday. Many local authorities adopted their own interpretation of the holiday: it would be a day to support economically larger families or single-mother families. The guidelines for the subsidies had [[eugenics]] criteria, but there is no indication that social workers ever implemented them in practice, and subsidies were given preferentially to families in economic need rather than to families with more children or "healthier" children.<ref name="mouton" />

With the Nazi party in power during 1933–1945, the situation changed radically. The promotion of Mother's Day increased in many European countries, including the UK and France. From the position of the German Nazi government, the role of mothers was to give healthy children to the German nation. The Nazi party's intention was to create a pure "Aryan race" according to [[nazi eugenics]]. Among other Mother's Day ideas, the government promoted the death of a mother's sons in battle as the highest embodiment of patriotic motherhood.<ref name="mouton" /><ref name="taylor" />

The Nazis quickly declared Mother's Day an official holiday and put it under the control of the NSV ([[National Socialist People's Welfare Association]]) and the NSF ([[National Socialist Women Organization]]). This created conflicts with other organizations that resented Nazi control of the holiday, including Catholic and Protestant churches and local women's organizations. Local authorities resisted the guidelines from the Nazi government and continued assigning resources to families who were in economic need, much to the dismay of the Nazi officials.<ref name="mouton">{{citation |title= From nurturing the Nation to Purifying the Volk: Weimar and Nazi family policy, 1918–1945 |chapter= From Mother's Day to Forced Sterilization |pages=107–152 |series= Publications of the German Historical Institute |author=Michelle Mouton |edition= illustrated |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year= 2007 |isbn= 978-0-521-86184-7 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YAwuIKyMvSEC }}</ref>

<!-- I find the following paragraph on "Mother's Cross" much too elaborate to fit into this article about "Mother's Day". If you agree, please shorten. -->
In 1938, the government began issuing an award called [[Cross of Honor of the German Mother|Mother's Cross]] (''Mutterkreuz''), according to categories that depended on the number of children a mother had. The medal was awarded on Mother's Day and also on other holidays due to a large number of recipients. The Cross was an effort to encourage women to have more children, and recipients were required to have at least four.<ref name="mouton" /><ref name="taylor">{{citation | author=Ann Taylor Allen | title= Reviewed work(s): Muttertag und Mutterkreuz: Der Kult um die "Deutsche Mutter" im Nationalsozialismus, by Irmgard Weyrather |location= Frankfurt A.m |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume= 100 |issue= 1 |date= February 1995 |pages= 186–187 |doi=10.2307/2168063| jstor= 2168063 }}</ref>

====Hungary====
In [[Hungary]], Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-05 |title=The origins and traditions of Mother's Day – Hungarian mothers run the world |url=https://dailynewshungary.com/the-origins-and-traditions-of-mothers-day-hungarian-mothers-run-the-world/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=Daily New Hungary |language=en-US}}</ref> It was first celebrated in 1925<ref>{{cite web|first=Gergely
|last=Kolba|url=https://dailynewshungary.com/the-origins-and-traditions-of-mothers-day-hungarian-mothers-run-the-world/|title=The origins & traditions of Mother's Day – Hungarian mothers run the world|website=dailynewshungary.com|date=5 May 2019|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref> by the Hungarian [[Red Cross Youth]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hungarianpod101.com/blog/2019/05/02/mothers-day/ |title=How to Celebrate Mother's Day in Hungary |access-date=July 14, 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717014330/https://www.hungarianpod101.com/blog/2019/05/02/mothers-day/ }}</ref>

====India====
The modern Mother's Day has been assimilated into [[India]]n culture<ref>{{cite web |title= Social change in India discussed |author= TTN |date= 13 March 2004 |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Social-change-in-India-discussed/articleshow/557910.cms |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121027142535/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-13/lucknow/28330092_1_globalisation-tribals-discussion |url-status= live |work= [[The Times of India]] |archive-date= 27 October 2012 }}</ref> and is celebrated every year on the second Sunday of May.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/mothers-day-2019-date-when-is-mothers-day-in-india-2019-5716402/|title=Mother's Day 2019 Date: When is mother's day in India 2019?|date=10 May 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parenting/moments/mothers-day-kab-hai-when-is-mothers-day-2019-date-significance-history-and-importance-of-mothers-day/articleshow/69250764.cms|title=When is Mother's Day 2019? Date, Significance, History and Importance of Mother's Day|date=10 May 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> Indians do not celebrate the occasion as a religious event; its celebration is mostly restricted to urban areas where the occasion has been largely commercialized.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/why-retailers-love-mothers-so-much/articleshow/69274695.cms|title=Why retailers love mothers so much|last=Doctor|first=Vikram|date=11 May 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref>

====Indonesia====
[[Indonesia]]n Mother's Day ({{langx|id|Hari Ibu}}) is celebrated nationally on 22 December. The date was made an official holiday by President [[Sukarno]] under Presidential Decree No. 316/1953, on the 25th anniversary of the 1928 Indonesian Women Congress. The day originally sought to celebrate the spirit of Indonesian women and to improve the condition of the nation. Today, the meaning of Mother's Day has changed, and it is celebrated by expressing love and gratitude to mothers. People present gifts to mothers (such as flowers) and hold surprise parties and competitions, which include cooking and [[kebaya]] wearing. People also allow mothers a day off from domestic chores.<ref name="wardhani">{{cite web |title= In observance of Mother's Day |author= Wardhani, Lynda K. |work= [[The Jakarta Post]] |date= 22 December 2010 |url= http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/12/22/in-observance-mother's-day.html }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The holiday is celebrated on the anniversary of the opening day of the first Indonesian Women Congress (''Kongres Perempuan Indonesia''), which was held from 22 to 25 December 1928.<ref name="indonesia" /><ref name="bulbeck" /> The Congress took place in a building called Dalem Jayadipuran, which now serves as the office of the Center of History and Traditional Values Preservation (''Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional'') in Brigjen Katamso Street, [[Yogyakarta]]. The Congress was attended by 30 feminist organizations from 12 cities in [[Java]] and [[Sumatra]]. In Indonesia, feminist organizations have existed since 1912, inspired by Indonesian heroines of the 19th century, e.g., [[Kartini]], [[Martha Christina Tiahahu]], [[Cut Nyak Meutia]], [[Maria Walanda Maramis]], [[Dewi Sartika]], [[Nyai Ahmad Dahlan]], [[Rasuna Said]], etc.<ref name="indonesia">{{citation |title= Sejarah Perayaan Nasional Hari Ibu 22 Desembe |author= seenthing |date= 21 December 2010 |url= http://www.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/ezines-and-newsletters/2089852-sejarah-perayaan-nasional-hari-ibu/ |access-date= 8 May 2011 |archive-date= 22 December 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091608/http://www.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/ezines-and-newsletters/2089852-sejarah-perayaan-nasional-hari-ibu/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> The Congress intended to improve women's rights in education and marriage.<ref name="robinson" />

Indonesia also celebrates the [[Kartini Day]] (''Hari Kartini'') on 21 April, in memory of activist [[Raden Ajeng Kartini]]. This is a celebration of the emancipation of women.<ref name="bulbeck">{{cite book | last = Bulbeck | first = Chilla | author-link = Chilla Bulbeck | title = Sex, love and feminism in the Asia Pacific: a cross-cultural study of young people's attitudes | publisher = Routledge | location = London New York | series = ASAA women in Asia | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0415470063 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=chqofjVED54C&dq=mother's+day+indonesia&pg=PA94 Preview.]</ref> The observance was instituted at the 1938 Indonesian Women Congress.<ref name="robinson">{{citation |title= Gender, Islam and Democracy in Indonesia |series= ASAA women in Asia |author= Kathryn Robinson |publisher= Routledge |year= 2009 |pages= 3, 36, 44, 72 |isbn= 9781134118830 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=V9OBgXw7m1kC&pg=PA36 }}</ref>

During President [[Suharto]]'s [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]] (1965–1998), government propaganda used Mother's Day and Kartini Day to inculcate into women the idea that they should be docile and stay at home.<ref name="robinson" />

====Iran====
[[File:Commemorative gold medal issued in the Pahlavi era on the occasion of Mother's Day.jpg|thumb|Commemorative gold medal issued in the [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavi]] era on the occasion of Mother's Day, dated 1975. '''Obv''': Bust of Empress [[Farah Pahlavi]]. '''Rev''': Mother and children standing around a seated Farah Pahlavi, holding open book]]
In [[Iran]], Mother's Day is celebrated on 20 [[Jumada al-thani]]. This is the sixth month in the Islamic calendar (a lunar calendar) and every year the holiday falls on a different day of the Gregorian calendar. This is the birthday anniversary of [[Fatimah]], the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]'s only daughter according to [[Shia Islam]].<ref name="debano">{{citation |chapter= Singing against Silence: Celebrating Women and Music and the Fourth Jasmine Festival |author= Wendy S. DeBano |title= Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia |series= Soas Musicology Series |editor= Laudan Nooshin |edition= illustrated |publisher= [[Ashgate Publishing]] |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-0754634577 |page= 234 (footnote 18) |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gAR15vJcC6wC&pg=PA234 |quote= In 2002, Fatemeh's birthday celebration (observed according to the ''hejri'' calendar) fell on Thursday 29 August (20 Jamādi 1423) (...) Fatemeh's birth date is also currently used to mark Mother's Day in Iran, ritually recollecting, emphasising and reinscribing her role as a loyal mother, wife, and daughter. Prior to the revolution, Mother's Day was used to promote the gender ideologies of the Pahlavi regime. }}</ref><ref name="iranpresident">{{cite web| url = http://www.president.ir/en/print.php?ArtID=10405 | title = Ahmadinejad highlights women's significant role in society | date = 24 June 2008 | publisher=Presidency of The Islamic Republic of Iran News Service | access-date =19 July 2008 | quote = (...) the occasion of the Mother's Day marking the birthday anniversary of [[Fatimah|Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra]] (SA), the beloved daughter of Prophet [[Mohammad]]. The day fell on 23 June [2008] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090516000919/http://www.president.ir/en/print.php?ArtID=10405 |archive-date= 16 May 2009 }}</ref> On this day, banners reading "''Ya Fatemeah'' (O! Fatemeh)" are displayed on "government buildings, private buildings, public streets and car windows."<ref name="debano"/> Mother's Day was originally observed on 16 December but the date was changed after the [[Iranian Revolution]] in 1979. The celebration is both Women's Day (replacing International Women's Day) and Mother's Day.<ref name="debano" /><ref name="haeri1">{{Cite book| chapter= Obedience versus Autonomy: Women and Fundamentalism in Iran and Pakistan |author= Shahla Haeri |title = Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education |series= The Fundamentalism Project |volume= 2 |editor1=Martin E. Marty |editor2=R. Scott Appleby |editor3=Helen Hardacre |editor4=Everett Mendelsohn |edition= 2 |publisher= University of Chicago Press |year= 1993 |isbn= 978-0226508801 | page= 197 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FoF5jCEepGkC&pg=PA197 |quote= The more women try to engage the fundamentalists in their own discourse, negotiating and bargaining over their rights (Islamic or otherwise), the more frequently has the Islamic regime emphasized the ideal, the Fatimah model, the quintessential obedient woman. The fundamentalist regime in Iran has yet to resolve its central dilemma regarding the role of women and male-female relationships: should women emulate a Zainab – autonomous and assertive – or a Fatimah – obedient and submissive? Given the logic of an Islamic marriage and the worldview it implies, the fundamentalist regime has shown a marked preference for the latter. Thus Woman's Day and Mother's Day in Iran are celebrated on the occasion of Fatimah's birth. }}</ref>

In 1960, the Institute for Women Protection adopted the Western holiday and established it on 25 [[Solar Hijri calendar|Azar]] (16 December), the date the Institute was founded. The Institute's action had the support of Empress [[Farah Pahlavi]], the wife of the last Shah of Persia, who promoted the construction of maternity clinics in remote parts of the country to commemorate the day.<ref name="Sabet">{{citation |title= Conceiving Citizens: Women and the Politics of Motherhood in Iran |author= Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet |edition= illustrated |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 2011 |isbn=978-0195308860 |pages= 201–206 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xbbT0Rsc6EMC&pg=PA202 }}</ref> [[Pahlavi regime]] used the holiday to promote "gender ideologies" of the regime.<ref name="debano"/> The Shah's government honored and gave awards to women who represented the idealized view of the regime, including mothers who had many healthy children.<ref name="Sabet"/>

According to Shahla Haeri, the Islamic Republic government has used the holiday to "control and channel women's movements" and to promote role models for the traditional concept of family.<ref name="haeri2">{{citation |chapter= Women, Religion, and Political Agency in Iran |author= Shahla Haeri |title= Contemporary Iran:Economy, Society |editor= Ali Gheissari |edition= illustrated |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-0195378481 |page= 137 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KTou9VwtQfkC&pg=PA137 |quote= Such [feminist] gatherings would not have been so remarkable had they not happened against the backdrop of the regime's ceaseless effort to discourage, even harass, women activists and their supporters. Within the narrative of Islamization, the state's argument has been, all along, that such gatherings are representative of the culture of imperialism, and hence are subversive and against the public good and the moral order. Above all, the Islamic State has tried hard to co-opt women by appropriating the terminology and language: "protecting women," "respect for women," "gender complementarity." Accordingly, in order to accommodate, and yet control and channel women's movements and activities, the state commemorates the birthday of Fatemeh, the Prophet Muhammad's daughter, as a national woman's/mother's day. }}</ref> Fatimah is seen by these critics as the chosen model of a woman completely dedicated to certain traditionally sanctioned feminine roles.<ref>{{Cite book| chapter-url = http://www.owu.edu/~aamahdi/globalization-final.doc | title = Iran Encountering Globalization: Problems and Prospects | chapter = Iranian Women: Between Islamization and Globalization | author= Mahdi, Ali Akbar | publisher=Ali Mohammadi. London and New York: Routledge/Curzon | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-415-30827-4 | quote = This Shia vision of family is based on a nostalgic and idealistic notion of Imam Ali's family in which Fatima Zahra (the Prophet Mohammad's daughter) dedicated herself to both her husband and Islamic cause. Other role models for women often cited by the officials and ideologues of the IRI are Khadijah, the prophet Mohammad's wife, and Zaynab, daughter of the first Shi'i (sic) Imam Ali. In fact, the IRI [Islamic Republic of Iran] replaced the universal Mother's Day with Fatima Zahar's (sic) birthday. |chapter-format=DOC |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060901182436/http://go.owu.edu/~aamahdi/globalization-final.doc |archive-date=1 September 2006 }}</ref> However, supporters of the choice contend that there is much more to her life story than simply such "traditional" roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ias.edu/ideas/2016/ansari-shiite-women|title=The Shiite Interpretation of the Status of Women|work=Institute for Advanced Study|access-date=11 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>

====Ireland====
In [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], Mother's Day is celebrated on the fourth Sunday of [[Lent]], as in the United Kingdom, and has the same roots in [[Mothering Sunday]]. The practice died out in Ireland around the late 18th century but was revived around the 1950s due to [[Americanisation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishcentral.com/news/how-to-have-an-irish-mothers-day-237641581.html|title=How to have an Irish Mother's Day|date=12 May 2019|website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mothers-day.site/when-is-mothers-day/in-ireland.html|title=When is Mother's Day 2020 in Ireland?|website=mothers-day.site}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoveringireland.com/mothers-day-in-ireland/|title=Mother's Day in Ireland|website=discoveringireland.com}}</ref>

====Israel====
The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on [[Shevat]] 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that [[Henrietta Szold]] died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization [[Youth Aliyah]] rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the "mother" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is not an official holiday.<ref name="israel">Sources for Israel
<nowiki>:</nowiki>http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4801172,00.html</ref>

====Italy====
Mother's Day in [[Italy]] was celebrated for the first time on 24 December 1933 as the "Day of the mother and the child" (''Giornata della madre e del fanciullo''). It was instituted by the [[:it:ONMI|Opera nazionale maternità e infanzia]] in order to publicly reward the most prolific Italian women every year.<ref>{{cite book|last1=de Ceglia| first1= F. P. | last2= Dibattista |first2= L.|date=2013|title=Il bello della scienza. Intersezioni tra storia, scienza e arte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SCeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102| location=Milan|publisher=Angeli|page=102|isbn=978-8856849530|language=it}}</ref>

After [[World War II]], Mother's Day was first celebrated on 12 May 1957 in [[Assisi]], at the initiative of Reverend Otello Migliosi, the [[parish priest]] of the [[Tordibetto]] church.<ref>{{citation |title= La Festa DeLLa Mamma |work= Italian America |author= Anonymous |date= 1 April 2010 |url= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2043375061.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130512211910/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2043375061.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 12 May 2013 |language=it}} (registration required)</ref> This celebration was so popular that in the following year Mother's Day was adopted throughout Italy. On 18 December 1958, a proposal was presented to the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Italian Senate]] to make the holiday official.<ref>Raul Zaccari – together with Senators Bellisario, Baldini, Restagno, Piasenti, Benedetti and Zannini. Senato della Repubblica, [http://www.senato.it/service/PDF/PDFServer/BGT/434379.pdf 78ª Seduta Pubblica], 18 dicembre 1958. "Istituzione de la festa della Mamma." (Annunzio di presentazione di disegni di legge)</ref>

====Japan====
In [[Japan]], {{nihongo|Mother's Day|母の日|Haha no Hi}} was initially commemorated during the [[Shōwa period]] as the birthday of [[Empress Kōjun]] (mother of [[Emperor Akihito]]) on 6 March. This was established in 1931 when the Imperial Women's Union was organized. In 1937, the first meeting of "Praise Mothers" was held on 8 May, and in 1949 Japanese society adopted the second Sunday of May as the official date for Mother's Day in Japan. Today, people typically give their mothers gifts of flowers such as red [[carnation]]s<ref>{{cite web|first=Caroline|last=Bologna|title=Mother's Day Traditions Around The World|website=huffingtonpost.ca|date=9 May 2018|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/mothers-day-traditions-around-the-world_n_5af0ba91e4b041fd2d29c046|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref> and [[rose]]s. Giving carnations on Mother's Day is the most common in Japan.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

====Kyrgyzstan====
In [[Kyrgyzstan]], Mother's Day is celebrated on 19 May every year. The holiday was first celebrated in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Президент поздравил кыргызстанцев с Днем матери | author=Светлана Моисеева | work=Вечерный Бишкек | date=17 May 2013 |url=http://www.vb.kg/228435|quote=19 мая народ Кыргызстана отмечает День матери. Эта памятная дата установлена только в прошлом году, но сразу стала для кыргызстанцев одной из любимых.}}</ref> Mothers are also honored on [[International Women's Day]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internationalwomensday.com/About|title=About International Women's Day|website=International Women's Day|access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref>

====Latvia====
Mother's Day in [[Latvia]] was celebrated for the first time in 1922. Since 1934, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May.<ref>{{cite web |title= Šodien sveicam Māmiņas! |author= Apollo.lv |work= Apollo.lv India |date= 13 May 2012 |url= http://www.apollo.lv/portal/life/articles/274302 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120717190029/http://www.apollo.lv/portal/life/articles/274302 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 17 July 2012 |quote= Mātes dienu Latvijā sāka svinēt 1922. gadā, bet ar 1934. gadu tika noteikts, ka šī diena svinama katra maija otrajā svētdienā līdzīgi kā citās Eiropas valstīs. 1938. gadā pēc prezidenta Kārļa Ulmaņa ierosinājuma Mātes dienu sāka dēvēt par Ģimenes dienu, uzsverot mātes lielo lomu ģimenes pavarda veidošanā un uzturēšanā. }}</ref> After the end of the Soviet [[occupation of Baltic states]] celebration was resumed in 1992.<ref>[http://www.tvnet.lv/sievietem/veseliba/421417-latvija_atzime_mates_dienu Latvijā atzīmē Mātes dienu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330192933/http://www.tvnet.lv/sievietem/veseliba/421417-latvija_atzime_mates_dienu |date=30 March 2014 }} TVNET</ref> Mothers are also honored on [[International Women's Day]].<ref>{{cite web|title=National Holidays|url=https://www.latvia.eu/history/national-holidays|date=2015|website=Latvia.eu|access-date=9 July 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904025833/https://www.latvia.eu/history/national-holidays|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Lithuania====
Mother's Day in Lithuania was celebrated for the first time in 1928. In Lithuania, Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May.

====Malawi====
In [[Malawi]], Mother's Day is a public holiday. The day is observed on 15 October or the following workday. It is celebrated on the UN's World Rural Women's Day.

====Maldives====
In the [[Maldives]], Mother's Day is celebrated on 13 May. The day is celebrated in different ways. Children give gifts and spend time with their mothers. Daughters give their mothers cards and handmade gifts and sons give their mothers gifts and flowers. Maldivians love to celebrate Mother's day, and they have it specially written on their calendar.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

====Malta====
The first mention of Mother's Day in [[Malta]] occurred during the Radio Children's Programmes run by Frans H. Said in May 1961. Within a few years, Mother's Day became one of the most popular dates in the Maltese calendar. In Malta, this day is commemorated on the second Sunday in May. Mothers are invariably given gifts and invited for lunch, usually at a good quality restaurant.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

====Mexico====
{{See also|Public holidays in Mexico#Festivities}}
In [[Mexico]], the government of [[Álvaro Obregón]] imported the Mother's Day holiday from the US in 1922, and the newspaper ''[[Excélsior]]'' held a massive promotional campaign for the holiday that year.<ref name="newcomer 133">Newcomer, p. 133</ref> The conservative government tried to use the holiday to promote a more conservative role for mothers in families, but that perspective was criticized by the socialists as promoting an unrealistic image of a woman who was not good for much more than breeding.<ref name="newcomer 133"/>

In the mid-1930s, the leftist government of [[Lázaro Cárdenas]] promoted the holiday as a "patriotic festival". The Cárdenas government tried to use the holiday as a vehicle for various efforts: to stress the importance of families as the basis for national development; to benefit from the loyalty that Mexicans felt towards their mothers; to introduce new morals to Mexican women; and to reduce the influence that the church and the Catholic right exerted over women.<ref name="sherman"/> The government sponsored the holiday in the schools.<ref name="sherman"/> However, ignoring the strict guidelines from the government, theatre plays were filled with religious icons and themes. Consequently, the "national celebrations" became "religious fiestas" despite the efforts of the government.<ref name="sherman">Sherman, p. 44</ref>

Soledad Orozco García, the wife of President [[Manuel Ávila Camacho]], promoted the holiday during the 1940s, resulting in an important state-sponsored celebration.<ref name="newcomer 133–134"/> The 1942 celebration lasted a full week and included an announcement that all women could reclaim their pawned sewing machines from the [[Nacional Monte de Piedad|Monte de Piedad]] at no cost.<ref name="newcomer 133–134">Newcomer, pp. 133–134</ref>

Due to Orozco's promotion, the Catholic [[National Synarchist Union]] (UNS) took heed of the holiday around 1941.<ref name="newcomer 134">Newcomer, p. 134</ref> Shop-owner members of the Party of the Mexican Revolution (now the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]]) observed a custom allowing women from humble classes to pick a free Mother's Day gift from a shop to bring home to their families. The Synarchists worried that this promoted both materialism and the idleness of lower classes, and in turn, reinforced the systemic social problems of the country.<ref name="newcomer 134–135">Newcomer, 134–135</ref> Currently this holiday practice is viewed as very conservative, but the 1940s' UNS saw Mother's Day as part of the larger debate on the modernization that was happening at the time.<ref name="newcomer 135–136"/> This economic modernization was inspired by US models and was sponsored by the state. The fact that the holiday was originally imported from the US was seen as evidence of an attempt at imposing capitalism and materialism in Mexican society.<ref name="newcomer 135–136">Newcomer, 135–136</ref>

The UNS and the clergy of the city of [[León, Guanajuato|León]] interpreted the government's actions as an effort to secularize the holiday and to promote a more active role for women in society. They concluded that the government's long-term goal was to cause women to abandon their traditional roles at home in order to spiritually weaken men.<ref name="newcomer 135–136"/> They also saw the holiday as an attempt to secularize the cult to the Virgin Mary, inside a larger effort to dechristianize several holidays. The government sought to counter these claims by organizing widespread masses and asking religious women to assist with the state-sponsored events in order to "depaganize" them.<ref name="newcomer 136–139"/> The clergy preferred to promote 2 July celebration of the Santísima [[Virgen de la Luz]], the patron of [[León, Guanajuato]], in replacement of Mother's Day.<ref name="newcomer 134"/> In 1942, at the same time as Soledad's greatest celebration of Mother's Day, the clergy organized the 210th celebration of the Virgin Mary with a large parade in León.<ref name="newcomer 136–139">Newcomer, 136–139</ref>

There is a consensus among scholars that the Mexican government abandoned its revolutionary initiatives during the 1940s, including its efforts to influence Mother's Day.<ref name="newcomer 134"/>

Today the "Día de las Madres" is an unofficial holiday in Mexico held each year on 10 May,<ref name="legacy">[http://legacyproject.org/guides/mdhistory.html The History of Mother's Day] from The Legacy Project, a Legacy Center (Canada) website</ref> the day on which it was first celebrated in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latintimes.com/mothers-day-2016-date-when-dia-de-la-madre-mexico-other-latin-american-countries-384106|title=When Is Mother's Day Celebrated In Mexico?|date=7 May 2016|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011203707/http://www.latintimes.com/mothers-day-2016-date-when-dia-de-la-madre-mexico-other-latin-american-countries-384106|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In Mexico, to show affection and appreciation to the mother, it is traditional to start the celebration with the famous song "Las Mañanitas", either a cappella, with the help of a mariachi or a contracted trio. Families usually gather to celebrate, trying to spend as much time as possible with mothers to honor them. They bring some dishes and eat together or visit a restaurant.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHnp3mJQq1YC&pg=PA68|last=Thompson|publisher=[[Ten Speed Press|Celestial Arts]]|isbn=978-1587611148|first=Jennifer Trainer|title=The Joy of Family Traditions: A Season-by-Season Companion to Celebrations, Holidays, & Special Occasions|year=2008|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref>

====Myanmar====
In Myanmar, Mothers' Day (the plural form of mother is used as an official title<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/burmese/burma/2011/01/110119_mothers_day|title=မြန်မာနိုင်ငံမှာ အမေများနေ့ ကျင်းပ |last=ဘီဘီစီ |website= BBC Myanmar|date=18 January 2011|access-date=19 May 2020 |language=my |trans-title=Mothers' day is held in Myanmar.}}</ref>) is celebrated on the full moon day of [[Pyatho]], the tenth month of the Myanmar calendar, which usually falls in January.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yangonlife.com.mm/en/article/myanmar-mothers-day-review|title=Myanmar Mother's Day Review|last=Yee Mon|date=27 January 2016|website=Yangon Life|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804021430/https://yangonlife.com.mm/en/article/myanmar-mothers-day-review|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the proposal and initiative of [[Thukha|U Thukha]], who put a lot of effort into founding this day, it was first celebrated in [[Mandalay]] on the full moon day of Pyatho in 1995, but it was officially added to the Myanmar calendar in 1997, two years after its first celebration.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://uzo.sakura.ne.jp/burma/nlm/nlm_data/nlm_2000/nlm_10_2000/N001027.htm|title=Yangon University confers Doctor of Letters on Reactor Sayadaw of International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University, Sayagyi U Thukha|last=The New Light of Myanmar|date=5 January 2019|access-date=18 May 2020|quote=Because of his organization, the Fullmoon Day of Pyatho has been observed as Mothers" Day since 1997.}}</ref>

People who are away from home, send postcards or phone their mothers to express love and gratitude and those who live with their mother, give her personal service, like bathing or shampooing, and usually take her to pagodas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mdn.gov.mm/my/paasiulpnny-amemaane|title=ပြာသိုလပြည့် အမေများနေ့|last=မုဒိတာ (တောင်သာ)|date=5 January 2019|website=Myanmar Digital News|access-date=18 May 2020|trans-title=Mothers' day, the full moon of Pyatho.|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805084456/https://www.mdn.gov.mm/my/paasiulpnny-amemaane|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Nepal====
In [[Nepal]], there is a festival equivalent to Mother's Day, called Mata Tirtha Aunsi ("Mother Pilgrimage New Moon"), or Mata Tirtha [[Puja (Buddhism)|Puja]] ("Mother Pilgrimage Worship"). It is celebrated according to the lunar calendar. It falls on the last day of the dark fortnight in the month of [[Baishakh (Nepali calendar)|Baishakh]] which falls in April–May (in 2015, it will occur on 18 April). The dark fortnight lasts for 15 days from the full moon to the new moon. This festival is observed to commemorate and honor mothers, and it is celebrated by giving gifts to mothers and remembering mothers who are no more.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

To honor mothers who have died, it is the tradition to go on a pilgrimage to the Mata Tirtha ponds, located 6&nbsp;km to the southwest of downtown [[Kathmandu]]. The nearby [[Mata Tirtha]] village is named after these ponds. Previously, the tradition was observed primarily by the [[Newar]] community and other people living in the [[Kathmandu Valley]]. Now this festival is widely celebrated across the country.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

Many tragic [[folklore]] legends have been created, suggesting different reasons why this pond became a pilgrimage site. The most popular version says that, in ancient times, the mother of a shepherd died, and he made offerings to a nearby pond. There he saw the face of his mother in the water, with her hand taking the offerings. Since then, many people have visited the pond, hoping to see their deceased mother's face. Pilgrims believe that they will bring peace to their mothers' souls by visiting the sacred place. There are two ponds. The larger one is for ritual bathing. The smaller one is used to "look upon mother's face", and is fenced by iron bars to prevent people from bathing in it.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Traditionally, in the Kathmandu valley the South-Western corner is reserved for women and women-related rituals, and the North-Eastern is for men and men-related rituals. The worship place for Mata Tirtha Aunsi is located in Mata Tirtha in the South-Western half of the valley, while the worship place for [[Gokarna Aunsi]], the equivalent celebration for deceased fathers is located in [[Gokarna, Nepal]], in the North-Eastern half. This division is reflected in many aspects of the life in Kathmandu valley.<ref name="HeestermanHoek1992">{{cite book|author1=J. C. Heesterman|author2=Albert W. Van den Hoek|author3=Dirk H. A. Kolff |author3-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff |author4=Marianne S. Oort|title=Ritual, State, and History in South Asia: Essays in Honour of J.C. Heesterman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtwtSZwyWpgC&pg=PA786|year=1992|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-09467-3|page=786}}</ref>

Mother's Day is known as Aama ko Mukh Herne Din in [[Nepali language|Nepali]], which literally means "day to see mother's face". In [[Nepal Bhasa]], the festival is known as Mām yā Khwā Swayegu, which can be translated as "to look upon mother's face".{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

====Netherlands====
In the [[Netherlands]], Mother's Day was introduced as early as 1910 by the Dutch branch of the [[Salvation Army]].<ref>{{harvnb|Helsloot|2007|p=206}}</ref> The Royal Dutch Society for Horticulture and Botany, a group protecting the interest of Dutch florists, worked to promote the holiday; they hoped to emulate the commercial success achieved by American florists.<ref name="helsloot 208">{{harvnb|Helsloot|2007|p=208}}</ref> They were imitating the campaign already underway by florists in Germany and Austria, but they were aware that the traditions had originated in the US.<ref name="helsloot 208"/>

Florists launched a major promotional effort in 1925. This included the publication of a book of articles written by famous intellectuals, radio broadcasts, newspapers ads, and the collaboration of priests and teachers who wanted to promote the celebration for their own reasons.<ref name="helsloot 208"/> In 1931 the second Sunday of May was adopted as the official celebration date. In the mid-1930s the slogan ''Moederdag – Bloemendag'' (Mother's Day – Flowers' Day) was coined, and the phrase was popular for many years.<ref name="helsloot 209">{{harvnb|Helsloot|2007|p=209}}</ref> In the 1930s and 1940s "Mother's Day cakes" were given as gifts in hospitals and to the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Dutch Queen]], who is known as the "mother of the country".<ref name="helsloot 209"/> Other trade groups tried to cash in on the holiday and to give new meaning to the holiday in order to promote their own wares as gifts.<ref name="helsloot 209"/>

Roman Catholic priests complained that the holiday interfered with the honoring of the Virgin Mary, the divine mother, which took place during the whole month of May. In 1926 Mother's Day was celebrated on 7 July in order to address these complaints.<ref name="helsloot 210">{{harvnb|Helsloot|2007|p=210}}</ref> Catholic organizations and priests tried to Christianize the holiday, but those attempts were rendered futile around the 1960s when the church lost influence and the holiday was completely secularized.<ref name="helsloot 210"/>

In later years, the initial resistance disappeared, and even leftist newspapers stopped their criticism and endorsed Mother's Day.<ref name="helsloot 213">{{harvnb|Helsloot|2007|p=213}}</ref>

In the 1980s, the American origin of the holiday was still not widely known, so feminist groups who opposed the perpetuation of gender roles sometimes claimed that Mother's Day was invented by Nazis and celebrated on the birthday of [[Klara Hitler]], Hitler's mother.<ref name="helsloot 211">{{harvnb|Helsloot|2007|p=211}}</ref>

====New Zealand====
In [[New Zealand]], Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May. Mother's Day is not a public holiday. The New Zealand tradition is to send or give cards and gifts and at-home youngsters to attempt to serve mothers a variation on breakfast in bed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/life-style/tempo/407983/The-history-of-mothers-day|title = The history of mother's day|date = 31 January 2009}}</ref>

====Nicaragua====
In [[Nicaragua]], the ''Día de la Madre'' has been celebrated on 30 May since the early 1940s. The date was chosen by President [[Anastasio Somoza García]] because it was the birthday of Casimira Sacasa, his wife's mother.<ref name=nicaragua>{{citation |title=El origen del Día de la Madre |author=Lic. Pedro Rafael Díaz Figueroa |work=[[El Nuevo Diario]] |date=27 May 1999 |url=http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/1999/mayo/27-mayo-1999/opinion/opinion6.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514093352/http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/1999/mayo/27-mayo-1999/opinion/opinion6.html |archive-date=14 May 2010 }}</ref>

====North Korea====
Mother's Day is celebrated on 16 November as a [[List of public holidays in North Korea|public holiday in North Korea]]. The date takes its significance from the First National Meeting of Mothers held in 1961, for which [[Kim Il Sung]], the [[Leader of North Korea|leader of the country]], published a work called ''The Duty of Mothers in the Education of Children''. The date was designated as Mother's Day in May 2012 by the [[Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly]] but only became a public holiday and appeared on the [[North Korean calendar]] starting in 2015.<ref name="LeeSangYong2014">{{cite web|author=Lee Sang Yong|date=16 December 2014|title=North Korea's Official 2015 Calendar Revealed|url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?num=12682&cataId=nk01700|work=Daily NK|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref>

====Norway====
Mother's Day was first celebrated on 9 February 1919 and was initially organized by religious institutions. Later it has become a family day, and the mother is often treated to breakfast in bed, flowers and cake.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mother's Day in Norway|url=http://blogs.transparent.com/norwegian/mothers-day-in-norway/|access-date=26 May 2015|date=11 May 2010}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2015}}

It has gradually become a major commercial event, with special pastries, flowers and other presents offered by retailers. Day-cares and primary schools often encourage children to make cards and other gifts.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

====Pakistan====
In [[Pakistan]], Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. Media channels celebrate with special shows. Individuals honor their mothers by giving gifts and commemorative articles. Individuals who have lost their mothers pray and pay their respects to their loved ones lost. Schools hold special programs in order to acknowledge the efforts of their mothers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://arynews.tv/en/mothers-day-being-observed-today/|title=World marks Mother's Day with Utmost Love, Respect|access-date=12 June 2017|newspaper=ARY News|date=17 May 2016}}</ref>

====Panama====
In [[Panama]], Mother's Day is celebrated on 8 December, the same day as the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]]. This date was suggested in 1930 by the wife of Panama's President [[Florencio Harmodio Arosemena]]. 8 December was adopted as Mother's Day under Law 69, which was passed the same year.<ref name=panama>{{citation |work= [[Crítica]] |title= Bendita Madre |author= editorial |language= es |date= 8 December 2001 |url= http://www.critica.com.pa/archivo/12082001/opinion.html |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110927162051/http://www.critica.com.pa/archivo/12082001/opinion.html |archive-date= 27 September 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

According to another account, in 1924 the [[Rotary Club]] of Panama asked that Mother's Day be celebrated on 11 May. Politician Aníbal D. Ríos changed the proposal so that the celebration would be held on 8 December. He then established Mother's Day as a national holiday on that date.<ref>{{citation |title= Origins. La celebración del Día de la Madre |author= Penny de Henríquez |date= 9 December 2005 |language= es |work= [[La Prensa (Panama City)|La Prensa]] |url= http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2005/12/09/hoy/opinion/427577.html |access-date= 4 March 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110505063609/http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2005/12/09/hoy/opinion/427577.html |archive-date= 5 May 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

====Paraguay====
In [[Paraguay]], Mother's Day is celebrated on 15 May, the same day as the ''Dia de la Patria'', which celebrates the [[History of Paraguay#Independence of 1811|independence of Paraguay]].<ref name=paraguay1/> This date was chosen to honor the role played by Juana María de Lara in the events of 14 May 1811 that led to Paraguay's independence.<ref>{{citation|title=Session of the Honorable Cámara de Senadores. Señor Senador Diego Abente Brun|page=25|url=http://www.congreso.gov.py/senadores/archivos/diarios/341S-13.doc|language=es}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 2008, the Paraguayan Minister of Culture, Bruno Barrios, lamented this coincidence because, in Paraguay, Mother's Day is much more popular than independence day and the independence celebration goes unnoticed. As a result, Barrios asked that the celebration be moved to the end of the month.<ref name=paraguay2/> A group of young people attempted to gather 20,000 signatures to ask the Parliament to move Mother's Day.<ref name=paraguay2>{{citation|title=Buscan que se cambie fecha del día de la madre|date=14 May 2008|work=Radio Viva 90.1 FM Paraguay|url=http://www.radioviva.com.py/articulo.php?ID=2478}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2008, the ''Comisión de festejos'' (Celebration Committee) of the city of [[Asunción]] asked that Mother's Day be moved to the second Sunday of May.<ref>{{citation|date=27 July 2008|title=Hoy miércoles 27 de agosto se inician las acciones de la Comisión de Festejos por el Bicentenario, con una retreta en la Plaza de los Héroes|author=Municipality of [[Asuncion]]|url=http://www.mca.gov.py/noticias/270808_2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510082053/http://www.mca.gov.py/noticias/270808_2.htm|archive-date=10 May 2009}}</ref>

====Philippines====
In the [[Philippines]], Mother's Day is officially celebrated on the second Sunday of May, but it is not a public holiday.<ref name=proclamation1998>{{cite news | url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/12/11/proclamation-no-58-s-1998/ | title=Proclamation No. 58, s. 1998 | newspaper=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette]] | date=11 December 1998 | access-date=1 December 2014 | archive-date=23 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623101315/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/12/11/proclamation-no-58-s-1998/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Although not a traditional Filipino holiday, the occasion owes its popularity to [[American Colonial Period (Philippines)|American Colonial Period]] influence.

According to a 2008 article by the [[Philippine News Agency]], in 1921 the [[Ilocos Norte]] Federation of Women's Clubs asked to declare the first Monday of December as Mother's Day "to honor these fabulous women who brought forth God's children into this world." In response, [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor-General]] [[Charles Yeater]] issued Circular No. 33 declaring the celebration. In 1937 [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Manuel L. Quezon]] issued Presidential Proclamation No. 213, changing the name of the occasion from "Mother's Day" to "Parent's Day" to address the complaints that there wasn't a "Father's Day". In 1980 President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] issued Presidential Proclamation No. 2037 proclaiming the date as both Mother's Day and Father's Day. In 1988 President [[Corazon Aquino]] issued Presidential Proclamation No. 266, changing Mother's Day to the second Sunday of May, and Father's Day to the third Sunday of June, discontinuing the traditional date.<ref>{{cite web |title= The First Monday of December is Mother's Day and Father's Day |date= 1 December 2014 |author= Content Manager 03 |publisher= [[Malacañan Palace]] (official residence of the [[President of the Philippines]]) |url= http://malacanang.gov.ph/74663-the-first-monday-of-december-is-mothers-day-and-fathers-day/ |access-date= 3 December 2014 |archive-date= 8 December 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141208012108/http://malacanang.gov.ph/74663-the-first-monday-of-december-is-mothers-day-and-fathers-day/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 1998 President [[Joseph Estrada]] returned both celebrations to the first Monday of December.<ref name=proclamation1998/>

====Portugal====
In [[Portugal]], the "Dia da Mãe" ("Mother's Day") is an unofficial holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May (sometimes coinciding with [[May Day#Portugal|Labour Day]]). In the weeks leading up to this Sunday, school children spend a few hours a day preparing a gift for their mothers, aided by their school teachers. In general, mothers receive gifts from their family members and this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family.
It used to be celebrated on 8 December, the same date as the Conception of the Virgin celebration.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

====Romania====
In [[Romania]], Mother's Day has been celebrated on the first Sunday of May since 2010. Law 319/2009 made both Mother's Day and Father's Day official holidays in Romania. The measure was passed thanks to campaign efforts from the Alliance Fighting Discrimination Against Fathers (TATA).<ref name="romania">{{cite news|title=Romania Celebrates Fathers' Day On Second Sunday Of May|url=http://www.mediafax.ro/english/romania-celebrates-fathers-day-on-second-sunday-of-may-6088334|access-date=8 May 2016|work=[[Mediafax]]|date=4 May 2010|location=Bucharest|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129091127/http://www.mediafax.ro/english/romania-celebrates-fathers-day-on-second-sunday-of-may-6088334|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Previously, Mother's Day was celebrated on 8 March, as part of [[International Women's Day]] (a tradition dating back to when Romania was part of the [[Eastern bloc]]). Today, Mother's Day and International Women's Day are two separate holidays, with International Women's Day being held on its original date of 8 March.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

====Russia====
{{main|International Women's Day}}
Traditionally [[Russia]] had celebrated International Women's Day and Mother's Day on 8 March, an inheritance from the [[Soviet Union]], and a public holiday.<ref>{{cite news
| author = Постановление ЦК ВКП(б).
| script-title = ru:К советским женщинам, обращение ЦК КПСС в связи с Международным днём 8 Марта.
| newspaper = Советское искусство
| date = 8 March 1966
| pages = 4
| url = http://www.oldgazette.ru/siskusstvo/08031945/index1.html
| access-date = 22 March 2013
| format = DjVu
| language = ru
| archive-date = 29 November 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021914/http://www.oldgazette.ru/siskusstvo/08031945/index1.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Women's Day was first celebrated on the last Sunday in February in 1913 in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internationalwomensday.com/About|title=About International Women's Day|website=International Women's Day|access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

In 1917, demonstrations marking International Women's Day in [[Saint Petersburg]] on the last Sunday in February (which fell on 8 March on the [[Gregorian calendar]]) initiated the [[February Revolution]]. Following the [[October Revolution]] later that year, the [[Bolshevik]] [[Alexandra Kollontai]] persuaded [[Vladimir Lenin]] to make it an official holiday in the Soviet Union, and it was established, but was a working day until 1965.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

On 8 May 1965, by the decree of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]], International Women's Day was declared a non-working day in the Soviet Union "in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction, in the defense of their [[Fatherland]] during the [[Great Patriotic War (term)|Great Patriotic War]], in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear, and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples, and the struggle for peace. But still, women's day must be celebrated as are other holidays."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last =Балаховская| first =Л. Г.| editor-last =Введенский| editor-first =Борис| script-title =ru:Международный женский день 8 марта.| encyclopedia ="Большая советская энциклопедия" (БСЭ)| publisher =Советская энциклопедия| location =Москва| year =1969–1978| url =http://slovari.yandex.ru/8%20%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%208%20%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0/| archive-url =https://archive.today/20120720071049/http://slovari.yandex.ru/8%20%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%208%20%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0/| url-status =dead| archive-date =20 July 2012| language =ru}}</ref>

====Samoa====
In [[Samoa]], Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May, and as a recognised national holiday on the Monday following.

====Singapore====
In [[Singapore]], Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is not recognized as a holiday by the government.

====Slovakia====
[[Czechoslovakia]] celebrated only Women's Day until the [[Velvet Revolution]] in 1989. After the country split in 1993, [[Slovakia]] started celebrating both Women's Day and Mother's Day. The politicization of Women's Day has affected the official status of Mother's Day. Center-right parties want Mother's Day to replace Women's Day, and social-democrats want to make Women's Day an official holiday. Currently, both days are festive, but they are not "state holidays". In the Slovak Republic, Mother's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May.<ref name="eastern"/>

====South Africa====
In [[South Africa]], Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is not recognized as a holiday by the government. The tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed or to go out to lunch together as a family.

====South Sudan====
In [[South Sudan]], Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Monday in July. The president [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] proclaimed Mother's Day as the first Monday in July after handing over from Sudan. Children in South Sudan are presenting mothers with gifts and flowers. The first Mother's Day was held in that country on 2 July 2012.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

====Spain====
In Spain, Mother's Day or Día de la Madre is celebrated on the first Sunday of May. The weeks leading up to this Sunday, school children spend a few hours a day preparing a gift for their mothers, aided by their school teachers. In general, mothers receive gifts from their family members & this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family. It is also said to be celebrated in May, as May is the month dedicated to the Virgin Mary (mother of Jesus) according to Catholicism. The idea of a month dedicated specifically to Mary can be traced back to baroque times. Although it wasn't always held during May, Mary Month included thirty daily spiritual exercises honoring Mary.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/mfenelon/why-is-may-the-month-of-mary|title=Why is May the Month of Mary?|work=National Catholic Register|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref>

In 1925 the Valencian poet [[Julio Menéndez García]] published a ''Hymn to Mother'' in a pamphlet in which he proposed the celebration of Mother's Day in all Spanish-speaking countries.<ref>''Diario de Valencia'', 25 September 1925</ref> The official declaration was never produced, but at that time the initiative was adopted at a local level on different dates; thus, for example, in Madrid, Mother's Day was celebrated on 4 October 1926.<ref>''La Opinión: diario independiente de la mañana'', 4 October 1926.</ref>

In 1939 the [[Frente de Juventudes|Youth Front]] of [[FET y de las JONS]] party, promoted the celebration of Mother's Day coinciding with the feast of the Immaculate Conception, on 8 December.

In the early 1960s, on the initiative of a chain of department stores ([[Galerías Preciados]]), which copied the custom established in Cuba, Mother's Day was also celebrated on the first Sunday of May ([[El Corte Inglés]], the great competitor of Galerías Preciados, celebrated the holiday in December). The two dates, May and December, coexisted until 1965 when the ecclesiastical authorities chose to celebrate the festival in May, within the month consecrated to the Virgin, to recover the authentic character of the Day of the Immaculate Conception.<ref>''Nueva Alcarria'', 5 December 1964.</ref>

====Sri Lanka====
In Sri Lanka, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May.

====Sweden====
In [[Sweden]], Mother's Day was first celebrated in 1919, by an initiative of the author Cecilia Bååth-Holmberg. It took several decades for the day to be widely recognized. Swedes born in the early nineteen hundreds typically did not celebrate the day because of the common belief that the holiday was invented strictly for commercial purposes. This was in contrast to Father's Day, which has been widely celebrated in Sweden since the late 1970s. Mother's Day in Sweden is celebrated on the last Sunday in May. A later date was chosen to allow everyone to go outside and pick flowers.<ref name="nordstjernan.com z291">{{cite web | title=Unique page title | website=nordstjernan.com | url=https://nordstjernan.com/news/traditions/5542/ | access-date=January 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="VÄRLDENS HISTORIA 2023 w007">{{cite web | title=Mors dag 2023: När är det mors dag? | website=VÄRLDENS HISTORIA | date=May 28, 2023 | url=https://varldenshistoria.se/samhalle/traditioner/mors-dag-nar-ar-det-mors-dag | language=sv | access-date=January 6, 2024}}</ref>

====Switzerland====
In [[Switzerland]], the "règle de Pentecôte" law allows Mother's Day to be celebrated a week late if the holiday falls on the same day as Pentecost. In 2008, merchants declined to move the date.<ref>{{citation |title= La Fête des Mères 2008 ne sera pas reportée |language= fr |author= Fleurop-Interflora (Suisse) |date= 22 April 2008 |url= http://www.presseportal.ch/fr/print.htx?nr=100559568 }}</ref>

====Taiwan====
In [[Taiwan]], Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of the month of May, coinciding with [[Buddha's birthday]] and the traditional ceremony of "washing the Buddha". In 1999 the Taiwanese government established the second Sunday of May as Buddha's birthday, so they would be celebrated in the same day.<ref>{{citation |title= Thousands of believers mark Buddha's birthday |author= Camaron Kao |date= 14 May 2012 |work= [[China Post]] |url= http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2012/05/14/341025/Thousands-of.htm |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130616030705/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2012/05/14/341025/Thousands-of.htm |archive-date= 16 June 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Sakyamuni Buddha birthday celebrated |author= Ko Shu-Ling |date= 9 May 2011 |work= [[Taipei Times]] |url= http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/05/09/2003502765 |quote= The legislature approved a proposal in 1999 to designate the birthday of Sakyamuni Buddha – which falls on the eighth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar – a national holiday and to celebrate the special occasion concurrently with International Mother's Day, which is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. }}</ref>

Since 2006,<ref>{{cite web |title= 300,000 Attend Buddha Day Ceremonies in 34 Countries |publisher= [[Tzu Chi]] |date= 15 May 2012 |url= http://www.tzuchi.org.sg/eng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1340:300000-attend-buddha-day-ceremonies-in-34-countries&catid=120:2012-news&Itemid=595 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120523022231/http://www.tzuchi.org.sg/eng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1340:300000-attend-buddha-day-ceremonies-in-34-countries&catid=120:2012-news&Itemid=595 |archive-date= 23 May 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> the [[Tzu Chi]], the largest charity organization in Taiwan, celebrates the Tzu Chi Day, Mother's Day and Buddha's birthday all together, as part of a unified celebration and religious observance.<ref>{{citation |title= Tzu Chi Foundation to stage Mother's Day event |work= [[Taipei Times]] |date= 4 May 2008 |url= http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/05/04/2003411015 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title= Cultural center performs 'bathing Buddha' ceremony |author= Caroline Hong |work= Taipei Times |date= 23 May 2004 |url= http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2004/05/23/2003156619 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title= Taiwan Quick Take: Tzu Chi celebrates birthday |date= 15 May 2006 |page= 3 |author= unsigned |work= Taipei Times |url= http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/05/15/2003308272 }}</ref>

====Thailand====
Mother's day in [[Thailand]] is celebrated on the birthday of the Queen Mother of Thailand, [[Sirikit]] (12 August).<ref>{{Cite news |title= Police chief returns earlier for Mother's Day |work= [[MCOT]] news |agency= Thai News Agency |date= 10 August 2012 |url= http://enews.mcot.net/view.php?id=11235 |quote= (...) an audience with Her Majesty Queen Sirikit on Tuesday on the occasion of her birthday, which is also observed as National Mother's Day. |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110723203602/http://enews.mcot.net/view.php?id=11235 |archive-date= 23 July 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Brian|last=Handwerk|title=Mother's Day Turns 100: Its Surprisingly Dark History|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140508-mothers-day-nation-gifts-facts-culture-moms/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510211603/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140508-mothers-day-nation-gifts-facts-culture-moms/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2014|magazine=National Geographic|date=9 May 2014|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref> The holiday was first celebrated around the 1980s as part of the campaign by the Prime Minister of Thailand [[Prem Tinsulanonda]] to promote Thailand's Royal family.<ref name=handley /> Father's Day is celebrated on the late King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]'s birthday.<ref name=handley>{{Cite book|title= The King Never Smiles: a biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej |author=Paul M. Handley |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year= 2006 |isbn= 9780300106824 |page= 288 |title-link=The King Never Smiles }} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=d75WYMdp8-0C&dq=Sirikit+mother%27s+day&pg=PA288 online version])</ref>

====Ukraine====
[[Ukraine]] celebrates Mother's Day ({{langx|uk|День Матері}}) on the second Sunday of May. In Ukraine, Mother's Day officially became a holiday in 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/489/99 |publisher=zakon2.rada.gov.ua|title= Украз Президента України. Про День Матері|language=uk}}</ref> and has been celebrated since 2000. Ukrainian society also celebrates [[International Women's Day]], a holiday adopted under the [[Soviet Union]] that remained a tradition in Ukraine after [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|its collapse]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

====United Kingdom====
[[File:Happy Mother's Day - geograph.org.uk - 709934.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Balloon]]s outside, in the week before Mother's Day 2008]]

The [[United Kingdom]] celebrates Mother's Day on the [[Fourth Sunday in Lent]] ({{Moveable date |holiday=Mothering Sunday |year={{CURRENTYEAR}}}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=Mother's Day: When is it celebrated and where did it come from?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/17343360|website=BBC|date=14 March 2021|access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the holiday has its roots in the religious [[Mothering Sunday]] celebration and was originally unrelated to the international Mother's Day holiday.<ref name="bbc"/> Most historians believe that Mothering Sunday evolved from a medieval practice of visiting one's mother church annually on [[Laetare Sunday]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higdon |first1=David Leon |title=The Wife of Bath and Refreshment Sunday |journal=Papers on Language and Literature |date=1972 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=199–201 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/950908498b6f12eb4101e772a0c0e480/}}</ref>

====United States====
{{Main|Mother's Day (United States)}}
[[File:Michelle Obama, Jill Biden and Prince Henry.jpg|thumb|left|[[Prince Harry]], [[Michelle Obama]] and [[Jill Biden]] helping children create Mother's Day cards at the [[White House]], 9 May 2013]]
[[File:Mother's day gifts.jpg|thumb|Handmade Mother's Day gifts]]

The United States celebrates Mother's Day on the second Sunday in May. In 1872 [[Julia Ward Howe]] called for women to join in support of disarmament and asked for 2 June 1872, to be established as a "Mother's Day for Peace". Her 1870 "Appeal to womanhood throughout the world" is sometimes referred to as [[Mother's Day Proclamation]]. But Howe's day was not for honouring mothers but for organizing pacifist mothers against war. In the 1880s and 1890s there were several further attempts to establish an American "Mother's Day", but these did not succeed beyond the local level.<ref name=virginia>{{Cite book|title=The family in America: an encyclopedia|chapter=Mother's Day|first=Virginia|last=Bernhard|editor=Joseph M. Hawes |editor2=Elizabeth F. Shores|edition=3, illustrated|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2002|isbn= 978-1576072325|page=714|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z55xx8_P08UC&pg=PT714}}</ref>

<!--This text duplicates the information found under the Founding (United States) heading, so I have taken it out for now.-->
<!--The current [[Secular holiday|holiday]] was created by [[Anna Jarvis]] in [[Grafton, West Virginia]] in 1908 as a day to honour one's mother.<ref name=vancouversun /> Jarvis wanted to accomplish her mother's dream of making a celebration for all mothers, although the idea did not take off until she enlisted the services of wealthy Philadelphia merchant John Wanamaker, who celebrated it on 8 May 1910 in Bethany Temple Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, PA of which he was the founder. In a letter to the pastor, she said it was, "our first Mother's Day".<ref name=rouvalis>Cristina Rouvalis, [http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08132/880876-85.stm For the mother of Mother's Day, it's just never been right], Cristina Rouvalis, ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', 11 May 2008.</ref> Jarvis kept promoting the holiday until President Woodrow Wilson made the day an official national holiday in 1914.<ref name=virginia />

The holiday eventually became so highly commercialized that many, including its founder, Anna Jarvis, considered it a "[[Hallmark holiday]]," ''i.e.'' one with an overwhelming commercial purpose. Jarvis eventually ended up opposing the holiday she had helped to create.<ref name=vancouversun /><ref name="newcomer 135–136"/> This economic modernization was inspired by US models and was sponsored by the state. She died in 1948, regretting what had become of her holiday.<ref name=rouvalis />
-->
In the United States, Mother's Day remains one of the biggest days for sales of flowers, greeting cards, and the like; Mother's Day is also the biggest holiday for long-distance telephone calls.<ref>Barbara Mikkelson, "[http://www.snopes.com/holidays/fathersday/collect.asp We love you – call collect]". Snopes.com. Retrieved 2010.03.08.</ref> Moreover, [[Church service|churchgoing]] is also popular on Mother's Day, yielding the highest [[church attendance]] after Christmas Eve and Easter. Many worshippers celebrate the day with [[carnations]], coloured if the mother is living and white if she is dead.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Churchgoing">{{cite book |author=J. Ellsworth Kalas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQpXwIt3ihAC&q=%22third+only+to+Christmas+Eve+and+Easter%22&pg=PA76 |title=Preaching the Calendar: Celebrating Holidays and Holy Days |publisher=[[Westminster John Knox Press]]|quote=Church attendance on this day is likely to be third only to Christmas Eve and Easter. Some worshipers still celebrate with carnations, colored if the mother is living and white if she is deceased.|date=2009|isbn = 978-0664227142}}</ref>

Mother's Day continues to be one of the most commercially successful U.S. occasions.<ref>{{cite web | title = Mother's Day Dining Fact Sheet | date = 28 April 2006 | publisher = [[National Restaurant Association]] | url = http://www.restaurant.org/Pressroom/Press-Releases/Mother-s-Day-Dining-Fact-Sheet | quote = Mother's Day is the most popular day of the year to dine out, with 38 percent of consumers reporting doing so | access-date = 29 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170627080205/http://www.restaurant.org/Pressroom/Press-Releases/Mother-s-Day-Dining-Fact-Sheet | archive-date = 27 June 2017 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

It is possible that the holiday would have withered over time without the support and continuous promotion of the florist industries and other commercial industries. Other Protestant holidays from the same time, such as [[Children's Day]] and [[Temperance Sunday]], do not have the same level of popularity.<ref>Leigh, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=maF8mTPsJqsC&q=mother%27s+day&pg=PA256 256]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Holidays}}
* [[International Mother's Day Shrine]]
* [[International Women's Day]]
* [[International Women's Day]]
* [[Father's Day]]
Mother's day in Muslim countries specially Shiaas' is the celebrated at the birthday of the prophet Mohammad's daughter, Fatemeh. This day which is also known as Women's day follows the lunar calendar and changes every year in solar calendars.
* [[List of films set around Mother's Day]]
* [[May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary]]
* [[Why Mom Deserves a Diamond contest]]


== References ==
==Notes==

<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
===Citations===
<references/>
Enstam, Elizabeth York. "The Dallas equal suffrage association, political style, and popular culture: grassroots strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1913–1919." ''Journal of Southern History'' 68.4 (2002):817+. Student Resources in Context. Web. 14 November 2014.

==References==
{{reflist}}
'''General'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book| title = Consumer Rites: The Buying and Selling of American Holidays | author= Schmidt, Leigh Eric | edition = reprint, illustrated | editor = Princeton University Press | year = 1997 | pages = 256–275 | publisher= Princeton University Press | isbn = 978-0-691-01721-1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=maF8mTPsJqsC | editor-link = Princeton University Press }}
* {{Cite book| title = The Modernization of Fatherhood: A Social and Political History | publisher = University of Chicago Press | author=Larossa, Ralph | edition = illustrated | editor = University of Chicago Press | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-226-46904-1 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/modernizationoff00laro/page/90 90], 170–192 | url = https://archive.org/details/modernizationoff00laro | url-access = registration | quote = Ann Jarvis OR Anna Jarvis mother's day. | editor-link = University of Chicago Press }}
* {{citation |title= Reframing Dutch Culture: Between Otherness and Authenticity |series= Progress in European Ethnology |first=John |last=Helsloot |chapter= 10. Vernacular Authenticity: Negotiating Mother's Day and Father's Day in the Netherlands |editor= Margry, Peter Jan |editor2=Roodenburg, Herman |edition= illustrated |publisher= [[Ashgate Publishing]] |year= 2007 |pages= 6–7, 203–224 |isbn= 978-0-7546-4705-8 }}
* {{Cite book| title = Reconciling Modernity: Urban State Formation in 1940s León, Mexico | first = Daniel | last = Newcomer | edition = illustrated | publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0803233492 | pages = 132–139 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sQlmr7IkvJcC&pg=PA132 }}
* {{Cite book| title = The Mexican Right: The End of Revolutionary Reform, 1929–1940 | first = John W. | last = Sherman | edition = illustrated | publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0275957360 | page = 44 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h29VKMtmzzcC&pg=PA44 }}
{{refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://blackdog4kids.com/holiday/mom/history.html History of Mother's Day]
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-52589173 Anna Jarvis: The woman who regretted creating Mother's Day], By Vibeke Venema BBC Stories, 10 May 2020.
* [http://www.funonthenet.in/content/view/286/31/ Mothers Day Presentation] Beautiful Flash Presentation on Mothers Day

* [http://www.dayformothers.com/mothers-day-history/index.html Mother's Day History]
{{Public holidays in Algeria}}
* [http://womenshistory.about.com/od/mothersday/a/early.htm Mother's Day History]
{{U.S. holidays}}
*[http://mothersday.about.com/ Mother's Day on About.com]
{{Mexico Holidays}}
* [http://www.theholidayspot.com/mothersday/history.htm Mother's Day and its history and origin]
{{Family}}
*[http://www.holidays.net/mother/ Mother's Day on the net]
{{Authority control}}
*[http://www.web-holidays.com/mothersday/ Mothers' Day at Web-Holidays]

* [http://www.chennaionline.com/specials/summer2002/mothersday/origin.asp Origin of Mother's Day]
[[Category:Mother's Day| ]]
* [http://www.emotionscards.com/trivia/mothersday/mothersday.html Mother's Day on emotioncards.com]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
* [http://www.mothersdayshrine.com International Mother's Day Shrine]
[[Category:August observances]]
* [http://mothersday.indiaserver.com/mothers-day-origin.html Mother's Day Origin]
[[Category:December observances]]
* [http://dmoz.org/Society/Holidays/Mother%27s_Day/ Category at ODP]
[[Category:February observances]]
* [http://www.mothersdaycelebration.com/ Mother's Day Celebrations] &mdash; Comprehensive site with details on celebrations, traditions & history besides other aspects related to the festival.
[[Category:Holidays and observances by scheduling (nth weekday of the month)]]
* [http://brazilpostcard.com/motherpg.html Vintage Mother's Day Postcards]
[[Category:June observances]]
* [http://ely.anglican.org/about/MotheringSunday.html How Mothering Sunday was revived in East Anglia]
[[Category:1908 establishments]]
[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:Secular holidays]]
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:Parenting]]
[[Category:Monday observances]]
[[da:Mors dag]]
[[Category:July observances]]
[[Category:April observances]]<!--Please do not put this into the main April category, the Gregorian April observance has its own article-->
[[de:Muttertag]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[et:Emadepäev]]
[[Category:Observances in the United States by presidential proclamation]]
[[es:Día de la Madre]]
[[Category:Shevat observances]]
[[eo:Tago de patrinoj]]
<!--Refers to Israeli observance]]-->
[[fr:Fête des mères]]
<!--Refers to Iranian observance-->
[[he:יום המשפחה]]
<!--Refers to Nepalese observance-->
[[lt:Motinos diena]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[hu:Anyák napja]]
[[Category:Finnish flag flying days]]
[[it:Festa della mamma]]
[[Category:United States flag flying days]]
[[nl:Moederdag]]
[[Category:Public holidays in the Soviet Union]]
[[ja:母の日]]
[[Category:Sunday observances]]
[[no:Morsdag]]
[[pl:Dzień Matki]]
[[Category:Women's events]]
[[Category:Natalism]]
[[pt:Dia das Mães]]
[[fi:Äitienpäivä]]
[[sv:Mors dag]]
[[th:วันแม่แห่งชาติ]]
[[zh:母亲节]]
[[zh-yue:母親節]]

Latest revision as of 09:45, 1 November 2024

For other uses, see Mother's Day (disambiguation).

Mother's Day
Maternal Admiration, painted by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
Observed by40+ countries
TypeWorldwide
SignificanceHonors mothers and motherhood
DateVaries per country
FrequencyAnnual
Related to

Mother's Day is a celebration honoring the mother of the family or individual, as well as motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on different days in many parts of the world, most commonly in March or May. It complements similar celebrations honoring family members, such as Father's Day, Siblings Day, and Grandparents' Day.

In the 19th century in the British Isles, "Mothering Sunday" was celebrated on the fourth Sunday in Lent. On this day, clerics and curates were encouraged to use the time at their disposal to visit their original mother churches.

While other countries also have a multi-century history of a day to celebrate mothers, the modern American version of the holiday began in the United States in the early 20th century at the initiative of Anna Jarvis. She organized the first Mother's Day service of worship and celebration at Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church in Grafton, West Virginia, which serves as the International Mother's Day Shrine today.[1] It is not directly related to the many traditional celebrations of mothers and motherhood that have existed throughout the world over thousands of years, such as the Greek cult to Cybele, the mother deity Rhea, the Roman festival of Hilaria, or the other Christian ecclesiastical Mothering Sunday celebration (associated with the image of Mother Church).[2][3][4][5] However, in some countries, Mother's Day is still synonymous with these older traditions.[6][7][8]

Mother's Day
Mother's Day

The American version of Mother's Day has been criticized for having become too commercialized.[9][10] Jarvis herself, who began the celebration as a liturgical observance, regretted this commercialism and expressed that this was never her intention.[1][11] In response, Constance Adelaide Smith successfully advocated for Mothering Sunday as a commemoration of a broader definition of motherhood in many other parts of the English-speaking world.[12]

Establishment of holiday

Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church, the site of the first Mother's Day religious service in 1908, is the International Mother's Day Shrine.
Main article: Mother's Day (United States) § History

The modern holiday was first celebrated in 1907, when Anna Jarvis held the first Mother's Day service of worship at Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church in Grafton, West Virginia.[1][13] Andrew's Methodist Church now holds the International Mother's Day Shrine.[1] Her campaign to make Mother's Day a recognized holiday in the United States began in 1905, the year her mother, Ann Reeves Jarvis, died. Ann Jarvis had been a peace activist who cared for wounded soldiers on both sides of the American Civil War, and created Mother's Day Work Clubs to address public health issues. She and another peace activist and suffragist, Julia Ward Howe, had been urging for the creation of a "Mother's Day For Peace" where mothers would ask that their husbands and sons were no longer killed in wars. Forty years before it became an official holiday, Ward Howe had made her Mother's Day Proclamation in 1870, which called upon mothers of all nationalities to band together to promote the "amicable settlement of international questions, the great and general interests of peace."[14] Anna Jarvis wanted to honor this and to set aside a day to honor all mothers because she believed a mother is "the person who has done more for you than anyone in the world".[15]

In 1908, the U.S. Congress rejected a proposal to make Mother's Day an official holiday, joking that they would also have to proclaim a "Mother-in-law's Day".[16] However, owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis, by 1911 all U.S. states observed the holiday,[17] with some of them officially recognizing Mother's Day as a local holiday[18] (the first being West Virginia, Jarvis's home state, in 1910). In 1914, Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother's Day, held on the second Sunday in May, as a national holiday to honor mothers.[19]

Although Jarvis, who started Mother's Day as a liturgical service, was successful in founding the celebration, she became resentful of the commercialization of the holiday, and it became associated with the phrase "Hallmark holiday". By the early 1920s, Hallmark Cards and other companies had started selling Mother's Day cards. Jarvis believed that the companies had misinterpreted and exploited the idea of Mother's Day, and that the emphasis of the holiday was on sentiment, not profit. As a result, she organized boycotts of Mother's Day and threatened to issue lawsuits against the companies involved.[20] Jarvis argued that people should appreciate and honor their mothers through handwritten letters expressing their love and gratitude, instead of buying gifts and pre-made cards.[19] Jarvis protested at a candy makers' convention in Philadelphia in 1923, and at a meeting of American War Mothers in 1925. By this time, carnations had become associated with Mother's Day, and the selling of carnations by the American War Mothers to raise money angered Jarvis, who was arrested for disturbing the peace.[19][20]

In Britain, Constance Adelaide Smith was inspired to advocate for Mothering Sunday, an already-existing Christian ecclesiastical celebration in which the faithful visit the church in which they received the sacrament of baptism, as an equivalent celebration.[21][22][23][24] She referred to medieval traditions of celebrating Mother Church, 'mothers of earthly homes', Mary, mother of Jesus, and Mother Nature.[23][12] Her efforts were successful in the British Isles and other parts of the English-speaking world.[25]

Spelling

In 1912, Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrase "Second Sunday in May, Mother's Day, Anna Jarvis, Founder", and created the Mother's Day International Association.[26] She specifically noted that "Mother's" should "be a singular possessive, for each family to honor its own mother, not a plural possessive commemorating all mothers in the world."[27] This is also the spelling used by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in his 1914 presidential proclamation, by the U.S. Congress in relevant bills,[28][29] and by various U.S. presidents in their proclamations concerning Mother's Day.[30]

Dates around the world

While the United States holiday was adopted by some other countries, existing celebrations, held on different dates, honoring motherhood have become described as "Mother's Day", such as Mothering Sunday in the United Kingdom[31] or, in Greece, the Eastern Orthodox celebration of the presentation of Jesus Christ to the temple (2 February of Julian Calendar). Both the secular and religious Mother Day are present in Greece.[32] Mothering Sunday is often referred to as "Mother's Day" even though it is an unrelated celebration.[31]

In some countries, the date adopted is one significant to the majority religion, such as Virgin Mary Day in Catholic countries. Other countries selected a date with historical significance. For example, Bolivia's Mother's Day is a fixed date, commemorating a battle in which women participated to defend their children.[33]

Some countries, such as Russia, celebrate International Women's Day instead of Mother's Day[34] or simply celebrate both holidays, which is the custom in Ukraine. Kyrgyzstan has recently introduced Mother's Day, but "year on year International Women's Day is certainly increasing in status".[35]

Gregorian calendar
Occurrence Dates Country

Second Sunday of February

12 February 2023
11 February 2024
9 February 2025

 Norway

3 March

 Georgia[36]

8 March (with International Women's Day)

Fourth Sunday in Lent (Mothering Sunday)

19 March 2023
10 March 2024
30 March 2025

21 March
(Spring equinox)

25 March

 Slovenia

7 April (Annunciation day)

 Armenia (Motherhood and Beauty Day)

First Sunday of May

7 May 2023
5 May 2024
4 May 2025

8 May

 South Korea (Parents' Day)

10 May

Second Sunday of May

14 May 2023
12 May 2024
11 May 2025

14 May

 Benin

15 May

 Paraguay (same day as Día de la Patria)[50]

19 May

 Kyrgyzstan (Russian: День матери, Kyrgyz: Энэ күнү)

26 May

 Poland (Polish: Dzień Matki)

27 May

 Bolivia[33]

Last Sunday of May

28 May 2023
26 May 2024
25 May 2025

Last Sunday of May, or first Sunday of June if the last Sunday of May is Pentecost

4 June 2023
26 May 2024
25 May 2025

 France[38]
French Antilles

30 May

 Nicaragua[52]

1 June

 Mongolia (together with Children's Day)

Second Sunday of June

11 June 2023
9 June 2024
8 June 2025

 Luxembourg

14 June

 Afghanistan

First Monday of July

3 July 2023
1 July 2024
7 July 2025

 South Sudan

12 August

 Thailand (birthday of Queen Sirikit)

15 August (Assumption of Mary)

 Antwerp (Belgium)
 Costa Rica

Third Sunday of September 17 September 2023

15 September 2024
21 September 2025

 Kazakhstan

14 October

 Belarus (since 1996[53])

15 October, or following work day

16 October 2023
15 October 2024
15 October 2025

 Malawi

20 October  Vietnam (Vietnamese Women's Day)

Third Sunday of October

15 October 2023
20 October 2024
19 October 2025

 Argentina (Día de la Madre)[54]

3 November

 Timor Leste

16 November

 North Korea[55]

Last Sunday of November

 Russia

8 December (Feast of the Immaculate Conception)

 Panama[56]

22 December

 Indonesia[57]
(Hari Ibu)

Hebrew calendar
Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country
30 Shevat Between 30 January and 1 March

21 February 2023
9 February 2024
28 February 2025

 Israel[58] (Family Day)

Hindu calendar
Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country

Vaisakha[59] Amavasya (Mata Tirtha Aunsi[60])

Between 19 April and 19 May

   Nepal

Islamic calendar
Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country
20 Jumada al-Thani 13 January 2023
2 January 2024
22 December 2024
11 December 2025

 Iran[61]

Vietnamese calendar
Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country
15th day of seventh month Between 6 August and 6 September

30 August 2023
18 August 2024
6 September 2025

 Vietnam (Vu-lan Báo Hiếu)

International history and tradition

Mother's Day in the Netherlands in 1925
Northern Pacific Railway postcard for Mother's Day 1916.
Mother's Day gift in 2007
Mother and daughter and Mother's Day card

In most countries, Mother's Day is an observance derived from the holiday as it has evolved in the United States, promoted by companies who saw benefit in making it popular.[9] As adopted by other countries and cultures, the holiday has different meanings, is associated with different events (religious, historical or legendary), and is celebrated on different dates.

In some cases, countries already had existing celebrations honoring motherhood, and their celebrations then adopted several external characteristics from the US holiday, such as giving carnations and other presents to one's mother.

The extent of the celebrations varies greatly. In some countries, it is potentially offensive to one's mother not to mark Mother's Day. In others, it is a little-known festival celebrated mainly by immigrants, or covered by the media as a taste of foreign culture.[citation needed]

Religion

In certain traditional branches of Christianity, the holiday is strongly associated with revering the Virgin Mary.[62] In some Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican homes, families have a special shrine on their home altar devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary.[63] In many Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, a special prayer service is held in honor of the Theotokos Virgin Mary.[64][65]

In Islam there is no concept of Mother's Day, but the Quran teaches that children should give priority to loving their mother over their father.[66]

In Hindu tradition, Mother's Day is called "Mata Tirtha Aunshi" or "Mother Pilgrimage fortnight", and is celebrated in countries with a Hindu population, especially in Nepal, where mothers are honored with special foods. The holiday is observed on the new moon day in the month of Baisakh, i.e., April/May. This celebration is based on the Hindu religion and it pre-dates the creation of the US-inspired celebration by at least a few centuries.[67]

In Buddhism, the festival of Ullambana is derived from the story of Maudgalyayana and his mother.[68]

By country

Albania

In Albania, as in a number of Balkan and Eastern European countries, Mother's Day is celebrated on 8 March, in conjunction with International Women's Day.[69]

Arab world

Mother's Day in most Arab countries is celebrated on 21 March. It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin[70] and was first celebrated in 1956.[71] The practice has since been adopted by other Arab countries.[citation needed]

Argentina

In Argentina, Mother's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of October. The holiday was originally celebrated on 11 October, the old liturgical date for the celebration of the Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary but after the Second Vatican Council, which moved the Virgin Mary festivity to 1 January, the Mother's Day started to be celebrated the third Sunday of October because of popular tradition.[54] Argentina is the only country in the world that celebrates Mother's Day on this date.[72]

Armenia

In Armenia, Mother's Day is celebrated on 8 March, and on 7 April as Maternity and Beauty Day.

Australia

In Australia, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May. Australia celebrated Mother’s Day for the first time in 1910 with special church services, however, it was not popularly observed until the 1920s.[73][74] Because it is autumn in Australia for Mother’s Day, and carnations are a spring flower, white chrysanthemums are the traditional Mother’s Day flower in Australia.[75]

Bangladesh

There is no historical tradition of celebrating Mother's Day in Bangladesh (Bangla: মা/আম্মু দিবস, Ma/ammu dibosh), and it has become popular in the country due to western influences. It is celebrated on the second Sunday of May and is not a public holiday. Mother's Day was not very popular and in recent times it has been spread more widely by the Millennial and Generation Z communities across the country through social media. Although many religious families do not celebrate it, it is more widespread than ever before. There is a popular phrase used by many parents, including mothers, which is "Every day is Father's/Mother's Day so you will love your parents every day." Most people just wish or pray for their mother, but many from big cities like Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Sylhet, Barishal, Narayangonj, Bogura etc. go to restaurants to celebrate, many also cut cakes. Many others cut cakes at home or order meals online. Some children may give small gifts to their mothers.

Belarus

Belarus celebrates Mother's Day on 14 October. Like other ex-Communist republics, Belarus used to celebrate only International Women's Day on 8 March. Mother's Day in Belarus was officially established by the Belarusian government, and it was celebrated for the first time in 1996.[53] The celebration of the Virgin Mary (the holiday of Protection of the Holy Mother of God) is celebrated on the same day.[76]

Bhutan

Mother's Day in Bhutan is celebrated on 8 May. It was introduced in Bhutan by the Tourism Council of Bhutan.[77]

Belgium

In Belgium, Mother's Day (Moederdag or Moederkesdag in Dutch and Fête des Mères in French) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. In the week before this holiday children make little presents at primary school, which they give to their mothers in the early morning of Mother's Day. Typically, the father will buy croissants and other sweet breads and pastries and bring these to the mother while she is still in bed – the beginning of a day of pampering for the mother. There are also many people who celebrate Mother's Day on 15 August instead; these are mostly people around Antwerp, who consider that day (Assumption) the classical Mother's Day and the observance in May an invention for commercial reasons. It was originally established on that day as the result of a campaign by Frans Van Kuyck, a painter and Alderman from Antwerp.[78]

Bolivia

In Bolivia, Mother's Day is celebrated on 27 May. El Día de la Madre Boliviana was passed into law on 8 November 1927, during the presidency of Hernando Siles Reyes. The date commemorates the Battle of La Coronilla, which took place on 27 May 1812, during the Bolivian War of Independence, in what is now the city of Cochabamba. In this battle, women fighting for the country's independence were slaughtered by the Spanish army. It is not a public holiday, but all schools hold activities and festivities throughout the day.[33]

Brazil

In Brazil, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. The first Mother's Day in Brazil was promoted by Associação Cristã de Moços de Porto Alegre (Young Men's Christian Association of Porto Alegre) on 12 May 1918. In 1932, then President Getúlio Vargas made the second Sunday of May the official date for Mother's Day. In 1947, Archbishop Jaime de Barros Câmara, Cardinal-Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro, decided that this holiday would also be included in the official calendar of the Catholic Church.[citation needed]

Mother's Day is not an official holiday (see Public holidays in Brazil), but it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one's mother. Because of this, it is considered one of the celebrations most related to consumerism in the country, second only to Christmas Day as the most commercially lucrative holiday.[79]

Canada

See also Other observances in Canada
Mother's Day cookie cake

Mother's Day in Canada is celebrated on the second Sunday in May (it is not a public holiday or bank holiday), and typically involves small celebrations and gift-giving to one's mother, grandmother, or other important female figures in one's family.[80] Celebratory practices are very similar to those of other western nations. A Québécois tradition is for Québécois men to offer roses or other flowers to the women.[81]

China

Mother's Day is becoming more popular in China. Carnations are a very popular Mother's Day gift and the most sold flowers in relation to the day.[82] In 1997 Mother's Day was set as the day to help poor mothers and to remind people of the poor mothers in rural areas such as China's western region.[82] In the People's Daily, the Chinese government's official newspaper, an article explained that "despite originating in the United States, people in China accept the holiday without hesitation because it is in line with the country's traditional ethics – respect for the elderly and filial piety towards parents."[82]

In recent years, the Communist Party member Li Hanqiu began to advocate for the official adoption of Mother's Day in memory of Meng Mu, the mother of Mèng Zǐ. He formed a non-governmental organization called Chinese Mothers' Festival Promotion Society, with the support of 100 Confucian scholars and lecturers of ethics.[83][84] Li and the Society want to replace the Western-style gift of carnations with lilies, which, in ancient times, were planted by Chinese mothers when children left home.[84] Mother's Day remains an unofficial festival, except in a small number of cities.[85]

Costa Rica

In Costa Rica, Mother's Day is celebrated on 15 August. In 1927, at the Nicolás Ulloa School in Heredia, Evangelina Solís founded an annual event that would celebrate the mothers of the students. It was held around the time of the distribution of midterm notes, in July. Evangelina's reasoning was that mothers should be congratulated for their children's successes.[86] The event gained national traction and was enacted into law in 1932. The final date of 15 August was chosen as it coincided with the celebration of Assumption of Mary, mother of Jesus.[87]

Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, Mother's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May. It started in former Czechoslovakia in 1923.[47] The promoter of this celebration was Alice Masaryková.[47] After World War II communists replaced Mother's Day with International Woman's Day, celebrated on 8 March.[47] The former Czechoslovakia celebrated Women's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989.[47] After the split of the country in 1993, the Czech Republic started celebrating Mother's Day again.[47]

Egypt

Mother's Day in Egypt is celebrated on 21 March, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere. It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin[70] in his book Smiling America (1943). The idea was overlooked at the time. Later Amin heard the story of a widowed mother who devoted her whole life to raising her son until he became a doctor. The son then married and left without showing any gratitude to his mother. Hearing this, Amin became motivated to promote "Mother's Day". The idea was first ridiculed by president Gamal Abdel Nasser but he eventually accepted it and Mother's Day was first celebrated on 21 March 1956. The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries.[88]

When Mustafa Amin was arrested and imprisoned, the government changed the name of the holiday from "Mother's Day" to "Family Day", but they reverted the name after Egyptian mothers wrote to complain. Celebrations continued to be held on the same date [89] and classic songs celebrating mothers remain famous to this day.[90]

Ethiopia

Mother's Day is celebrated for three days in Ethiopia, after the end of the rainy season. It comes in mid-fall where people enjoy a three-day feast called "Antrosht".[91]

For the feast, ingredients will be brought by the children for a traditional hash recipe. The ingredients are divided along genders, with girls bringing spices, vegetables, cheese and butter, while the boys bring a lamb or bull. The mother hands out the hash to the family.[92]

A celebration takes place after the meal. The mothers and daughters anoint themselves using butter on their faces and chests. While honoring their family and heroes, men sing songs.[93]

Estonia

In Estonia, Mother's Day (emadepäev in Estonian) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is recognized nationally, but is not a public holiday.[94]

Finland

In Finland, Mother's Day (äitienpäivä in Finnish) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is recognized nationally and is a public holiday. It is usually celebrated at homes where children or grandchildren bring Mother's day cards that they have drawn to their mothers and grandmothers. Usually, some food, coffee and cakes are served for guests. Grown up children visit their parents' homes and bring traditionally Mother's day roses or other flowers accompanied by a Mother's day card. The president of Finland honors with medals every year some mothers who have done something exceptional and positive during the year.[95]

France

In France, amidst alarm at the low birth rate, there were attempts in 1896 and 1904 to create a national celebration honoring the mothers of large families.[96] In 1906 ten mothers who had nine children each were given an award recognising "High Maternal Merit" ("Haut mérite maternel").[97] American World War I soldiers fighting in France popularized the US Mother's Day holiday created by Anna Jarvis. They sent so much mail back to their country for Mother's Day that the Union Franco-Américaine created a postal card for that purpose.[96] In 1918, also inspired by Jarvis, the town of Lyon wanted to celebrate a "journée des Mères", but instead decided to celebrate a "Journée Nationale des Mères de familles nombreuses." The holiday was more inspired by anti-depopulation efforts than by the US holiday, with medals awarded to the mothers of large families.[96] The French government made the day official in 1920 as a day for mothers of large families.[98] Since then the French government awards the Médaille de la Famille française to mothers of large families.[99]

In 1941, by an initiative of Philippe Pétain, the wartime Vichy government used the celebration in support of their policy to encourage larger families, but all mothers were now honored, even mothers with smaller families.[98]

In 1950, after the war, the celebration was reinstated. The law of 24 May 1950 required (in Article 1) that the Republic pay official homage to French Mothers. Article 2 stated it should be celebrated on the last Sunday in May as the "Fête des Mères" (except when Pentecost fell on that day, in which case it was moved to the first Sunday in June). Article 3 stated that all expenditure shall be covered from the budget of the Ministry of Public Health and Population.[100]

During the 1950s, the celebration lost all its patriotic and natalist ideologies, and became heavily commercialized.[96]

In 1956, the celebration was given a budget and integrated into the new Code de l'action Sociale et des familles. In 2004 responsibility for the holiday was transferred to the Minister responsible for families.[citation needed]

Georgia

Georgia celebrates Mother's Day on 3 March. It was declared by the first President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia in order to replace the International Women Day, and it was officially approved by the Supreme Council in 1991. Nowadays Georgia celebrates both Mother's Day on 3 March and International Women's Day on 8 March.[36]

Germany

Mother's Day cake in Germany

In the 1920s, Germany had the lowest birthrate in Europe, and the declining trend was continuing. This was attributed to women's participation in the labor market. At the same time, influential groups in society (politicians of left and right, churchwomen, and feminists) believed that mothers should be honored but could not agree on how to do so. However, all groups strongly agreed on the promotion of the values of motherhood. In 1923, this resulted in the unanimous adoption of Muttertag, the Mother's Day holiday as imported from America.[101] The head of the Association of German Florists cited "the inner conflict of our Volk and the loosening of the family" as his reason for introducing the holiday. He expected that the holiday would unite the divided country. In 1925, the Mother's Day Committee joined the task force for the recovery of the volk, and the holiday stopped depending on commercial interests and began emphasizing the need to increase the population in Germany by promoting motherhood.[102]

The holiday was then seen as a means to encourage women to bear more children, which nationalists saw as a way to rejuvenate the nation. The holiday did not celebrate individual women, but an idealized standard of motherhood. The progressive forces resisted the implementation of the holiday because it was backed by so many conservatives and because they saw it as a way to eliminate the rights of working women. Die Frau, the newspaper of the Federation of German Women's Associations, refused to recognize the holiday. Many local authorities adopted their own interpretation of the holiday: it would be a day to support economically larger families or single-mother families. The guidelines for the subsidies had eugenics criteria, but there is no indication that social workers ever implemented them in practice, and subsidies were given preferentially to families in economic need rather than to families with more children or "healthier" children.[102]

With the Nazi party in power during 1933–1945, the situation changed radically. The promotion of Mother's Day increased in many European countries, including the UK and France. From the position of the German Nazi government, the role of mothers was to give healthy children to the German nation. The Nazi party's intention was to create a pure "Aryan race" according to nazi eugenics. Among other Mother's Day ideas, the government promoted the death of a mother's sons in battle as the highest embodiment of patriotic motherhood.[102][103]

The Nazis quickly declared Mother's Day an official holiday and put it under the control of the NSV (National Socialist People's Welfare Association) and the NSF (National Socialist Women Organization). This created conflicts with other organizations that resented Nazi control of the holiday, including Catholic and Protestant churches and local women's organizations. Local authorities resisted the guidelines from the Nazi government and continued assigning resources to families who were in economic need, much to the dismay of the Nazi officials.[102]

In 1938, the government began issuing an award called Mother's Cross (Mutterkreuz), according to categories that depended on the number of children a mother had. The medal was awarded on Mother's Day and also on other holidays due to a large number of recipients. The Cross was an effort to encourage women to have more children, and recipients were required to have at least four.[102][103]

Hungary

In Hungary, Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May.[104] It was first celebrated in 1925[105] by the Hungarian Red Cross Youth.[106]

India

The modern Mother's Day has been assimilated into Indian culture[107] and is celebrated every year on the second Sunday of May.[108][109] Indians do not celebrate the occasion as a religious event; its celebration is mostly restricted to urban areas where the occasion has been largely commercialized.[110]

Indonesia

Indonesian Mother's Day (Indonesian: Hari Ibu) is celebrated nationally on 22 December. The date was made an official holiday by President Sukarno under Presidential Decree No. 316/1953, on the 25th anniversary of the 1928 Indonesian Women Congress. The day originally sought to celebrate the spirit of Indonesian women and to improve the condition of the nation. Today, the meaning of Mother's Day has changed, and it is celebrated by expressing love and gratitude to mothers. People present gifts to mothers (such as flowers) and hold surprise parties and competitions, which include cooking and kebaya wearing. People also allow mothers a day off from domestic chores.[111]

The holiday is celebrated on the anniversary of the opening day of the first Indonesian Women Congress (Kongres Perempuan Indonesia), which was held from 22 to 25 December 1928.[57][112] The Congress took place in a building called Dalem Jayadipuran, which now serves as the office of the Center of History and Traditional Values Preservation (Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional) in Brigjen Katamso Street, Yogyakarta. The Congress was attended by 30 feminist organizations from 12 cities in Java and Sumatra. In Indonesia, feminist organizations have existed since 1912, inspired by Indonesian heroines of the 19th century, e.g., Kartini, Martha Christina Tiahahu, Cut Nyak Meutia, Maria Walanda Maramis, Dewi Sartika, Nyai Ahmad Dahlan, Rasuna Said, etc.[57] The Congress intended to improve women's rights in education and marriage.[113]

Indonesia also celebrates the Kartini Day (Hari Kartini) on 21 April, in memory of activist Raden Ajeng Kartini. This is a celebration of the emancipation of women.[112] The observance was instituted at the 1938 Indonesian Women Congress.[113]

During President Suharto's New Order (1965–1998), government propaganda used Mother's Day and Kartini Day to inculcate into women the idea that they should be docile and stay at home.[113]

Iran

Commemorative gold medal issued in the Pahlavi era on the occasion of Mother's Day, dated 1975. Obv: Bust of Empress Farah Pahlavi. Rev: Mother and children standing around a seated Farah Pahlavi, holding open book

In Iran, Mother's Day is celebrated on 20 Jumada al-thani. This is the sixth month in the Islamic calendar (a lunar calendar) and every year the holiday falls on a different day of the Gregorian calendar. This is the birthday anniversary of Fatimah, the Islamic prophet Muhammad's only daughter according to Shia Islam.[61][114] On this day, banners reading "Ya Fatemeah (O! Fatemeh)" are displayed on "government buildings, private buildings, public streets and car windows."[61] Mother's Day was originally observed on 16 December but the date was changed after the Iranian Revolution in 1979. The celebration is both Women's Day (replacing International Women's Day) and Mother's Day.[61][115]

In 1960, the Institute for Women Protection adopted the Western holiday and established it on 25 Azar (16 December), the date the Institute was founded. The Institute's action had the support of Empress Farah Pahlavi, the wife of the last Shah of Persia, who promoted the construction of maternity clinics in remote parts of the country to commemorate the day.[116] Pahlavi regime used the holiday to promote "gender ideologies" of the regime.[61] The Shah's government honored and gave awards to women who represented the idealized view of the regime, including mothers who had many healthy children.[116]

According to Shahla Haeri, the Islamic Republic government has used the holiday to "control and channel women's movements" and to promote role models for the traditional concept of family.[117] Fatimah is seen by these critics as the chosen model of a woman completely dedicated to certain traditionally sanctioned feminine roles.[118] However, supporters of the choice contend that there is much more to her life story than simply such "traditional" roles.[119]

Ireland

In Ireland, Mother's Day is celebrated on the fourth Sunday of Lent, as in the United Kingdom, and has the same roots in Mothering Sunday. The practice died out in Ireland around the late 18th century but was revived around the 1950s due to Americanisation.[120][121][122]

Israel

The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the "mother" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is not an official holiday.[58]

Italy

Mother's Day in Italy was celebrated for the first time on 24 December 1933 as the "Day of the mother and the child" (Giornata della madre e del fanciullo). It was instituted by the Opera nazionale maternità e infanzia in order to publicly reward the most prolific Italian women every year.[123]

After World War II, Mother's Day was first celebrated on 12 May 1957 in Assisi, at the initiative of Reverend Otello Migliosi, the parish priest of the Tordibetto church.[124] This celebration was so popular that in the following year Mother's Day was adopted throughout Italy. On 18 December 1958, a proposal was presented to the Italian Senate to make the holiday official.[125]

Japan

In Japan, Mother's Day (母の日, Haha no Hi) was initially commemorated during the Shōwa period as the birthday of Empress Kōjun (mother of Emperor Akihito) on 6 March. This was established in 1931 when the Imperial Women's Union was organized. In 1937, the first meeting of "Praise Mothers" was held on 8 May, and in 1949 Japanese society adopted the second Sunday of May as the official date for Mother's Day in Japan. Today, people typically give their mothers gifts of flowers such as red carnations[126] and roses. Giving carnations on Mother's Day is the most common in Japan.[citation needed]

Kyrgyzstan

In Kyrgyzstan, Mother's Day is celebrated on 19 May every year. The holiday was first celebrated in 2012.[127] Mothers are also honored on International Women's Day[128]

Latvia

Mother's Day in Latvia was celebrated for the first time in 1922. Since 1934, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May.[129] After the end of the Soviet occupation of Baltic states celebration was resumed in 1992.[130] Mothers are also honored on International Women's Day.[131]

Lithuania

Mother's Day in Lithuania was celebrated for the first time in 1928. In Lithuania, Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May.

Malawi

In Malawi, Mother's Day is a public holiday. The day is observed on 15 October or the following workday. It is celebrated on the UN's World Rural Women's Day.

Maldives

In the Maldives, Mother's Day is celebrated on 13 May. The day is celebrated in different ways. Children give gifts and spend time with their mothers. Daughters give their mothers cards and handmade gifts and sons give their mothers gifts and flowers. Maldivians love to celebrate Mother's day, and they have it specially written on their calendar.[citation needed]

Malta

The first mention of Mother's Day in Malta occurred during the Radio Children's Programmes run by Frans H. Said in May 1961. Within a few years, Mother's Day became one of the most popular dates in the Maltese calendar. In Malta, this day is commemorated on the second Sunday in May. Mothers are invariably given gifts and invited for lunch, usually at a good quality restaurant.[citation needed]

Mexico

See also: Public holidays in Mexico § Festivities

In Mexico, the government of Álvaro Obregón imported the Mother's Day holiday from the US in 1922, and the newspaper Excélsior held a massive promotional campaign for the holiday that year.[132] The conservative government tried to use the holiday to promote a more conservative role for mothers in families, but that perspective was criticized by the socialists as promoting an unrealistic image of a woman who was not good for much more than breeding.[132]

In the mid-1930s, the leftist government of Lázaro Cárdenas promoted the holiday as a "patriotic festival". The Cárdenas government tried to use the holiday as a vehicle for various efforts: to stress the importance of families as the basis for national development; to benefit from the loyalty that Mexicans felt towards their mothers; to introduce new morals to Mexican women; and to reduce the influence that the church and the Catholic right exerted over women.[133] The government sponsored the holiday in the schools.[133] However, ignoring the strict guidelines from the government, theatre plays were filled with religious icons and themes. Consequently, the "national celebrations" became "religious fiestas" despite the efforts of the government.[133]

Soledad Orozco García, the wife of President Manuel Ávila Camacho, promoted the holiday during the 1940s, resulting in an important state-sponsored celebration.[134] The 1942 celebration lasted a full week and included an announcement that all women could reclaim their pawned sewing machines from the Monte de Piedad at no cost.[134]

Due to Orozco's promotion, the Catholic National Synarchist Union (UNS) took heed of the holiday around 1941.[135] Shop-owner members of the Party of the Mexican Revolution (now the Institutional Revolutionary Party) observed a custom allowing women from humble classes to pick a free Mother's Day gift from a shop to bring home to their families. The Synarchists worried that this promoted both materialism and the idleness of lower classes, and in turn, reinforced the systemic social problems of the country.[136] Currently this holiday practice is viewed as very conservative, but the 1940s' UNS saw Mother's Day as part of the larger debate on the modernization that was happening at the time.[137] This economic modernization was inspired by US models and was sponsored by the state. The fact that the holiday was originally imported from the US was seen as evidence of an attempt at imposing capitalism and materialism in Mexican society.[137]

The UNS and the clergy of the city of León interpreted the government's actions as an effort to secularize the holiday and to promote a more active role for women in society. They concluded that the government's long-term goal was to cause women to abandon their traditional roles at home in order to spiritually weaken men.[137] They also saw the holiday as an attempt to secularize the cult to the Virgin Mary, inside a larger effort to dechristianize several holidays. The government sought to counter these claims by organizing widespread masses and asking religious women to assist with the state-sponsored events in order to "depaganize" them.[138] The clergy preferred to promote 2 July celebration of the Santísima Virgen de la Luz, the patron of León, Guanajuato, in replacement of Mother's Day.[135] In 1942, at the same time as Soledad's greatest celebration of Mother's Day, the clergy organized the 210th celebration of the Virgin Mary with a large parade in León.[138]

There is a consensus among scholars that the Mexican government abandoned its revolutionary initiatives during the 1940s, including its efforts to influence Mother's Day.[135]

Today the "Día de las Madres" is an unofficial holiday in Mexico held each year on 10 May,[139] the day on which it was first celebrated in Mexico.[140]

In Mexico, to show affection and appreciation to the mother, it is traditional to start the celebration with the famous song "Las Mañanitas", either a cappella, with the help of a mariachi or a contracted trio. Families usually gather to celebrate, trying to spend as much time as possible with mothers to honor them. They bring some dishes and eat together or visit a restaurant.[141]

Myanmar

In Myanmar, Mothers' Day (the plural form of mother is used as an official title[142]) is celebrated on the full moon day of Pyatho, the tenth month of the Myanmar calendar, which usually falls in January.[143] At the proposal and initiative of U Thukha, who put a lot of effort into founding this day, it was first celebrated in Mandalay on the full moon day of Pyatho in 1995, but it was officially added to the Myanmar calendar in 1997, two years after its first celebration.[144]

People who are away from home, send postcards or phone their mothers to express love and gratitude and those who live with their mother, give her personal service, like bathing or shampooing, and usually take her to pagodas.[145]

Nepal

In Nepal, there is a festival equivalent to Mother's Day, called Mata Tirtha Aunsi ("Mother Pilgrimage New Moon"), or Mata Tirtha Puja ("Mother Pilgrimage Worship"). It is celebrated according to the lunar calendar. It falls on the last day of the dark fortnight in the month of Baishakh which falls in April–May (in 2015, it will occur on 18 April). The dark fortnight lasts for 15 days from the full moon to the new moon. This festival is observed to commemorate and honor mothers, and it is celebrated by giving gifts to mothers and remembering mothers who are no more.[citation needed]

To honor mothers who have died, it is the tradition to go on a pilgrimage to the Mata Tirtha ponds, located 6 km to the southwest of downtown Kathmandu. The nearby Mata Tirtha village is named after these ponds. Previously, the tradition was observed primarily by the Newar community and other people living in the Kathmandu Valley. Now this festival is widely celebrated across the country.[citation needed]

Many tragic folklore legends have been created, suggesting different reasons why this pond became a pilgrimage site. The most popular version says that, in ancient times, the mother of a shepherd died, and he made offerings to a nearby pond. There he saw the face of his mother in the water, with her hand taking the offerings. Since then, many people have visited the pond, hoping to see their deceased mother's face. Pilgrims believe that they will bring peace to their mothers' souls by visiting the sacred place. There are two ponds. The larger one is for ritual bathing. The smaller one is used to "look upon mother's face", and is fenced by iron bars to prevent people from bathing in it.[citation needed]

Traditionally, in the Kathmandu valley the South-Western corner is reserved for women and women-related rituals, and the North-Eastern is for men and men-related rituals. The worship place for Mata Tirtha Aunsi is located in Mata Tirtha in the South-Western half of the valley, while the worship place for Gokarna Aunsi, the equivalent celebration for deceased fathers is located in Gokarna, Nepal, in the North-Eastern half. This division is reflected in many aspects of the life in Kathmandu valley.[146]

Mother's Day is known as Aama ko Mukh Herne Din in Nepali, which literally means "day to see mother's face". In Nepal Bhasa, the festival is known as Mām yā Khwā Swayegu, which can be translated as "to look upon mother's face".[citation needed]

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, Mother's Day was introduced as early as 1910 by the Dutch branch of the Salvation Army.[147] The Royal Dutch Society for Horticulture and Botany, a group protecting the interest of Dutch florists, worked to promote the holiday; they hoped to emulate the commercial success achieved by American florists.[148] They were imitating the campaign already underway by florists in Germany and Austria, but they were aware that the traditions had originated in the US.[148]

Florists launched a major promotional effort in 1925. This included the publication of a book of articles written by famous intellectuals, radio broadcasts, newspapers ads, and the collaboration of priests and teachers who wanted to promote the celebration for their own reasons.[148] In 1931 the second Sunday of May was adopted as the official celebration date. In the mid-1930s the slogan Moederdag – Bloemendag (Mother's Day – Flowers' Day) was coined, and the phrase was popular for many years.[149] In the 1930s and 1940s "Mother's Day cakes" were given as gifts in hospitals and to the Dutch Queen, who is known as the "mother of the country".[149] Other trade groups tried to cash in on the holiday and to give new meaning to the holiday in order to promote their own wares as gifts.[149]

Roman Catholic priests complained that the holiday interfered with the honoring of the Virgin Mary, the divine mother, which took place during the whole month of May. In 1926 Mother's Day was celebrated on 7 July in order to address these complaints.[150] Catholic organizations and priests tried to Christianize the holiday, but those attempts were rendered futile around the 1960s when the church lost influence and the holiday was completely secularized.[150]

In later years, the initial resistance disappeared, and even leftist newspapers stopped their criticism and endorsed Mother's Day.[151]

In the 1980s, the American origin of the holiday was still not widely known, so feminist groups who opposed the perpetuation of gender roles sometimes claimed that Mother's Day was invented by Nazis and celebrated on the birthday of Klara Hitler, Hitler's mother.[152]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May. Mother's Day is not a public holiday. The New Zealand tradition is to send or give cards and gifts and at-home youngsters to attempt to serve mothers a variation on breakfast in bed.[153]

Nicaragua

In Nicaragua, the Día de la Madre has been celebrated on 30 May since the early 1940s. The date was chosen by President Anastasio Somoza García because it was the birthday of Casimira Sacasa, his wife's mother.[52]

North Korea

Mother's Day is celebrated on 16 November as a public holiday in North Korea. The date takes its significance from the First National Meeting of Mothers held in 1961, for which Kim Il Sung, the leader of the country, published a work called The Duty of Mothers in the Education of Children. The date was designated as Mother's Day in May 2012 by the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly but only became a public holiday and appeared on the North Korean calendar starting in 2015.[55]

Norway

Mother's Day was first celebrated on 9 February 1919 and was initially organized by religious institutions. Later it has become a family day, and the mother is often treated to breakfast in bed, flowers and cake.[154][better source needed]

It has gradually become a major commercial event, with special pastries, flowers and other presents offered by retailers. Day-cares and primary schools often encourage children to make cards and other gifts.[citation needed]

Pakistan

In Pakistan, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. Media channels celebrate with special shows. Individuals honor their mothers by giving gifts and commemorative articles. Individuals who have lost their mothers pray and pay their respects to their loved ones lost. Schools hold special programs in order to acknowledge the efforts of their mothers.[155]

Panama

In Panama, Mother's Day is celebrated on 8 December, the same day as the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. This date was suggested in 1930 by the wife of Panama's President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena. 8 December was adopted as Mother's Day under Law 69, which was passed the same year.[56]

According to another account, in 1924 the Rotary Club of Panama asked that Mother's Day be celebrated on 11 May. Politician Aníbal D. Ríos changed the proposal so that the celebration would be held on 8 December. He then established Mother's Day as a national holiday on that date.[156]

Paraguay

In Paraguay, Mother's Day is celebrated on 15 May, the same day as the Dia de la Patria, which celebrates the independence of Paraguay.[50] This date was chosen to honor the role played by Juana María de Lara in the events of 14 May 1811 that led to Paraguay's independence.[157]

In 2008, the Paraguayan Minister of Culture, Bruno Barrios, lamented this coincidence because, in Paraguay, Mother's Day is much more popular than independence day and the independence celebration goes unnoticed. As a result, Barrios asked that the celebration be moved to the end of the month.[158] A group of young people attempted to gather 20,000 signatures to ask the Parliament to move Mother's Day.[158] In 2008, the Comisión de festejos (Celebration Committee) of the city of Asunción asked that Mother's Day be moved to the second Sunday of May.[159]

Philippines

In the Philippines, Mother's Day is officially celebrated on the second Sunday of May, but it is not a public holiday.[160] Although not a traditional Filipino holiday, the occasion owes its popularity to American Colonial Period influence.

According to a 2008 article by the Philippine News Agency, in 1921 the Ilocos Norte Federation of Women's Clubs asked to declare the first Monday of December as Mother's Day "to honor these fabulous women who brought forth God's children into this world." In response, Governor-General Charles Yeater issued Circular No. 33 declaring the celebration. In 1937 President Manuel L. Quezon issued Presidential Proclamation No. 213, changing the name of the occasion from "Mother's Day" to "Parent's Day" to address the complaints that there wasn't a "Father's Day". In 1980 President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 2037 proclaiming the date as both Mother's Day and Father's Day. In 1988 President Corazon Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation No. 266, changing Mother's Day to the second Sunday of May, and Father's Day to the third Sunday of June, discontinuing the traditional date.[161] In 1998 President Joseph Estrada returned both celebrations to the first Monday of December.[160]

Portugal

In Portugal, the "Dia da Mãe" ("Mother's Day") is an unofficial holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May (sometimes coinciding with Labour Day). In the weeks leading up to this Sunday, school children spend a few hours a day preparing a gift for their mothers, aided by their school teachers. In general, mothers receive gifts from their family members and this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family. It used to be celebrated on 8 December, the same date as the Conception of the Virgin celebration.[citation needed]

Romania

In Romania, Mother's Day has been celebrated on the first Sunday of May since 2010. Law 319/2009 made both Mother's Day and Father's Day official holidays in Romania. The measure was passed thanks to campaign efforts from the Alliance Fighting Discrimination Against Fathers (TATA).[43] Previously, Mother's Day was celebrated on 8 March, as part of International Women's Day (a tradition dating back to when Romania was part of the Eastern bloc). Today, Mother's Day and International Women's Day are two separate holidays, with International Women's Day being held on its original date of 8 March.[citation needed]

Russia

Main article: International Women's Day

Traditionally Russia had celebrated International Women's Day and Mother's Day on 8 March, an inheritance from the Soviet Union, and a public holiday.[162]

Women's Day was first celebrated on the last Sunday in February in 1913 in Russia.[163]

In 1917, demonstrations marking International Women's Day in Saint Petersburg on the last Sunday in February (which fell on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar) initiated the February Revolution. Following the October Revolution later that year, the Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai persuaded Vladimir Lenin to make it an official holiday in the Soviet Union, and it was established, but was a working day until 1965.[citation needed]

On 8 May 1965, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, International Women's Day was declared a non-working day in the Soviet Union "in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction, in the defense of their Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War, in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear, and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples, and the struggle for peace. But still, women's day must be celebrated as are other holidays."[164]

Samoa

In Samoa, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May, and as a recognised national holiday on the Monday following.

Singapore

In Singapore, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is not recognized as a holiday by the government.

Slovakia

Czechoslovakia celebrated only Women's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989. After the country split in 1993, Slovakia started celebrating both Women's Day and Mother's Day. The politicization of Women's Day has affected the official status of Mother's Day. Center-right parties want Mother's Day to replace Women's Day, and social-democrats want to make Women's Day an official holiday. Currently, both days are festive, but they are not "state holidays". In the Slovak Republic, Mother's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May.[47]

South Africa

In South Africa, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is not recognized as a holiday by the government. The tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed or to go out to lunch together as a family.

South Sudan

In South Sudan, Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Monday in July. The president Salva Kiir Mayardit proclaimed Mother's Day as the first Monday in July after handing over from Sudan. Children in South Sudan are presenting mothers with gifts and flowers. The first Mother's Day was held in that country on 2 July 2012.[citation needed]

Spain

In Spain, Mother's Day or Día de la Madre is celebrated on the first Sunday of May. The weeks leading up to this Sunday, school children spend a few hours a day preparing a gift for their mothers, aided by their school teachers. In general, mothers receive gifts from their family members & this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family. It is also said to be celebrated in May, as May is the month dedicated to the Virgin Mary (mother of Jesus) according to Catholicism. The idea of a month dedicated specifically to Mary can be traced back to baroque times. Although it wasn't always held during May, Mary Month included thirty daily spiritual exercises honoring Mary.[165]

In 1925 the Valencian poet Julio Menéndez García published a Hymn to Mother in a pamphlet in which he proposed the celebration of Mother's Day in all Spanish-speaking countries.[166] The official declaration was never produced, but at that time the initiative was adopted at a local level on different dates; thus, for example, in Madrid, Mother's Day was celebrated on 4 October 1926.[167]

In 1939 the Youth Front of FET y de las JONS party, promoted the celebration of Mother's Day coinciding with the feast of the Immaculate Conception, on 8 December.

In the early 1960s, on the initiative of a chain of department stores (Galerías Preciados), which copied the custom established in Cuba, Mother's Day was also celebrated on the first Sunday of May (El Corte Inglés, the great competitor of Galerías Preciados, celebrated the holiday in December). The two dates, May and December, coexisted until 1965 when the ecclesiastical authorities chose to celebrate the festival in May, within the month consecrated to the Virgin, to recover the authentic character of the Day of the Immaculate Conception.[168]

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May.

Sweden

In Sweden, Mother's Day was first celebrated in 1919, by an initiative of the author Cecilia Bååth-Holmberg. It took several decades for the day to be widely recognized. Swedes born in the early nineteen hundreds typically did not celebrate the day because of the common belief that the holiday was invented strictly for commercial purposes. This was in contrast to Father's Day, which has been widely celebrated in Sweden since the late 1970s. Mother's Day in Sweden is celebrated on the last Sunday in May. A later date was chosen to allow everyone to go outside and pick flowers.[169][170]

Switzerland

In Switzerland, the "règle de Pentecôte" law allows Mother's Day to be celebrated a week late if the holiday falls on the same day as Pentecost. In 2008, merchants declined to move the date.[171]

Taiwan

In Taiwan, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of the month of May, coinciding with Buddha's birthday and the traditional ceremony of "washing the Buddha". In 1999 the Taiwanese government established the second Sunday of May as Buddha's birthday, so they would be celebrated in the same day.[172][173]

Since 2006,[174] the Tzu Chi, the largest charity organization in Taiwan, celebrates the Tzu Chi Day, Mother's Day and Buddha's birthday all together, as part of a unified celebration and religious observance.[175][176][177]

Thailand

Mother's day in Thailand is celebrated on the birthday of the Queen Mother of Thailand, Sirikit (12 August).[178][179] The holiday was first celebrated around the 1980s as part of the campaign by the Prime Minister of Thailand Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand's Royal family.[180] Father's Day is celebrated on the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej's birthday.[180]

Ukraine

Ukraine celebrates Mother's Day (Ukrainian: День Матері) on the second Sunday of May. In Ukraine, Mother's Day officially became a holiday in 1999[181] and has been celebrated since 2000. Ukrainian society also celebrates International Women's Day, a holiday adopted under the Soviet Union that remained a tradition in Ukraine after its collapse.[citation needed]

United Kingdom

Balloons outside, in the week before Mother's Day 2008

The United Kingdom celebrates Mother's Day on the Fourth Sunday in Lent (10 March 2024).[182] In the United Kingdom, the holiday has its roots in the religious Mothering Sunday celebration and was originally unrelated to the international Mother's Day holiday.[31] Most historians believe that Mothering Sunday evolved from a medieval practice of visiting one's mother church annually on Laetare Sunday.[183]

United States

Main article: Mother's Day (United States)
Prince Harry, Michelle Obama and Jill Biden helping children create Mother's Day cards at the White House, 9 May 2013
Handmade Mother's Day gifts

The United States celebrates Mother's Day on the second Sunday in May. In 1872 Julia Ward Howe called for women to join in support of disarmament and asked for 2 June 1872, to be established as a "Mother's Day for Peace". Her 1870 "Appeal to womanhood throughout the world" is sometimes referred to as Mother's Day Proclamation. But Howe's day was not for honouring mothers but for organizing pacifist mothers against war. In the 1880s and 1890s there were several further attempts to establish an American "Mother's Day", but these did not succeed beyond the local level.[184]

In the United States, Mother's Day remains one of the biggest days for sales of flowers, greeting cards, and the like; Mother's Day is also the biggest holiday for long-distance telephone calls.[185] Moreover, churchgoing is also popular on Mother's Day, yielding the highest church attendance after Christmas Eve and Easter. Many worshippers celebrate the day with carnations, coloured if the mother is living and white if she is dead.[13][186]

Mother's Day continues to be one of the most commercially successful U.S. occasions.[187]

It is possible that the holiday would have withered over time without the support and continuous promotion of the florist industries and other commercial industries. Other Protestant holidays from the same time, such as Children's Day and Temperance Sunday, do not have the same level of popularity.[188]

See also

Notes

Citations

Enstam, Elizabeth York. "The Dallas equal suffrage association, political style, and popular culture: grassroots strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1913–1919." Journal of Southern History 68.4 (2002):817+. Student Resources in Context. Web. 14 November 2014.

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