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Irish people#TermBlackIrish

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+#REDIRECT [[Irish people#TermBlackIrish]]
-{{About||the film by this name|Black Irish (film)|black people in Ireland|Black people in Ireland}}
-'''Black Irish''' is an ambiguous term sometimes used as a reference to a dark-haired [[phenotype]] appearing in people of Irish origin. Opinions vary in regard to what is perceived as the usual physical characteristics of the so-called Black Irish: e.g., dark hair, brown eyes and medium skin tone; or dark hair, blue or green eyes and fair skin tone.<ref>[http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/who-were-Black-Irish-133290803.html Who were the Black Irish?] www.irishcentral.com. Retrieved 2013-05-08.</ref> Unbeknownst to some who have used this term at one time or another, dark hair in [[Irish people|people of Irish descent]] is common, although darker skin complexions appear less frequently.<ref>Rees, J.L. (1999). [http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/92/3/125.full Pigmentation, melanocortins and red hair. `Do freckles and red hair help Irishmen catch leprechauns?'] ''Quarterly Journal of Medicine'', 92, p.125-131. Retrieved 2013-05-08.</ref>
+{{rcat shell|1=
-==Prehistory==
+{{R to anchor}}
-The first clear evidence of human habitation in [[Ireland]] has been [[radiocarbon dating|carbon dated]] to about 7000 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/1561310727 |title=Carmel McCaffrey & Leo Eaton, 2002, &#39;In Search of Ancient Ireland: the Origins of the Irish From Neolithic Times to the Coming of the English&#39; |publisher=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-17}}</ref> Legends, such as those described in the ''[[Lebor Gabála Érenn|Book of Invasions]]'', refer to a number of pre-historical ethnic groups, including the [[Fomorians]], [[Nemedians]], [[Fir Bolg]], [[Tuatha Dé Danann]], and [[Milesians]]. Despite the lack of [[empirical]] data linking them to the [[Irish people|Irish]], one or more of these races have been mentioned in non-scientific ancestral studies. For example, in Dennis O'Mullally's ''History of O'Mullally and Lally clan'' the author points to the "Fir Bolg" as "the aboriginal people of Ireland, smaller in stature than the [[Gaels]], with jet-black hair and dark eyes, contrasting with unusually white skin".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/History-OMullally-history-through-entertwined/dp/B009SKZ1U2/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1367942128&sr=8-1&keywords=History+of+O%27Mullally+and+Lally+Clan|title=Dennis O'Mullally, 1941, &#39;History of O'Mullally and Lally Clan, or The history of an Irish family through the ages intertwined with that of the Irish nation &#39; |publisher=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-08}}</ref>
+{{R with history}}
+{{r from merge}}
-== Common attributions ==
+}}
-=== Spanish Armada ===
-The genetic evidence is that the survivors of the [[Spanish Armada]] probably left no legacy, as the Irish have only minute amounts of [[Neolithic]] Italic [[Y chromosome]] genetic markers, such as [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] and [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]], which are present in trace levels throughout [[Spain]]. These results may be spurious as the Atlantic Modal Haplotype [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]] is present in most Western European males including most Spanish and Irish males.<ref name="black irish">[http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf J. D. McDonald, "World Haplogroup Maps"], University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana</ref>
-=== Iberian connection ===
-Genetic research shows a strong similarity between the [[Y chromosome]] [[haplotypes]] of males from north-western [[Spain]] and  [[Portugal]] and Irish men with [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]] surnames.<ref>{{cite web|author=USA |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15309688 |title=Brian McEvoy, et al., "The Longue Durée of Genetic Ancestry: Multiple Genetic Marker Systems and Celtic Origins on the Atlantic Facade of Europe", '&#39;American Journal of Human Genetics'&#39;, October 2004 |publisher=Pubmedcentral.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-10-17}}</ref>  There is a significant difference between peoples of the west and the east of Ireland. Genetic marker [[R1b]] reaches frequencies as high as 98% in north-western Ireland and 95% in south-western Ireland,<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gallgaedhil/haplo_r1b_amh_13_29.htm |title=Haplogroup R1b3 (Atlantic Modal Haplotype) Part I |publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-17}}</ref> but drops to 73% in north-eastern Ireland and 85% in south-eastern Ireland. Additionally, [[R1b]] averages between 90% and 95% in Y chromosomes of the [[Basque people|Basques]] of northern [[Spain]] (and south-western [[France]]), considerably greater than levels of the same [[haplogroup]] found amongst the remaining [[Spanish people|Spanish]] [[genepool]], where it varies from region to region in a range from 42% to 75%, but mostly with percentages in the 50s and 60s.<ref name="black irish" /><ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1256894.stm |title=WALES &#124; Genes link Celts to Basques |publisher=BBC News |date=2001-04-03 |accessdate=2012-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/TBL1 |title="High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations" - Pericic et al. 22 (10): 1964 - '&#39;Molecular Biology and Evolution'&#39; |publisher=Mbe.oxfordjournals.org |date=2005-06-08 |accessdate=2012-10-17}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v12/n10/pdf/5201225a.pdf Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography], Carlos Flores, Nicole Maca-Meyer, Ana M González, Peter J Oefner, Peidong Shen, Jose A Pérez, Antonio Rojas, Jose M Larruga and Peter A Underhill, ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2004) 12, 855–863, ''Nature Publishing Group''</ref>
-In books published in 2006, (''Blood of the Isles'' by [[Bryan Sykes]] and ''The Origins of the British - A Genetic Detective Story'' by [[Stephen Oppenheimer]]), both authors propose that ancient inhabitants of Ireland can be traced back to the [[Iberian Peninsula]], as a result of a series of migrations that took place during the [[Mesolithic]] and to a lesser extent the [[Neolithic|Neolithic Age]]. The Ice Age caused the depopulation of the British Isles.  After glaciers retreated, the islands were populated by migrations from the Iberian Peninsula. These migrations laid the foundations for present-day populations in the [[British Isles]], contributing three-quarters of the ancestral population, according to Oppenheimer. Later migrations of Anglo-Saxons, and Normans appear to be much less significant in terms of genetic additions than previously thought.<ref>Stephen Oppenheimer, "Special report: Myths of British ancestry", ''Prospect Magazine'', October 2006, No. 127.</ref><ref>[http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/mythsofbritishancestryrevisited/ Myths of British ancestry revisited], Stephen Oppenheimer, ''Prospect Magazine'', June 30 2007.</ref> Oppenheimer maintains there is a great lineal commonality between the Irish and British people. He also advances the controversial claim that a language closely related to [[Basque language|Basque]] was long ago spoken by their shared ancestors.<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10A1FF83F550C758CDDAA0894DF404482 Nicholas Wade, "A United Kingdom? Maybe"], ''New York Times'', 6 Mar 2007, accessed 5 Jul 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/upi/index.php?feed=Science&article=UPI-1-20070306-21245600-bc-britain-brits.xml ''Science Daily'']{{dead link|date=October 2012}}</ref>
-A similar theory was examined in the early 1980s by Bob Quinn with his trilogy of documentary films entitled ''[[Atlantean (documentary series)|Atlantean]]''.  He argued for the existence of a west Atlantic continuum of people, and linked the region of [[Connemara]], in Ireland's West, with Iberian and Berber types who supposedly travelled from across the sea over a period spanning several thousand years.
-==Hair, skin and eye colour statistics in Ireland circa 1940s==
-C. Wesley Dupertuis conducted a survey of Irish people in the 1940s under the guidance of the Department of Anthropology of [[Harvard University]], and gathered the following data:<ref name="www3.interscience.wiley.com">{{Cite journal |title=Stature, head form, and pigmentation of adult male Irish |author=Hooton EA |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=26 |issue=1 |month=March |year=1940 |pages=229–249 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330260131 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/110521660/ABSTRACT}}</ref>
-At the time, the hair colour of the Irish was predominantly [[brown hair|brown]]. Less than 15% had [[black hair|black]] or ashen hair; 50% had dark brown hair.<ref name="www3.interscience.wiley.com"/> Medium brown hues made up another 15%. Persons with [[blonde]] and light brown hair accounted for close to 5%, while approximately 10% had [[auburn hair|auburn]] or [[red hair]]. Both golden and dark brown shades could be seen in the southwestern counties of [[Ireland]], but fairest hair in general is most common in the Central Plain.<ref>[http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/geography/physical_landscape.html "The Physical Landforms and Landscape of Ireland"], Wesley Johnston</ref> [[Ulster]] had been evidenced to have the highest frequencies of red and blonde hair, with the lowest found in [[Wexford]] and [[Waterford]].
-Studies have indicated the Irish are "almost uniquely pale skinned when unexposed, untanned parts of the body, are observed"<ref>[http://www.theapricity.com/snpa/chapter-X2.htm (Chapter X, section 2) - Ireland], Society for Nordish Physical Anthropology, The Apricity Forum: A European Cultural Community</ref> and "40% of the entire group are freckled to some extent".{{fact|date=November 2012}} Moreover, "in the proportion of pure light eyes", data shows that "Ireland competes successfully with the blondest regions of Scandinavia", as approximately 42% of the Irish population have pure blue eyes. Another 30% have been found to possess light-mixed eyes and "less than 1 half of 1% have pure brown".<ref name="www3.interscience.wiley.com"/>
-==See also==
-*[[Celtiberians]]
-*[[Gaels]]
-*[[Iberians]]
-*[[Irish people]]
-*[[Lebor Gabála Érenn]]
-*[[Milesians (Irish)|Milesians]]
-*[[Black Dutch]]
-==Notes==
-{{Reflist|2}}
-==External links==
-*[http://www.darkfiber.com/blackirish/ "The Myth of the Black Irish: Spanish syntagonism and prethetical salvation"], thomas peter kunesh 1984
-*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/1256894.stm "Genes Link Celts to Basques"], BBC News, 3 Apr 2001
-*[http://www.scotsman.com/news/scottish-news/edinburgh-east-fife/dna_shows_scots_and_irish_should_look_to_spain_for_their_ancestry_1_552560/ "DNA shows Scots and Irish should look to Spain for their ancestry"], ''The Scotsman, 10 September 2004''
-*[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/science/05cnd-brits.html?pagewanted=all/  "English, Irish, Scots: They're All One, Genes Suggest"'], ''The New York Times, 5 Mar 2007''
-{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}
-[[Category:Irish people| ]]