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{{Short description|Black and tan dog breed from Germany}}
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{{Redirect|Doberman|other uses|Doberman (disambiguation)}}
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{{More citations needed|date=March 2018}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Dogbreed
{{infobox dog breed
| akcgroup = Working
| name = Dobermann
| akcstd = http://www.akc.org/breeds/doberman_pinscher/index.cfm
| nickname = Dobie, Doberman
| altname = Doberman Pinscher
| image = Dobermann handling.jpg
| ankcgroup = Group 6 (Utility)
| image_caption = Adult bitch, with full ears and tail
| ankcstd = http://www.ankc.aust.com/doberman.html
| altname = Doberman Pinscher
| ckcgroup = Group 3 - Working Dogs
| country = [[German Empire|Germany]]
| ckcstd = http://www.canadasguidetodogs.com/doberman/dobermanarticle1.htm
| maleweight = {{cvt|40|-|45|kg|lb}}<ref name=FCI>{{cite web|url=http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/143g02-en.pdf|publisher=FCI|title=Dobermann breed standard|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=4 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904113827/http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/143g02-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = [[Germany]]
| femaleweight = {{cvt|32|-|35|kg|lb}}<ref name=FCI/>
| fcigroup = 2
| maleheight = {{cvt|68|to|72|cm|in}}<ref name=FCI/>
| fcinum = 143
| femaleheight = {{cvt|63|to|68|cm|in}}<ref name=FCI/>
| fcisection = 1
| coat = short
| fcistd = http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:TqfgQ0Q7aKYJ:www.fci.be/uploaded_files/143GB2003_en.doc+site:www.fci.be+%22143+/14.+02.+1994%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
| color = black & tan, red & tan
| image = Broncovddoberwache1.jpg
| kc_name = [[Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen|VDH]]
| image_caption = Dobermann with [[docking|docked]] tail and cropped ears.
| kc_std = https://www.vdh.de/welpen/mein-welpe/dobermann
| kcukgroup = Working
| kcukstd = http://www.the-kennel-club.org.uk/discoverdogs/working/w848.htm
| fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/143g02-en.pdf
| note =
| name = Dobermann
| image_alt = Dob-3ans.jpg
| nickname = Dobe or Dobie
| nzkcgroup = Utility
| nzkcstd = http://www.nzkc.org.nz/br628.html
| ukcgroup = Guardian Dogs
| ukcstd = http://www.ukcdogs.com/breeds/guardiandogs/doberman.std.shtml
}}
}}
<!-- End Infobox Dogbreed info. Article Begins Here -->
The '''Dobermann''' (alternatively spelled '''Doberman''' in [[North America]]) or '''Doberman Pinscher''' is a [[dog breed|breed]] of domestic [[dog]]. Dobermanns are commonly used as [[guard dog]]s, [[watch dog]]s, or [[police dog]]s. Dobermanns are in many countries one of the most recognizable breeds, in part because of their actual roles in society, and in part because of media stereotyping (see [[Dobermann#Temperament|Temperament]]).


The '''Dobermann'''{{efn|name= a}} is a German [[list of dog breeds|breed]] of medium-large [[working dog]] of [[pinscher]] type. It was originally bred in [[Thuringia]] in about 1890 by [[Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann|Louis Dobermann]], a [[tax collector]].<ref name="Get to Know the Doberman Pinscher">[http://www.akc.org/breeds/doberman_pinscher/index.cfm "Get to Know the Doberman Pinscher"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209073438/http://www.akc.org/breeds/doberman_pinscher/index.cfm |date=9 February 2015 }}, 'The American Kennel Club', retrieved 6 May 2014</ref> It has a long muzzle and – ideally – an even and graceful [[gait]]. The ears were traditionally [[Cropping (animal)|cropped]] and the tail [[docking (dog)|docked]], practices which are now illegal in many countries.
==Appearance==
According to the [[American Kennel Club|AKC]] [[breed standard]], a Dobermann bitch's shoulder height is between 24 to 26 inches, and weight is between 65 to 75 pounds, whereas the male stands between 26 to 28 inches at the shoulder and weighs between 75 to 85 pounds. The [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]] standard is slightly different and is followed by most countries. A male Dobermann should stand 26.5 to 28 inches (68 to 72 cm) and weigh between 89 to 100 pounds (40 to 45 kg). A bitch should stand 24.5 inches to 27 inches (63 to 68 cm) and weigh between 71 to 78 pounds (32 to 35 kg).


The Dobermann is intelligent, alert and tenaciously loyal; it is kept as a [[guard dog]] or as a [[companion animal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/15/opinion/l-dobermans-suffer-from-a-bad-press-003793.html|title=Dobermans Suffer From a Bad Press|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 February 1993 |access-date=20 August 2018|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820172817/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/15/opinion/l-dobermans-suffer-from-a-bad-press-003793.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In Canada and the United States it is known as the '''Doberman Pinscher'''.
Dobermanns typically have a deep, broad chest, and a powerful, muscular body of medium size. However, in recent years some breeders have primarily bred, shown, and sold a slimmer or more slender-looking Dobermann. This has become a popular body type among many owners, especially those who want to show their Dobes competitively. The traditional body type is still more desirable to many casual owners and to those who want the dog for protection. Furthermore, despite the "ideal" standards, it is impossible to have complete control over the size and weight of dogs. Generally speaking, show animals must fall within the ideal range of both size and weight (for that country's breed standard), but it is not unusual to find male Dobies weighing over 100 pounds or females that are also larger than called for by the breed standards. Larger sizes might lead to additional health problems, although those who are looking for a Dobermann to provide personal protection or for use in police agencies or the military generally seek out the larger examples and some breeders create specific breeding pairs in the hope of getting a litter of large dogs.


===Color===
== History ==
[[File:Doberman Pinscher Portrait.jpg|thumb|Dobermann, 1909]]
Most people picture a Dobermann's color as the typical black with rust markings. However, the existence of two different color genes in the Dobermann provides four different [[phenotypes]] in Dobermann color. The traditional color, produced when one or both genes have the [[Dominant gene|dominant]] [[allele]], is commonly referred to as ''black'' or ''black and rust'' (also called black and tan), while the most common variation, due to both genes having the [[Recessive gene|recessive]] [[allele]], produces what is called a ''red'' or ''red and rust'' Dobermann in America and a "brown" Dobermann in the rest of the world, which is primarily deep reddish-brown with rust markings.


Dobermanns were first bred in the 1880s by [[Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann]], a tax collector who ran a dog pound in [[Apolda]] in present-day [[Thuringia]] in central Germany. With access to dogs of many breeds, he got the idea to create a breed that would be ideal for protecting him. He set out to breed a new type of dog that would exhibit impressive stamina, strength, and intelligence. Five years after Dobermann's death, Otto Goeller, one of the earliest breeders, created the National Doberman Pinscher Club and is considered to have perfected the breed, breeding and refining them in the 1890s.<ref>{{Cite book| title= Doberman Pinschers| url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780866228060| url-access= registration| last= Donnelly| first= Kerry| publisher= T.F.H. Publications |year=1988 |location= US| pages= [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780866228060/page/8 8]–11| isbn= 0-86622-806-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title= Basic Guide to the Doberman Pinscher |url= https://archive.org/details/basicguidetodobe00jone |url-access= registration |publisher= Dace Publishing |year= 1997|location= US |pages= [https://archive.org/details/basicguidetodobe00jone/page/9 9]–11|isbn=0-932045-10-3}}</ref>
The other gene having the recessive allele, while the first one retains the dominant, produces the ''blue'' (grey) Dobermann, whereas the least likely combination of both color genes having recessive alleles produces ''fawn'', which is a light tan color, often called ''Isabella''.


[[File:Dobermann Pinscher from 1915.JPG|thumb|right|Dobermann Pinscher, 1915]]
In the 1970s a "white" Dobermann was born, and she was subsequently bred to her son who was also bred to his litter sisters. This tight inbreeding went on for some time so certain breeders could "fix" the mutation, which has been widely marketed. Dobermanns of this color possess a genetic [[mutation]], which prevents its pigment proteins from being manufactured, regardless of the [[genotypes]] of either of the two color genes; that is, it is an [[albino]]. Though many potential Dobermann owners find the color beautiful, albino Dobermanns, like albinos of other species, face increased risk of [[cancer]] and other diseases and should avoid sun exposure as much as possible. The popularity of the "white" Dobermann has died down dramatically as the risks have become known, with many people even calling for an end to the breeding and marketing of the white Dobermann, because they perceive it as cruelty to the animal. Some countries have made the purposeful breeding of the white Dobermann illegal, but breeders who care and take note of the ancestors can avoid breeding albinos as they are all descended from the original bitch.


The breed is believed to have been created from several different breeds of dogs that had the characteristics that Dobermann was looking for. The exact ratios of mixing, and even the exact breeds that were used, remain uncertain, although many experts believe that the Dobermann is a combination of several breeds including the [[Beauceron]], [[German Pinscher]], [[Rottweiler]] and [[Weimaraner]].<ref name="Breeds">{{cite web |url= http://www.dpca.org/breed/breed_history.htm |title= Breed history |publisher= Dobermann Pinscher Club of America |access-date= 24 August 2016 |archive-date= 18 February 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160218235554/http://www.dpca.org/breed/breed_history.htm |url-status= live }}</ref> The single exception is the documented crossing with the [[Greyhound]] and [[Manchester Terrier]]. It is also widely believed that the old German Shepherd was the single largest contributor to the Dobermann breed. Philip Greunig's ''The Dobermann Pinscher'' (1939) describes the breed's early development by Otto Goeller, who helped to establish the breed.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} The [[American Kennel Club]] believes the breeds utilized to develop the Dobermann Pinscher may have included the old shorthaired shepherd, Rottweiler, Black and Tan Terrier and the German Pinscher.<ref name="Get to Know the Doberman Pinscher"/>
===Tails===
Although the Dobermann is most commonly seen with its traditional short tail, it is actually born with a tail that is longer than many breeds. Typically, a Dobermann Pinscher undergoes [[docking]], a procedure in which the majority of its tail is cut off or removed in other ways within days after its birth. The rationale being that it completes the sleek "look" that the dog is supposed to have, since it was the way Louis Dobermann had originally envisioned the dog.


After Dobermann's death in 1894, the Germans named the breed Dobermann-pinscher in his honor, but a half century later dropped the word 'pinscher' on the grounds that this German word for 'terrier' was no longer appropriate. The British did the same a few years later; now the US and Canada are the only countries who continue to use Pinscher and have dropped an "n" from Dobermann's surname.<ref name="Breeds" />
Aside from these reasons that many view as inhumane, one practical reason for docking the tail is that it removes what would be a convenient "handle" for a criminal or attacker to grab when the Dobermann is performing its guard or police work. Another reason is that dogs with the thin, whip-like tail of the Dobermann have a very common occurrence of "broken tail". Broken tail may range from the actual tail bones being broken to the more common skin injuries that are very difficult to heal because of the difficulty of bandaging or protecting the tail. Broken tail is often a self inflicted injury caused by the Dobermann enthusiastically wagging its long tail, regardless of the objects it is hitting with it.


During [[World War II]], the [[United States Marine Corps]] adopted the Doberman Pinscher as its official [[war dog]], although the Corps did not exclusively use this breed in the role.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}
Regardless of people's beliefs on this matter, few potential owners have a choice on the length of their Dobermann's tail; docking must be done soon after the dog's birth, which means that the breeder nearly always makes the decision, before their dogs are even put on the market.


In 2013 a list of breeds by annual number of registrations, based on a survey of member clubs of the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]], placed the Dobermann 26th, with {{val|20941|fmt=commas}} new registrations per year.{{r|skk}} Statistics compiled by the AKC for 2009 placed the Doberman Pinscher 15th, with {{val|10233|fmt=commas}} registrations in that year.{{r|akcstat}} In the fifteen years from 2009 to 2023 the average number of puppies whelped per year in Germany was approximately {{val|535}}, representing just over {{val|1|u=%}} of the average total number of births for all breeds, recorded at slightly more than {{val|77000|fmt=commas}} per year.{{r|vdh2}}
===Ears===
[[Image:Dobermannhuendin.jpg|thumb|Dobermann with natural ears.]]
This is not true, however, of Dobermann [[docking|ear cropping]], which should be done between 7 and 9 weeks. It is something that should be taken care of while still in the breeder's care, before the puppy goes home with its new owners. Cropping done after 12 weeks has a high rate of failure in getting the ears to stand. Some Dobermann owners prefer not to have their pet's ears cropped because they believe the procedure may be painful for the animal. The process involves trimming off part of the animal's ears and then propping them up with posts and tape bandages, which allows the cartilage to develop into an upright position as the puppy grows. The puppy will still have the ability to lay the ears back or down. The process of posting the ears generally takes about a month, but longer show crops can take several months.


== Characteristics ==
While there have been no studies that involved looking at cropped vs non-cropped Dobermanns, it is believed that cropping dramatically reduces the occurrence of ear infections and hematomas (blood blisters caused by damage to the ear tips, commonly from hard shaking of the head).


The Dobermann is a medium-large dog of [[pinscher]] type.{{r|fci}} Dogs stand some {{cvt|68|–|72|cm}} at the [[withers]], with a weight usually in the range {{cvt|40|–|50|kg}}; bitches are considerably smaller, with height and weight ranges of {{cvt|63|–|68|cm}} and {{cvt|32|–|35|kg}} respectively.{{r|fci2|vdh}} It is a [[working dog]], and registration is subject to completion of a {{ill|working trial|de|Gebrauchshundprüfung}}.{{r|fci}}
Although the acts of cropping and docking seem inhumane to some, the traditional Dobermann has always been the one that has had both procedures. In some countries, docking and cropping are now illegal, but in some [[breed show]]s Dobermanns are allowed to compete only if they have the traditional look.


It was originally intended as a guard dog,<ref name="akc">{{cite web
Cropping ears is forbidden by law in many countries.
| publisher = American Kennel Club
| url = http://www.akc.org/breeds/doberman_pinscher/index.cfm
| title = American Kennel Club: Doberman Pinscher breed standard.
| access-date = 4 February 2009
| archive-date = 9 February 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150209073438/http://www.akc.org/breeds/doberman_pinscher/index.cfm
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="ckc">{{cite web
| url=http://www.ckc.ca/en/Files/Forms/Shows-Trials/Breed-Standards/Group-3-Working/DBP-Doberman-Pinscher
| title=Canadian Kennel Club: Doberman Pinscher breed standard.
| quote=Size: "Males, decidedly masculine, without coarseness. Females, decidedly feminine, without over-refinement."
| access-date=2 May 2007
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205083203/http://www.ckc.ca/en/Files/Forms/Shows-Trials/Breed-Standards/Group-3-Working/DBP-Doberman-Pinscher
| archive-date=5 December 2014
| url-status=dead
}}</ref> so males typically have a muscular and intimidating appearance.<ref name="akc"/><ref name="ckc"/>

=== Color ===
[[File:Fawndobermannpincher.webp|alt=Fawn Dobermann Pinscher with cropped ears|thumb|Fawn Dobermann Pinscher with cropped ears]]
[[File:Doberman blue, purebred CKC.JPG|alt=Blue Dobermann|thumb|Blue Dobermann]]
Two different color genes exist in the Dobermann: one for ''black'' (B) and one for ''color dilution'' (D). There are nine possible combinations of these [[allele]]s, which can result in four different color [[phenotypes]]: black, blue, red, and [[Fawn (colour)|fawn]] (Isabella).<ref name="DPCA-color">{{cite web
| url=http://dpca.org/breed/breed_color.htm
| publisher=Doberman Pinscher Club of America
| title=Color Chart
| access-date=23 March 2007
| archive-date=9 April 2009
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409094257/http://dpca.org/breed/breed_color.htm
| url-status=live
}}</ref> The traditional and most common color occurs when both the color and dilution genes have at least one [[Dominant gene|dominant]] allele (i.e., BBDD, BBDd, BbDD or BbDd) and is commonly referred to as ''black'', ''black and rust,'' or ''black and tan''. The ''red'', ''red rust,'' or ''brown'' coloration occurs when the black gene has two [[Recessive gene|recessive]] alleles but the dilution gene has at least one dominant allele (i.e., bbDD, bbDd). The ''blue'' Dobermann has the color gene with at least one dominant allele and the dilution gene with both recessive alleles (i.e., BBdd or Bbdd). The ''fawn'' coloration is the least common, occurring only when both the color and dilution genes have two recessive alleles (i.e., bbdd). Thus, the blue color is a diluted black, and the fawn color is a diluted red.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Expression of the color dilution gene is a disorder called [[Canine follicular dysplasia|color dilution alopecia]], a kind of canine follicular dysplasia. Although not life-threatening, these dogs can develop skin problems.<ref name="dilution">{{cite journal
| doi=10.1111/j.1365-3164.1990.tb00089.x
| title=Colour Dilution Alopecia in Doberman Pinschers with Blue or Fawn Coat Colours: A Study on the Incidence and Histopathology of this Disorder
| last=Miller
| first=William H. Jr.
| journal = Veterinary Dermatology
| volume=1
| issue=3
| pages=113–122
| year=2008
| url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3164.1990.tb00089.x
| access-date=20 November 2024
| pmid=34644836
}}</ref>

White Doberman are cream in color with blue eyes and pink noses, paw pads, and eye rims. The first white Doberman was born in 1976.<ref name="DPCA-albino">{{cite web
| url=http://dpca.org/albino/albino_about.htm
| publisher=Doberman Pinscher Club of America
| title=What is an Albino Doberman
| access-date=25 March 2007
| archive-date=9 April 2009
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409093848/http://dpca.org/albino/albino_about.htm
| url-status=live
}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2024}} White Doberman were identified as albino, and the condition is caused by a partial deletion in the [[SLC45A2]] gene.<ref>{{cite journal
| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0092127
| title=A Partial Gene Deletion of SLC45A2 Causes Oculocutaneous Albinism in Doberman Pinscher Dogs
| author=Winkler PA
| journal = PLOS ONE
| volume=9
| year=2014
| issue=3
| pages=e92127
| pmid=24647637
| pmc=3960214
| bibcode=2014PLoSO...992127W
| doi-access=free
}}</ref> Although albino Doberman are prone to suffer long term issues including photosensitivity/photophobia, skin lesions/tumors, and solar skin damage, there is no evidence suggesting this mutation causes deafness.<ref>{{cite web|title=Can dogs be albino|url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/can-dogs-be-albino/|publisher=American Kennel Club|access-date = 31 August 2024 }}</ref>

=== Tail ===
[[File:Jean Dark Snö of Sweden.jpg|thumb|Dobermann with full tail]]
[[File:Doberman Pinschers black and blue.jpg|thumb|Blue Dobermann with docked tail]]
The Dobermann's natural tail is fairly long, but individual dogs often have a short tail as a result of docking, a procedure in which the majority of the tail is surgically removed shortly after birth.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The practice of docking has been around for centuries and is older than the Dobermann as a breed.<ref name="gudas">{{cite book
| first1=Raymond |last1=Gudas |first2=Betsy |last2=Sikora Siino |title=Doberman Pinschers: Everything about purchase, care, nutrition, training and behavior
| publisher=Barron's Educational Series
| year=2005
}}</ref> The historical reason for docking is to ensure that the tail does not get in the way of the dog's work.<ref name="gudas"/> Docking and cropping (see below) have been written out of the Breed Standard by FCI and the International Dobermann Club (IDC), and dogs born after 2016 will not be allowed to participate in FCI or IDC shows without a full tail and natural ears.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} In the UK, dogs with docked tails have been banned from show for a number of years{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} and the practice is now illegal for native born dogs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Animal Welfare Act 2006 Section 6 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/45/notes/division/7/2/3 |website=Legislation.gov.uk |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref> Docking is illegal in all European Union states,<ref>{{cite web |title=Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 125 |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=signatures-by-treaty&treatynum=125 |website=Council of Europe |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref> as well as Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Is the tail docking of dogs legal in Australia? |url=https://kb.rspca.org.au/knowledge-base/is-the-tail-docking-of-dogs-legal-in-australia/ |website=Royal Australian Society for the Protection of Animals |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref> The AKC standard for Doberman Pinschers includes a tail docked near the 2nd [[vertebra]].<ref name="akc"/>

=== Ears ===
[[File:Dobermann Black and Tan "Vito".jpg|alt=Traditional black and tan Dobermann with ears cropped|thumb|Traditional black and tan Dobermann with ears cropped]]
Some owners crop Dobermann's ears.<ref name="Pagan">{{cite web|url=http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/features/ear-cropping-and-tail-docking|access-date=1 September 2016|title=Ear cropping and tail docking: Should you or shouldn't you?|author=Pagan, C.|publisher=WebMD|archive-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902052952/http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/features/ear-cropping-and-tail-docking|url-status=live}}</ref> The Doberman Pinscher Club of America requires that ears be "normally cropped and carried erect" for conformation.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Doberman – Breed Standard|url=http://dpca.org/breed/breed_standard.htm|work=DPCA|access-date=14 January 2013|archive-date=24 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124071252/http://dpca.org/breed/breed_standard.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Like tail docking, ear cropping is illegal in many countries<ref name="CFHS">{{cite web|url=http://cfhs.ca/athome/ear_cropping_and_tail_docking|title=Ear cropping and tail docking|publisher=The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies/Fédération des sociétés canadiennes d'assistance aux animaux (CFHS/FSCAA)|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909124714/http://cfhs.ca/athome/ear_cropping_and_tail_docking/|archive-date=9 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> and has never been legal in some Commonwealth countries.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Intelligence ==

[[Dog intelligence|Canine intelligence]] is an umbrella term that encompasses the faculties involved in a wide range of mental tasks, such as learning, problem-solving, and communication. The Doberman Pinscher has been ranked amongst the most intelligent dog breeds in experimental studies and expert evaluations. Psychologist [[Stanley Coren]] ranks the Dobermann as the 5th most intelligent dog in the category of ''[[Obedience training|obedience command training]],'' based on the selective surveys answered by experienced trainers (as documented in his book ''[[The Intelligence of Dogs]]''). Additionally, in two studies, Hart and Hart (1985) ranked the Doberman Pinscher first in the same category,<ref name="hart">
{{cite journal
| author1=Hart, B.L. |author2=Hart, L.A. |title=Selecting pet dogs on the basis of cluster analysis of breed behavior profiles and gender
| journal=J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.
| volume=186
| issue=11
| pages=1181–1185
| year=1985
| pmid=4008297
}}</ref> and Tortora (1980) gave the Dobermann the highest rank in general trainability.<ref name="tortora1980">{{cite journal
| title=Animal behavior therapy: the behavioral diagnosis and treatment of dominance-motivated aggression in canines. 1 [Dogs]
| author=Tortora, D.F.
| year=1980
| journal=Canine Practice
| issn=0094-4904
| volume=7
}}</ref>


== Temperament ==
== Temperament ==
The Dobermann is often used as a protection dog, due to its intelligence, loyalty, and ability to physically challenge human agressors. Dobermanns are even now, and once more extensively, used in police work and in the military, both by liberators and by repressive regimes. In these roles, they inspire fear. They are often stereotyped in such roles in [[movies]] (where they are trained to exhibit seemingly "aggressive" behavior), and consequently many people are afraid of the breed. However, Dobermanns are, in general, a loyal, loving, and intelligent breed. Although there is variation in temperament, a typical pet Dobermann attacks only when it feels that it, its property, or its family are in danger. Those familiar with the breed consider well-bred and properly socialized Dobermanns to be excellent pets and companions, suitable for families with other dog breeds, young children, and even [[cat]]s. another problem is misunderstanding of their roles, they are depicted as guard dogs, to neutralize unwelcome intruders. many people miscomprehend this as that they are vicious.


Although they are considered to be working dogs, Dobermanns are often stereotyped as being ferocious and aggressive.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1958/05/12/577801/the-doberman-pinscher-darlingor-devil|title=The Doberman pinscher: darling...or devil?|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]|access-date=14 June 2018|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171358/https://www.si.com/vault/1958/05/12/577801/the-doberman-pinscher-darlingor-devil|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Health==
[[File:Dobermannwurf.jpg|thumb|right|Doberman Pinscher puppies]]
An average, healthy Dobermann is expected to live close to 12 years, with a majority of Dobermanns dying between age 11 and 13. Common health problems are [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[von Willebrands disease]] (a bleeding disorder that can be tested for genetically), [[hypothyroidism]], [[cancer]], and in the dilute colors (blues and fawns), [[alopecia]].


There is some evidence that Doberman Pinschers in North America have a calmer and more even temperament than their European counterparts because of the breeding strategies employed by American breeders.<ref name="coren">{{cite book
==History==
| title=Why does my dog act that way?
Dobermanns were first bred in [[Germany]] around [[1890]] by [[Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann]]. He was a [[tax collector]] who needed a protection dog to guard him, so he set out to breed a new type of dog that, in his opinion, would be the perfect combination of strength, loyalty, intelligence, and ferocity. he also worked as with dogs in a second job, giving him access to dogs to breed. Later, Otto Goeller and Philip Gruening continued to develop the breed.
| last=Coren
| first=Stanley
| publisher=Simon & Schuster
| year=2006
| isbn=0-7432-7706-6
| url=https://archive.org/details/whydoesmydogactt00core
}}</ref> Despite this, the American breed standard states that, for purposes of determining of conformation fault, aggression and belligerence by a Doberman toward other dogs is not counted as viciousness.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Doberman – Breed Standard|url=http://dpca.org/breed/breed_standard.htm|work=DPCA|access-date=14 January 2013|archive-date=24 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124071252/http://dpca.org/breed/breed_standard.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>


There is a great deal of scientific evidence that Doberman Pinschers have a number of stable psychological traits, such as certain personality factors and intelligence. As early as 1965, studies have shown that there are several broad behavioral traits that significantly predict behavior and are genetically determined.<ref name="scott">{{cite book
The breed is believed to have been created from several different breeds of dogs that had the characteristics that Dobermann was looking for, including the [[Pinscher]], the [[Rottweiler]], the [[Thuringian Shepherd Dog]], the black [[Greyhound]], the [[Great Dane]], the [[Weimaraner]], the [[German Shorthaired Pointer]], and the [[German Shepherd Dog]]. The exact ratios of mixing, and even the exact breeds that were used, remains uncertain to this day, although many experts believe that the Dobermann is a combination of at least four of these breeds. The single exception is the documented cross with the Greyhound. It is also widely believed that the German Shepherd gene pool was the single largest contributor to the Dobermann breed.
| last1=Scott
| first1=John Paul
| last2=Fuller
| first2=John L.
| year=1975
| title=Dog Behavior: the Genetic Basis<!-- new edition of Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog, published in 1965 -->
| location=Chicago and London
| publisher=University of Chicago Press
| isbn=0-226-74335-7
| url=https://archive.org/details/dogbehaviorgenet00scot
| via=Internet Archive
}}</ref> Subsequently, there have been numerous scientific attempts to quantify canine [[Personality psychology|personality]] or temperament by using [[factor Analysis|statistical]] techniques for assessing personality traits in humans. These studies often vary in terms of the personality factors they focus on and in terms of ranking breeds differently along these dimensions. One such study found that Doberman Pinschers, compared to other breeds, rank high in playfulness, average in curiosity/fearlessness, low on aggressiveness, and low on sociability.<ref>{{cite journal
| journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science
| title=Breed-typical behaviour in dogs—Historical remnants or recent constructs?
| last=Svartberg
| first=Kenth
| year=2006
| doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.014
| volume=96
| issue=3–4
| pages=293–313
| citeseerx=10.1.1.515.7023
| s2cid=512233
}}</ref> Another such study ranked Doberman Pinschers low on reactivity/surgence and high on aggression/disagreeableness and openness/trainability.<ref name="draper">
{{citation
| last=Draper
| first=Thomas
| year=1995
| title=Canine analogs of human personality factors
| journal=Journal of General Psychology
| volume=122
| issue=3
| doi=10.1080/00221309.1995.9921236
| pmid=7650520
| pages=241–252
}}</ref>


In addition to the studies of canine personality, there has been some research to determine whether there are breed differences in aggression. In a study published in 2008, aggression was divided into four categories: aggression directed at strangers, owner, strange dogs, and rivalry with other household dogs.<ref name="duffy2008">{{cite journal|
==Famous Dobermanns==
journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science|
title=Breed differences in canine aggression|
author1=Duffy DL|
author2=Hsu Y|
author3=Serpell JA|
year=2008|
url=http://www.understand-a-bull.com/Articles/Breed%20Differences%20in%20canine%20aggression.pdf|
volume=114|
issue=3–4|
doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006|
pages=441–460|
access-date=24 August 2010|
archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717155637/http://www.understand-a-bull.com/Articles/Breed%20Differences%20in%20canine%20aggression.pdf|
archive-date=17 July 2011|
url-status=dead}}</ref> This study found that the Doberman Pinscher ranked relatively high on stranger-directed aggression, but extremely low on owner-directed aggression. The Doberman Pinscher ranked as average on dog-directed aggression and dog rivalry. Looking only at bites and attempted bites, Doberman Pinschers rank as far less aggressive towards humans and show less aggression than many breeds without a reputation (e.g., [[Cocker Spaniel]], [[Dalmatian (dog)|Dalmatian]], and [[Great Dane]]). This study concluded that aggression has a genetic basis, that the Dobermann shows a distinctive pattern of aggression depending on the situation and that contemporary Doberman Pinschers are not an aggressive breed overall.<ref name="duffy2008"/>


According to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), between 1979 and 1998, the Doberman Pinscher was involved in attacks on humans resulting in fatalities less frequently than several other dog breeds such as [[Pit bull]]s, [[German Shepherd|German Shepherd Dogs]], [[Rottweiler]]s, [[Husky]]-type dogs, [[Wolfdog|wolf-dog hybrid]]s and [[Alaskan Malamute]]s.<ref name="CDC">[https://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/duip/dogbreeds.pdf US Centers for Disease Control: Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623055336/http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/duip/dogbreeds.pdf |date=23 June 2011 }}. Retrieved 25 March 2007</ref><ref>{{cite journal|
*Bingo von Ellendonk - first Dobermann to score 300 points (perfect score) in [[Schutzhund]] [http://www.100megsfree4.com/dobermann/bingoell.htm]
journal=JAVMA|
*Graf Belling v. Grönland - first registered Dobermann [http://www.100megsfree4.com/dobermann/grafbellingvgronland.htm]
volume=217|
title=Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998 |first1=Jeffrey J. |last1=Sacks |first2=Leslie |last2=Sinclair |first3=Julie |last3=Gilchrist |first4=Gail C. |last4=Golab |first5=Randall |last5=Lockwood }}</ref> According to this CDC study, one of the most important factors contributing to dog bites is the level of responsibility exercised by dog owners.<ref>{{cite journal
| journal=Pediatrics
| year=1996
| title=Fatal dog attacks, 1989–1994
| last1=Sacks
| first1=JJ
| pmid=8657532
| last2=Lockwood
| first2=R
| last3=Hornreich
| first3=J
| last4=Sattini
| first4=RW
| volume=97
| issue=6 Pt 1
| pages=891–5
| doi=10.1542/peds.97.6.891
| s2cid=245088140
| display-authors=etal}}</ref>


==Dobermanns in fiction==
== Health ==
===Life expectancy===
*Blitz from [[Road Rovers]]
A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 11.2 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for [[Mongrel|crossbreeds]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=McMillan | first=Kirsten M. | last2=Bielby | first2=Jon | last3=Williams | first3=Carys L. | last4=Upjohn | first4=Melissa M. | last5=Casey | first5=Rachel A. | last6=Christley | first6=Robert M. | title=Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=2024-02-01 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w | page=| pmc=10834484 }}</ref> A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 8 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Roccaro | first=Mariana | last2=Salini | first2=Romolo | last3=Pietra | first3=Marco | last4=Sgorbini | first4=Micaela | last5=Gori | first5=Eleonora | last6=Dondi | first6=Maurizio | last7=Crisi | first7=Paolo E. | last8=Conte | first8=Annamaria | last9=Dalla Villa | first9=Paolo | last10=Podaliri | first10=Michele | last11=Ciaramella | first11=Paolo | last12=Di Palma | first12=Cristina | last13=Passantino | first13=Annamaria | last14=Porciello | first14=Francesco | last15=Gianella | first15=Paola | last16=Guglielmini | first16=Carlo | last17=Alborali | first17=Giovanni L. | last18=Rota Nodari | first18=Sara | last19=Sabatelli | first19=Sonia | last20=Peli | first20=Angelo | title=Factors related to longevity and mortality of dogs in Italy | journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine | volume=225 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106155 | page=106155| doi-access=free | hdl=11585/961937 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> A 2005 Swedish study of insurance data found 68% of Dobermann died by the age of 10, higher than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Egenvall | first=A | last2=Bonnett | first2=Bn | last3=Hedhammar | first3=å | last4=Olson | first4=P | title=Mortality in over 350,000 Insured Swedish Dogs from 1995–2000: II. Breed-Specific Age and Survival Patterns and Relative Risk for Causes of Death | journal=Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica | volume=46 | issue=3 | date=2005-09-30 | issn=1751-0147 | pmid=16261925 | pmc=1624818 | doi=10.1186/1751-0147-46-121 | doi-access=free | page=}}</ref>
*Roscoe and DeSoto from [[Oliver & Company]]
*Rothko from [[My Wrongs 8245 - 8249 and 117]]
*Luka from [[Garfield: The Movie]]
*Zeus and Apollo - [[Magnum P.I.]]
*Cerberus (zombie dogs or dobermann zombies) from [[Resident Evil]]


==External links==
===Cardiac health===
[[Cardiomyopathies]] are a common problem for the breed.<ref name="endo"/> and cardiac issues are a common cause of death in the breed with 15% of deaths being cardiac related according to a UK survey.<ref name="KC survey">{{cite journal | last=Adams | first=V. J. | last2=Evans | first2=K. M. | last3=Sampson | first3=J. | last4=Wood | first4=J. L. N. | title=Methods and mortality results of a health survey of purebred dogs in the UK | journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice | volume=51 | issue=10 | date=2010-10-01 | doi=10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00974.x | pages=512–524}}</ref> Data from the University of Purdue Medical Veterinary Database found the breed to be predisposed to [[dilated cardiomyopathy]] (DCM) with 5.8% of Dobermanns having the condition.<ref>Sisson D, O’Grady MR, Calvert CA. Myocardial diseases of dogs. In: Fox PR, Sisson D,
;Clubs, associations, and societies
Moise NS, editors. Textbook of canine and feline cardiology: principles and clinical
*[http://www.dpca.org/ The Doberman Pinscher Club of America]
practice. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1999. p. 581–619</ref> Another study in America found a prevalence of 7.32% for the condition.<ref name="bellumori">{{cite journal | last=Bellumori | first=Thomas P. | last2=Famula | first2=Thomas R. | last3=Bannasch | first3=Danika L. | last4=Belanger | first4=Janelle M. | last5=Oberbauer | first5=Anita M. | title=Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995–2010) | journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) | volume=242 | issue=11 | date=2013-06-01 | issn=0003-1488 | doi=10.2460/javma.242.11.1549 | pages=1549–1555}}</ref> An English study of 369 cases found the Dobermann make up 16% of those.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Martin | first=M. W. S. | last2=Stafford Johnson | first2=M. J. | last3=Celona | first3=B. | title=Canine dilated cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study of signalment, presentation and clinical findings in 369 cases | journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice | volume=50 | issue=1 | date=2009 | issn=0022-4510 | doi=10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00659.x | pages=23–29}}</ref> This disease impacts Dobermanns more severely than other breeds with an average survival time of 52 days compared to 240 days for other breeds.<ref name="c2">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1760-2734(06)70019-4 |title= Dilated cardiomyopathy in the Dobermann dog: survival, causes of death and a pedigree review in a related line |first1= Aleksandra| last1= Domanjko-Petrič |first2= Polona |last2= Stabej | first3= A. |last3= Žemva |journal=Journal of Veterinary Cardiology |year=2002 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=17–24 |pmid=19081342}}</ref> This is possibly due to the type of DCM that affects the Dobermann differing.<ref>{{cite journal | last=O'Grady | first=Michael R. | last2=O'Sullivan | first2=M.Lynne | title=Dilated cardiomyopathy: an update | journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice | volume=34 | issue=5 | date=2004 | doi=10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.05.009 | pages=1187–1207}}</ref> Research has shown that the breed is affected by an attenuated wavy fiber type of DCM that affects many other breeds,<ref name="tidholm"/> as well as an additional fatty infiltration-degenerative type that appears to be specific to Dobermann Pinscher and [[Boxer (dog)|Boxer]] breeds.<ref name="tidholm">
*[http://www.uniteddobermanclub.com/ United Doberman Club]
{{cite journal
*[http://www.geocities.com/dpaa_03/ Doberman Pinscher Alliance of America]
| journal=Veterinary Pathology
*[http://www.dpcc.ca/ Doberman Pinscher Club Of Canada]
| volume=42
*[http://www.kldos.net/ KLDOS - Klub Ljubiteljev Dobermanov Slovenije]
| issue=1
;Directories and informational pages
| year=2005
*[http://bakaridobes.westhost.com/publiceducation/ DPCA Public Education Committee]
| title=Histologic Characterization of Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy
*[http://www.dogsindepth.com/working_dog_breeds/doberman_pinscher.html Dogs In Depth Page]
| first1= A.| last1= Tidholm | first2= L. |last2= Jönsson |doi=10.1354/vp.42-1-1
*[http://www.canismajor.com/dog/dobe.html The Doberman Owner's Guide]
|pmid=15657266
*[http://www.dobermannreview.co.yu Dobermann Review] - Online dobermann community
| pages=1–8
;Pedigree databases
| s2cid=15431327
*[http://www.pedigrees.dobermann.me.uk/ Dobermann Pedigrees Online]
}}</ref>
*[http://www.dpca.org/standard.html]
This serious disease is likely to be fatal in most Dobermanns affected.<ref name="tidholm" />
*[http://www.petplace.com/dogs/choosing-a-doberman-pinscher/page1.aspx]

Roughly a quarter of Dobermann Pinschers who develop cardiomyopathy die suddenly from seemingly unknown causes,<ref name="tidholm"/><ref name="calvert97">
{{cite journal
| journal = J Am Vet Med Assoc
| year= 1997
| volume = 210
| title=Clinical and pathologic findings in Dobermanns with occult cardiomyopathy that died suddenly or developed congestive heart failure: 54 cases (1984–1991)
| author1=Calvert CA |author2=Hall G |author3=Jacobs G |author4=Pickus C. | doi= 10.2460/javma.1997.210.04.505
}}</ref><ref name="chf"/> and an additional fifty percent die of [[congestive heart failure]].<ref name="chf">
{{cite journal
| journal = Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
| year = 2000
| volume=216
| doi=10.2460/javma.2000.216.34
| title=Association between results of ambulatory electrocardiography and development of cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up of Doberman Pinschers
| author1= Calvert CA |author2= Jacobs GJ |author3= Smith DD |author4= Rathbun SL |author5= Pickus CW |pages = 34–39
| pmid = 10638315
| issue = 1
| doi-access= free
}}</ref> Among female Dobermanns, the sudden death manifestation of the disease is more common, whereas males tend to develop congestive heart failure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dutton|first1=E.|last2=López-Alvarez|first2=J.|date=2018-04-17|title=An update on canine cardiomyopathies – is it all in the genes?|journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice|volume=59|issue=8|pages=455–464 |language= en| doi= 10.1111/jsap.12841| pmid=29665072| issn=0022-4510|doi-access=free}}</ref> In addition to being more prevalent in Dobermanns, this disease is also more serious in the breed. Following a diagnosis, the average non-Dobermann has an expected survival time of 8 months; for Dobermann Pinschers, however, the expected survival time is less than two months.<ref name="c2"/> Although the causes for the disease are largely unknown, there is evidence that it is a familial disease inherited as an [[Dominance (genetics)|autosomal dominant trait]].<ref name="familial">
{{cite journal
| journal=J Vet Intern Med
| year=2007
| volume=21
| title=A prospective genetic evaluation of familial dilated cardiomyopathy in the Doberman pinscher
| author1= Meurs KM |author2=Fox PR |author3=Norgard M |author4=Spier AW |author5=Lamb A |author6=Koplitz SL |author7=Baumwart RD. | issue=5
| pages=1016–1020
| doi=10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03058.x
| pmid=17939558
| doi-access=}}</ref>

===Dermatology===
The Dobermann is predisposed to the following [[dermatological]] conditions: [[acral lick dermatitis]]; [[pyoderma|chin pyoderma]], acne, or [[folliculitis]]; [[Drug eruption|cutaneous drug eruption]]s; [[colour dilution alopecia]]; [[demodicosis]]; [[follicular dysplasia]]; {{ill|interdigital haemorrhagic bulla|wd=Q131298158|s=1|v=sup}}, pedal [[furunculosis]] or [[cyst]]; [[pemphigus foliaceus]]; and [[vitiligo]].<ref name="dermatology">{{cite book | last=Hnilica | first=Keith A. | last2=Patterson | first2=Adam P. | title=Small Animal Dermatology | publisher=Saunders | publication-place=St. Louis (Miss.) | date=2016-09-19 | isbn=978-0-323-37651-8 | page=}}</ref>

===Other conditions===
Other conditions that the breed is predisposed to include: [[von Willebrand's disease]],<ref name="UPEI">{{cite web
| url = http://www.upei.ca/~cidd/breeds/doberman2.htm
| title = Doberman Pinscher
| via = UPEI.ca
| publisher = [[University of Prince Edward Island]]
| work = Canine Inherited Disorders Database
| access-date = 25 March 2007
| archive-date = 5 November 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131105081600/http://www.upei.ca/~cidd/breeds/doberman2.htm
| url-status = live
}}</ref> and [[prostatic disease]].<ref name="krawiec">{{cite journal
| journal=J Am Vet Med Assoc
| year=1992
| volume=200
| pages=1119–22
| title=Study of prostatic disease in dogs: 177 cases (1981–1986)
| author1=Krawiec DR |author2=Heflin D. | issue=8
| doi=10.2460/javma.1992.200.08.1119
| pmid=1376729
}}</ref> Canine [[Animal psychopathology#Obsessive compulsive disorder .28OCD.29|compulsive disorder]] was found to be prevalent in 28% of Dobermanns in one study.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Ogata |first=Niwako| author2= Gillis, Timothy E.|author3=Liu, Xiaoxu| author4=Cunningham, Suzanne M.|author5= Lowen, Steven B. |author6= Adams, Bonnie L. |author7= Sutherland-Smith, James| author8= Mintzopoulos, Dionyssios|author9=Janes, Amy C.|author10=Dodman, Nicholas H.|author11=Kaufman, Marc J.|title=Brain structural abnormalities in Dobermann Pinschers with canine compulsive disorder|journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry| year= 2013 |volume= 45|pages=1–6 |doi= 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.002|pmid=23590875|s2cid=4107434| quote= CCD is highly prevalent among Dobermans, with an estimated incidence of about 28% in a database including over 2300 dogs (personal communication, Andrew Borgman, Statistical Analyst, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI)}}</ref> The breed is predisposed to [[Hypothyroidism in dogs|hypothyroidism]]<ref name="dermatology"/><ref name="endo">{{cite book |author1-first=J. Catherine |author1-last=Scott-Moncrieff |editor1-last=Feldman | editor1-first=Edward C. | editor2-last=Nelson | editor2-first=Richard W. | editor3-last=Reusch | editor3-first=Claudia | editor4-last=Scott-Moncrieff | editor4-first=J. Catharine |title=Canine and feline endocrinology |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=St. Louis, Missouri |isbn=978-1-4557-4456-5 |edition=Fourth |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9781455744565/canine-and-feline-endocrinology |chapter=Hypothyroidism| publication-place=St. Louis, Missouri | page=91}}</ref> with one US study finding 6.3% of Dobermanns to have the condition compared to 1.54% for mixed-breeds.<ref name="bellumori"/> The Dobermann is also predisposed to [[gastric dilatation volvulus]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bell | first=Jerold S. | title=Inherited and Predisposing Factors in the Development of Gastric Dilatation Volvulus in Dogs | journal=Topics in Companion Animal Medicine | volume=29 | issue=3 | date=2014 | doi=10.1053/j.tcam.2014.09.002 | pages=60–63}}</ref> A study of 295 cases in America found 6.1% of cases to belong to the Dobermann.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Brockman | first=Daniel J. | last2=Washabau | first2=Robert J. | last3=Drobatz | first3=Kenneth J. | title=Canine gastric dilatation/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986–1992) | journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | volume=207 | issue=4 | date=1995-08-15 | issn=0003-1488 | doi=10.2460/javma.1995.207.04.0460 | pages=460–464}}</ref> Another American study of 1,934 cases found an odds ratio of 5.5 for the Dobermann.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Glickman | first=Lawrence T. | last2=Glickman | first2=Nita W. | last3=Pérez | first3=Cynthia M. | last4=Schellenberg | first4=Diana B. | last5=Lantz | first5=Gary C. | title=Analysis of risk factors for gastric dilatation and dilatation-volvulus in dogs | journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) | volume=204 | issue=9 | date=1994-05-01 | issn=0003-1488 | doi=10.2460/javma.1994.204.09.1465 | pages=1465–1471}}</ref>

===Skeletal conditions===
A North American study reviewing over a million dogs examined at veterinary teaching hospitals found the Dobermann to have a noticeably lower prevalence of [[Canine hip dysplasia|hip dysplasia]] with 1.34% of Dobermanns having hip dysplasia compared to 3.52% overall.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Witsberger | first=Tige H. | last2=Villamil | first2=J. Armando | last3=Schultz | first3=Loren G. | last4=Hahn | first4=Allen W. | last5=Cook | first5=James L. | title=Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs | journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) | volume=232 | issue=12 | date=2008-06-15 | issn=0003-1488 | doi=10.2460/javma.232.12.1818 | pages=1818–1824}}</ref> Another North American study of over 1,000,000 and 250,000 hip and elbow scans found the Dobermann to be among the 15 breeds least likely to have both hip and [[elbow dysplasia]]. 5.7% of Dobermanns over the age of 2 years had hip dysplasia and 0.8% had elbow dysplasia.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Oberbauer | first=A. M. | last2=Keller | first2=G. G. | last3=Famula | first3=T. R. | title=Long-term genetic selection reduced prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia in 60 dog breeds | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=12 | issue=2 | date=2017-02-24 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0172918 | doi-access=free | page=e0172918}}</ref>

A US study of the records of over 90,000 dogs found the Dobermann to be predisposed to {{ill|intervertebral disc disease|wd=Q131298172|s=1|v=sup}} (IVDD), with 12.7% of Dobermanns having the condition compared to 4.43% for [[Mongrel|mixed-breed]]s.<ref name="bellumori"/>

== See also ==

* [[Choking Doberman]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist | refs=
{{efn|name = a| {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|oʊ|b|ər|m|ə|n}}; {{IPA|de|ˈdoːbɐman|audio=De-Dobermann.ogg}}}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=akcstat>[s.n.] (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230714131214/https://images.akc.org/pdf/archives/AKCregstats_1991-2008.pdf Dog Registration Statistics 1991–2008]. New York: The American Kennel Club. Archived 14 July 2023.</ref>

<ref name=fci>[https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature/DOBERMANN-143.html FCI breeds nomenclature: Dobermann (143)]. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed September 2024.</ref>

<ref name=fci2>[http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/143g02-en.pdf FCI-Standard N° 143: Dobermann]. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed September 2024.</ref>

<ref name=skk>[Svenska Kennelklubben] (2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221216042611/http://newsletter15.dogdotcom.be/en/skk.aspx Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds]. ''FCI Newsletter'' 15. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Archived 16 December 2022.</ref>

<ref name=vdh>[https://welpen.vdh.de/hunderassen/rasselexikon/ergebnis/dobermann Dobermann] (in German). Dortmund: Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen. Accessed September 2024.</ref>

<ref name=vdh2>[https://www.vdh.de/ueber-den-vdh/welpenstatistik/ Welpenstatistik] (in German). Dortmund: Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen. Accessed September 2024.</ref>

}}


== External links ==
[[Category:Dog breeds]]
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{{Pinschers and Schnauzers}}
==References==
{{German dogs}}
*[http://www.akc.org/breeds/doberman_pinscher/index.cfm American Kennel Club Doberman Page] - The Doberman breed standard according to the AKC
{{Authority control}}
*[http://www.dpca.org/standard.html DPCA - Doberman Pinscher Club of America] - The breed standard according to the DPCA
*[http://www.petplace.com/dogs/choosing-a-doberman-pinscher/page1.aspx Choosing a Doberman] - Dr Dawn Ruben, PetPlace.com, retrieved [[20th February]] [[2006]]
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[[Category:Dog breeds originating in Germany]]
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[[Category:FCI breeds]]
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[[he:דוברמן פינצ'ר]]
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[[ja:ドーベルマン]]
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Latest revision as of 00:52, 26 December 2024

"Doberman" redirects here. For other uses, see Doberman (disambiguation).

Dobermann
Dob-3ans.jpg
Adult bitch, with full ears and tail
Other namesDoberman Pinscher
Common nicknamesDobie, Doberman
OriginGermany
Traits
Height Males 68 to 72 cm (27 to 28 in)[1]
Females 63 to 68 cm (25 to 27 in)[1]
Weight Males 40–45 kg (88–99 lb)[1]
Females 32–35 kg (71–77 lb)[1]
Coat short
Color black & tan, red & tan
Kennel club standards
VDH standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The Dobermann[a] is a German breed of medium-large working dog of pinscher type. It was originally bred in Thuringia in about 1890 by Louis Dobermann, a tax collector.[2] It has a long muzzle and – ideally – an even and graceful gait. The ears were traditionally cropped and the tail docked, practices which are now illegal in many countries.

The Dobermann is intelligent, alert and tenaciously loyal; it is kept as a guard dog or as a companion animal.[3] In Canada and the United States it is known as the Doberman Pinscher.

History

[edit]
Dobermann, 1909

Dobermanns were first bred in the 1880s by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann, a tax collector who ran a dog pound in Apolda in present-day Thuringia in central Germany. With access to dogs of many breeds, he got the idea to create a breed that would be ideal for protecting him. He set out to breed a new type of dog that would exhibit impressive stamina, strength, and intelligence. Five years after Dobermann's death, Otto Goeller, one of the earliest breeders, created the National Doberman Pinscher Club and is considered to have perfected the breed, breeding and refining them in the 1890s.[4][5]

Dobermann Pinscher, 1915

The breed is believed to have been created from several different breeds of dogs that had the characteristics that Dobermann was looking for. The exact ratios of mixing, and even the exact breeds that were used, remain uncertain, although many experts believe that the Dobermann is a combination of several breeds including the Beauceron, German Pinscher, Rottweiler and Weimaraner.[6] The single exception is the documented crossing with the Greyhound and Manchester Terrier. It is also widely believed that the old German Shepherd was the single largest contributor to the Dobermann breed. Philip Greunig's The Dobermann Pinscher (1939) describes the breed's early development by Otto Goeller, who helped to establish the breed.[citation needed] The American Kennel Club believes the breeds utilized to develop the Dobermann Pinscher may have included the old shorthaired shepherd, Rottweiler, Black and Tan Terrier and the German Pinscher.[2]

After Dobermann's death in 1894, the Germans named the breed Dobermann-pinscher in his honor, but a half century later dropped the word 'pinscher' on the grounds that this German word for 'terrier' was no longer appropriate. The British did the same a few years later; now the US and Canada are the only countries who continue to use Pinscher and have dropped an "n" from Dobermann's surname.[6]

During World War II, the United States Marine Corps adopted the Doberman Pinscher as its official war dog, although the Corps did not exclusively use this breed in the role.[citation needed]

In 2013 a list of breeds by annual number of registrations, based on a survey of member clubs of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, placed the Dobermann 26th, with 20,941 new registrations per year.[7] Statistics compiled by the AKC for 2009 placed the Doberman Pinscher 15th, with 10,233 registrations in that year.[8] In the fifteen years from 2009 to 2023 the average number of puppies whelped per year in Germany was approximately 535, representing just over 1% of the average total number of births for all breeds, recorded at slightly more than 77,000 per year.[9]

Characteristics

[edit]

The Dobermann is a medium-large dog of pinscher type.[10] Dogs stand some 68–72 cm (27–28 in) at the withers, with a weight usually in the range 40–50 kg (88–110 lb); bitches are considerably smaller, with height and weight ranges of 63–68 cm (25–27 in) and 32–35 kg (71–77 lb) respectively.[11][12] It is a working dog, and registration is subject to completion of a working trial [de].[10]

It was originally intended as a guard dog,[13][14] so males typically have a muscular and intimidating appearance.[13][14]

Color

[edit]
Fawn Dobermann Pinscher with cropped ears
Fawn Dobermann Pinscher with cropped ears
Blue Dobermann
Blue Dobermann

Two different color genes exist in the Dobermann: one for black (B) and one for color dilution (D). There are nine possible combinations of these alleles, which can result in four different color phenotypes: black, blue, red, and fawn (Isabella).[15] The traditional and most common color occurs when both the color and dilution genes have at least one dominant allele (i.e., BBDD, BBDd, BbDD or BbDd) and is commonly referred to as black, black and rust, or black and tan. The red, red rust, or brown coloration occurs when the black gene has two recessive alleles but the dilution gene has at least one dominant allele (i.e., bbDD, bbDd). The blue Dobermann has the color gene with at least one dominant allele and the dilution gene with both recessive alleles (i.e., BBdd or Bbdd). The fawn coloration is the least common, occurring only when both the color and dilution genes have two recessive alleles (i.e., bbdd). Thus, the blue color is a diluted black, and the fawn color is a diluted red.[citation needed]

Expression of the color dilution gene is a disorder called color dilution alopecia, a kind of canine follicular dysplasia. Although not life-threatening, these dogs can develop skin problems.[16]

White Doberman are cream in color with blue eyes and pink noses, paw pads, and eye rims. The first white Doberman was born in 1976.[17][better source needed] White Doberman were identified as albino, and the condition is caused by a partial deletion in the SLC45A2 gene.[18] Although albino Doberman are prone to suffer long term issues including photosensitivity/photophobia, skin lesions/tumors, and solar skin damage, there is no evidence suggesting this mutation causes deafness.[19]

Tail

[edit]
Dobermann with full tail
Blue Dobermann with docked tail

The Dobermann's natural tail is fairly long, but individual dogs often have a short tail as a result of docking, a procedure in which the majority of the tail is surgically removed shortly after birth.[citation needed]

The practice of docking has been around for centuries and is older than the Dobermann as a breed.[20] The historical reason for docking is to ensure that the tail does not get in the way of the dog's work.[20] Docking and cropping (see below) have been written out of the Breed Standard by FCI and the International Dobermann Club (IDC), and dogs born after 2016 will not be allowed to participate in FCI or IDC shows without a full tail and natural ears.[citation needed] In the UK, dogs with docked tails have been banned from show for a number of years[citation needed] and the practice is now illegal for native born dogs.[21] Docking is illegal in all European Union states,[22] as well as Australia.[23] The AKC standard for Doberman Pinschers includes a tail docked near the 2nd vertebra.[13]

Ears

[edit]
Traditional black and tan Dobermann with ears cropped
Traditional black and tan Dobermann with ears cropped

Some owners crop Dobermann's ears.[24] The Doberman Pinscher Club of America requires that ears be "normally cropped and carried erect" for conformation.[25] Like tail docking, ear cropping is illegal in many countries[26] and has never been legal in some Commonwealth countries.[citation needed]

Intelligence

[edit]

Canine intelligence is an umbrella term that encompasses the faculties involved in a wide range of mental tasks, such as learning, problem-solving, and communication. The Doberman Pinscher has been ranked amongst the most intelligent dog breeds in experimental studies and expert evaluations. Psychologist Stanley Coren ranks the Dobermann as the 5th most intelligent dog in the category of obedience command training, based on the selective surveys answered by experienced trainers (as documented in his book The Intelligence of Dogs). Additionally, in two studies, Hart and Hart (1985) ranked the Doberman Pinscher first in the same category,[27] and Tortora (1980) gave the Dobermann the highest rank in general trainability.[28]

Temperament

[edit]

Although they are considered to be working dogs, Dobermanns are often stereotyped as being ferocious and aggressive.[29]

Doberman Pinscher puppies

There is some evidence that Doberman Pinschers in North America have a calmer and more even temperament than their European counterparts because of the breeding strategies employed by American breeders.[30] Despite this, the American breed standard states that, for purposes of determining of conformation fault, aggression and belligerence by a Doberman toward other dogs is not counted as viciousness.[31]

There is a great deal of scientific evidence that Doberman Pinschers have a number of stable psychological traits, such as certain personality factors and intelligence. As early as 1965, studies have shown that there are several broad behavioral traits that significantly predict behavior and are genetically determined.[32] Subsequently, there have been numerous scientific attempts to quantify canine personality or temperament by using statistical techniques for assessing personality traits in humans. These studies often vary in terms of the personality factors they focus on and in terms of ranking breeds differently along these dimensions. One such study found that Doberman Pinschers, compared to other breeds, rank high in playfulness, average in curiosity/fearlessness, low on aggressiveness, and low on sociability.[33] Another such study ranked Doberman Pinschers low on reactivity/surgence and high on aggression/disagreeableness and openness/trainability.[34]

In addition to the studies of canine personality, there has been some research to determine whether there are breed differences in aggression. In a study published in 2008, aggression was divided into four categories: aggression directed at strangers, owner, strange dogs, and rivalry with other household dogs.[35] This study found that the Doberman Pinscher ranked relatively high on stranger-directed aggression, but extremely low on owner-directed aggression. The Doberman Pinscher ranked as average on dog-directed aggression and dog rivalry. Looking only at bites and attempted bites, Doberman Pinschers rank as far less aggressive towards humans and show less aggression than many breeds without a reputation (e.g., Cocker Spaniel, Dalmatian, and Great Dane). This study concluded that aggression has a genetic basis, that the Dobermann shows a distinctive pattern of aggression depending on the situation and that contemporary Doberman Pinschers are not an aggressive breed overall.[35]

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), between 1979 and 1998, the Doberman Pinscher was involved in attacks on humans resulting in fatalities less frequently than several other dog breeds such as Pit bulls, German Shepherd Dogs, Rottweilers, Husky-type dogs, wolf-dog hybrids and Alaskan Malamutes.[36][37] According to this CDC study, one of the most important factors contributing to dog bites is the level of responsibility exercised by dog owners.[38]

Health

[edit]

Life expectancy

[edit]

A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 11.2 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.[39] A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 8 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall.[40] A 2005 Swedish study of insurance data found 68% of Dobermann died by the age of 10, higher than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10.[41]

Cardiac health

[edit]

Cardiomyopathies are a common problem for the breed.[42] and cardiac issues are a common cause of death in the breed with 15% of deaths being cardiac related according to a UK survey.[43] Data from the University of Purdue Medical Veterinary Database found the breed to be predisposed to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with 5.8% of Dobermanns having the condition.[44] Another study in America found a prevalence of 7.32% for the condition.[45] An English study of 369 cases found the Dobermann make up 16% of those.[46] This disease impacts Dobermanns more severely than other breeds with an average survival time of 52 days compared to 240 days for other breeds.[47] This is possibly due to the type of DCM that affects the Dobermann differing.[48] Research has shown that the breed is affected by an attenuated wavy fiber type of DCM that affects many other breeds,[49] as well as an additional fatty infiltration-degenerative type that appears to be specific to Dobermann Pinscher and Boxer breeds.[49] This serious disease is likely to be fatal in most Dobermanns affected.[49]

Roughly a quarter of Dobermann Pinschers who develop cardiomyopathy die suddenly from seemingly unknown causes,[49][50][51] and an additional fifty percent die of congestive heart failure.[51] Among female Dobermanns, the sudden death manifestation of the disease is more common, whereas males tend to develop congestive heart failure.[52] In addition to being more prevalent in Dobermanns, this disease is also more serious in the breed. Following a diagnosis, the average non-Dobermann has an expected survival time of 8 months; for Dobermann Pinschers, however, the expected survival time is less than two months.[47] Although the causes for the disease are largely unknown, there is evidence that it is a familial disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.[53]

Dermatology

[edit]

The Dobermann is predisposed to the following dermatological conditions: acral lick dermatitis; chin pyoderma, acne, or folliculitis; cutaneous drug eruptions; colour dilution alopecia; demodicosis; follicular dysplasia; interdigital haemorrhagic bulla [d], pedal furunculosis or cyst; pemphigus foliaceus; and vitiligo.[54]

Other conditions

[edit]

Other conditions that the breed is predisposed to include: von Willebrand's disease,[55] and prostatic disease.[56] Canine compulsive disorder was found to be prevalent in 28% of Dobermanns in one study.[57] The breed is predisposed to hypothyroidism[54][42] with one US study finding 6.3% of Dobermanns to have the condition compared to 1.54% for mixed-breeds.[45] The Dobermann is also predisposed to gastric dilatation volvulus.[58] A study of 295 cases in America found 6.1% of cases to belong to the Dobermann.[59] Another American study of 1,934 cases found an odds ratio of 5.5 for the Dobermann.[60]

Skeletal conditions

[edit]

A North American study reviewing over a million dogs examined at veterinary teaching hospitals found the Dobermann to have a noticeably lower prevalence of hip dysplasia with 1.34% of Dobermanns having hip dysplasia compared to 3.52% overall.[61] Another North American study of over 1,000,000 and 250,000 hip and elbow scans found the Dobermann to be among the 15 breeds least likely to have both hip and elbow dysplasia. 5.7% of Dobermanns over the age of 2 years had hip dysplasia and 0.8% had elbow dysplasia.[62]

A US study of the records of over 90,000 dogs found the Dobermann to be predisposed to intervertebral disc disease [d] (IVDD), with 12.7% of Dobermanns having the condition compared to 4.43% for mixed-breeds.[45]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ /ˈdoʊbərmən/; German pronunciation: [ˈdoːbɐman] ⓘ

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Dobermann breed standard" (PDF). FCI. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Get to Know the Doberman Pinscher" Archived 9 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, 'The American Kennel Club', retrieved 6 May 2014
  3. ^ "Dobermans Suffer From a Bad Press". The New York Times. 15 February 1993. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  4. ^ Donnelly, Kerry (1988). Doberman Pinschers. US: T.F.H. Publications. pp. 8–11. ISBN 0-86622-806-3.
  5. ^ Basic Guide to the Doberman Pinscher. US: Dace Publishing. 1997. pp. 9–11. ISBN 0-932045-10-3.
  6. ^ a b "Breed history". Dobermann Pinscher Club of America. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  7. ^ [Svenska Kennelklubben] (2013). Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds. FCI Newsletter 15. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Archived 16 December 2022.
  8. ^ [s.n.] (2016). Dog Registration Statistics 1991–2008. New York: The American Kennel Club. Archived 14 July 2023.
  9. ^ Welpenstatistik (in German). Dortmund: Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen. Accessed September 2024.
  10. ^ a b FCI breeds nomenclature: Dobermann (143). Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed September 2024.
  11. ^ FCI-Standard N° 143: Dobermann. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed September 2024.
  12. ^ Dobermann (in German). Dortmund: Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen. Accessed September 2024.
  13. ^ a b c "American Kennel Club: Doberman Pinscher breed standard". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  14. ^ a b "Canadian Kennel Club: Doberman Pinscher breed standard". Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2007. Size: "Males, decidedly masculine, without coarseness. Females, decidedly feminine, without over-refinement."
  15. ^ "Color Chart". Doberman Pinscher Club of America. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
  16. ^ Miller, William H. Jr. (2008). "Colour Dilution Alopecia in Doberman Pinschers with Blue or Fawn Coat Colours: A Study on the Incidence and Histopathology of this Disorder". Veterinary Dermatology. 1 (3): 113–122. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.1990.tb00089.x. PMID 34644836. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
  17. ^ "What is an Albino Doberman". Doberman Pinscher Club of America. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
  18. ^ Winkler PA (2014). "A Partial Gene Deletion of SLC45A2 Causes Oculocutaneous Albinism in Doberman Pinscher Dogs". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e92127. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...992127W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092127. PMC 3960214. PMID 24647637.
  19. ^ "Can dogs be albino". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  20. ^ a b Gudas, Raymond; Sikora Siino, Betsy (2005). Doberman Pinschers: Everything about purchase, care, nutrition, training and behavior. Barron's Educational Series.
  21. ^ "Animal Welfare Act 2006 Section 6". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  22. ^ "Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 125". Council of Europe. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  23. ^ "Is the tail docking of dogs legal in Australia?". Royal Australian Society for the Protection of Animals. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  24. ^ Pagan, C. "Ear cropping and tail docking: Should you or shouldn't you?". WebMD. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  25. ^ "The Doberman – Breed Standard". DPCA. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  26. ^ "Ear cropping and tail docking". The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies/Fédération des sociétés canadiennes d'assistance aux animaux (CFHS/FSCAA). Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  27. ^ Hart, B.L.; Hart, L.A. (1985). "Selecting pet dogs on the basis of cluster analysis of breed behavior profiles and gender". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 186 (11): 1181–1185. PMID 4008297.
  28. ^ Tortora, D.F. (1980). "Animal behavior therapy: the behavioral diagnosis and treatment of dominance-motivated aggression in canines. 1 [Dogs]". Canine Practice. 7. ISSN 0094-4904.
  29. ^ "The Doberman pinscher: darling...or devil?". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  30. ^ Coren, Stanley (2006). Why does my dog act that way?. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-7706-6.
  31. ^ "The Doberman – Breed Standard". DPCA. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  32. ^ Scott, John Paul; Fuller, John L. (1975). Dog Behavior: the Genetic Basis. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-74335-7 – via Internet Archive.
  33. ^ Svartberg, Kenth (2006). "Breed-typical behaviour in dogs—Historical remnants or recent constructs?". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 96 (3–4): 293–313. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.515.7023. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.014. S2CID 512233.
  34. ^ Draper, Thomas (1995), "Canine analogs of human personality factors", Journal of General Psychology, 122 (3): 241–252, doi:10.1080/00221309.1995.9921236, PMID 7650520
  35. ^ a b Duffy DL; Hsu Y; Serpell JA (2008). "Breed differences in canine aggression" (PDF). Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 114 (3–4): 441–460. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  36. ^ US Centers for Disease Control: Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998 Archived 23 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 March 2007
  37. ^ Sacks, Jeffrey J.; Sinclair, Leslie; Gilchrist, Julie; Golab, Gail C.; Lockwood, Randall. "Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998". JAVMA. 217.
  38. ^ Sacks, JJ; Lockwood, R; Hornreich, J; Sattini, RW; et al. (1996). "Fatal dog attacks, 1989–1994". Pediatrics. 97 (6 Pt 1): 891–5. doi:10.1542/peds.97.6.891. PMID 8657532. S2CID 245088140.
  39. ^ McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (1 February 2024). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484.
  40. ^ Roccaro, Mariana; Salini, Romolo; Pietra, Marco; Sgorbini, Micaela; Gori, Eleonora; Dondi, Maurizio; Crisi, Paolo E.; Conte, Annamaria; Dalla Villa, Paolo; Podaliri, Michele; Ciaramella, Paolo; Di Palma, Cristina; Passantino, Annamaria; Porciello, Francesco; Gianella, Paola; Guglielmini, Carlo; Alborali, Giovanni L.; Rota Nodari, Sara; Sabatelli, Sonia; Peli, Angelo (2024). "Factors related to longevity and mortality of dogs in Italy". Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 225: 106155. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106155. hdl:11585/961937.
  41. ^ Egenvall, A; Bonnett, Bn; Hedhammar, å; Olson, P (30 September 2005). "Mortality in over 350,000 Insured Swedish Dogs from 1995–2000: II. Breed-Specific Age and Survival Patterns and Relative Risk for Causes of Death". Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 46 (3). doi:10.1186/1751-0147-46-121. ISSN 1751-0147. PMC 1624818. PMID 16261925.
  42. ^ a b Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catherine (2015). "Hypothyroidism". In Feldman, Edward C.; Nelson, Richard W.; Reusch, Claudia; Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catharine (eds.). Canine and feline endocrinology (Fourth ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4557-4456-5.
  43. ^ Adams, V. J.; Evans, K. M.; Sampson, J.; Wood, J. L. N. (1 October 2010). "Methods and mortality results of a health survey of purebred dogs in the UK". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 51 (10): 512–524. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00974.x.
  44. ^ Sisson D, O’Grady MR, Calvert CA. Myocardial diseases of dogs. In: Fox PR, Sisson D, Moise NS, editors. Textbook of canine and feline cardiology: principles and clinical practice. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1999. p. 581–619
  45. ^ a b c Bellumori, Thomas P.; Famula, Thomas R.; Bannasch, Danika L.; Belanger, Janelle M.; Oberbauer, Anita M. (1 June 2013). "Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995–2010)". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 242 (11). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): 1549–1555. doi:10.2460/javma.242.11.1549. ISSN 0003-1488.
  46. ^ Martin, M. W. S.; Stafford Johnson, M. J.; Celona, B. (2009). "Canine dilated cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study of signalment, presentation and clinical findings in 369 cases". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 50 (1): 23–29. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00659.x. ISSN 0022-4510.
  47. ^ a b Domanjko-Petrič, Aleksandra; Stabej, Polona; Žemva, A. (2002). "Dilated cardiomyopathy in the Dobermann dog: survival, causes of death and a pedigree review in a related line". Journal of Veterinary Cardiology. 4 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1016/S1760-2734(06)70019-4. PMID 19081342.
  48. ^ O'Grady, Michael R.; O'Sullivan, M.Lynne (2004). "Dilated cardiomyopathy: an update". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 34 (5): 1187–1207. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.05.009.
  49. ^ a b c d Tidholm, A.; Jönsson, L. (2005). "Histologic Characterization of Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy". Veterinary Pathology. 42 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1354/vp.42-1-1. PMID 15657266. S2CID 15431327.
  50. ^ Calvert CA; Hall G; Jacobs G; Pickus C. (1997). "Clinical and pathologic findings in Dobermanns with occult cardiomyopathy that died suddenly or developed congestive heart failure: 54 cases (1984–1991)". J Am Vet Med Assoc. 210. doi:10.2460/javma.1997.210.04.505.
  51. ^ a b Calvert CA; Jacobs GJ; Smith DD; Rathbun SL; Pickus CW (2000). "Association between results of ambulatory electrocardiography and development of cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up of Doberman Pinschers". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 216 (1): 34–39. doi:10.2460/javma.2000.216.34. PMID 10638315.
  52. ^ Dutton, E.; López-Alvarez, J. (17 April 2018). "An update on canine cardiomyopathies – is it all in the genes?". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 59 (8): 455–464. doi:10.1111/jsap.12841. ISSN 0022-4510. PMID 29665072.
  53. ^ Meurs KM; Fox PR; Norgard M; Spier AW; Lamb A; Koplitz SL; Baumwart RD. (2007). "A prospective genetic evaluation of familial dilated cardiomyopathy in the Doberman pinscher". J Vet Intern Med. 21 (5): 1016–1020. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03058.x. PMID 17939558.
  54. ^ a b Hnilica, Keith A.; Patterson, Adam P. (19 September 2016). Small Animal Dermatology. St. Louis (Miss.): Saunders. ISBN 978-0-323-37651-8.
  55. ^ "Doberman Pinscher". Canine Inherited Disorders Database. University of Prince Edward Island. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2007 – via UPEI.ca.
  56. ^ Krawiec DR; Heflin D. (1992). "Study of prostatic disease in dogs: 177 cases (1981–1986)". J Am Vet Med Assoc. 200 (8): 1119–22. doi:10.2460/javma.1992.200.08.1119. PMID 1376729.
  57. ^ Ogata, Niwako; Gillis, Timothy E.; Liu, Xiaoxu; Cunningham, Suzanne M.; Lowen, Steven B.; Adams, Bonnie L.; Sutherland-Smith, James; Mintzopoulos, Dionyssios; Janes, Amy C.; Dodman, Nicholas H.; Kaufman, Marc J. (2013). "Brain structural abnormalities in Dobermann Pinschers with canine compulsive disorder". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 45: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.002. PMID 23590875. S2CID 4107434. CCD is highly prevalent among Dobermans, with an estimated incidence of about 28% in a database including over 2300 dogs (personal communication, Andrew Borgman, Statistical Analyst, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI)
  58. ^ Bell, Jerold S. (2014). "Inherited and Predisposing Factors in the Development of Gastric Dilatation Volvulus in Dogs". Topics in Companion Animal Medicine. 29 (3): 60–63. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2014.09.002.
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  62. ^ Oberbauer, A. M.; Keller, G. G.; Famula, T. R. (24 February 2017). "Long-term genetic selection reduced prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia in 60 dog breeds". PLOS ONE. 12 (2). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0172918. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172918. ISSN 1932-6203.
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