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{{Short description|2000 U.S. federal law}}
{{POV-check|date=April 2010}}
{{Tone|date=February 2013}}
{{Tone|date=February 2013}}
[[File:President George W. Bush Embraces Muhammad Ali.jpg|thumb|President [[George W. Bush]] embraces Ali after presenting him with the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] in 2005, during ceremonies at the White House.]]


The '''[[Muhammad Ali]] Boxing Reform Act''', commonly referred to as the '''Ali Act''', is a [[federal law]] that was introduced in 1999 and enacted on May 26, 2000, by the 106th Congress to:
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The '''Mohammad Ali Boxing Reform Act''', commonly referred to as the Ali Act, is a [[federal law]] that was introduced in 1999 and enacted on 26 May 2000 by the 106th Congress to: 1.) protect the rights and welfare of boxers 2.) aid state boxing commissions with the oversight of boxing and 3.) increase sportsmanship and integrity within the boxing industry (See 114 Stat. 321(3) (2000) ). The Act amends the 1996 Professional Boxing Safety Act by expanding upon legislature against exploitation, conflict of interest, enforcement, and as well as additional amendments.<ref name=f101>{{cite web|last=Cooke|first=Trent|title=How the Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act Changed Professional Fighting|url=http://fitz101.com/how-the-muhammad-ali-boxing-reform-act-changed-professional-fighting/|publisher=fitz101|accessdate=18 May 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SUMMARY|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/106/hr1832#summary/libraryofcongress|publisher=govtrack.us|accessdate=18 May 2013}}</ref> The Act was enacted in response to widespread abuse of boxers by means of exploitation, rigged rankings, and rigged matches.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baglio|first=Scott|title=The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act: The First Jab at Establishing Credibility in Professional Boxing|journal=Fordham Law Review|year=2000|volume=68|series=7|issue=6|pages=2257-2259|accessdate=18 May 2013}}</ref>


# Protect the rights and welfare of boxers.
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Congress noted through research that there were a number of problems with the sport of boxing which needed to be changed to ensure the safety and protection of professional boxers. Listed are a number of discoveries made by Congress (see 144 STAT. 322(3) (2000)):
# Aid state boxing commissions with the oversight of boxing;
# Increase sportsmanship and integrity within the boxing industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=H.R. 1832 (106th): Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act (SEC. 3. PURPOSES)|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/106/hr1832/text|publisher=govtrack.us|accessdate=10 Nov 2023}}</ref>


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The Act amends the 1996 Professional Boxing Safety Act<ref>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4167 (104th): Professional Boxing Safety Act of 1996|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/104/hr4167|publisher=govtrack.us|accessdate=10 Nov 2023}}</ref> by expanding upon legislation against exploitation, conflict of interest, enforcement, as well as additional amendments.<ref>{{cite web|title=H.R. 1832 (106th): Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act. Overview|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/106/hr1832#summary/libraryofcongress|publisher=govtrack.us|accessdate=18 May 2013}}</ref> The Act was enacted in response to widespread abuse of boxers by means of exploitation, rigged rankings, and rigged matches.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baglio|first=Scott|title=The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act: The First Jab at Establishing Credibility in Professional Boxing|journal= [[Fordham Law Review]] |year=2000|volume=68|series=7|issue=6|pages=2257–2259}}</ref>
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#Professional boxing is not governed by any league, association, or any form of an established organization like majority of other professional sports.

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The [[United States Congress]] noted through research that there were a number of problems with the sport of boxing which needed to be changed to ensure the safety and protection of professional boxers. Listed are a number of discoveries made by Congress:

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#[[Professional boxing]] is not governed by any league, association, or any form of an established organization like majority of other [[professional sports]].
#The state officials are not ensuring the protection of the boxers and are not aware or informed of contracts boxers have agreed to.
#The state officials are not ensuring the protection of the boxers and are not aware or informed of contracts boxers have agreed to.
#Promoters are taking advantage of the sport by conducting dishonest business affairs. Promoters are not being punished due to some states being less strict about the legal terms that are stated in contracts.
#Promoters are taking advantage of the sport by conducting dishonest business affairs. Promoters are not being punished due to some states being less strict about the legal terms that are stated in contracts.
#There is no rating system provided to rank professional boxers thus ratings are subjected to manipulation by those in charge.
#There is no rating system provided to rank professional boxers thus ratings are subjected to manipulation by those in charge.
#There has been a major interference in the sport by because of open competition by restrictive and anticompetitive bodies.
#There has been a major interference in the sport because of open competition by restrictive and anti-competitive bodies.
#There are no restrictions placed on contracts that boxers agree to with promoters and managers.It is necessary to enforce a national contract reform which will guarantee the safety of professional boxers and the public from unlawful contracts and to enhance the integrity of the sport.
#There are no restrictions placed on contracts that boxers agree to with promoters and managers. It is necessary to enforce a national contract reform which will guarantee the safety of professional boxers and the public from unlawful contracts and to enhance the integrity of the sport.

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The Act received several criticisms. One criticism was that the Act provides rules but leaves the enforcement of these rules to the state without defined guidelines.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hauser|first=Thomas|title=No one is enforcing the federal boxing laws|website=ESPN.com|year=2007|url=https://www.espn.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=3032059|access-date=25 April 2014}}</ref> Other criticism stems from the belief that Congress has no purpose regulating the boxing industry, as there is no precedent of Congress regulating any other sport.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baglio|first=Scott|title=The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act: The First Jab at Establishing Credibility in Professional Boxing|journal= [[Fordham Law Review]]|year=2000|volume=68|series=7|issue=6|pages=2290–2291}}</ref>


In May 2016, a bill was introduced to Congress by politician and former mixed martial artist [[Markwayne Mullin]], to extend the Ali Act to [[mixed martial arts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2016/6/12/11911444/click-debate-whats-all-this-talk-about-the-ali-act-coming-to-mma|title=Click Debate: What's all this talk about the Ali Act coming to MMA?|website=[[MMAjunkie]]|date=June 12, 2016}}</ref>
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The Act has been criticized for numerous reasons. First off, the Act provides rules but the Act leaves the enforcement of these rules to the state without defined guidelines.<ref name=f101></ref> Other criticism stems from the fact that some believable that Congress has no purpose regulating the boxing industry, especially if it does not regulate any other sport.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baglio|first=Scott|title=The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act: The First Jab at Establishing Credibility in Professional Boxing|journal=Fordham Law Review|year=2000|volume=68|series=7|issue=6|pages=2290-2291|accessdate=18 May 2013}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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{{Boxing}}
{{Boxing}}
{{Muhammad Ali}}
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[[Category:Legal history of the United States]]
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[[Category:Boxing]]


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[[Category:Boxing in the United States]]
{{Boxing-stub}}
[[Category:Acts of the 106th United States Congress]]
{{US-fed-statute-stub}}
[[Category:2000 in boxing]]
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[[Category:Sports law]]

Latest revision as of 20:01, 21 July 2024

President George W. Bush embraces Ali after presenting him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005, during ceremonies at the White House.

The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act, commonly referred to as the Ali Act, is a federal law that was introduced in 1999 and enacted on May 26, 2000, by the 106th Congress to:

  1. Protect the rights and welfare of boxers.
  2. Aid state boxing commissions with the oversight of boxing;
  3. Increase sportsmanship and integrity within the boxing industry.[1]

The Act amends the 1996 Professional Boxing Safety Act[2] by expanding upon legislation against exploitation, conflict of interest, enforcement, as well as additional amendments.[3] The Act was enacted in response to widespread abuse of boxers by means of exploitation, rigged rankings, and rigged matches.[4]

The United States Congress noted through research that there were a number of problems with the sport of boxing which needed to be changed to ensure the safety and protection of professional boxers. Listed are a number of discoveries made by Congress:

  1. Professional boxing is not governed by any league, association, or any form of an established organization like majority of other professional sports.
  2. The state officials are not ensuring the protection of the boxers and are not aware or informed of contracts boxers have agreed to.
  3. Promoters are taking advantage of the sport by conducting dishonest business affairs. Promoters are not being punished due to some states being less strict about the legal terms that are stated in contracts.
  4. There is no rating system provided to rank professional boxers thus ratings are subjected to manipulation by those in charge.
  5. There has been a major interference in the sport because of open competition by restrictive and anti-competitive bodies.
  6. There are no restrictions placed on contracts that boxers agree to with promoters and managers. It is necessary to enforce a national contract reform which will guarantee the safety of professional boxers and the public from unlawful contracts and to enhance the integrity of the sport.

The Act received several criticisms. One criticism was that the Act provides rules but leaves the enforcement of these rules to the state without defined guidelines.[5] Other criticism stems from the belief that Congress has no purpose regulating the boxing industry, as there is no precedent of Congress regulating any other sport.[6]

In May 2016, a bill was introduced to Congress by politician and former mixed martial artist Markwayne Mullin, to extend the Ali Act to mixed martial arts.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "H.R. 1832 (106th): Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act (SEC. 3. PURPOSES)". govtrack.us. Retrieved 10 Nov 2023.
  2. ^ "H.R. 4167 (104th): Professional Boxing Safety Act of 1996". govtrack.us. Retrieved 10 Nov 2023.
  3. ^ "H.R. 1832 (106th): Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act. Overview". govtrack.us. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
  4. ^ Baglio, Scott (2000). "The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act: The First Jab at Establishing Credibility in Professional Boxing". Fordham Law Review. 7. 68 (6): 2257–2259.
  5. ^ Hauser, Thomas (2007). "No one is enforcing the federal boxing laws". ESPN.com. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  6. ^ Baglio, Scott (2000). "The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act: The First Jab at Establishing Credibility in Professional Boxing". Fordham Law Review. 7. 68 (6): 2290–2291.
  7. ^ "Click Debate: What's all this talk about the Ali Act coming to MMA?". MMAjunkie. June 12, 2016.
[edit]
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