Americans: Difference between revisions

Americans
	Flag of the United States
Total population
	c. 331.4 million; (2020 U.S. census)
Regions with significant populations
	American diaspora:; c. 2.996 million (by U.S. citizenship)
Mexico	799,000+
Colombia	790,000+
Germany	324,000+
Philippines	38,000–300,000
Canada	273,000+
Brazil	22,000-260,000
United Kingdom	171,000+
Australia	117,000+
France	100,000+ – 191,930
Saudi Arabia	70,000–80,000
Israel	77,000–500,000
South Korea	68,000+
Hong Kong	60,000–85,000
Japan	58,000+
Spain	57,000+
Italy	54,000+
Bangladesh	45,000+
Peru	41,000+
Switzerland	39,000+
Ireland	35,000+
Netherlands	35,000+
India	33,000+
Languages
	Majority:; American English ; Minority:; Spanish, Indigenous languages, and various others
Religion
	Majority:; Christianity (Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Mormonism and other denominations); Minority:; Irreligion, Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, and various others

Browse history interactively

[pending revision]

[accepted revision]

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 21:52, 1 January 2025

Americans are the citizens and nationals of the United States of America.^[16]^[17] The United States is home to people of many racial and ethnic origins; consequently, U.S. federal law does not equate nationality with race or ethnicity but with citizenship.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21] The U.S. has 37 ancestry groups with more than one million individuals.^[22] White Americans form the largest racial and ethnic group at 61.6% of the U.S. population.^[23]^[24] Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the American population. Black Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.4% of the total U.S. population.^[22] Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 6% of the American population. The country's 3.7 million Native Americans account for about 1.1%,^[22] and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government.^[25] In addition to the U.S., people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, and make up the American diaspora.^[26]^[27]^[28]

The majority of Americans or their ancestors immigrated to the United States or are descended from people who were brought as slaves within the past five centuries, with the exception of the Native American population and people from Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, Texas, and formerly the Philippines,^[29] who became American through expansion of the country in the 19th century;^[30] additionally, American Samoa, the United States Virgin Islands, and Northern Mariana Islands came under American sovereignty in the 20th century, although American Samoans are only nationals and not citizens of the United States.^[31]^[17]

Despite its multi-ethnic composition,^[32]^[33] the culture of the United States held in common by most Americans can also be referred to as mainstream American culture, a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Northern and Western European colonists, settlers, and immigrants.^[32] It also includes significant influences of African-American culture.^[34] Westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Eastern and Southern Europe introduced a variety of new customs. Immigration from Africa, Asia, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.^[32]

Racial and ethnic groups

2020 U.S. census^[35]
Self-identified race and ethnicity			Percent of population
White or European Americans (mainly European Americans, but also includes Middle Eastern Americans and North African Americans)			57.8%
Latino Americans (mainly Hispanic Americans, but also includes Brazilian Americans)			18.7%
Black or African Americans (Sub-Saharan African Americans)			12.1%
Asian Americans (East Asian Americans, Southeast Asian Americans, and South Asian Americans)			5.9%
Native Americans (including Alaska Natives)			0.7%
Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders			0.2%
Two or more races			4.1%
Some other race			0.5%
Total			100.0%

The United States is a diverse country, both racially and ethnically.^[36] Six races are officially recognized by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes: Alaska Native and American Indian, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, White, and people of two or more races. "Some other race" is also an option in the census and other surveys.^[37]^[38]^[39]

The United States Census Bureau also classifies Americans as "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino", which identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as a racially diverse ethnicity that comprises the largest minority group in the nation.^[37]^[38]^[39]

White and European Americans

People of European descent, or White and European Americans (also referred to as Caucasian Americans), constitute the majority of the 331 million people living in the United States, with 191,697,647 people or 61.6% of the population in the 2020 United States census.^[a]^[41]^[42] They are considered people who trace their ancestry to the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.^[41] Non-Hispanic Whites, which only account for 57.8% of the population, are the majority in 45 states. There are five minority-majority states: California, Texas, New Mexico, Nevada, and Hawaii.^[43]^[44] In addition, the District of Columbia and the five inhabited U.S. territories have a non-white majority.^[41] The state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine, while the state with the lowest percentage is Hawaii.^[45]

Europe is the largest continent that Americans trace their ancestry to, and many claim descent from various European ethnic groups.^[46]

The Spaniards were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the continental United States in 1565.^[47] Martín de Argüelles, born in 1566 in San Agustín, La Florida then a part of New Spain, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the continental United States.^[48] Virginia Dare, born in 1587 in Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the original Thirteen Colonies to English parents. The Spaniards also established a continuous presence in what over three centuries later would become a possession of the United States with the founding of the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico, in 1521.

In the 2020 United States census, English Americans 46.5 million (19.8%), German Americans 45m (19.1%), Irish Americans 38.6m (16.4%), and Italian Americans 16.8m (7.1%) were the four largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States constituting 62.4% of the population.^[49] However, the English Americans and British Americans demography is considered a serious under-count as they tend to self-report and identify as simply "Americans" (since the introduction of a new "American" category in the 1990 census) due to the length of time they have inhabited America. This is highly over-represented in the Upland South, a region that was settled historically by the British.^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55]

Overall, as the largest group, European Americans have the lowest poverty rate^[56] and the second highest educational attainment levels, median household income,^[57] and median personal income^[58] of any racial demographic in the nation, second only to Asian Americans in the latter three categories.

White and European Americans by ethnic origins
Rank	Ethnic origins	% of total population	Population	Ref(s)
1	English	19.8	46,550,968	^[49]
2	German	19.1	44,978,546	^[49]
3	Irish	16.4	38,597,428	^[49]
4	Italian	7.1	16,813,235	^[49]
5	Polish	3.7	8,599,601	^[49]
6	Scottish Scots-Irish	3.6 0.3	8,422,613 794,478	^[49]
7	French French Canadian	3.4 0.4	7,994,088 933,740	^[49]
8	Swedish	1.6	3,839,796	^[49]
9	Norwegian	1.6	3,836,884	^[49]
10	Dutch	1.6	3,649,179	^[49]
Total	White and European American	57.9%	204,277,273	^[35]

Hispanic and Latino Americans

Hispanic and Latino Americans constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States. They form the second largest group in the United States, comprising 62,080,044 people or 18.7% of the population according to the 2020 United States census.^[b]^[59]^[60]

Hispanic and Latino Americans are not considered a race in the United States census, instead forming an ethnic category.^[61]^[62]^[63]^[64]

People of Spanish or Hispanic and Latino descent have lived in what is now United States territory since the founding of San Juan, Puerto Rico (the oldest continuously inhabited settlement on American soil) in 1521 by Juan Ponce de León, and the founding of St. Augustine, Florida (the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in the continental United States) in 1565 by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. In the State of Texas, Spaniards first settled the region in the late 1600s and formed a unique cultural group known as Tejanos.

Hispanic and Latino American population by national origin^[65]^[66]
Rank	National origin	% of total population	Pop.	Ref(s)
1	Mexican	10.29%	31,798,258	^[66]
2	Puerto Rican^[c]	1.49%	4,623,716	^[66]
3	Cuban	0.57%	1,785,547	^[66]
4	Salvadoran	0.53%	1,648,968	^[66]
5	Dominican	0.45%	1,414,703	^[66]
6	Guatemalan	0.33%	1,044,209	^[66]
7	Colombian	0.3%	908,734	^[66]
8	Spanish	0.2%	635,253	^[66]
9	Honduran	0.2%	633,401	^[66]
10	Ecuadorian	0.1%	564,631	^[66]
11	Peruvian	0.1%	531,358	^[66]
	All other	2.62%	7,630,835
	Hispanic and Latino American (total)	18.7%	62,080,044
2020 United States census

Black and African Americans

Black and African Americans are citizens and residents of the United States with origins in sub-Saharan Africa.^[67] According to the Office of Management and Budget, the grouping includes individuals who self-identify as African American, as well as persons who emigrated from nations in the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa.^[68] The grouping is thus based on geography, and may contradict or misrepresent an individual's self-identification since not all immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa are "Black". Among these racial outliers are persons from Cape Verde, Madagascar, various Arab states, and Hamito-Semitic populations in East Africa and the Sahel, and the Afrikaners of Southern Africa.^[67] African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.^[69] According to the 2020 United States census, there were 39,940,338 Black and African Americans in the United States, representing 12.4% of the population.^[70]^[d]^[71] Black and African Americans make up the third largest group in the United States, after White and European Americans, and Hispanic and Latino Americans.^[59] The majority of the population (55%) lives in the South; compared to the 2000 United States census, there has also been a decrease of African Americans in the Northeast and Midwest.^[71]

Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captives from Central and West Africa, from ancestral populations in countries like Nigeria, Benin, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Angola,^[72] who survived the slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States.^[73] As an adjective, the term is usually spelled African-American.^[74] Montinaro et al. (2014) observed that around 50% of the overall ancestry of African Americans traces back to the Niger-Congo-speaking Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria and southern Benin (before the European colonization of Africa this people created the Oyo Empire), reflecting the centrality of this West African region in the Atlantic slave trade.^[75] Zakharaia et al. (2009) found a similar proportion of Yoruba associated ancestry in their African American samples, with a minority also drawn from Mandinka populations (founders of the Mali Empire), and Bantu populations (who had a varying level of social organization during the colonial era, while some Bantu peoples were still tribal, other Bantu peoples had founded kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Kongo).^[76]

The first West African slaves were brought to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. The English settlers treated these captives as indentured servants and released them after a number of years. This practice was gradually replaced by the system of race-based slavery used in the Caribbean.^[77] All the American colonies had slavery, but it was usually the form of personal servants in the North (where 2% of the people were slaves), and field hands in plantations in the South (where 25% were slaves);^[78] by the beginning of the American Revolutionary War 1/5th of the total population was enslaved.^[79] During the revolution, some would serve in the Continental Army or Continental Navy,^[80]^[81] while others would serve the British Empire in the Ethiopian Regiment, and other units.^[82] By 1804, the northern states (north of the Mason–Dixon line) had abolished slavery.^[83] However, slavery would persist in the southern states until the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment.^[84] Following the end of the Reconstruction era, which saw the first African American representation in Congress,^[85] African Americans became disenfranchised and subject to Jim Crow laws,^[86] legislation that would persist until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act due to the civil rights movement.^[87]

According to United States Census Bureau data, very few African immigrants self-identify as African American. On average, less than 5% of African residents self-reported as "African American" or "Afro-American" on the 2000 U.S. census. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants (~95%) identified instead with their own respective ethnicities. Self-designation as "African American" or "Afro-American" was highest among individuals from West Africa (4%–9%), and lowest among individuals from Cape Verde, East Africa and Southern Africa (0%–4%).^[88] African immigrants may also experience conflict with African Americans.^[89]

Black and African American population by ancestry group^[90]^[68]
Rank	Ancestry group	Percentage of total est. population	Pop. estimates
1	Jamaican	0.31%	986,897
2	Haitian	0.28%	873,003
3	Nigerian	0.08%	259,934
4	Trinidadian and Tobagonian	0.06%	193,233
5	Ghanaian	0.03%	94,405
6	Barbadian	0.01%	59,236
	Sub-Saharan African (total)	0.92%	2,864,067
	West Indian (total) (except Hispanic groups)	0.85%	2,633,149
	Black and African American (total)	12.1%	39,940,338
2020 United States census

Asian Americans

Another significant population is the Asian American population, comprising 19,618,719 people in 2020, or 5.9% of the United States population.^[e]^[91]^[92] California is home to 5.6 million Asian Americans, the greatest number in any state.^[93] In Hawaii, Asian Americans make up the highest proportion of the population (57 percent).^[93] Asian Americans live across the country, yet are heavily urbanized, with significant populations in the Greater Los Angeles Area, New York metropolitan area, and the San Francisco Bay Area.^[94]

The United States census defines Asian Americans as those with origins to the countries of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. Although Americans with roots in West Asia were once classified as "Asian", they are now excluded from the term in modern census classifications.^[95] The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Cambodia, mainland China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Asians overall have higher income levels than all other racial groups in the United States, including whites, and the trend appears to be increasing in relation to those groups.^[96] Additionally, Asians have a higher education attainment level than all other racial groups in the United States.^[97]^[98] For better or for worse, the group has been called a model minority.^[99]^[100]^[101]

While Asian Americans have been in what is now the United States since before the Revolutionary War,^[102]^[103]^[104] relatively large waves of Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese immigration did not begin until the mid-to-late 19th century.^[104] Immigration and significant population growth continue to this day.^[105] Due to a number of factors, Asian Americans have been stereotyped as "perpetual foreigners".^[106]^[107]

Asian American ancestries^[91]
Rank	Ancestry	Percentage of total population	Pop.
1	Chinese	1.2%	3,797,379
2	Filipino	1.1%	3,417,285
3	Indian	1.0%	3,183,063
4	Vietnamese	0.5%	1,737,665
5	Korean	0.5%	1,707,027
6	Japanese	0.4%	1,304,599
	Other Asian	0.9%	2,799,448
	Asian American (total)	5.9%	19,618,719
2020 United States census

Middle Eastern and North African Americans

Middle Eastern Americans and North African Americans are Americans with ancestry from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). According to the American Jewish Archives and the Arab American National Museum, the first Middle Easterners and North Africans (viz. Jews and Berbers) to arrive in the Americas landed in the late 15th to mid-16th centuries.^[108]^[109]^[110]^[111] Many fled ethnic or ethnoreligious persecution during the Spanish Inquisition;^[112]^[113] a few were taken to the Americas as slaves.^[109]

In 2014, the United States Census Bureau began finalizing the ethnic classification of people of Middle Eastern and North African ("MENA") origins.^[114] According to the Arab American Institute (AAI), Arab Americans have family origins in each of the 22 member states of the Arab League.^[115] Following consultations with MENA organizations, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East, North Africa, and the Arab world, separate from the "white" classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909. The groups felt that the earlier "white" designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity, so they successfully lobbied for a distinct categorization.^[116] This new category would also include Israeli Americans.^[117] The Census Bureau does not currently ask about whether one is Sikh, because it views them as followers of a religion rather than members of an ethnic group, and it does not combine questions concerning religion with race or ethnicity.^[118] As of December 2015, the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau's working classification of 19 MENA groups, as well as Iranian, Turkish, Armenian, Afghan, Azerbaijani, and Georgian groups.^[119] In January 2018, it was announced that the Census Bureau would not include the grouping in the 2020 census.^[120]

Middle Eastern Americans in the 2000^[121] – 2010 U.S. census,^[122] the Mandell L. Berman Institute, and the North American Jewish Data Bank^[123]
Ancestry	2000	2000 (% of US population)	2010	2010 (% of US population)
Arab	1,160,729	0.4125%	1,697,570	0.5498%
Armenian	385,488	0.1370%	474,559	0.1537%
Iranian	338,266	0.1202%	463,552	0.1501%
Jewish	6,155,000	2.1810%	6,543,820	2.1157%
Total	8,568,772	3.036418%	9,981,332	3.227071%

Native Americans and Alaska Natives

According to the 2020 United States census, there are 2,251,699 people who are Native Americans or Alaska Natives alone; they make up 0.7% of the total population.^[f]^[124] According to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), an "American Indian or Alaska Native" is a person whose ancestry have origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central, or South America.^[124] 2.3 million individuals who are American Indian or Alaskan Native are multiracial;^[124] additionally the plurality of American Indians reside in the Western United States (40.7%).^[124] Collectively and historically this race has been known by several names;^[125] as of 1995, 50% of those who fall within the OMB definition prefer the term "American Indian", 37% prefer "Native American" and the remainder have no preference or prefer a different term altogether.^[126]

Among Americans today, levels of Native American ancestry (distinct from Native American identity) differ. Based on a sample of users of the 23andMe commercial genetic test, genomes of self-reported African Americans averaged to 0.8% Native American ancestry, those of European Americans averaged to 0.18%, and those of Latinos averaged to 18.0%.^[127]^[128]

Native Americans, whose ancestry is indigenous to the Americas, originally migrated to the two continents between 10,000 and 45,000 years ago.^[129] These Paleoamericans spread throughout the two continents and evolved into hundreds of distinct cultures during the pre-Columbian era.^[130] Following the first voyage of Christopher Columbus,^[131] the European colonization of the Americas began, with St. Augustine, Florida becoming the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States.^[132] From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the population of Native Americans declined in the following ways: epidemic diseases brought from Europe;^[133] genocide and warfare at the hands of European explorers, settlers and colonists,^[134]^[135] as well as between tribes;^[136]^[137] displacement from their lands;^[138] internal warfare,^[139] enslavement;^[140] and intermarriage.^[141]^[142]

Native American and Alaska Native population by selected tribal groups^[124]^[143]
Rank	National origin	Percentage of total population	Pop.
1	Cherokee	0.26%	819,105
2	Navajo	0.1%	332,129
3	Choctaw	0.06%	195,764
5	Chippewa	0.05%	170,742
6	Sioux	0.05%	170,110
	All other	1.08%	3,357,235
	American Indian (total)	0.7%	2,251,699
2020 United States census

Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders

As defined by the United States Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders are "persons having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands".^[144] Previously called Asian Pacific American, along with Asian Americans beginning in 1976, this was changed in 1997.^[145] As of the 2020 United States census, there are 622,018 who reside in the United States, and make up 0.2% of the nation's total population.^[g]^[146] 14% of the population have at least a bachelor's degree,^[146] and 15.1% live in poverty, below the poverty threshold.^[146] As compared to the 2000 United States census, this population grew by 40%;^[144] and 71% live in the West; of those over half (52%) live in either Hawaii or California, with no other states having populations greater than 100,000. The United States territories in the Pacific also have large Pacific Islander populations such as Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands (Chammoro), and American Samoa (Samoan).^[144] The largest concentration of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, is Honolulu County in Hawaii,^[146] and Los Angeles County in the continental United States.^[144]

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander by ancestries^[144]
Rank	Ancestry	Percentage	Pop.
1	Native Hawaiian	0.17%	527,077
2	Samoan	0.05%	184,440
3	Chamorro	0.04%	147,798
4	Tongan	0.01%	57,183
	Other Pacific Islanders	0.09%	308,697
	Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (total)	0.2%	622,018
2020 United States census

Two or more races

The United States has a growing multiracial identity movement.^[147] Multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008, or 2.3% of the population;^[92] by the 2020 census the multiracial increased to 13,548,983, or 4.1% of the total population.^[148] They can be any combination of races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, "some other race") and ethnicities.^[149] The largest population of Multiracial Americans were those of White and African American descent, with a total of 1,834,212 self-identifying individuals.^[148] Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States who is biracial- his mother is white (of English and Irish descent) and his father is of Kenyan birth-^[150]^[151] only self-identifies as being African American.^[152]^[153]

Population by selected Two or More Races Population^[154]
Rank	Specific Combinations	Percentage of total population	Pop.
1	White; Black	0.59%	1,834,212
2	White; Some Other Race	0.56%	1,740,924
3	White; Asian	0.52%	1,623,234
4	White; Native American	0.46%	1,432,309
5	African American; Some Other Race	0.1%	314,571
6	African American; Native American	0.08%	269,421
	All other specific combinations	0.58%	1,794,402
	Multiracial American (total)	4.1%	13,548,983
2020 United States census

Some other race

According to the 2020 United States census, 8.4% or 27,915,715 Americans chose to self-identify with the "some other race" category, the third most popular option. Also, 42.2% or 26,225,882 Hispanic/Latino Americans chose to identify as some other race as these Hispanic/Latinos may feel the United States census does not describe their European and American Indian ancestry as they understand it to be.^[155] A significant portion of the Hispanic and Latino population self-identifies as Mestizo, particularly the Mexican and Central American community.^[156] Mestizo is not a racial category in the United States census, but signifies someone who has both European and American Indian ancestry.

National personification

"Uncle Sam" is a national personification of the United States. The image bears a resemblance to the real Samuel Wilson and the pose used here is based on Lord Kitchener Wants You. The female personification, primarily popular during the 18th and 19th centuries, is "Columbia".

Uncle Sam is a national personification of the United States and sometimes more specifically of the American government, with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812. He is depicted as a stern elderly white man with white hair and a goatee beard, and dressed in clothing that recalls the design elements of the flag of the United States – for example, typically a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.

Columbia is a poetic name for the Americas and the feminine personification of the United States of America, made famous by African American poet Phillis Wheatley during the American Revolutionary War in 1776. It has inspired the names of many persons, places, objects, institutions, and companies in the Western Hemisphere and beyond, including the District of Columbia, the seat of government of the United States.

Language

Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in 2020^[157]^[158]
Language	Percent of population	Number of speakers
English	78%	245,478,064
Combined total of all languages other than English	22%	68,845,865
Spanish (excluding Puerto Rico and Spanish Creole)	13.4%	41,254,941
Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin)	1%	3,404,634
Tagalog	<1%	1,715,436
Vietnamese	<1%	1,523,114
Arabic	<1%	1,390,937
French	<1%	1,175,318
Korean	<1%	1,073,463
Russian	<1%	1,044,892

English is the unofficial national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English. In 2020, about 245 million, or 78% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 13.4% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.^[159]^[160] Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least 30 out of the 50 states.^[161] Both English and Hawaiian are official languages in Hawaii by state law.^[162] Alaska has declared its 20 Native American languages to be official, along with English.^[163]^[164] In South Dakota, both dialects of the Sioux language have been declared official, along with English.^[165]^[166]

While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.^[167] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents. The latter include court forms.^[168] Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico.

Religion

Religious affiliation in the U.S. (2014)^[169]
Affiliation	% of U.S. population
Christian	70.6	70.6
Protestant	46.5	46.5
Evangelical Protestant	25.4	25.4
Mainline Protestant	14.7	14.7
Black church	6.5	6.5
Catholic	20.8	20.8
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints	1.6	1.6
Jehovah's Witnesses	0.8	0.8
Eastern Orthodox	0.5	0.5
Other Christian	0.4	0.4
Non-Christian faiths	5.9	5.9
Jewish	1.9	1.9
Muslim	0.9	0.9
Buddhist	0.7	0.7
Hindu	0.7	0.7
Other Non-Christian faiths	1.8	1.8
Unaffiliated	22.8	22.8
Nothing in particular	15.8	15.8
Agnostic	4.0	4
Atheist	3.1	3.1
Don't know/refused answer	0.6	0.6
Total	100	100

Religion in the United States has a high adherence level compared to other developed countries and a diversity in beliefs. The First Amendment to the country's Constitution prevents the Federal government from making any "law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this as preventing the government from having any authority in religion. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a "very important" role in their lives, a proportion unusual among developed countries. However, similar to the other nations of the Americas.^[170] Many faiths have flourished in the United States, including both later imports spanning the country's multicultural immigrant heritage, as well as those founded within the country; these have led the United States to become the most religiously diverse country in the world.^[171]

The United States has the world's largest Christian population.^[172] The majority of Americans (76%) are Christians, mostly within Protestant and Catholic denominations; these adherents constitute 48% and 23% of the population, respectively.^[173] Other religions include Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism, which collectively make up about 4% to 5% of the adult population.^[174]^[175]^[176] Another 15% of the adult population identifies as having no religious belief or no religious affiliation.^[174] According to the American Religious Identification Survey, religious belief varies considerably across the country: 59% of Americans living in Western states (the "Unchurched Belt") report a belief in God, yet in the South (the "Bible Belt") the figure is as high as 86%.^[174]^[177]

Several of the original Thirteen Colonies were established by settlers who wished to practice their religion without discrimination: the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by English Puritans, Pennsylvania by Irish and English Quakers, Maryland by English and Irish Catholics, and Virginia by English Anglicans. Although some individual states retained established religious confessions well into the 19th century, the United States was the first nation to have no official state-endorsed religion.^[178] Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the Constitution rejected any religious test for office. The First Amendment specifically denied the federal government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise, thus protecting any religious organization, institution, or denomination from government interference. European Rationalist and Protestant ideals mainly influenced the decision. Still, it was also a consequence of the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups and small states that did not want to be under the power or influence of a national religion that did not represent them.^[179]

The First Baptist Church in America in Providence, Rhode Island
The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. is the most significant Catholic church in the United States.
The Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City, Utah is the largest LDS temple.
Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral in Chicago's Ukrainian Village
Unity Temple Unitarian Universalist church in Oak Park, Illinois
Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island is America's oldest surviving synagogue.
The Islamic Center of America in Dearborn, Michigan is the largest mosque in North America.
Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights, California is one of the largest Buddhist temples in the Western Hemisphere.
Hindu Temple in Malibu, California
The Bahá'í House of Worship, in Wilmette, Illinois
The Jain Center of Greater Phoenix (JCGP) in Phoenix, Arizona
Sikh Gurdwara in Evergreen, San Jose, California

Culture

American culture is primarily a Western culture, but is influenced by Native American, West African, Latin American, East Asian, and Polynesian cultures.

The United States of America has its own unique social and cultural characteristics, such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine, and folklore.^[33]

Its chief early European influences came from English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers of colonial America during British rule. British culture, due to colonial ties with Britain that spread the English language, legal system and other cultural inheritances, had a formative influence.^[180] Other important influences came from other parts of Europe, especially Germany,^[181] France,^[182] and Italy.^[183]

Original elements also play a strong role, such as Jeffersonian democracy.^[184] Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia was perhaps the first influential domestic cultural critique by an American and a reaction to the prevailing European consensus that America's domestic originality was degenerate.^[184] Prevalent ideas and ideals that evolved domestically, such as national holidays, uniquely American sports, military tradition,^[185] and innovations in the arts and entertainment give a strong sense of national pride among the population as a whole.^[186]

American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism, egalitarianism, faith in freedom and democracy), the American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographic diversity.

Diaspora

Americans have migrated to many places around the world, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. Unlike migration from other countries, United States migration is not concentrated in specific countries, possibly as a result of the roots of immigration from so many different countries to the United States.^[187] As of 2016^[update], there were approximately 9 million United States citizens living outside of the United States.^[188] As the result of U.S. tax and financial reporting requirements that apply to non-resident citizens, record numbers of American citizens renounced their U.S. citizenship in the decade from 2010 to 2020.^[189] In 2024 a new organization was created to lobby the U.S. Congress for relief from citizenship-based taxation that is often cited as the reason for the record renunciations.^[190]

Notes

^ Of the foreign-born population from Europe (4,817 thousand), in 2010, 61.8% were naturalized.^[40]
^ Of the foreign-born population from Latin America and the Caribbean (21,224 thousand), in 2010, 32.1% were naturalized.^[40]
^ 'Puerto Rican' is not a nationality, as Puerto Ricans are Americans. It is included here however as a distinct Latino cultural category.
^ Of the foreign-born population from Africa (1,607 thousand), in 2010, 46.1% were naturalized.^[40]
^ Of the foreign-born population from Asia (11,284 thousand), in 2010, 57.7% were naturalized.^[40]
^ Of the foreign-born population from Northern America (807 thousand), in 2010, 44.3% were naturalized.^[40]
^ Of the foreign-born population from Oceania (217 thousand), in 2010, 36.9% were naturalized.^[40]

References

^ "Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count". United States census. Retrieved April 26, 2021. The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r "International Migrant Stock". United Nations. Archived from the original on September 4, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin". Migration Policy Institute. February 10, 2014. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
^ Vidal, Roberto (2013). "Chapter III: Public Policies on Migration in Colombia" (PDF). In Chiarello, Leonir Mario (ed.). Public Policies on Migration and Civil Society in Latin America: The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico (PDF) (1st ed.). New York: Scalabrini International Migration Network. pp. 263–410. ISBN 978-0-9841581-5-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
^ "BiB - Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung - Pressemitteilungen - Archiv 2017 - Zuwanderung aus außereuropäischen Ländern fast verdoppelt". www.bib-demografie.de. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
^ "U.S. Relations With the Philippines Bilateral Relations Fact Sheet". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
^ "Embaixador dos Estados Unidos Todd C. Chapman chega ao Brasil". U.S. Embassy in Brazil. March 29, 2020. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
^ étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Présentation des États-Unis". France Diplomatie: Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ "How Many Americans Live Abroad?". aaro.org. Archived from the original on December 18, 2024. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
^ Abizaid, John, U.S. Ambassador Abizaid's Message to American Citizens about COVID-19., U.S. Mission Saudi Arabia, archived from the original on March 10, 2022, retrieved March 10, 2022
^ "Houthi Terrorist Attack in Saudi Arabia". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
^ News, A. B. C. "State Department announces plan to fly Americans out of Israel". ABC News. Retrieved January 1, 2025. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "US citizens in rush for offshore tax advice". Financial Times. September 8, 2009. Archived from the original on August 28, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
^ "U.S. Relations with Hong Kong". Archived from the original on December 15, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Luis Lug; Sandra Stencel; John Green; Gregory Smith; Dan Cox; Allison Pond; Tracy Miller; Elixabeth Podrebarac; Michelle Ralston (February 2008). "U.S. Religious Landscape Survey" (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
^ 8 U.S.C. § 1401; 8 U.S.C. § 1408; 8 U.S.C. § 1452
^ ^a ^b
* "U.S. nationals born in American Samoa sue for citizenship". NBC News. Associated Press. March 28, 2018. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
- Mendoza, Moises (October 11, 2014). "How a weird law gives one group American nationality but not citizenship". Public Radio International. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
^
*"Fernandez v. Keisler, 502 F.3d 337". Fourth Circuit. September 26, 2007. p. 341. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021. The INA defines 'national of the United States' as '(A) a citizen of the United States, or (B) a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States.'
- "Robertson-Dewar v. Mukasey, 599 F. Supp. 2d 772". U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas. February 25, 2009. p. 779 n.3. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021. The [INA] defines naturalization as 'conferring of nationality of a state upon a person after birth, by any means whatsoever.'
^ "Permanent Allegiance Law and Legal Definition". USLegal. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
^
* Christine Barbour; Gerald C Wright (January 15, 2013). Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, 6th Edition The Essentials. CQ Press. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-4522-4003-9. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Who Is An American? Native-born and naturalized citizens
- Shklar, Judith N. (1991). American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Harvard University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780674022164. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
- Slotkin, Richard (2001). "Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality". American Literary History. 13 (3). Oxford University Press: 469–498. doi:10.1093/alh/13.3.469. JSTOR 3054557. S2CID 143996198. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023. But it also expresses a myth of American nationality that remains vital in our political and cultural life: the idealized self-image of a multiethnic, multiracial democracy, hospitable to differences but united by a common sense of national belonging.
- Eder, Klaus; Giesen, Bernhard (2001). European Citizenship: Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects. Oxford University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 9780199241200. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2013. In inter-state relations, the American nation state presents its members as a monistic political body-despite ethnic and national groups in the interior.
- Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780674157262. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2013. To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.
- Charles Hirschman; Philip Kasinitz; Josh Dewind (November 4, 1999). The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-61044-289-3.
- David Halle (July 15, 1987). America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics Among Blue Collar Property Owners. University of Chicago Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-226-31366-5. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015. The first, and central, way involves the view that Americans are all those persons born within the boundaries of the United States or admitted to citizenship by the government.
^ Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780674157262. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2013. ...from Thomas Paine's plea in 1783...to Henry Clay's remark in 1815... "It is hard for us to believe ... how conscious these early Americans were of the job of developing American character out of the regional and generational polaritities and contradictions of a nation of immigrants and migrants." ... To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Ancestry 2000" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. June 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2004. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
^ "The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010".
^ "Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 25, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
^ "Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities | USAGov". www.usa.gov. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
^ Jay Tolson (July 28, 2008). "A Growing Trend of Leaving America". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012. Estimates made by organizations such as the Association of Americans Resident Overseas put the number of nongovernment-employed Americans living abroad anywhere between 4 million and 7 million, a range whose low end is based loosely on the government's trial count in 1999.
^ "6.32 million Americans (excluding military) live in 160-plus countries". Association of Americans Resident Overseas. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012. The total is the highest released to date: close to 6.32 million.
^ "The American Diaspora". Esquire. Hurst Communications, Inc. September 26, 2008. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012. he most frequently cited estimate of nonmilitary U. S. citizens living overseas is between three and six million, based on a very rough State Department calculation in 1999—and never updated.
^ Lifshey, Adam (2015). Subversions of the American Century: Filipino Literature in Spanish and the Transpacific Transformation of the United States. University of Michigan Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-472-05293-6. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2018. the status of Filipinos in the Philippines as American nationals existed from 1900 to 1946
Rick Baldoz (February 28, 2011). The Third Asiatic Invasion: Empire and Migration in Filipino America, 1898–1946. NYU Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8147-9109-7. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2018. Recalling earlier debates surrounding Filipinos' naturalization status in the United States, he pointed out that U.S. courts had definitively recognized that Filipinos were American "nationals" and not "aliens".
"8 FAM 302.5 Special Citizenship Provisions Regarding the Philippines". Foreign Affairs Manual. United States Department of State. May 15, 2020. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
^ Fiorina, Morris P., and Paul E. Peterson (2000). The New American Democracy. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5;
^ U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign-Born Population Frequently asked Questions Archived November 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine viewed January 19, 2015. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the terms native and native born to refer to anyone born in Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.
^ ^a ^b ^c Adams, J.Q., and Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). Dealing with Diversity. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.
^ ^a ^b Thompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.
^ Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture, 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States. Thousand Oaks, California, London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.
^ ^a ^b "A Breakdown of 2020 Census Demographic Data". NPR. August 13, 2021. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021.
^ "Our Diverse Population: Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2004. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity". Office of Management and Budget. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Grieco, Elizabeth M; Rachel C. Cassidy. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
^ ^a ^b "U.S. Census website". 2008 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Acosta, Yesenia D.; de la Cruz, G. Patricia; Gamino, Christina; Gryn, Thomas; Larsen, Luke J.; Trevelyan, Edward N.; Walters, Nathan P. (May 2012). "The Foreign Born Population in the United States: 2010" (PDF). American Community Survey Reports. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez (March 2011). "Percentage of Population and Percent Change by Race: 2010 and 2020" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
^ Lindsay Hixson; Bradford B. Hepler; Myoung Ouk Kim (September 2011). "The White Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
^ "U.S. whites will soon be the minority in number, but not power – Baltimore Sun". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
^ "Minority population surging in Texas". NBC News. Associated Press. August 18, 2005. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
^ Bernstein, Robert (May 17, 2012). "Most Children Younger Than Age 1 are Minorities, Census Bureau Reports". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
^ Ohio State University. Diversity Dictionary. 2006. September 4, 2006. OSU.edu Archived June 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ "A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
^ D. H. Figueredo (2007). Latino Chronology: Chronologies of the American Mosaic. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-313-34154-0. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups". September 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
^ Ethnic Landscapes of America Archived April 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine – By John A. Cross
^ Census and you: monthly news from the U.S. Bureau... Volume 28, Issue 2 Archived April 7, 2023, at the Wayback Machine – By United States. Bureau of the Census
^ Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America Archived January 16, 2023, at the Wayback Machine By Dominic J. Pulera.
^ Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.
^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.
^ "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
^ "Median household income newsbrief, US Census Bureau 2005". Archived from the original on September 3, 2006. Retrieved September 24, 2006.
^ "US Census Bureau, Personal income for Asian Americans, age 25+, 2006". Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved December 17, 2006.
^ ^a ^b "American FactFinder – Results". factfinder2.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Humes, Karen R.; Jones, Nicholas A.; Ramirez, Roberto R. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2011. "Hispanic or Latino" refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.
^ Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Rachel C. Cassidy. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ "T4-2007. Hispanic or Latino By Race [15]". 2007 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
^ "B03002. Hispanic or Latino origin by race". 2007 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
^ Tafoya, Sonya (December 6, 2004). "Shades of Belonging" (PDF). Pew Hispanic Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
^ Sharon R. Ennis; Merarys Ríos-Vargas; Nora G. Albert (May 2011). "The Hispanic Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l "2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Race, Ethnicity, and Language data – Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement" (PDF). Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Sonya Tastogi; Tallese D. Johnson; Elizabeth M. Hoeffel; Malcolm P. Drewery, Jr. (September 2011). "The Black Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
^ McKinnon, Jesse. "The Black Population: 2000 United States Census Bureau" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
^ United States – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2009 Archived February 11, 2020, at archive.today. Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "2010 Census Shows Black Population has Highest Concentration in the South". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. September 29, 2011. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
^ Katarzyna Bryc; Eric Y. Durand; J. Michael Macpherson; David Reich; Joanna L. Mountain (January 8, 2015). "The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. PMC 4289685. PMID 25529636.
^ "The size and regional distribution of the black population". Lewis Mumford Center. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
^ ""African American" in the American Heritage Dictionary". Yahoo. Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
^ Francesco Montinaro; George B.J. Busby; Vincenzo L. Pascali; Simon Myers; Garrett Hellenthal; Cristian Capelli (March 24, 2015). "Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations". Nature Communications. 6: 6596. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6596M. doi:10.1038/ncomms7596. PMC 4374169. PMID 25803618.
^ Fouad Zakharia; Analabha Basu; Devin Absher; Themistocles L Assimes; Alan S Go; Mark A Hlatky; Carlos Iribarren; Joshua W Knowles; Jun Li; Balasubramanian Narasimhan; Steven Sidney; Audrey Southwick; Richard M Myers; Thomas Quertermous; Neil Risch; Hua Tang (2009). "Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans". Genome Biology. 10 (R141): R141. doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141. PMC 2812948. PMID 20025784.
^ "New World Exploration and English Ambition". The Terrible Transformation. PBS. Archived from the original on June 14, 2007. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
^ Gomez, Michael A. (1998). Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South. University of North Carolina Press. p. 384. ISBN 9780807846940. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
^ Wood, Gordon S. (2002). The American revolution: a history. Modern Library. p. 55. ISBN 9780679640578.
^ Liberty! The American Revolution (Documentary) Episode II:Blows Must Decide: 1774–1776. ©1997 Twin Cities Public Television, Inc. ISBN 1-4157-0217-9
^ Foner, Philip Sheldon (1976). Blacks in the American Revolution. Volume 55 of Contributions in American history. Greenwood Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780837189468. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ "Black Loyalists". Black Presence. The National Archives. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
^ Nicholas Boston; Jennifer Hallam (2004). "Freedom & Emancipation". Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on October 25, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
^ "13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution". ourdocuments.gov. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
^ "The Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood". Office of the Clerk. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
^ Walter, Hazen (2004). American Black History. Lorenz Educational Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780787706036. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
^ "The Prize". We Shall Overcome. National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
^ Kusow, AM. "African Immigrants in the United States: Implications for Affirmative Action". Iowa State University. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2007). Relations Between Africans and African Americans: Misconceptions, Myths and Realities. New Africa Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0980253450. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
^ "B04006, People Reporting Ancestry". 2009–2011 American Community Survey. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
^ ^a ^b "2010 United States Census statistics" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
^ ^a ^b "B02001. RACE – Universe: TOTAL POPULATION". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2011". Facts for Features. U.S. Census Bureau. December 7, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
^ Shan Li (May 3, 2013). "Asian Americans had higher poverty rate than whites in 2011, study says". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013. In 2011, for example, nearly a third of Asians in the U.S. lived in the metropolitan regions around Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York.
"Selected Population Profile in the United States". U.S. Census. U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
^ "Israeli, Palestinian Americans could share new 'Middle Eastern' census category". The Times of Israel. October 23, 2016. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2022. This derives from a 1915 court ruling in Dow v. United States, in which a Syrian American, George Dow, appealed his being classified by the government as Asian. At the time, such a designation resulted in the denial of citizenship under the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.
^ Meizhu Lui; Barbara Robles; Betsy Leondar-Wright; Rose Brewer; Rebecca Adamson (2006). The Color of Wealth. The New Press.
^ "US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States, 2003" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2006.
^ "The American Community-Asians: 2004" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
^ Chou, Rosalind; Joe R. Feagin (2008). The myth of the model minority: Asian Americans facing racism. Paradigm Publishers. p. x. ISBN 978-1-59451-586-6. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
^ Tamar Lewin (June 10, 2008). "Report Takes Aim at 'Model Minority' Stereotype of Asian-American Students". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ Tojo Thatchenkery (March 31, 2000). "Asian Americans Under the Model Minority Gaze". International Association of Business Disciplines National Conference. modelminority.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
^ "The Journey from Gold Mountain: The Asian American Experience" (PDF). Japanese American Citizens League. 2006. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
^ "California Declares Filipino American History Month". San Francisco Business Times. September 10, 2009. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Hune, Shirley; Takeuchi, David T.; Andresen, Third; Hong, Seunghye; Kang, Julie; Redmond, Mavae'Aho; Yeo, Jeomja (April 2009). "Asian Americans in Washington State: Closing Their Hidden Achievement Gaps" (PDF). Commission on Asian Pacific American Affairs. State of Washington. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2010. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ Nicole Duran (November 3, 2011). "Asian-Americans Are Fastest-Growing Minority Population". National Journal. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ Lien, Pei-te; Mary Margaret Conway; Janelle Wong (2004). The politics of Asian Americans: diversity and community. Psychology Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-415-93465-7. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2012. In addition, because of their perceived racial difference, rapid and continuous immigration from Asia, and on going detente with communist regimes in Asia, Asian Americans are construed as "perpetual foreigners" who cannot or will not adapt to the language, customs, religions, and politics of the American mainstream.
^ Wu, Frank H. (2003). Yellow: race in America beyond black and white. Basic Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-465-00640-3. Retrieved February 9, 2012. asian americans perpetual foreigners.
^ "History Crash Course #55: Jews and the Founding of America" Archived December 23, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Spiro, Rabbi Ken. Aish.com. Published December 8, 2001. Accessed December 12, 2015. "The first Jews arrived in America with Columbus in 1492, and we also know that Jews newly-converted to Christianity were among the first Spaniards to arrive in Mexico with Conquistador Hernando Cortez in 1519."
^ ^a ^b "Arab Americans: An Integral Part of American Society" Archived February 8, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Arab American National Museum. Published 2009. Accessed December 12, 2015. "Zammouri, the first Arab American...traveled over 6,000 miles between 1528 and 1536, trekking across the American Southwest."
^ "Timeline in American Jewish History" Archived December 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine American Jewish Archives. Accessed December 12, 2015.
^ "The American Jewish Experience through the Nineteenth Century: Immigration and Acculturation" Archived May 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Golden, Jonathan, and Jonathan D. Sarna. National Humanities Center. Brandeis University. Accessed December 12, 2015.
^ Netanyahu, Benzion.The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain. New York: Random House, 1995. Hardcover. 1390 pages. p. 1085.
^ "Conversos & Crypto-Jews" Archived December 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine City of Albuquerque. Accessed December 12, 2015.
^ "Lobbying for a 'MENA' category on U.S. Census" Archived July 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Wiltz, Teresea. USA Today. Published October 7, 2014. Accessed December 14, 2015.
^ "Arab American Institute – Texas" (PDF). Arab American Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ "Public Comments to NCT Federal Register Notice" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau; Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 26, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
^ Cortellessa, Eric (October 23, 2016). "Israeli, Palestinian Americans could share new 'Middle Eastern' census category". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
Cohen, Debra Nussbaum (June 18, 2015). "New U.S. Census Category to Include 'Israeli' Option". Haaretz. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
Cohen, Rick (August 12, 2015). "Simultaneously Jewish and Persons of Color: The Status of Mizrahi Jews". Nonprofit Quality. Boston. Archived from the original on April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
^ "2015 National Content Test" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. pp. 33–34. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015. The Census Bureau is undertaking related mid-decade research for coding and classifying detailed national origins and ethnic groups, and our consultations with external experts on the Asian community have also suggested Sikh receive a unique code classified under Asian. The Census Bureau does not currently tabulate on religious responses to the race or ethnic questions (e.g., Sikh, Jewish, Catholic, Muslim, Lutheran, etc.).
^ "2015 National Content Test" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 60. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
^ Wang, Hansi Lo (January 29, 2018). "No Middle Eastern Or North African Category On 2020 Census, Bureau Says". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
^ "Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000" (XLS). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 23, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
^ "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported: 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
^ Ira Sheskin; Arnold Dashefsky (2010). "Jewish Population in the United States, 2010" (PDF). Mandell L. Berman Institute North American Jewish Data Bank, Center for Judaic Studies and Contemporary Jewish Life, University of Connecticut. Brandeis University. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Tina Norris; Paula L. Vines; Elizabeth M. Hoeffel (January 2012). "The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Kathryn Walbert. "American Indian vs. Native American: A note on terminology". Kearn NC. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Clyde Tucker; Brian Kojetin; Rodrick Harrison (1996). "A Statistical Analysis of the CPS Supplement on Race and Ethnic Origin" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (January 2015). "The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 4289685. PMID 25529636.
^ Carl Zimmer (December 24, 2014). "White? Black? A Murky Distinction Grows Still Murkier". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2018. The researchers found that European-Americans had genomes that were on average 98.6 percent European, .19 percent African, and .18 Native American.
^ Axelrod, Alan (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to American History. Penguin. p. 4. ISBN 9780028644646. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Magoc, Chris J. (2011). Chronology of Americans and the Environment. ABC-CLIO. p. 1. ISBN 9781598844115. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Columbus, Christopher; de las Casas, Bartolomé; Dunn, Oliver; Kelley, James Edward (1991). de las Casas, Bartolomé; Dunn, Oliver (eds.). The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America, 1492–1493. Volume 70 of American Exploration and Travel Series. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 491. ISBN 9780806123844. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Rodriguez, Arturo B. (2000). U.S. Citizenship Guidebook. Sinagtala Educational Resources. p. 82. ISBN 9780967989808. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Bianchine, Peter J.; Russo, Thomas A. (1992). "The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 13 (5). OceanSide Publications, Inc: 225–232. doi:10.2500/108854192778817040. PMID 1483570.
^ Thornton, Russell (1987). American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780806122205. Retrieved September 9, 2012. genocide warfare europeans american indians.
^ Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert (2005). Encyclopedia Of Native American Wars And Warfare. Facts on File library of American History. Infobase Publishing. p. 398. ISBN 9780816033379. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Thornton, Russell (1987). American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780806122205. Retrieved September 9, 2012. From whatever cause wars may be brought on, either between different Indian tribes or between indians and whites, they are very destructive, not only of the lives of the warriors engaged in it, but of the women and children also, often becoming a war of extermination.
^ "Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County". Mercer County Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ R. David Edmunds (March 14, 2006). "Native American Displacement Amid U.S. Expansion". KERA. Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Blond, Becca; Dunford, Lisa; Schulte-Peevers, Andrea (2008). Southwest USA. Country Regional Guides. Lonely Planet. p. 37. ISBN 9781741047134. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Gallay, Alan (2010). Indian Slavery in Colonial America. University of Nebraska Press. p. 448. ISBN 9780803222007. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
^ Woods Weierman, Karen (2005). One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, and Law, 1820–1870. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 44. ISBN 9781558494831. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Mann, Kaarin (2007). "Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project" (PDF). Michigan Journal of History (Fall). University of Michigan. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
^ "American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month: November 2011". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. November 1, 2011. Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lindsay Hixson; Bradford B. Hepler; Myoung Ouk Kim (May 2012). "The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
^ "Fact Sheet:What You should Know About Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI's)" (PDF). White House Initiative on Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders (WHIAAPI). United States Department of Education. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2011". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. April 29, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
^ Jon M. Spencer (August 2000). The New Colored People: The Mixed-Race Movement in America. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-8072-5. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
Loretta I. Winters; Herman L. DeBose (2003). New Faces in a Changing America: Multiracial Identity in the 21st Century. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-2300-8. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez (March 2011). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). 2010 Census Briefs. United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
^ Jones, Nicholas A.; Amy Symens Smith. "The Two or More Races Population: 2000. Census 2000 Brief" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
^ Ewen MacAskill; Nicholas Watt (May 20, 2011). "Obama looks forward to rediscovering his Irish roots on European tour". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
^ Mason, Jeff (May 23, 2011). "Obama visits family roots in Ireland". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
^ Oscar Avila (April 4, 2010). "Obama's census-form choice: 'Black'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
^ Sam Roberts; Peter Baker (April 2, 2010). "Asked to Declare His Race, Obama Checks 'Black'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
^ Nocholas A. Jones; Jungmiwka Bullock (September 2012). "The Two or More Races Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
^ "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
^ Gonzalez-Barrera, Ana (August 18, 2020). "'Mestizo' and 'mulatto': Mixed-race identities among U.S. Hispanics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
^ "Languages spoken at home in the U.S. by members of household age 5 and older (2020)". American Community Survey of U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 19, 2024.
^ "Special characteristics: Languages other than English". American Community Survey of U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 19, 2024.
^ "Table 53—Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2007" (PDF). Statistical Abstract of the United States 2010. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
^ "Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning" (PDF). MLA. Fall 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 1999. Retrieved October 16, 2006.
^ Feder, Jody (January 25, 2007). "English as the Official Language of the United States—Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress" (PDF). Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
^ "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4". Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. November 7, 1978. Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
^ "Alaska's indigenous languages attain official status" Archived February 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Reuters.com, October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
^ "Bill History/Action for 28th Legislature HB 216". The Alaska State Legislature. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
^ Kaczke, Lisa (March 25, 2019). "South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language". Argus Leader. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
^ "Amendment for printed bill". MyLRC+. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
^ Dicker, Susan J. (2003). Languages in America: A Pluralist View. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. pp. 216, 220–25. ISBN 1-85359-651-5.
^ "California Code of Civil Procedure, Section 412.20(6)". Legislative Counsel, State of California. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2007. "California Judicial Council Forms". Judicial Council, State of California. Archived from the original on February 10, 2001. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
^ "America's Changing Religious Landscape". The Pew Forum. May 12, 2015. Archived from the original on January 7, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
^ "U.S. Stands Alone in its Embrace of Religion". Pew Global Attitudes Project. December 19, 2002. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
^ Eck, Diana (2002). A New Religious America: the World's Most Religiously Diverse Nation. HarperOne. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-06-062159-9.
^ ANALYSIS (December 19, 2011). "Global Christianity". Pewforum.org. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
^ Newport, Frank (December 23, 2016). "Five Key Findings on Religion in the U.S." Gallup. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar (2009). "American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 2008" (PDF). Hartford, Connecticut, US: Trinity College. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
^ "CIA Fact Book". CIA World Fact Book. 2002. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2007.
^ "Religious Composition of the U.S." (PDF). U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
^ Newport, Frank (July 28, 2008). "Belief in God Far Lower in Western U.S." The Gallup Organization. Archived from the original on August 28, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
^ Feldman, Noah (2005). Divided by God. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pg. 10 ("For the first time in recorded history, they designed a government with no established religion at all.")
^ Marsden, George M. 1990. Religion and American Culture. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp.45–46.
^ Carlos E. Cortés (September 3, 2013). Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-4522-7626-7. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015. The dominance of English and Anglo values in U.S. culture is evident in the country's major institutions, demonstrating the melting pot model.
^ Kirschbaum, Erik (1986). The eradication of German culture in the United States, 1917–1918. H.-D. Heinz. p. 155. ISBN 3-88099-617-2. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
^ Peter J. Parish (January 1997). Reader's Guide to American History. Taylor & Francis. p. 276. ISBN 978-1-884964-22-0. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015. However, France was second only to Britain in its influence upon the formation of American politics and culture.
^ Marilyn J. Coleman; Lawrence H. Ganong (September 16, 2014). The Social History of the American Family: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 775. ISBN 978-1-4522-8615-0. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015. As the communities grew and prospered, Italian food, entertainment, and music influenced American life and culture.
^ ^a ^b "Mr. Jefferson and the giant moose: natural history in early America" Archived April 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Lee Alan Dugatkin. University of Chicago Press, 2009. ISBN 0-226-16914-6, ISBN 978-0-226-16914-9. University of Chicago Press, 2009. Chapter x.
^ M. D. R. Evans; Jonathan Kelley (January 2004). Religion, Morality and Public Policy in International Perspective, 1984–2002. Federation Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-86287-451-0. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
^ "America tops in national pride survey finds". NBC News. Associated Press. June 27, 2006. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
Elizabeth Theiss-Morse (July 27, 2009). Who Counts as an American?: The Boundaries of National Identity. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-139-48891-4. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
^ Dam, Andrew Van (December 23, 2022). "Why have millions of Americans moved to these countries instead?". Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
^ "CA by the Numbers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2016.
^ Wood, Robert W. "Renouncing American Citizenship Hits All-Time Record". Forbes. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
^ "Tax Fairness For Americans Abroad". Tax Fairness For Americans Abroad. Retrieved July 1, 2024.

[41] Of the foreign-born population from Europe (4,817 thousand), in 2010, 61.8% were naturalized.^[40]

[60] Of the foreign-born population from Latin America and the Caribbean (21,224 thousand), in 2010, 32.1% were naturalized.^[40]

[69] 'Puerto Rican' is not a nationality, as Puerto Ricans are Americans. It is included here however as a distinct Latino cultural category.

[74] Of the foreign-born population from Africa (1,607 thousand), in 2010, 46.1% were naturalized.^[40]

[95] Of the foreign-born population from Asia (11,284 thousand), in 2010, 57.7% were naturalized.^[40]

[129] Of the foreign-born population from Northern America (807 thousand), in 2010, 44.3% were naturalized.^[40]

[152] Of the foreign-born population from Oceania (217 thousand), in 2010, 36.9% were naturalized.^[40]

[2020CENSUS-1] "Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count". United States census. Retrieved April 26, 2021. The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.

[UNmigrantstock-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r "International Migrant Stock". United Nations. Archived from the original on September 4, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022.

[MPI-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin". Migration Policy Institute. February 10, 2014. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved January 14, 2022.

[4] Vidal, Roberto (2013). "Chapter III: Public Policies on Migration in Colombia" (PDF). In Chiarello, Leonir Mario (ed.). Public Policies on Migration and Civil Society in Latin America: The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico (PDF) (1st ed.). New York: Scalabrini International Migration Network. pp. 263–410. ISBN 978-0-9841581-5-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2017.

[5] "BiB - Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung - Pressemitteilungen - Archiv 2017 - Zuwanderung aus außereuropäischen Ländern fast verdoppelt". www.bib-demografie.de. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2020.

[6] "U.S. Relations With the Philippines Bilateral Relations Fact Sheet". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved August 17, 2022.

[7] "Embaixador dos Estados Unidos Todd C. Chapman chega ao Brasil". U.S. Embassy in Brazil. March 29, 2020. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.

[auto-8] étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Présentation des États-Unis". France Diplomatie: Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022.

[9] "How Many Americans Live Abroad?". aaro.org. Archived from the original on December 18, 2024. Retrieved November 26, 2024.

[10] Abizaid, John, U.S. Ambassador Abizaid's Message to American Citizens about COVID-19., U.S. Mission Saudi Arabia, archived from the original on March 10, 2022, retrieved March 10, 2022

[11] "Houthi Terrorist Attack in Saudi Arabia". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved February 11, 2022.

[12] News, A. B. C. "State Department announces plan to fly Americans out of Israel". ABC News. Retrieved January 1, 2025. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[ft.com-13] "US citizens in rush for offshore tax advice". Financial Times. September 8, 2009. Archived from the original on August 28, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2017.

[14] "U.S. Relations with Hong Kong". Archived from the original on December 15, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2022.

[PFRPL2008-15] Luis Lug; Sandra Stencel; John Green; Gregory Smith; Dan Cox; Allison Pond; Tracy Miller; Elixabeth Podrebarac; Michelle Ralston (February 2008). "U.S. Religious Landscape Survey" (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2012.

[nationals_and_citizens-16] 8 U.S.C. § 1401; 8 U.S.C. § 1408; 8 U.S.C. § 1452

[American_Somoans-17] * "U.S. nationals born in American Samoa sue for citizenship". NBC News. Associated Press. March 28, 2018. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
Mendoza, Moises (October 11, 2014). "How a weird law gives one group American nationality but not citizenship". Public Radio International. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.

[25] Mendoza, Moises (October 11, 2014). "How a weird law gives one group American nationality but not citizenship". Public Radio International. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.

[18] *"Fernandez v. Keisler, 502 F.3d 337". Fourth Circuit. September 26, 2007. p. 341. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021. The INA defines 'national of the United States' as '(A) a citizen of the United States, or (B) a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States.'
"Robertson-Dewar v. Mukasey, 599 F. Supp. 2d 772". U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas. February 25, 2009. p. 779 n.3. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021. The [INA] defines naturalization as 'conferring of nationality of a state upon a person after birth, by any means whatsoever.'

[27] "Robertson-Dewar v. Mukasey, 599 F. Supp. 2d 772". U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas. February 25, 2009. p. 779 n.3. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021. The [INA] defines naturalization as 'conferring of nationality of a state upon a person after birth, by any means whatsoever.'

[19] "Permanent Allegiance Law and Legal Definition". USLegal. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2018.

[Citizen-20] * Christine Barbour; Gerald C Wright (January 15, 2013). Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, 6th Edition The Essentials. CQ Press. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-4522-4003-9. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Who Is An American? Native-born and naturalized citizens
Shklar, Judith N. (1991). American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Harvard University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780674022164. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2012.

Slotkin, Richard (2001). "Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality". American Literary History. 13 (3). Oxford University Press: 469–498. doi:10.1093/alh/13.3.469. JSTOR 3054557. S2CID 143996198. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023. But it also expresses a myth of American nationality that remains vital in our political and cultural life: the idealized self-image of a multiethnic, multiracial democracy, hospitable to differences but united by a common sense of national belonging.

Eder, Klaus; Giesen, Bernhard (2001). European Citizenship: Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects. Oxford University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 9780199241200. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2013. In inter-state relations, the American nation state presents its members as a monistic political body-despite ethnic and national groups in the interior.

Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780674157262. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2013. To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.

Charles Hirschman; Philip Kasinitz; Josh Dewind (November 4, 1999). The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-61044-289-3.

David Halle (July 15, 1987). America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics Among Blue Collar Property Owners. University of Chicago Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-226-31366-5. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015. The first, and central, way involves the view that Americans are all those persons born within the boundaries of the United States or admitted to citizenship by the government.

[30] Shklar, Judith N. (1991). American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Harvard University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780674022164. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2012.

[31] Slotkin, Richard (2001). "Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality". American Literary History. 13 (3). Oxford University Press: 469–498. doi:10.1093/alh/13.3.469. JSTOR 3054557. S2CID 143996198. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023. But it also expresses a myth of American nationality that remains vital in our political and cultural life: the idealized self-image of a multiethnic, multiracial democracy, hospitable to differences but united by a common sense of national belonging.

[32] Eder, Klaus; Giesen, Bernhard (2001). European Citizenship: Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects. Oxford University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 9780199241200. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2013. In inter-state relations, the American nation state presents its members as a monistic political body-despite ethnic and national groups in the interior.

[33] Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780674157262. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2013. To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.

[34] Charles Hirschman; Philip Kasinitz; Josh Dewind (November 4, 1999). The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-61044-289-3.

[35] David Halle (July 15, 1987). America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics Among Blue Collar Property Owners. University of Chicago Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-226-31366-5. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015. The first, and central, way involves the view that Americans are all those persons born within the boundaries of the United States or admitted to citizenship by the government.

[21] Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780674157262. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2013. ...from Thomas Paine's plea in 1783...to Henry Clay's remark in 1815... "It is hard for us to believe ... how conscious these early Americans were of the job of developing American character out of the regional and generational polaritities and contradictions of a nation of immigrants and migrants." ... To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.

[An2000-22] "Ancestry 2000" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. June 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2004. Retrieved December 2, 2016.

[23] "The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010".

[24] "Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 25, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2017.

[25] "Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities | USAGov". www.usa.gov. Retrieved April 5, 2024.

[26] Jay Tolson (July 28, 2008). "A Growing Trend of Leaving America". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012. Estimates made by organizations such as the Association of Americans Resident Overseas put the number of nongovernment-employed Americans living abroad anywhere between 4 million and 7 million, a range whose low end is based loosely on the government's trial count in 1999.

[27] "6.32 million Americans (excluding military) live in 160-plus countries". Association of Americans Resident Overseas. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012. The total is the highest released to date: close to 6.32 million.

[28] "The American Diaspora". Esquire. Hurst Communications, Inc. September 26, 2008. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012. he most frequently cited estimate of nonmilitary U. S. citizens living overseas is between three and six million, based on a very rough State Department calculation in 1999—and never updated.

[29] Lifshey, Adam (2015). Subversions of the American Century: Filipino Literature in Spanish and the Transpacific Transformation of the United States. University of Michigan Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-472-05293-6. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2018. the status of Filipinos in the Philippines as American nationals existed from 1900 to 1946
Rick Baldoz (February 28, 2011). The Third Asiatic Invasion: Empire and Migration in Filipino America, 1898–1946. NYU Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8147-9109-7. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved May 28, 2018. Recalling earlier debates surrounding Filipinos' naturalization status in the United States, he pointed out that U.S. courts had definitively recognized that Filipinos were American "nationals" and not "aliens".
"8 FAM 302.5 Special Citizenship Provisions Regarding the Philippines". Foreign Affairs Manual. United States Department of State. May 15, 2020. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2020.

[30] Fiorina, Morris P., and Paul E. Peterson (2000). The New American Democracy. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5;

[31] U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign-Born Population Frequently asked Questions Archived November 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine viewed January 19, 2015. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the terms native and native born to refer to anyone born in Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.

[DD-32] Adams, J.Q., and Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). Dealing with Diversity. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.

[Society_in_Focus-33] Thompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.

[34] Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture, 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States. Thousand Oaks, California, London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.

[2020CensusBreakdown-35] "A Breakdown of 2020 Census Demographic Data". NPR. August 13, 2021. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021.

[36] "Our Diverse Population: Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2004. Retrieved April 24, 2008.

[Standards-37] "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity". Office of Management and Budget. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2008.

[Overview-38] Grieco, Elizabeth M; Rachel C. Cassidy. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2015.

[PEPT3race08-39] "U.S. Census website". 2008 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved February 28, 2010.

[fbpACS2010-40] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Acosta, Yesenia D.; de la Cruz, G. Patricia; Gamino, Christina; Gryn, Thomas; Larsen, Luke J.; Trevelyan, Edward N.; Walters, Nathan P. (May 2012). "The Foreign Born Population in the United States: 2010" (PDF). American Community Survey Reports. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015.

[c2010-42] Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez (March 2011). "Percentage of Population and Percent Change by Race: 2010 and 2020" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.

[TWP2010-43] Lindsay Hixson; Bradford B. Hepler; Myoung Ouk Kim (September 2011). "The White Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2012.

[44] "U.S. whites will soon be the minority in number, but not power – Baltimore Sun". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2018.

[45] "Minority population surging in Texas". NBC News. Associated Press. August 18, 2005. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2009.

[46] Bernstein, Robert (May 17, 2012). "Most Children Younger Than Age 1 are Minorities, Census Bureau Reports". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.

[47] Ohio State University. Diversity Dictionary. 2006. September 4, 2006. OSU.edu Archived June 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

[loc-48] "A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2009.

[49] D. H. Figueredo (2007). Latino Chronology: Chronologies of the American Mosaic. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-313-34154-0. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015.

[auto2-50] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups". September 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.

[51] Ethnic Landscapes of America Archived April 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine – By John A. Cross

[52] Census and you: monthly news from the U.S. Bureau... Volume 28, Issue 2 Archived April 7, 2023, at the Wayback Machine – By United States. Bureau of the Census

[53] Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America Archived January 16, 2023, at the Wayback Machine By Dominic J. Pulera.

[54] Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.

[55] Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.

[56] Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.

[Poverty_rate-57] "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2017.

[Median_household_income_newsbrief,_US_Census_Bureau_2005-58] "Median household income newsbrief, US Census Bureau 2005". Archived from the original on September 3, 2006. Retrieved September 24, 2006.

[US_Census_Bureau,_Personal_income_for_Asian_Americans,_age_25+,_2006-59] "US Census Bureau, Personal income for Asian Americans, age 25+, 2006". Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved December 17, 2006.

[tthqvu-61] "American FactFinder – Results". factfinder2.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[c2010def-62] Humes, Karen R.; Jones, Nicholas A.; Ramirez, Roberto R. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2011. "Hispanic or Latino" refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.

[63] Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Rachel C. Cassidy. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2008.

[64] "T4-2007. Hispanic or Latino By Race [15]". 2007 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved December 4, 2012.

[65] "B03002. Hispanic or Latino origin by race". 2007 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved December 4, 2012.

[66] Tafoya, Sonya (December 6, 2004). "Shades of Belonging" (PDF). Pew Hispanic Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2008.

[67] Sharon R. Ennis; Merarys Ríos-Vargas; Nora G. Albert (May 2011). "The Hispanic Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[auto1-68] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l "2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[IOM-70] "Race, Ethnicity, and Language data – Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement" (PDF). Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2016.

[2010USCBAA-71] Sonya Tastogi; Tallese D. Johnson; Elizabeth M. Hoeffel; Malcolm P. Drewery, Jr. (September 2011). "The Black Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

[censusblack-72] McKinnon, Jesse. "The Black Population: 2000 United States Census Bureau" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2007.

[factfinder.census.gov-73] United States – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2009 Archived February 11, 2020, at archive.today. Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved December 9, 2010.

[NRC201029SEP11-75] "2010 Census Shows Black Population has Highest Concentration in the South". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. September 29, 2011. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

[Bryc_2015-76] Katarzyna Bryc; Eric Y. Durand; J. Michael Macpherson; David Reich; Joanna L. Mountain (January 8, 2015). "The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. PMC 4289685. PMID 25529636.

[77] "The size and regional distribution of the black population". Lewis Mumford Center. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

[78] ""African American" in the American Heritage Dictionary". Yahoo. Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved October 19, 2014.

[Montinaro2014-79] Francesco Montinaro; George B.J. Busby; Vincenzo L. Pascali; Simon Myers; Garrett Hellenthal; Cristian Capelli (March 24, 2015). "Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations". Nature Communications. 6: 6596. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6596M. doi:10.1038/ncomms7596. PMC 4374169. PMID 25803618.

[Zakharia2009-80] Fouad Zakharia; Analabha Basu; Devin Absher; Themistocles L Assimes; Alan S Go; Mark A Hlatky; Carlos Iribarren; Joshua W Knowles; Jun Li; Balasubramanian Narasimhan; Steven Sidney; Audrey Southwick; Richard M Myers; Thomas Quertermous; Neil Risch; Hua Tang (2009). "Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans". Genome Biology. 10 (R141): R141. doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141. PMC 2812948. PMID 20025784.

[81] "New World Exploration and English Ambition". The Terrible Transformation. PBS. Archived from the original on June 14, 2007. Retrieved September 11, 2011.

[82] Gomez, Michael A. (1998). Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South. University of North Carolina Press. p. 384. ISBN 9780807846940. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2016.

[83] Wood, Gordon S. (2002). The American revolution: a history. Modern Library. p. 55. ISBN 9780679640578.

[84] Liberty! The American Revolution (Documentary) Episode II:Blows Must Decide: 1774–1776. ©1997 Twin Cities Public Television, Inc. ISBN 1-4157-0217-9

[85] Foner, Philip Sheldon (1976). Blacks in the American Revolution. Volume 55 of Contributions in American history. Greenwood Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780837189468. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2020.

[86] "Black Loyalists". Black Presence. The National Archives. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

[87] Nicholas Boston; Jennifer Hallam (2004). "Freedom & Emancipation". Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on October 25, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

[88] "13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution". ourdocuments.gov. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

[89] "The Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood". Office of the Clerk. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

[90] Walter, Hazen (2004). American Black History. Lorenz Educational Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780787706036. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

[91] "The Prize". We Shall Overcome. National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

[92] Kusow, AM. "African Immigrants in the United States: Implications for Affirmative Action". Iowa State University. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.

[93] Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2007). Relations Between Africans and African Americans: Misconceptions, Myths and Realities. New Africa Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0980253450. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2016.

[200911ACS-94] "B04006, People Reporting Ancestry". 2009–2011 American Community Survey. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2012.

[2010_Census_AA-96] "2010 United States Census statistics" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2017.

[b02001-97] "B02001. RACE – Universe: TOTAL POPULATION". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved February 28, 2010.

[FFFCENSUS2011-98] "Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2011". Facts for Features. U.S. Census Bureau. December 7, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2012.

[99] Shan Li (May 3, 2013). "Asian Americans had higher poverty rate than whites in 2011, study says". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013. In 2011, for example, nearly a third of Asians in the U.S. lived in the metropolitan regions around Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York.
"Selected Population Profile in the United States". U.S. Census. U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2011.

[100] "Israeli, Palestinian Americans could share new 'Middle Eastern' census category". The Times of Israel. October 23, 2016. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2022. This derives from a 1915 court ruling in Dow v. United States, in which a Syrian American, George Dow, appealed his being classified by the government as Asian. At the time, such a designation resulted in the denial of citizenship under the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.

[101] Meizhu Lui; Barbara Robles; Betsy Leondar-Wright; Rose Brewer; Rebecca Adamson (2006). The Color of Wealth. The New Press.

[102] "US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States, 2003" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2006.

[103] "The American Community-Asians: 2004" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2007.

[104] Chou, Rosalind; Joe R. Feagin (2008). The myth of the model minority: Asian Americans facing racism. Paradigm Publishers. p. x. ISBN 978-1-59451-586-6. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2011.

[105] Tamar Lewin (June 10, 2008). "Report Takes Aim at 'Model Minority' Stereotype of Asian-American Students". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2012.

[106] Tojo Thatchenkery (March 31, 2000). "Asian Americans Under the Model Minority Gaze". International Association of Business Disciplines National Conference. modelminority.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012.

[107] "The Journey from Gold Mountain: The Asian American Experience" (PDF). Japanese American Citizens League. 2006. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2016.

[108] "California Declares Filipino American History Month". San Francisco Business Times. September 10, 2009. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2011.

[AAWA2009-109] Hune, Shirley; Takeuchi, David T.; Andresen, Third; Hong, Seunghye; Kang, Julie; Redmond, Mavae'Aho; Yeo, Jeomja (April 2009). "Asian Americans in Washington State: Closing Their Hidden Achievement Gaps" (PDF). Commission on Asian Pacific American Affairs. State of Washington. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2010. Retrieved February 9, 2012.

[110] Nicole Duran (November 3, 2011). "Asian-Americans Are Fastest-Growing Minority Population". National Journal. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.

[111] Lien, Pei-te; Mary Margaret Conway; Janelle Wong (2004). The politics of Asian Americans: diversity and community. Psychology Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-415-93465-7. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2012. In addition, because of their perceived racial difference, rapid and continuous immigration from Asia, and on going detente with communist regimes in Asia, Asian Americans are construed as "perpetual foreigners" who cannot or will not adapt to the language, customs, religions, and politics of the American mainstream.

[112] Wu, Frank H. (2003). Yellow: race in America beyond black and white. Basic Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-465-00640-3. Retrieved February 9, 2012. asian americans perpetual foreigners.

[113] "History Crash Course #55: Jews and the Founding of America" Archived December 23, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Spiro, Rabbi Ken. Aish.com. Published December 8, 2001. Accessed December 12, 2015. "The first Jews arrived in America with Columbus in 1492, and we also know that Jews newly-converted to Christianity were among the first Spaniards to arrive in Mexico with Conquistador Hernando Cortez in 1519."

[arabamericanmuseum.org-114] "Arab Americans: An Integral Part of American Society" Archived February 8, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Arab American National Museum. Published 2009. Accessed December 12, 2015. "Zammouri, the first Arab American...traveled over 6,000 miles between 1528 and 1536, trekking across the American Southwest."

[115] "Timeline in American Jewish History" Archived December 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine American Jewish Archives. Accessed December 12, 2015.

[116] "The American Jewish Experience through the Nineteenth Century: Immigration and Acculturation" Archived May 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Golden, Jonathan, and Jonathan D. Sarna. National Humanities Center. Brandeis University. Accessed December 12, 2015.

[117] Netanyahu, Benzion.The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain. New York: Random House, 1995. Hardcover. 1390 pages. p. 1085.

[118] "Conversos & Crypto-Jews" Archived December 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine City of Albuquerque. Accessed December 12, 2015.

[usatoday.com-119] "Lobbying for a 'MENA' category on U.S. Census" Archived July 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Wiltz, Teresea. USA Today. Published October 7, 2014. Accessed December 14, 2015.

[120] "Arab American Institute – Texas" (PDF). Arab American Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2015.

[121] "Public Comments to NCT Federal Register Notice" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau; Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 26, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2015.

[122] Cortellessa, Eric (October 23, 2016). "Israeli, Palestinian Americans could share new 'Middle Eastern' census category". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
Cohen, Debra Nussbaum (June 18, 2015). "New U.S. Census Category to Include 'Israeli' Option". Haaretz. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
Cohen, Rick (August 12, 2015). "Simultaneously Jewish and Persons of Color: The Status of Mizrahi Jews". Nonprofit Quality. Boston. Archived from the original on April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018.

[MENA1-123] "2015 National Content Test" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. pp. 33–34. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015. The Census Bureau is undertaking related mid-decade research for coding and classifying detailed national origins and ethnic groups, and our consultations with external experts on the Asian community have also suggested Sikh receive a unique code classified under Asian. The Census Bureau does not currently tabulate on religious responses to the race or ethnic questions (e.g., Sikh, Jewish, Catholic, Muslim, Lutheran, etc.).

[MENA2-124] "2015 National Content Test" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 60. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.

[125] Wang, Hansi Lo (January 29, 2018). "No Middle Eastern Or North African Category On 2020 Census, Bureau Says". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2018.

[ancestry2000-126] "Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000" (XLS). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 23, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2010.

[ancestry2010-127] "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported: 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2012.

[brandeis.edu-128] Ira Sheskin; Arnold Dashefsky (2010). "Jewish Population in the United States, 2010" (PDF). Mandell L. Berman Institute North American Jewish Data Bank, Center for Judaic Studies and Contemporary Jewish Life, University of Connecticut. Brandeis University. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2015.

[2010CensusAIAN-130] Tina Norris; Paula L. Vines; Elizabeth M. Hoeffel (January 2012). "The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[131] Kathryn Walbert. "American Indian vs. Native American: A note on terminology". Kearn NC. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[132] Clyde Tucker; Brian Kojetin; Rodrick Harrison (1996). "A Statistical Analysis of the CPS Supplement on Race and Ethnic Origin" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[133] Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (January 2015). "The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 4289685. PMID 25529636.

[134] Carl Zimmer (December 24, 2014). "White? Black? A Murky Distinction Grows Still Murkier". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2018. The researchers found that European-Americans had genomes that were on average 98.6 percent European, .19 percent African, and .18 Native American.

[135] Axelrod, Alan (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to American History. Penguin. p. 4. ISBN 9780028644646. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[136] Magoc, Chris J. (2011). Chronology of Americans and the Environment. ABC-CLIO. p. 1. ISBN 9781598844115. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[137] Columbus, Christopher; de las Casas, Bartolomé; Dunn, Oliver; Kelley, James Edward (1991). de las Casas, Bartolomé; Dunn, Oliver (eds.). The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America, 1492–1493. Volume 70 of American Exploration and Travel Series. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 491. ISBN 9780806123844. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[138] Rodriguez, Arturo B. (2000). U.S. Citizenship Guidebook. Sinagtala Educational Resources. p. 82. ISBN 9780967989808. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[139] Bianchine, Peter J.; Russo, Thomas A. (1992). "The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 13 (5). OceanSide Publications, Inc: 225–232. doi:10.2500/108854192778817040. PMID 1483570.

[140] Thornton, Russell (1987). American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780806122205. Retrieved September 9, 2012. genocide warfare europeans american indians.

[141] Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert (2005). Encyclopedia Of Native American Wars And Warfare. Facts on File library of American History. Infobase Publishing. p. 398. ISBN 9780816033379. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[142] Thornton, Russell (1987). American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780806122205. Retrieved September 9, 2012. From whatever cause wars may be brought on, either between different Indian tribes or between indians and whites, they are very destructive, not only of the lives of the warriors engaged in it, but of the women and children also, often becoming a war of extermination.

[143] "Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County". Mercer County Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[144] R. David Edmunds (March 14, 2006). "Native American Displacement Amid U.S. Expansion". KERA. Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[145] Blond, Becca; Dunford, Lisa; Schulte-Peevers, Andrea (2008). Southwest USA. Country Regional Guides. Lonely Planet. p. 37. ISBN 9781741047134. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[146] Gallay, Alan (2010). Indian Slavery in Colonial America. University of Nebraska Press. p. 448. ISBN 9780803222007. Retrieved September 8, 2012.

[147] Woods Weierman, Karen (2005). One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, and Law, 1820–1870. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 44. ISBN 9781558494831. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[148] Mann, Kaarin (2007). "Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project" (PDF). Michigan Journal of History (Fall). University of Michigan. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2012.

[149] "American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month: November 2011". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. November 1, 2011. Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2012.

[2010CensusNHOPI-150] Lindsay Hixson; Bradford B. Hepler; Myoung Ouk Kim (May 2012). "The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

[151] "Fact Sheet:What You should Know About Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI's)" (PDF). White House Initiative on Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders (WHIAAPI). United States Department of Education. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

[FFAPI2011-153] "Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2011". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. April 29, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

[154] Jon M. Spencer (August 2000). The New Colored People: The Mixed-Race Movement in America. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-8072-5. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
Loretta I. Winters; Herman L. DeBose (2003). New Faces in a Changing America: Multiracial Identity in the 21st Century. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-2300-8. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2019.

[kHnJrR2011-155] Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez (March 2011). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). 2010 Census Briefs. United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2013.

[156] Jones, Nicholas A.; Amy Symens Smith. "The Two or More Races Population: 2000. Census 2000 Brief" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2008.

[157] Ewen MacAskill; Nicholas Watt (May 20, 2011). "Obama looks forward to rediscovering his Irish roots on European tour". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2011.

[158] Mason, Jeff (May 23, 2011). "Obama visits family roots in Ireland". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2011.

[159] Oscar Avila (April 4, 2010). "Obama's census-form choice: 'Black'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved February 22, 2013.

[160] Sam Roberts; Peter Baker (April 2, 2010). "Asked to Declare His Race, Obama Checks 'Black'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2013.

[161] Nocholas A. Jones; Jungmiwka Bullock (September 2012). "The Two or More Races Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2014.

[162] "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2017.

[163] Gonzalez-Barrera, Ana (August 18, 2020). "'Mestizo' and 'mulatto': Mixed-race identities among U.S. Hispanics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 12, 2023.

[ACS_Data_2020-164] "Languages spoken at home in the U.S. by members of household age 5 and older (2020)". American Community Survey of U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 19, 2024.

[165] "Special characteristics: Languages other than English". American Community Survey of U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 19, 2024.

[USCB_Lang-166] "Table 53—Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2007" (PDF). Statistical Abstract of the United States 2010. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2009.

[167] "Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning" (PDF). MLA. Fall 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 1999. Retrieved October 16, 2006.

[ILW-168] Feder, Jody (January 25, 2007). "English as the Official Language of the United States—Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress" (PDF). Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2007.

[169] "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4". Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. November 7, 1978. Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007.

[170] "Alaska's indigenous languages attain official status" Archived February 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Reuters.com, October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.

[171] "Bill History/Action for 28th Legislature HB 216". The Alaska State Legislature. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2016.

[eu.argusleader.com-172] Kaczke, Lisa (March 25, 2019). "South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language". Argus Leader. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.

[sdlegislature-173] "Amendment for printed bill". MyLRC+. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.

[174] Dicker, Susan J. (2003). Languages in America: A Pluralist View. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. pp. 216, 220–25. ISBN 1-85359-651-5.

[175] "California Code of Civil Procedure, Section 412.20(6)". Legislative Counsel, State of California. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2007. "California Judicial Council Forms". Judicial Council, State of California. Archived from the original on February 10, 2001. Retrieved December 17, 2007.

[pew2014-176] "America's Changing Religious Landscape". The Pew Forum. May 12, 2015. Archived from the original on January 7, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2015.

[177] "U.S. Stands Alone in its Embrace of Religion". Pew Global Attitudes Project. December 19, 2002. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved January 1, 2007.

[178] Eck, Diana (2002). A New Religious America: the World's Most Religiously Diverse Nation. HarperOne. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-06-062159-9.

[Global_Christianity-179] ANALYSIS (December 19, 2011). "Global Christianity". Pewforum.org. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2012.

[Gallup2016religion-180] Newport, Frank (December 23, 2016). "Five Key Findings on Religion in the U.S." Gallup. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved April 5, 2018.

[ARIS2008-181] Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar (2009). "American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 2008" (PDF). Hartford, Connecticut, US: Trinity College. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2009.

[ciafact-182] "CIA Fact Book". CIA World Fact Book. 2002. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2007.

[Pew-183] "Religious Composition of the U.S." (PDF). U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009.

[184] Newport, Frank (July 28, 2008). "Belief in God Far Lower in Western U.S." The Gallup Organization. Archived from the original on August 28, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2010.

[185] Feldman, Noah (2005). Divided by God. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pg. 10 ("For the first time in recorded history, they designed a government with no established religion at all.")

[186] Marsden, George M. 1990. Religion and American Culture. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp.45–46.

[187] Carlos E. Cortés (September 3, 2013). Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-4522-7626-7. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015. The dominance of English and Anglo values in U.S. culture is evident in the country's major institutions, demonstrating the melting pot model.

[kirschbaum-188] Kirschbaum, Erik (1986). The eradication of German culture in the United States, 1917–1918. H.-D. Heinz. p. 155. ISBN 3-88099-617-2. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2016.

[189] Peter J. Parish (January 1997). Reader's Guide to American History. Taylor & Francis. p. 276. ISBN 978-1-884964-22-0. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015. However, France was second only to Britain in its influence upon the formation of American politics and culture.

[190] Marilyn J. Coleman; Lawrence H. Ganong (September 16, 2014). The Social History of the American Family: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 775. ISBN 978-1-4522-8615-0. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015. As the communities grew and prospered, Italian food, entertainment, and music influenced American life and culture.

[MJ-191] "Mr. Jefferson and the giant moose: natural history in early America" Archived April 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Lee Alan Dugatkin. University of Chicago Press, 2009. ISBN 0-226-16914-6, ISBN 978-0-226-16914-9. University of Chicago Press, 2009. Chapter x.

[192] M. D. R. Evans; Jonathan Kelley (January 2004). Religion, Morality and Public Policy in International Perspective, 1984–2002. Federation Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-86287-451-0. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015.

[193] "America tops in national pride survey finds". NBC News. Associated Press. June 27, 2006. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
Elizabeth Theiss-Morse (July 27, 2009). Who Counts as an American?: The Boundaries of National Identity. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-139-48891-4. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2015.

[194] Dam, Andrew Van (December 23, 2022). "Why have millions of Americans moved to these countries instead?". Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved April 4, 2023.

[195] "CA by the Numbers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2016.

[196] Wood, Robert W. "Renouncing American Citizenship Hits All-Time Record". Forbes. Retrieved July 1, 2024.

[197] "Tax Fairness For Americans Abroad". Tax Fairness For Americans Abroad. Retrieved July 1, 2024.

[D-198] The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[a]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[b]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[c]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[d]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[e]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

v t e European Americans
Central Europe	Austrian Czech German Sorbian Amish German Texan Pennsylvania Dutch German Mennonites from Russia Hungarian Hungarian Ohioans Liechtensteiner Polish Kashubian Slovak Swiss
Eastern Europe	Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Georgian Russian Chechen Circassian Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Rusyn
Northern Europe	Danish Estonian Faroese Finnish Greenlandic Icelandic Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Norwegian Dakotan Norwegian Minnesotan Sami Swedish
Southeast Europe	Albanian Bosnian Bulgarian Cypriot Croatian Greek Kosovan Macedonian Montenegrin Romanian Moldovan Slovene Serbian Alaskan Serbs Turkish Yugoslav
Southern Europe	Italian Sicilian Maltese Portuguese Sammarinese Spanish Asturian Basque Canarian Catalan Galician
Western Europe	Belgian British Cornish English Manx Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots Scottish Welsh Dutch Frisian French Breton Corsican Acadian Cajun Canadian Huguenot Irish Luxembourgian
Other Europeans	White Americans Non-Hispanic whites White Hispanic and Latino Melungeon Métis Louisiana Creole Cajun Isleños French Canadian Acadian Cajun
By region	California Los Angeles San Francisco Hawaii White Southerners Arkansas Louisiana Maryland

v t e Asian Americans
Central Asian	Afghan Baloch Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajik Turkmen Uyghur Uzbek
East Asian	Chinese Fuzhounese Hakka Hoklo Hong Kong Japanese in Hawaii Okinawans in Hawaii Korean in Hawaii Mongolian Taiwanese Tibetan
South Asian	Bangladeshi Bengali Bhutanese Indian Gujarati Telugu Indo-Caribbean Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Punjabi Sindhi Tamil Sri Lankan
Southeast Asian	Burmese Karen Cambodian Filipino Hmong Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Mien
Other	Asian Hispanic and Latino Punjabi Mexican Multiracial Americans Afro-Asian Amerasian
History	Immigration Military Internment of Japanese Americans
Topics	Arts and Entertainment Broadcast journalism Demographics Politics Science and technology Sports Stereotypes East and Southeast Asians South Asians Model minority myth
Regions	California Los Angeles San Francisco Metro Detroit Hawaii Houston Louisiana Maryland New York City Nevada North Carolina Philadelphia Puerto Rico Washington Washington, D.C. Virginia

v t e Middle Eastern Americans
By nation	Egyptian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Palestinian Saudi Syrian Turkish Yemeni
By ethnicity	Arab Assyrian Kurdish
By location	Detroit

v t e Caribbean Americans
Anglo-Caribbean	Antiguan and Barbudan Bahamian Barbadian Belizean Garifuna Bermudian Dominican (Dominica) Grenadian Guyanese Jamaican Kittian and Nevisian Saint Lucian Trinidadian and Tobagonian Vincentian
Americo-Caribbean	Puerto Rican Virgin Islands
Franco-Caribbean	Haitian Guadeloupean Martiniquan
Hispano-Caribbean	Cuban Dominican (Dominican Republic) Panamanian Puerto Rican
Dutch Caribbean	Dutch West Indians Surinamese
Ethnic groups	Indo-Caribbean Americans

v t e Rights of Native Americans in the United States
Case law	Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Fellows v. Blacksmith (1857) New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble (1858) Standing Bear v. Crook (D. Neb. 1879) Ex parte Crow Dog (1883) Elk v. Wilkins (1884) Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy (1896) Talton v. Mayes (1896) Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903) United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. (1941) Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States (1955) Williams v. Lee (1959) Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation (1960) Menominee Tribe v. United States (1968) McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission (1973) Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida (1974) Bryan v. Itasca County (1976) United States v. Antelope (1977) Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez (1978) Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe (1982) Solem v. Bartlett (1984) County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State (1985) South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. (1986) Hodel v. Irving (1987) Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield (1989) Duro v. Reina (1990) South Dakota v. Bourland (1993) Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho (1997) Idaho v. United States (2001) United States v. Lara (2004) City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York (2005) Cobell v. Salazar (D.C. Cir. 2009) Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl (2013) Sharp v. Murphy and McGirt v. Oklahoma (2020) Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta (2022) List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
Legislation	Blood quantum laws (1705 onwards) Nonintercourse Act (1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834) Civilization Act (1819) Indian Removal Act (1830) Dawes Act (1887) Curtis Act (1898) Burke Act (1906) Indian Citizenship Act (1924) Indian Reorganization Act (1934) Indian arts and crafts laws (1935–2019) Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act (1936) Nationality Act (1940) Public Law 280 (1953) Indian Relocation Act (1956) Indian Civil Rights Act (1968) Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971) Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975) American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978) Indian Child Welfare Act (1978) Diminishment (1984) Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988) Native American Languages Act (1990) Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990) Indian Arts and Crafts Act (1990) Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art (2008)
Federal and State recognition	Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians Legal status of Hawaii Federally recognized tribes State recognized tribes
Related	Aboriginal title Bureau of Indian Affairs Cherokee Commission Dawes Rolls Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Eagle feather law Eagle-bone whistle Hunting license In the Courts of the Conqueror Indian reservations Long Walk of the Navajo National Indian Gaming Commission Native American civil rights Native American gaming Native American Rights Fund Recognition of sacred sites Seminole Wars Survivance Trail of Tears Treaty rights Tribal sovereignty Self-determination United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes