Jump to content

Christ the Redeemer (statue): Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 22°57′7″S 43°12′38″W / 22.95194°S 43.21056°W / -22.95194; -43.21056
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Reverting possible vandalism by Captainvoid123mea to version by LaffyTaffer. Report False Positive? Thanks, ClueBot NG. (4363491) (Bot)
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Colossal statue in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}}
{{For|other statues with this name|Christ the Redeemer (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2011}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{About|the statue in Rio de Janeiro|other statues|Christ the Redeemer (disambiguation)#Sculpture}}
{{Infobox Protected area
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
| name = Christ the Redeemer
{{Infobox monument
| iucn_category =
|monument_name = ''Christ the Redeemer''
| photo = Cristo Redentor - Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.jpg
| native_name = Cristo Redentor
| nearest_city = [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
|image = Christ the Redeemer - Cristo Redentor.jpg
| coords = {{coord|22|57|7|S|43|12|38|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|caption = The statue in 2022
| area =
|location = [[Corcovado mountain]],<br />[[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]
| established = Dedicated October 12, 1931<br />Consecrated October 12, 2006<br />[[New Seven Wonders of the World]] July 7, 2007
|mapframe = yes
| visitation_num =
|mapframe-zoom = 11
| visitatio =
|designer = Designed by sculptors [[Paul Landowski]] and Heitor da Silva Costa and built by engineer [[Heitor da Silva Costa]] in collaboration with [[Albert Caquot]]. Sculptor [[Gheorghe Leonida]] created the face
| governing_body =
|material = Reinforced concrete with soapstone veneer
|length =
|width = {{Convert|28|m|feet}}
|height = {{Convert|30|m|feet}}, {{Convert|38|m|ft}} with its pedestal
|begin =
|complete = Dedicated {{start date and age|October 13, 1931}}
|open =
|dedicated_to =
|map_image =
|map_caption =
|map_width =
|coordinates = {{coord|22|57|7|S|43|12|38|W|type:landmark_region:BR-RJ|display=inline,title}}
|lat =
|long =
|extra = Consecrated October 12, 2006<br />[[New Seven Wonders of the World]] July 7, 2007<br />{{designation list|embed = yes| designation1 = Brazil| designation1_date = 2001|designation1_number =1478}}
}}
}}
'''''Christ the Redeemer''''' ({{langx|pt|Cristo Redentor}}, <small>standard </small>{{IPA|pt-BR|ˈkɾistu ʁedẽˈtoʁ|lang}}) is an [[Art Deco]] statue of [[Jesus]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], created by French-Polish sculptor [[Paul Landowski]] and built by Brazilian engineer [[Heitor da Silva Costa]], in collaboration with French engineer [[Albert Caquot]]. [[Romanians|Romanian]] sculptor [[Gheorghe Leonida]] sculpted the face. Constructed between 1922 and 1931, the statue is {{convert|30|m|ft}} high, excluding its {{convert|8|m|ft|adj=on}} [[pedestal]]. The arms stretch {{convert|28|m|ft}} wide.<ref name="brit">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Christ the Redeemer (last updated 13 January 2014) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1435544/Christ-the-Redeemer |access-date=July 11, 2014 |last1=Murray |first1=Lorraine}}</ref><ref name="giumbelli2014">{{cite book| title=Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia| last=Giumbelli| first=Emerson| year=2014| publisher=Terceiro Nome| location=São Paulo| page=244| isbn=978-85-7816-137-8| language=pt|no-pp=y}}</ref> It is made of [[reinforced concrete]] and [[soapstone]].<ref name="Largest christ">{{Cite magazine |date=October 26, 1931 |title=Christ the Redeemer |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,742502,00.html |url-status=dead |access-date=July 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035058/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,742502,00.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Travel Channel">{{Cite web |title=Brazil: Crocovado mountain – Statue of Christ |url=http://travel.discovery.com/video/video.html?videoRef=c8fbe1ab8af1bb5087cbd1d996d8baf851e4672b |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516094903/http://travel.discovery.com/video/video.html?videoRef=c8fbe1ab8af1bb5087cbd1d996d8baf851e4672b |archive-date=May 16, 2007 |access-date=July 7, 2007 |publisher=[[Travel Channel]] }}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news |date=October 13, 2006 |title=Sanctuary Status for Rio landmark |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6046538.stm |access-date=July 7, 2007}}</ref> ''Christ the Redeemer'' differs considerably from its original design, as the initial plan was a large Christ with a globe in one hand and a cross in the other. Although the project organizers originally accepted the design, it later changed to the statue of today, with the arms spread out wide.
'''''Christ the Redeemer''''' ({{lang-pt|Cristo Redentor}}, <small>standard </small>{{IPA-pt|ˈkɾistu ʁedẽˈtoʁ|br}}<small>, local dialect: </small>{{IPA|[ˈkɾiʃtu ɦedẽjˈtoɦ]|IPA}}) is a statue of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil; considered the largest [[Art Deco]] statue in the world and the [[List of statues by height|3rd largest]] statue of Jesus in the world. It is {{convert|30|m|ft}} tall, not including its {{convert|8|m|ft}} pedestal, and its arms stretch {{convert|28|m|ft}} wide.<ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1435544/Christ-the-Redeemer</ref> It weighs 635 [[tonne]]s (625 [[Long ton|long]], 700 [[short ton]]s), and is located at the peak of the {{convert|700|m|ft|adj=on}} [[Corcovado (Brazil)|Corcovado]] mountain in the [[Tijuca Forest]] National Park overlooking the city. A symbol of Brazilian Christianity, the statue has become an icon for Rio de Janeiro and [[Brazil]].<ref name="Hindustan times">{{cite web
| url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c7e6494a-0e6c-46b4-9982-60b6b4bf20c1&ParentID=f702d4d5-e16e-4a07-bd0a-5bebf5c9b825&MatchID1=4488&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=10&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1120&PrimaryID=4488&Headline=The+new+Seven+Wonders+of+the+World
| title=The new Seven Wonders of the world
| publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]
| date = July 8, 2007
| accessdate=July 11, 2007}}</ref> It is made of reinforced concrete and [[soapstone]], and was constructed between 1926 and 1931.<ref name="Largest christ">{{cite news
| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,742502,00.html
| title=Christ the redeemer
| work=TIME
| date=October 26, 1931
| accessdate=July 11, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Travel Channel">{{cite web
| url=http://travel.discovery.com/video/video.html?videoRef=c8fbe1ab8af1bb5087cbd1d996d8baf851e4672b
| title=Brazil: Crocovado mountain – Statue of Christ
| publisher=[[Travel Channel]]
| accessdate=July 7, 2007}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6046538.stm
| title=Sanctuary Status for Rio landmark
| publisher=[[BBC]]
| accessdate=July 7, 2007
| date=October 13, 2006}}</ref>


The statue weighs 635 [[metric ton]]s (625 [[Long ton|long]], 700 [[short ton]]s), and is located at the peak of the {{convert|700|m|ft|adj=on}} [[Corcovado]] mountain in the [[Tijuca National Park]] overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro. This statue is the largest [[Art Deco]]–style [[sculpture]] in the world.<ref name="Britannia">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Christ the Redeemer |date=September 14, 2023 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1435544/Christ-the-Redeemer |access-date=September 15, 2023 |last1=Asare |first1=Daniel }}</ref> A symbol of [[Christianity]] around the world, the statue has also become a [[cultural icon]] of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil and was voted one of the [[New 7 Wonders of the World]].<ref name="Hindustan times">{{cite web| url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c7e6494a-0e6c-46b4-9982-60b6b4bf20c1&ParentID=f702d4d5-e16e-4a07-bd0a-5bebf5c9b825&MatchID1=4488&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=10&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1120&PrimaryID=4488&Headline=The+new+Seven+Wonders+of+the+World| title=The New Seven Wonders of the World| work=[[Hindustan Times]]| date=July 8, 2007| access-date=July 11, 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043832/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c7e6494a-0e6c-46b4-9982-60b6b4bf20c1&ParentID=f702d4d5-e16e-4a07-bd0a-5bebf5c9b825&MatchID1=4488&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=10&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1120&PrimaryID=4488&Headline=The+new+Seven+Wonders+of+the+World| archive-date=September 30, 2007| df=mdy-all}}</ref>
==History==
[[Image:Corcovado statue01 2005-03-14.jpg|left|thumb|Aerial view of the statue]]
The idea of erecting a large statue atop Corcovado was first suggested in the mid-1850s, when Catholic priest Sir Aadil requested financing from [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil|Princess Isabel]] to build a large religious [[monument]].
Princess Isabel did not think much of the idea and it was dismissed in 1889, when Brazil became a republic with laws mandating the [[separation of church and state]].<ref name="O Dia">{{cite web | url=http://odia.terra.com.br/especial/outros/cristo70/historia.htm | title=O Dia Online – Cristo Redentor }}</ref> The second proposal for a [[landmark]] statue on the mountain was made in 1920 by the Catholic Circle of Rio.<ref name="Riotur"/> The group organized an event called ''Semana do Monumento'' ("Monument Week") to attract donations and collect signatures to support the building of the statue. The donations came mostly from [[Religion in Brazil|Brazilian Catholics]].<ref name="Largest christ" /> The designs considered for the "Statue of the Christ" included a representation of the [[Christian cross]], a statue of Jesus with a [[globe]] in his hands, and a [[pedestal]] symbolizing the world.<ref name="JB">{{cite news |url=http://jbonline.terra.com.br/jb/papel/cidade/2005/10/11/jorcid20051011001.html | title=Redentor, carioca até a alma | accessdate=July 17, 2008 | publisher=[[Jornal do Brasil]] | language=Portuguese | first=Duilo | last=Victor }}</ref> The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen.


== History ==
[[Image:Cristo redentor.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A view of the statue at night.]]
[[File:Marc Ferrez - IMS 007A6P4FP15-015.jpg|thumb|left|A view of the Corcovado before the construction, 19th century|146x146px]]
Local engineer [[Heitor da Silva Costa]] designed the statue; it was sculpted by [[Poland|Polish]]-[[France|French]] sculptor [[Paul Landowski]].<ref name="The Sun">{{cite news
[[Congregation of the Mission|Vincentian]] priest Pedro Maria Boss first suggested placing a Christian monument on Mount Corcovado in the mid-1850s to honor [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil|Princess Isabel]], regent of Brazil and the daughter of [[Emperor Pedro II]], but the project was not approved.<ref name="brit" /> In 1889, the country became a republic, and owing to the [[separation of church and state]], the proposed statue was dismissed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prezi.com/lebig4ro4slk/cristo-corcovado/ |title=Cristo Corcovado by Sergi Lla on Prezi |publisher=Prezi.com |access-date=October 15, 2015}}</ref>
| url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2-2007270934,00.html


The Catholic Circle of Rio made a second proposal for a landmark statue on the mountain in 1920.<ref name="Riotur" /> The group organized an event called ''Semana do Monumento'' ("Monument Week") to attract donations and collect signatures to support the building of the statue. The organization was motivated by what they perceived as "Godlessness" in the society. The donations came mostly from [[Roman Catholicism in Brazil|Brazilian Catholics]].<ref name="Largest christ" /> The designs considered for the "Statue of the Christ" included a representation of the [[Christian cross]], a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world.<ref name="JB">{{cite news |url=http://jbonline.terra.com.br/jb/papel/cidade/2005/10/11/jorcid20051011001.html |title=Redentor, carioca até a alma |access-date=July 17, 2008 |publisher=[[Jornal do Brasil]] |language=pt |first=Duilo |last=Victor }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Eventually, the statue of Christ the [[Redeemer (Christianity)|Redeemer]] with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen.
| title=Vote now for Phoneheng
| work=[[The Sun (newspaper)|The Sun]]
| first=Damon
| last=Phil
| date=June 29, 1983
| location=London}}</ref> A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski's submissions and the decision was made to build the structure out of [[reinforced concrete]] (designed by [[Albert Caquot]]) instead of steel, more suitable for the [[cross]]-shaped statue.<ref name="O Dia" /> The outer layers are [[soapstone]], chosen for its enduring qualities and ease of use.<ref name="Travel Channel" /> Construction took nine years, from 1922 to 1931 and cost the equivalent of {{US$|250000|1921|round=-5}}. The monument was opened on October 12, 1931.<ref name="Travel Channel" /><ref name="BBC" /> The statue was meant to be lit by a battery of floodlights triggered remotely by shortwave radio pioneer [[Guglielmo Marconi]], stationed {{convert|5700|mi|km}} away in Rome,<ref name="Riotur">{{cite web |url=http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/riotur/pt/atracao/?CodAtr=3912 |title=Cristo Redentor – Histórico da Construção |language=Portuguese }}</ref> but poor weather affected the signal and it had to be lit by workers in Rio.<ref name="O Dia" />


Local engineer [[Heitor da Silva Costa]] and artist Carlos Oswald designed the statue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_7141/index.html#in-the-beginning-529|title=Arms Wide Open|language=en-GB|access-date=May 22, 2021|publisher=bbc}}</ref> French sculptor [[Paul Landowski]] created the work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paul-landowski.com/en/portfolio/christ-redempteur/|title=(Français) Paul Landowski - L'officiel sculpteur du Christ rédempteur|language=en-US|access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref>
In October 2006, on the statue's 75th anniversary, [[Archbishop]] of Rio [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Eusebio Oscar Scheid]] consecrated a chapel (named after the patron saint of Brazil—[[Nossa Senhora Aparecida]], or "Our Lady of the Apparition,") under the statue. This allows Catholics to hold baptisms and weddings there.<ref name="BBC" />


In 1922, Landowski commissioned fellow Parisian [[Romania]]n sculptor [[Gheorghe Leonida]], who studied sculpture at the Fine Arts Conservatory in Bucharest and in Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/web/portaldoservidor/exibeconteudo?id=5013051 |title=Cristo Redentor: santuário carioca que virou símbolo da cidade no mundo |publisher=Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro |date=October 20, 2014|language=pt}}</ref>[[File:Visita_de_estudantes_ao_Cristo_Redentor,_Acervo_do_Instituto_Moreira_Salles.jpg|thumb|left|''Christ the Redeemer'' in 1931]] A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski's submissions, and they felt building the structure out of [[reinforced concrete]] (designed by [[Albert Caquot]]) instead of steel was more suitable for the [[cross]]-shaped statue. The concrete making up the base was supplied from [[Limhamn]], Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.realtid.se/skanska-vi-ar-oskyldiga-till-underverket|title=Skanska: Vi är oskyldiga till underverket|date=July 9, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kristianstadsbladet.se/kultur/article1570427/Oppna-Kristusarmar-som-har-haft-skiftande-betydelse.html |title = Öppna Kristusarmar som har haft skiftande betydelse - Kultur - Kristi… |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140624211145/http://www.kristianstadsbladet.se/kultur/article1570427/Oppna-Kristusarmar-som-har-haft-skiftande-betydelse.html |archive-date=June 24, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The outer layers are [[soapstone]], chosen for its enduring qualities and ease of use.<ref name="Travel Channel" /> Construction took nine years, from 1922 to 1931, and cost the equivalent of {{US$|250000|1921|round=-5}} and the monument opened on October 12, 1931.<ref name="Travel Channel" /><ref name="BBC" /> During the opening ceremony, the statue was to be lit by a battery of [[floodlight]]s turned on remotely by Italian [[shortwave radio]] inventor [[Guglielmo Marconi]], stationed {{convert|9200|km|mi|abbr=}} away in Rome but because of bad weather, the lights were activated on site.<ref name="Riotur">{{cite web|url=http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/riotur/pt/atracao/?CodAtr=3912|title=Cristo Redentor – Histórico da Construção|language=pt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313041840/http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/riotur/pt/atracao/?CodAtr=3912|archive-date=March 13, 2009}}</ref>
[[Image:Cristo Redentor head.jpg|thumb|250px|left|A close up view of the face.]]


In October 2006, on the 75th anniversary of the statue's completion, [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Eusebio Oscar Scheid]], [[Archbishop]] of Rio, consecrated a [[chapel]], named after Brazil's patron saint—[[Nossa Senhora Aparecida|Our Lady of the Apparition]]—under the statue, allowing Catholics to hold baptisms and weddings there.<ref name="BBC" />
The statue was struck by lightning during a violent electrical storm on Sunday, February 10, 2008 and suffered some damage on the fingers, head and eyebrows. A restoration effort was put in place by the Rio de Janeiro state government and archdiocese to replace some of the outer soapstone layers and repair the lightning rods installed on the statue.<ref name="Estadão.com.br">{{cite news
| url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,cristo-redentor-vai-passar-por-restauracao-ate-junho,532383,0.htm
| title=Cristo Redentor vai passar por restauração até junho (Christ the Redeemer under restoration 'til June)
| publisher=[[Estadão]]
}}</ref><ref name="Último Segundo(2)">{{cite news
| url=http://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/brasil/2010/04/01/cristo+redentor+castigado+por+raios+passa+por+ampla+reforma+9445658.html
| title=Cristo Redentor, castigado por raios, passa por ampla reforma (Christ the Redeemer, punished by lightnings, go by ample refit)
| work=[[Último Segundo]]
| first=Valmir
| last=Moratelli
}}</ref><ref name="Canteiro de Obras">{{cite web
| url=http://www.obras.rj.gov.br/boletins/Boletim_Dezembro_2009.pdf
| format=pdf
| title=Cristo Redentor renovado para 2010
| publisher=Rio de Janeiro Government
| date=2010-Dec
}}</ref>


Lightning struck the statue during a violent thunderstorm on February 10, 2008, causing some damage to the fingers, head and eyebrows. The [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro state]] government initiated a restoration effort to replace some of the outer soapstone layers and repair the lightning rods on the statue. Lightning damaged it again on January 17, 2014, dislodging a finger on the right hand.<ref name="Estadão.com.br">{{cite news | url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,cristo-redentor-vai-passar-por-restauracao-ate-junho,532383,0.htm | title=Cristo Redentor vai passar por restauração até junho ("''Christ the Redeemer'' under restoration 'til June") | publisher=[[Estadão]] }}</ref><ref name="Último Segundo(2)">{{cite news |url=http://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/brasil/2010/04/01/cristo+redentor+castigado+por+raios+passa+por+ampla+reforma+9445658.html |title=Cristo Redentor, castigado por raios, passa por ampla reforma (Christ the Redeemer, punished by lightnings, go by ample refit) |work=[[:pt:Último Segundo|Último Segundo]] |first=Valmir |last=Moratelli |access-date=April 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404043631/http://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/brasil/2010/04/01/cristo+redentor+castigado+por+raios+passa+por+ampla+reforma+9445658.html |archive-date=April 4, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Canteiro de Obras">{{cite web|url=http://www.obras.rj.gov.br/boletins/Boletim_Dezembro_2009.pdf |title=Cristo Redentor renovado para 2010 |publisher=[[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro Government]] |date=December 2010 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="The Age newspaper">{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/lightning-breaks-finger-off-rios-christ-20140118-hv8yt.html |title=Lightning breaks finger off Rio's Christ |work=The Age |date=January 2014}}</ref>[[File:Estátua do Cristo Redentor nas cores da Bandeira do Brasil.jpg|thumb|The statue lit in the colors of the [[Flag of Brazil]]]]In 2010, a massive restoration of the statue began. Work included cleaning, replacing the mortar and soapstone on the exterior, restoring iron in the internal structure, and waterproofing the monument. Vandals attacked the statue during renovation, spraying paint along the arm. Mayor [[Eduardo Paes]] called the act "a crime against the nation". The culprits later apologized and presented themselves to the police.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE63F49G20100416 |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Vandals cover Rio's Christ statue with graffiti | date=April 16, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Globo vandalism">{{cite news |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2010/04/estatua-do-cristo-amanhece-pichada.html |title=Estátua do Cristo Redentor é alvo de pichação |last=Tabak |first=Bernardo |publisher=[[Rede Globo|Globo]]}}</ref><ref>[http://infosurhoy.com/en_GB/articles/saii/features/society/2010/04/29/feature-02 Infosur hoy: ''Christ the Redeemer'' to get new outfit] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232800/http://infosurhoy.com/en_GB/articles/saii/features/society/2010/04/29/feature-02 |date=July 14, 2014 }}</ref>
On April 15, 2010 [[graffiti]] was sprayed on the statue's head and right arm. Mayor [[Eduardo Paes]] called the act "a crime against the nation" and vowed to jail the vandals, even offering a reward of [[Brazilian Real|R$]] 10,000 for any information that might lead to an arrest.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE63F49G20100416 |agency=Reuters | title=Vandals cover Rio's Christ statue with graffiti | date=April 16, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Globo vandalism">{{cite news|url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2010/04/estatua-do-cristo-amanhece-pichada.html|title=Estátua do Cristo Redentor é alvo de pichação|last=Tabak|first=Bernardo|publisher=[[Rede Globo|Globo]]}}</ref> The [[Military Police of Rio de Janeiro|Military Police]] eventually identified house painter Paulo Souza dos Santos as the suspect of the act of vandalism.

In reference to Brazil striker [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]]'s usual [[goal celebration]] of both arms outstretched, the [[Pirelli]] tyre company ran a 1998 commercial in which he replaced the statue while in an [[Inter Milan]] strip.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pirelli e le metamorfosi della pubblicità |url=https://www.corriere.it/cultura/17_giugno_21/pubblicita-con-la-maiuscola-fondazione-pirelli-corraini-5efebe1c-569c-11e7-a35b-7a875278503a.shtml |access-date=September 19, 2018 |work=Corriere Della Sera}}</ref> The commercial was controversial with the Catholic Church.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Squires|first=Nick|date=June 9, 2014|title=World Cup 2014: Brazil furious over Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro in Italian football colours|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/10886269/World-Cup-2014-Brazil-furious-over-Christ-the-Redeemer-statue-in-Rio-de-Janeiro-in-Italian-football-colours.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906154918/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/10886269/World-Cup-2014-Brazil-furious-over-Christ-the-Redeemer-statue-in-Rio-de-Janeiro-in-Italian-football-colours.html|archive-date=September 6, 2019|access-date=October 20, 2020|website=Telegraph}}</ref>


==Restoration==
==Restoration==
[[File:Christ_on_Corcovado_mountain.JPG|thumb|A panoramic view of the statue at the top of [[Corcovado]] Mountain with [[Sugarloaf Mountain (Brazil)|Sugarloaf Mountain]] (centre) and [[Guanabara Bay]] in the background]]
In 1990, further restoration work was conducted through an agreement between the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro|Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro]], media company Rede Globo, oil company Shell do Brasil, environment regulator IBAMA, National Heritage Secretariat SPHAN and the city government of [[Rio de Janeiro]].
[[File:Rio_Larson_3.jpg|thumb|upright|''Christ the Redeemer'' aerial view with [[Tijuca Forest]]]]
[[File:Morro do Corcovado.jpg|thumb|''Christ the Redeemer'' atop [[Corcovado]] with [[Sugarloaf Mountain]] in background]]
In 1990, several organizations, including the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro|Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro]], media company [[Grupo Globo]], oil company Shell do Brasil, environmental regulator
of [[Environment and Renewable Natural Resources|IBAMA]], [[National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage]], and the city government of Rio de Janeiro entered into an agreement to conduct restoration work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 iconic landmarks of the world (P.7) Christ the Redeemer: The cultural icon of Brazil |url=https://worldkings.org/news/world-top/top-100-iconic-landmarks-of-the-world-p-7-christ-the-redeemer-the-cultural-icon-of-brazil |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Worldkings - World Records Union |language=en}}</ref>


More work on the statue and its environs was conducted in 2003 and early 2010. In 2003, a set of escalators, walkways, and elevators were installed to facilitate access to the platform surrounding the statue. The four-month restoration in 2010,<ref name="BBC, 2010-07-01"/> carried out by mining company Vale in partnership with the Archdiocese,{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} focused on the statue itself. The statue's internal structure was renovated and its soapstone mosaic covering was restored by removing a crust of fungi and other microorganisms and repairing small cracks. The lightning rods located in the statue’s head and arms were also repaired, and new lighting fixtures were installed at the foot of the statue.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SIgOyJM8DY "Christ the Redeemer"], ''YouTube video'', accessed January 20, 2011.</ref>
More work on the statue and its environs was conducted in 2003 and early 2010. In 2003, a set of [[escalator]]s, [[Walkway|walkways]], and [[elevator]]s were installed to facilitate access to the platform surrounding the statue. The four-month restoration in 2010<ref name="BBC, 2010-07-01" /> focused on the statue itself. The statue's internal structure was renovated and its soapstone mosaic covering was restored by removing a crust of fungi and other microorganisms and repairing small cracks. The [[lightning rod]]s located in the statue's head and arms were also repaired, and new lighting fixtures were installed at the foot of the statue.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SIgOyJM8DY ''Christ the Redeemer''] se la come, ''YouTube video'', accessed January 20, 2011.</ref>


The restoration involved one hundred people and used in excess of 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue.<ref name="BBC, 2010-07-01">{{cite news |title=Brazil's Christ statue returns after renovation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/latin_america/10471781.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=July 1, 2010 |accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref> During the unveiling of the restored statue, it was illuminated with green and yellow lighting in support of the [[Brazil national football team]] playing in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]].<ref name="BBC, 2010-07-01"/>
The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same [[quarry]] as the original statue.<ref name="BBC, 2010-07-01">{{cite news |title=Brazil's Christ state returns after renovation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/latin_america/10471781.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=July 1, 2010 |access-date=July 1, 2010}}</ref> During the unveiling of the restored statue, it was illuminated with green-and-yellow lighting in support of the [[Brazil national football team]] playing in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]].<ref name="BBC, 2010-07-01" />


Maintenance work needs to be conducted periodically due to the strong winds and erosion to which the statue is exposed.<ref name="Veja Rio (27 January 2010)">{{cite news|url=http://vejabrasil.abril.com.br/rio-de-janeiro/editorial/m1682/reforma-no-cartao-postal|title=Reforma no cartão-postal|date=May 18, 2010|accessdate=May 18, 2010|publisher=[[Veja Rio]]}}</ref>
Maintenance work needs to be conducted periodically because of the [[Aeolian processes|strong winds]] and [[erosion]] to which the statue is exposed, as well as lightning strikes.<ref name="Veja Rio (27 January 2010)">{{cite news|url=http://vejabrasil.abril.com.br/rio-de-janeiro/editorial/m1682/reforma-no-cartao-postal|title=Reforma no cartão-postal|date=May 18, 2010|publisher=[[:pt:Veja Rio|Veja Rio]]|access-date=May 18, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127223233/http://vejabrasil.abril.com.br/rio-de-janeiro/editorial/m1682/reforma-no-cartao-postal|archive-date=January 27, 2010}}</ref> The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantity, and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue.<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_7141/index.html
| title = Arms wide open
| last1 = Bowater | first1 = Donna
| last2 = Mulvey | first2 = Stephen
| last3 = Misra | first3 = Tanvi
| date = March 10, 2014
| work = [[BBC Online]]
| access-date = December 2, 2014
}}</ref>
{{Height comparison of notable statues}}


== Similar structures ==
==In popular culture==
[[File:Christ on Corcovado mountain.JPG|thumb|right|A panoramic view of Christ the Redeemer at the top of Corcovado Mountain. In the background is [[Sugarloaf Mountain (Brazil)|Sugarloaf Mountain]] (centre) and [[Guanabara Bay]].]]


; Angola
* It is featured in the following video games
* ''[[Cristo Rei, Lubango|Cristo Rei]]'' in [[Lubango]] ({{convert|14|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
** ''[[Tom Clancy's H.A.W.X]]''

** ''[[Driver 2]]''
; Argentina/Chile
** ''[[Tropico 3]]''
** ''[[Terranigma]]''
* ''[[Christ the Redeemer of the Andes]]''

** ''[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2]]''
; Bolivia
** ''[[OSS 117: Lost in Rio]]''
* ''[[Cristo de la Concordia]]'' in [[Cochabamba]] ({{convert|34|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
** ''[[Civilization IV: Beyond the Sword]]''

** ''[[Civilization Revolution]]''
; Brazil
** ''[[Civilization V]]''
* ''[[Cristo Luz]]'' in [[Balneário Camboriú]], Santa Catarina
** ''[[Mass Effect 3]]''
* ''[[Christ the Protector]]'' in [[Encantado, Rio Grande do Sul]] ({{convert|43|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
** ''[[Angry Birds Rio]]''
* Statue in [[Jataí]], southern Goiás<ref>{{cite web |title= Statue in Jataí, southern Goiás, Brazil |website= pinterest.fr |url= https://www.pinterest.fr/pin/cristo-de-jata-go--742531057294791297/ |access-date= 2024-08-19 }}</ref>
** ''[[Gangstar Rio: City of Saints]]''.
* ''Christ in the Mount'' in [[Pitangui]], Minas Gerais<ref>[https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Fim_de_tarde_no_Cristo_-_panoramio.jpg Photo of the ''Christ'' statue in Pitangui</ref>
** It briefly appears in the bonus level of ''[[Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3]]'' on PlayStation.
* ''Christ the Redeemer'' in [[Rio Verde, Goiás]]<ref>{{cite web |title= ''Christ the Redeemer'', 5153 Av. Pres. Vargas, Rio Verde, Goiás |website= google.fr/maps |type= street camera |url= https://www.google.fr/maps/@-17.8006543,-50.9432457,3a,75y,244.04h,98.65t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1swE13OsqrvLCwF2NbGtxkog!2e0!7i16384!8i8192?coh=205409&entry=ttu }}</ref>
* The video for [[Janet Jackson]]'s [[Runaway (Janet Jackson song)|"Runaway"]]

* The video for the Latin group [[Wisin & Yandel]]'s "[[Pam Pam]]".
; Colombia
* An episode of the ''[[Lupin the Third]]'' anime series.
* ''[[Cristo Rey (Colombian statue)|Cristo Rey]]'' in [[Cali]] ({{convert|26|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
* In the remake of ''[[Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (film)|Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', the statue is seen overlooking the city among the cacophony of screams.

* The statue watches over fictional "Verona Beach" in [[Baz Luhrmann]]'s ''[[Romeo + Juliet]]''.
; Cuba
* The '' MTV'' show ''[[Viva La Bam]]''
* ''[[Christ of Havana]]'' in [[Havana]], inspired by Christ the Redeemer ({{convert|20|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
* The 2009 disaster film ''[[2012 (film)|2012]]'', in which it crumbles after an earthquake.

* ''[[Mr. Magoo (film)|Mr. Magoo]]''.
; Dominican Republic
* The 2011 animated film ''[[Rio (film)|Rio]]''
* ''Cristo Redentor'', [[Puerto Plata (city)|Puerto Plata]]<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cristo_Redentor_P._Plata,_DR.jpg Photo of ''Cristo Redentor'' in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic]</ref>
* The live-action film ''[[Fast Five]]''.

* The song "Jesus of Rio" by the band [[Violent Femmes]].
; East Timor
* The 2011 film ''[[The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1]]''.
* ''[[Cristo Rei of Dili]]'' in [[Dili]] ({{convert|27|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
* In the science fiction anime ''[[Legend of the Galactic Heroes]]'' the planet Heinessen has a giant monument to its founder in which he is posed in the same position as Jesus in the Redeemer statue.

* Karl Pilkington visits the statue on his travels whilst filming 'An Idiot Abroad'.
; Honduras
* Dynamo Magician Impossible performed a trick in front of it for his TV show.
* ''[[Christ at El Picacho]]'' in [[Tegucigalpa]]
* The video for [[Titanium (song)|Titanium]] from [[Netherlands|Dutch]] band [[Within Temptation]].

* The 2012 documentary ''[[Planet Ocean]]''.
; India
* The 1942 Bette Davis film, ''[[Now, Voyager]].'' Charlotte Vale remarks on it while on a cruise ship sailing into Rio harbor.
* Imitation statue of ''Christ the Redeemer'' at [[Nellore]], state of Andhra Pradesh<ref>{{cite web |title= Statue of ''Christ the Redeemer'' on the side of Grand Trunk Road near the V.R. Institute Of Post-Graduate Studies, Nellore, state of Andhra Pradesh, India |website= google.fr/maps |type= street camera |url= https://www.google.fr/maps/@14.4457137,79.9818769,3a,75y,172.77h,91.18t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sD4Ie9hkX6_0hcqvpCA91Cg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?coh=205409&entry=ttu }}</ref><!-- what is that and what is it doing here? : (Shrish Patil) -->
* Imitation at St. Joseph Shrine, Vizhinjam, near [[Trivandrum]], Kerala, India<ref>{{cite web |title= The statue of Christ at Vizhinjam near the resort of Kovalam in Kerala, India |website= mediastorehouse.co.uk |url= https://www.mediastorehouse.co.uk/david-williams/india/kerala/statue-christ-vizhinjam-near-resort-kovalam-20367100.html |access-date= 2024-08-19 }}</ref>
* Imitation at Ecopark, [[Kolkata]], India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/explore-seven-wonders-of-the-world-at-eco-park-near-kolkata/story-6w8xPt7gi0xChiWE5g7NmM.html|title=Explore 'Seven Wonders of the World' at Eco Park near Kolkata |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=August 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Video showing the statue illuminated |website= youtube.com |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tW6uwsAgj-c |access-date= 2024-08-19 }}</ref>

; Indonesia
* ''[[Christ Blessing]]'' in [[Manado]], North Sulawesi ({{convert|30|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
* ''[[Patung Yesus Kristus]]''<ref>{{cite web |author=Gatra |first=Sandro |date=August 24, 2014 |title=Presiden Resmikan Patung Yesus Kristus di Pulau Mansinam |website= regional.kompas.com |url=http://regional.kompas.com/read/2014/08/24/09061551/Presiden.Resmikan.Patung.Yesus.Kristus.di.Pulau.Mansinam |access-date=October 15, 2015 }}</ref> in [[Mansinam Island]], West Papua, Indonesia ({{convert|30|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})

; Italy
* ''[[Cristo Redentore]]'' (Christ the Redeemer) of [[Maratea]] ({{convert|21|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})

; Philippines
* ''Risen Christ'' statue on top of [[Tombol Hill]] in [[Rosario, Batangas]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Tourism » Rosario, Batangas |url=https://rosariobatangas.ph/tourism/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |language=en-US}} (dead link)</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Photo of the ''Risen Christ'' statue on top of Tombol Hill in Rosario, Batangas |website= commons.wikimedia.org |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Risen_Christ.jpg }}</ref>

; Lebanon
* ''Christ the King'', past [[Nahr al-Kalb]] on the coast<ref>{{cite web |title= Photo of the ''Christ the King'' statue in Lebanon |website= commons.wikimedia.org |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lebanon_-_Christ_the_King_Statue.jpg }}</ref>

; Malaysia
* ''Christ the Redeemer of Malacca'', on the Portuguese Settlement Square in [[Melaka]] ({{convert|20|ft|disp=comma|abbr=on}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Tan |first1= Keith |last2= Fu |first2= Yen Huei |last3= Lee |first3= Sze-Ee |date= January 2020 |title= A new statue to proclaim an old culture: reactions to and intentions of the statue of ‘Christ the redeemer’, Melaka |journal= Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change |volume= 19 |issue= 1 |pages= 1-20 |doi= 10.1080/14766825.2020.1718159 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338841907_A_new_statue_to_proclaim_an_old_culture_reactions_to_and_intentions_of_the_statue_of_%27Christ_the_redeemer%27_Melaka |access-date= 2024-08-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Christ statue demolition put on hold |website= heraldmalaysia.com |date= Nov 10, 2017 |url= https://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/christ-statue-demolition-put-on-hold/39303/5 |access-date= 2024-08-19 }}</ref>

; Malta
* ''Tas-Salvatur'' in [[Gozo]] ({{convert|12|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})<ref>{{cite web |title= The history of our Christ on Tas Salvatur Hill |website= visitgozo.com |url= https://visitgozo.com/the-history-of-our-christ-on-tas-salvatur-hill/ |access-date= 2024-08-19 }}</ref>

; Mexico
* ''[[Cristo Rey (Mexican statue)|Cristo Rey]]'' on the [[Cerro del Cubilete]] in [[Guanajuato (city)|Guanajuato]], inspired by Rio's ''Christ the Redeemer'' ({{convert|23|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
* ''Cristo del Sagrado Corazón'', Villas San Pedro, Carretera Libre Tijuana Ensenada Km 37.5, [[Playas de Rosarito Municipality|Playa de Rosarito]], Baja California (75 foot, 40 ton, steel and fiberglass, colored)<ref>{{cite web |last1= Chinn |first1= Derrik |date= January 22, 2016 |title= Inside the Icon: Christ of the Sacred Heart |website= sandiegomagazine.com |url= https://sandiegomagazine.com/things-to-do/travel/inside-the-icon-christ-of-the-sacred-heart/ |access-date= 2024-08-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= ''Christ of the Sacred Heart'', Carretera Libre Tijuana Ensenada Km 37.5, Fraccionamiento Villa San Pedro, 22710 Playa de Rosarito, B.C., Mexique |website= google.fr/maps |type= street camera |url= https://www.google.fr/maps/@32.2647576,-116.9949852,3a,75y,339.48h,127.45t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sfJYN1uTQ9V321o0EisI8Dg!2e0!6shttps:%2F%2Fstreetviewpixels-pa.googleapis.com%2Fv1%2Fthumbnail%3Fpanoid%3DfJYN1uTQ9V321o0EisI8Dg%26cb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile.gps%26w%3D203%26h%3D100%26yaw%3D222.96579%26pitch%3D0%26thumbfov%3D100!7i16384!8i8192?coh=205409&entry=ttu }}</ref>
* ''Cristo Rey'' in [[Tenancingo, State of Mexico|Tenancingo, México]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Photo of Christ statue in Tenancingo, México |website= in.pinterest.com |url= https://in.pinterest.com/pin/tenancingo-estado-de-mxico--48273027248955733/ |access-date= 2024-08-19 }}</ref> ({{convert|30|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
* ''Cristo Rey'', at Iglesia de San Martín de Porres near Colonia Los Álamos, [[Tijuana]], Baja California<ref>{{cite web |title= Iluminan el "Cristo Rey de Los Álamos" |website= afntijuana.info |date= December 11, 2021 |url= https://afntijuana.info/view_post.php?catid=informacion_general&postid=123868_iluminan_el_cristo_rey_de_los_alamos |access-date= 2024-08-19 }}</ref> ({{convert|23|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}} 30&nbsp;cm)
* ''[[Cristo de las Noas]]'' in [[Torreón]] ({{convert|22|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})

; Nigeria
* ''[[Jesus de Greatest]]'' in [[Imo (state)|Imo]], Africa's tallest statue of Jesus and fifth tallest statue on the continent ({{convert|8.53|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})

; Peru
* ''Cristo Blanco'' in [[Cusco]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Cristo Blanco |website= theonlyperuguide.com |url= https://www.theonlyperuguide.com/peru-guide/cusco/highlights/cristo-blanco-2/ |access-date= 2024-08-19 }}</ref>
* ''[[Cristo del Pacífico]]'' in [[Lima]], erected in 2011 ({{convert|37|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
* ''[[:es:Archivo:Cristo redentor barranca.jpg|Cristo Redentor]]'' in [[Barranca Province]], Lima Region, Peru
* Statue in [[Yungay, Peru|Yungay]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Photo : Cristo The Yungay (Yungay Christ) Statue Atop The Cemetery, Yungay, Ancash, Peru |website= superstock.com |url= https://www.superstock.com/asset/cristo-yungay-yungay-christ-statue-atop-cemetery-yungay-ancash-peru/1889-12430244 |access-date= 2024-08-19 }}</ref>

; Poland
* ''[[Christ the King (Świebodzin)|Christ the King]]'' in [[Świebodzin]] ({{convert|33|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})

; Portugal
* ''[[Christ the King (Almada)|Cristo Rei]]'' (Christ the King) in [[Almada]] ({{convert|28|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
* ''[[Cristo Rei, Madeira]]'' on [[Madeira]] island, completed in 1927 ({{convert|15|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})

; Romania
* ''{{ill|Statuia Inima lui Iisus|ro}}'' in [[Harghita]]. Built in 2011, it is 22 metres high and cost 200,000 euros, from donations.

; Slovakia
* ''Statue of Jesus Christ'', [[Klin, Námestovo District|Klin]] ({{convert|9.5|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slovakia.travel/en/places-to-go/slovakias-hidden-nooks/jesus-christ-statue-in-klin|title=Jesus Christ Statue in Klin |work=Slovakia.Travel |date=December 27, 2023}}</ref>

; Spain
* Statue of Jesus Christ on the top of ''[[Temple Expiatori del Sagrat Cor]]'', [[Barcelona]], Spain
* Statue of Jesus Christ, Monte Urgull, Donostia-[[San Sebastian]]<ref>{{cite web |title= ''Statue of Jesus Christ'', Monte Urgull |website= sansebastianturismoa.eus |url= https://www.sansebastianturismoa.eus/en/to-do/what-not-to-miss/mount-urgull |access-date= 2024-08-19 }}</ref> ({{convert|12|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
* ''[[Sagrat Cor de Jesus]]'' (''Sacred Heart of Jesus''), [[Ibiza]], inspired by Christ the Redeemer ({{convert|23|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
* ''Sacred Heart of Jesus Monument'', in [[Oviedo]], built in 1980<ref>{{cite web |title= Mount Naranco, Oviedo, Spain |website= ourworldforyou.com |url= https://ourworldforyou.com/mount-naranco-oviedo-spain/ |access-date= 2024-08-19 }}</ref> ({{convert|30|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
* ''[[Cristo del Otero]]'' in [[Palencia]], built in 1930 ({{convert|21|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})

; United States of America
* ''[[Christ of the Ozarks]]'' in [[Arkansas]], inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer ({{convert|20|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})
* ''Cristo Rey'' by [[Urbici Soler i Manonelles|Urbici Soler]] in [[Sunland Park, New Mexico]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Mount Cristo Rey |website= mtcristorey.com |url= http://mtcristorey.com/ |access-date= 2024-08-19 }}</ref> ({{convert|8.83|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})

; Vietnam
* ''[[Christ of Vũng Tàu]]'' in ({{convert|32|m|disp=comma|abbr=on}})

; Others
* ''[[Christ of the Abyss]]'' in various underwater locations

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Cristo Redentor Rio de Janeiro Dezembro de 2020.jpg|Access escalators
File:O Cristo Redentor.JPG|''Christ the Redeemer'' after restoration
File:Unique Moment with the Moon and Christ the Redeemer 3.jpg|''Christ the Redeemer'' with the Moon in the background
File:P1170797-B.jpg|''Christ the Redeemer'' at night
File:Morro do Pão de Açúcar RJ 04.jpg|[[Corcovado]] and ''Christ the Redeemer'' as seen from [[Sugarloaf Mountain]]
File:Corcovado sunset silhouette.jpg|[[Corcovado]] and ''Christ the Redeemer'' as seen from [[Sugarloaf Mountain]] during sunset
File:Cristo Redentor me too (7355688898).jpg|Visitors taking photos
File:Stamp of Brazil - 1981 - Colnect 215153 - 50th years of Christ Statue in Rio de Janeiro.jpeg|Depicted on a stamp
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of statues of Jesus]]
* [[Monumento al Divino Salvador del Mundo]], Monument to the Savior of the World [[San Salvador]] City, El Salvador
* [[List of tallest statues]]
* [[Cristo Redentore]], Christ the Redeemer of [[Maratea]], Italy
* [[Christ of Vung Tau]] in Vietnam (32 m)
* [[Christ Blessing]] in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30 m)
* [[Cristo-Rei]] in [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] (28 m)
* [[Cristo Rei of Dili]]: a 27 metre high statue in Dili, Timor-Leste
* [[Cerro del Cubilete]] in [[Guanajuato, Guanajuato|Guanajuato]], Mexico: a 23 metre high statue inspired by Christ the Redeemer
* [[Christ of the Ozarks]] in [[Arkansas]], United States: a 20 metre high statue inspired by Christ the Redeemer
* [[Christ of Havana]] in [[Havana]], Cuba: a 20 metre high statue inspired by Christ the Redeemer
* [[Christ the Redeemer of the Andes]] ([[Argentina]]/[[Chile]])
* [[Cristo de la Concordia]] in [[Cochabamba]], Bolivia
* [[Cristo de las Noas]] in [[Torreón]], Mexico
* [[Christ of the Abyss]] in various underwater locations
* [[Christ the King (statue)|Christ the King]] ({{lang-pl|Pomnik Chrystusa Króla}}), {{convert|33|m|ft}} tall and weighing 440 tonnes, in [[Świebodzin]], Poland
* [[Cristo del Pacífico]], [[Lima]], Peru, a 7 metre high statue erected in 2011.
* [[List of statues by height]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal|title = Review: Giumbelli, Emerson (2014), Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia. São Paulo: Terceiro Nome|journal = Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology|issn = 1809-4341|pages = 470–472|volume = 11|number = 2|doi = 10.1590/S1809-43412014000200016|first = Ruy Llera|last = Blanes|year = 2014|language = pt|df = mdy-all|doi-access = free}}
* {{Cite journal|title = A modernidade do Cristo Redentor|journal = Dados|issn = 0011-5258|pages = 75–105|volume = 51|number = 1|doi = 10.1590/S0011-52582008000100003|first = Emerson|last = Giumbelli|year = 2008|language=pt|doi-access = free}}
* {{Cite journal|title = A Política de um Monumento: as Muitas Imagens do Cristo Redentor|url = http://www.seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/debatesdoner/article/view/17638|journal = Debates do NER|year = 2010|issn = 1982-8136|pages = 173–192|volume = 2|number = 18|author=Giumbelli, Emerson|author2=Bosisio, Izabella|name-list-style=amp|language=pt|doi = 10.22456/1982-8136.17638|doi-access = free|hdl = 10183/187720|hdl-access = free}}
* {{Cite journal|title = O Cristo Pichado|url = http://pontourbe.revues.org/586|journal = Ponto Urbe. Revista do Núcleo de Antropologia Urbana da USP|date = 2013|issn = 1981-3341|number = 12|doi = 10.4000/pontourbe.586|first = Emerson|last = Giumbelli|language=pt|doi-access = free}}
* {{Cite thesis|title = Laicidade à brasileira: um estudo sobre a controvérsia em torno da presença de símbolos religiosos em espaços públicos|last = Ranquetat-Júnior|first = Cesar Alberto|type = Doutorado em Antropologia Social|publisher = [[UFRGS]]|date = 2012|pages = 310 pp|language=pt|no-pp=y|hdl = 10183/54437}}
* {{Cite journal|title = Giumbelli, Emerson. Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia. São Paulo: Terceiro Nome, 2014.|journal = Debates do NER|year = 2015|issn = 1982-8136|pages = 429–437|volume = 1|number = 27|first = Cesar Alberto|last = Ranquetat-Júnior|language=pt|doi = 10.22456/1982-8136.56490|doi-access = free}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Cristo Redentor do Rio de Janeiro}}
{{Commons category|Cristo Redentor (Rio de Janeiro)}}
* {{official website|https://en.santuariocristoredentor.com.br/}}
* [http://www.corcovado.com.br Official web site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19991011024626/http://www.corcovado.com.br/ Corcovado Train]
* [http://www.terrabrasil.org.br/trilhas_mapas/tri_lage_corco.htm Map] {{pt icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060113025452/http://www.terrabrasil.org.br/trilhas_mapas/tri_lage_corco.htm Map] {{in lang|pt}}
* [http://www.obras.rj.gov.br/boletins/Boletim_Dezembro_2009.pdf Government bulletin about the statue's restoration] {{pt icon}}
* {{cite web|last=Poliakoff|first=Martyn|title=Soapstone @ Cristo Redentor|url=http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/feature_brazil_redeemer.htm|work=[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]|publisher=[[University of Nottingham]]|author-link=Martyn Poliakoff}}
* [http://vizerra.com/portfolio/statue-of-christ/ Free interactive 3D model of Statue of Christ the Redeemer]
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/06/02/christ-redeemer-selfie-brazil-rio-de-janerio-_n_5430753.html Map] {{in lang|pt}}
* {{cite web|last=Poliakoff|first=Martyn|title=Soapstone @ Cristo Redentor|url=http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/feature_brazil_redeemer.htm|work=[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]|publisher=[[University of Nottingham]]|authorlink=Martyn Poliakoff}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160802205612/https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/partner/congrega%C3%A7%C3%A3o-do-sant%C3%ADssimo-redentor Sanctuary of Christ the Redeemer at Google Cultural Institute]<!-- {{No more links}}
{{New Seven Wonders of the World}}
<!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================-->
<!--| DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF |-->
<!--| LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, |-->
<!--| but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link |-->
<!--| to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)|-->
<!--| and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |-->
<!--| |-->
<!--| Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. |-->
<!--| See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details |-->
<!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================-->
<!---Templates--->
{{-}}


Please be cautious adding more external links.
<!---Interwikis--->

Wikipedia is not a collection of links and should not be used for advertising.

Excessive or inappropriate links will be removed.

See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details.

If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on
the article's talk page, or submit your link to the relevant category at
DMOZ (dmoz.org) and link there using {{Dmoz}}.

-->
{{Rio de Janeiro}}
{{Roman Catholicism in Brazil}}
{{New7Wonders of the World}}
{{Sculptures}}
{{Portal bar|Brazil|Catholicism|Christianity|Architecture}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Christ The Redeemer (Statue)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Christ The Redeemer (Statue)}}
[[Category:Mountain monuments and memorials]]
[[Category:Christ the Redeemer (statue)| ]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Brazil]]
[[Category:1931 sculptures]]
[[Category:Art Deco sculptures and memorials]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1931]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1931]]
[[Category:Colossal statues of Jesus]]
[[Category:Colossal statues of Jesus]]
[[Category:Concrete sculptures]]
[[Category:Concrete sculptures in Brazil]]
[[Category:Art Deco sculptures and memorials]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Rio de Janeiro (city)]]
[[Category:1931 sculptures]]
[[Category:National heritage sites of Rio de Janeiro (state)]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Rio de Janeiro (city)]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Brazil]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Rio de Janeiro (city)]]
[[Category:Stone sculptures in Brazil]]
[[Category:Vandalized works of art in Brazil]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials completed in the 1930s]]
[[Category:World record holders]]

Latest revision as of 15:09, 10 December 2024

This article is about the statue in Rio de Janeiro. For other statues, see Christ the Redeemer (disambiguation) § Sculpture.

Christ the Redeemer
Cristo Redentor
The statue in 2022
Map
22°57′7″S 43°12′38″W / 22.95194°S 43.21056°W / -22.95194; -43.21056
LocationCorcovado mountain,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
DesignerDesigned by sculptors Paul Landowski and Heitor da Silva Costa and built by engineer Heitor da Silva Costa in collaboration with Albert Caquot. Sculptor Gheorghe Leonida created the face
MaterialReinforced concrete with soapstone veneer
Width28 metres (92 ft)
Height30 metres (98 ft), 38 metres (125 ft) with its pedestal
Completion dateDedicated October 13, 1931; 93 years ago (October 13, 1931)
Consecrated October 12, 2006
New Seven Wonders of the World July 7, 2007
Designated2001
Reference no.1478

Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈkɾistu ʁedẽˈtoʁ]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French-Polish sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot. Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida sculpted the face. Constructed between 1922 and 1931, the statue is 30 metres (98 ft) high, excluding its 8-metre (26 ft) pedestal. The arms stretch 28 metres (92 ft) wide.[1][2] It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone.[3][4][5] Christ the Redeemer differs considerably from its original design, as the initial plan was a large Christ with a globe in one hand and a cross in the other. Although the project organizers originally accepted the design, it later changed to the statue of today, with the arms spread out wide.

The statue weighs 635 metric tons (625 long, 700 short tons), and is located at the peak of the 700-metre (2,300 ft) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca National Park overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro. This statue is the largest Art Deco–style sculpture in the world.[6] A symbol of Christianity around the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil and was voted one of the New 7 Wonders of the World.[7]

History

[edit]
A view of the Corcovado before the construction, 19th century

Vincentian priest Pedro Maria Boss first suggested placing a Christian monument on Mount Corcovado in the mid-1850s to honor Princess Isabel, regent of Brazil and the daughter of Emperor Pedro II, but the project was not approved.[1] In 1889, the country became a republic, and owing to the separation of church and state, the proposed statue was dismissed.[8]

The Catholic Circle of Rio made a second proposal for a landmark statue on the mountain in 1920.[9] The group organized an event called Semana do Monumento ("Monument Week") to attract donations and collect signatures to support the building of the statue. The organization was motivated by what they perceived as "Godlessness" in the society. The donations came mostly from Brazilian Catholics.[3] The designs considered for the "Statue of the Christ" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world.[10] Eventually, the statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen.

Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa and artist Carlos Oswald designed the statue.[11] French sculptor Paul Landowski created the work.[12]

In 1922, Landowski commissioned fellow Parisian Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida, who studied sculpture at the Fine Arts Conservatory in Bucharest and in Italy.[13]

Christ the Redeemer in 1931

A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski's submissions, and they felt building the structure out of reinforced concrete (designed by Albert Caquot) instead of steel was more suitable for the cross-shaped statue. The concrete making up the base was supplied from Limhamn, Sweden.[14][15] The outer layers are soapstone, chosen for its enduring qualities and ease of use.[4] Construction took nine years, from 1922 to 1931, and cost the equivalent of US$250,000 (equivalent to $4,300,000 in 2023) and the monument opened on October 12, 1931.[4][5] During the opening ceremony, the statue was to be lit by a battery of floodlights turned on remotely by Italian shortwave radio inventor Guglielmo Marconi, stationed 9,200 kilometres (5,700 mi) away in Rome but because of bad weather, the lights were activated on site.[9]

In October 2006, on the 75th anniversary of the statue's completion, Cardinal Eusebio Oscar Scheid, Archbishop of Rio, consecrated a chapel, named after Brazil's patron saint—Our Lady of the Apparition—under the statue, allowing Catholics to hold baptisms and weddings there.[5]

Lightning struck the statue during a violent thunderstorm on February 10, 2008, causing some damage to the fingers, head and eyebrows. The Rio de Janeiro state government initiated a restoration effort to replace some of the outer soapstone layers and repair the lightning rods on the statue. Lightning damaged it again on January 17, 2014, dislodging a finger on the right hand.[16][17][18][19]

The statue lit in the colors of the Flag of Brazil

In 2010, a massive restoration of the statue began. Work included cleaning, replacing the mortar and soapstone on the exterior, restoring iron in the internal structure, and waterproofing the monument. Vandals attacked the statue during renovation, spraying paint along the arm. Mayor Eduardo Paes called the act "a crime against the nation". The culprits later apologized and presented themselves to the police.[20][21][22]

In reference to Brazil striker Ronaldo's usual goal celebration of both arms outstretched, the Pirelli tyre company ran a 1998 commercial in which he replaced the statue while in an Inter Milan strip.[23] The commercial was controversial with the Catholic Church.[24]

Restoration

[edit]
A panoramic view of the statue at the top of Corcovado Mountain with Sugarloaf Mountain (centre) and Guanabara Bay in the background
Christ the Redeemer aerial view with Tijuca Forest
Christ the Redeemer atop Corcovado with Sugarloaf Mountain in background

In 1990, several organizations, including the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro, media company Grupo Globo, oil company Shell do Brasil, environmental regulator of IBAMA, National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage, and the city government of Rio de Janeiro entered into an agreement to conduct restoration work.[25]

More work on the statue and its environs was conducted in 2003 and early 2010. In 2003, a set of escalators, walkways, and elevators were installed to facilitate access to the platform surrounding the statue. The four-month restoration in 2010[26] focused on the statue itself. The statue's internal structure was renovated and its soapstone mosaic covering was restored by removing a crust of fungi and other microorganisms and repairing small cracks. The lightning rods located in the statue's head and arms were also repaired, and new lighting fixtures were installed at the foot of the statue.[27]

The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue.[26] During the unveiling of the restored statue, it was illuminated with green-and-yellow lighting in support of the Brazil national football team playing in the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[26]

Maintenance work needs to be conducted periodically because of the strong winds and erosion to which the statue is exposed, as well as lightning strikes.[28] The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantity, and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue.[29]

Approximate heights of various notable statues:
  1. Statue of Unity 240 m (790 ft) (incl. 58 m (190 ft) base)
  2. Spring Temple Buddha 153 m (502 ft) (incl. 25 m (82 ft) pedestal and 20 m (66 ft) throne)
  3. Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) 93 m (305 ft) (incl. 47 m (154 ft) pedestal)
  4. The Motherland Calls 87 m (285 ft) (incl. 2 m (6 ft 7 in) pedestal)
  5. Christ the Redeemer 38 m (125 ft) (incl. 8 m (26 ft) pedestal)
  6. Michelangelo's David 5.17 m (17.0 ft) (excl. 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) plinth)

Similar structures

[edit]
Angola
Argentina/Chile
Bolivia
Brazil
Colombia
Cuba
Dominican Republic
East Timor
Honduras
India
  • Imitation statue of Christ the Redeemer at Nellore, state of Andhra Pradesh[34]
  • Imitation at St. Joseph Shrine, Vizhinjam, near Trivandrum, Kerala, India[35]
  • Imitation at Ecopark, Kolkata, India[36][37]
Indonesia
Italy
Philippines
Lebanon
Malaysia
  • Christ the Redeemer of Malacca, on the Portuguese Settlement Square in Melaka (20 ft, 6.1 m)[42][43]
Malta
  • Tas-Salvatur in Gozo (12 m, 39 ft)[44]
Mexico
Nigeria
  • Jesus de Greatest in Imo, Africa's tallest statue of Jesus and fifth tallest statue on the continent (8.53 m, 28.0 ft)
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
  • Statue of Jesus Christ, Klin (9.5 m, 31 ft)[51]
Spain
United States of America
Vietnam
Others
[edit]
  • Access escalators
    Access escalators
  • Christ the Redeemer after restoration
    Christ the Redeemer after restoration
  • Christ the Redeemer with the Moon in the background
    Christ the Redeemer with the Moon in the background
  • Christ the Redeemer at night
    Christ the Redeemer at night
  • Corcovado and Christ the Redeemer as seen from Sugarloaf Mountain
    Corcovado and Christ the Redeemer as seen from Sugarloaf Mountain
  • Corcovado and Christ the Redeemer as seen from Sugarloaf Mountain during sunset
    Corcovado and Christ the Redeemer as seen from Sugarloaf Mountain during sunset
  • Visitors taking photos
    Visitors taking photos
  • Depicted on a stamp
    Depicted on a stamp

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Murray, Lorraine. "Christ the Redeemer (last updated 13 January 2014)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  2. ^ Giumbelli, Emerson (2014). Símbolos Religiosos em Controvérsia (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Terceiro Nome. 244. ISBN 978-85-7816-137-8.
  3. ^ a b "Christ the Redeemer". Time. October 26, 1931. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
  4. ^ a b c "Brazil: Crocovado mountain – Statue of Christ". Travel Channel. Archived from the original on May 16, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
  5. ^ a b c "Sanctuary Status for Rio landmark". BBC News. October 13, 2006. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
  6. ^ Asare, Daniel (September 14, 2023). "Christ the Redeemer". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
  7. ^ "The New Seven Wonders of the World". Hindustan Times. July 8, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
  8. ^ "Cristo Corcovado by Sergi Lla on Prezi". Prezi.com. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  9. ^ a b "Cristo Redentor – Histórico da Construção" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on March 13, 2009.
  10. ^ Victor, Duilo. "Redentor, carioca até a alma" (in Portuguese). Jornal do Brasil. Retrieved July 17, 2008.[permanent dead link‍]
  11. ^ "Arms Wide Open". bbc. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  12. ^ "(Français) Paul Landowski - L'officiel sculpteur du Christ rédempteur". Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  13. ^ "Cristo Redentor: santuário carioca que virou símbolo da cidade no mundo" (in Portuguese). Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. October 20, 2014.
  14. ^ "Skanska: Vi är oskyldiga till underverket". July 9, 2007.
  15. ^ "Öppna Kristusarmar som har haft skiftande betydelse - Kultur - Kristi…". Archived from the original on June 24, 2014.
  16. ^ "Cristo Redentor vai passar por restauração até junho ("Christ the Redeemer under restoration 'til June")". Estadão.
  17. ^ Moratelli, Valmir. "Cristo Redentor, castigado por raios, passa por ampla reforma (Christ the Redeemer, punished by lightnings, go by ample refit)". Último Segundo. Archived from the original on April 4, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
  18. ^ "Cristo Redentor renovado para 2010" (PDF). Rio de Janeiro Government. December 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  19. ^ "Lightning breaks finger off Rio's Christ". The Age. January 2014.
  20. ^ "Vandals cover Rio's Christ statue with graffiti". Reuters. April 16, 2010.
  21. ^ Tabak, Bernardo. "Estátua do Cristo Redentor é alvo de pichação". Globo.
  22. ^ Infosur hoy: Christ the Redeemer to get new outfit Archived July 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "Pirelli e le metamorfosi della pubblicità". Corriere Della Sera. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  24. ^ Squires, Nick (June 9, 2014). "World Cup 2014: Brazil furious over Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro in Italian football colours". Telegraph. Archived from the original on September 6, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  25. ^ "Top 100 iconic landmarks of the world (P.7) Christ the Redeemer: The cultural icon of Brazil". Worldkings - World Records Union. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
  26. ^ a b c "Brazil's Christ state returns after renovation". BBC News. July 1, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
  27. ^ Christ the Redeemer se la come, YouTube video, accessed January 20, 2011.
  28. ^ "Reforma no cartão-postal". Veja Rio. May 18, 2010. Archived from the original on January 27, 2010. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
  29. ^ Bowater, Donna; Mulvey, Stephen; Misra, Tanvi (March 10, 2014). "Arms wide open". BBC Online. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  30. ^ "Statue in Jataí, southern Goiás, Brazil". pinterest.fr. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  31. ^ [https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Fim_de_tarde_no_Cristo_-_panoramio.jpg Photo of the Christ statue in Pitangui
  32. ^ "Christ the Redeemer, 5153 Av. Pres. Vargas, Rio Verde, Goiás". google.fr/maps (street camera).
  33. ^ Photo of Cristo Redentor in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic
  34. ^ "Statue of Christ the Redeemer on the side of Grand Trunk Road near the V.R. Institute Of Post-Graduate Studies, Nellore, state of Andhra Pradesh, India". google.fr/maps (street camera).
  35. ^ "The statue of Christ at Vizhinjam near the resort of Kovalam in Kerala, India". mediastorehouse.co.uk. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  36. ^ "Explore 'Seven Wonders of the World' at Eco Park near Kolkata". Hindustan Times. August 22, 2016.
  37. ^ "Video showing the statue illuminated". youtube.com. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  38. ^ Gatra, Sandro (August 24, 2014). "Presiden Resmikan Patung Yesus Kristus di Pulau Mansinam". regional.kompas.com. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  39. ^ "Tourism » Rosario, Batangas". July 18, 2022. Retrieved March 7, 2024. (dead link)
  40. ^ "Photo of the Risen Christ statue on top of Tombol Hill in Rosario, Batangas". commons.wikimedia.org.
  41. ^ "Photo of the Christ the King statue in Lebanon". commons.wikimedia.org.
  42. ^ Tan, Keith; Fu, Yen Huei; Lee, Sze-Ee (January 2020). "A new statue to proclaim an old culture: reactions to and intentions of the statue of 'Christ the redeemer', Melaka". Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change. 19 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/14766825.2020.1718159. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  43. ^ "Christ statue demolition put on hold". heraldmalaysia.com. November 10, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  44. ^ "The history of our Christ on Tas Salvatur Hill". visitgozo.com. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  45. ^ Chinn, Derrik (January 22, 2016). "Inside the Icon: Christ of the Sacred Heart". sandiegomagazine.com. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  46. ^ "Christ of the Sacred Heart, Carretera Libre Tijuana Ensenada Km 37.5, Fraccionamiento Villa San Pedro, 22710 Playa de Rosarito, B.C., Mexique". google.fr/maps (street camera).
  47. ^ "Photo of Christ statue in Tenancingo, México". in.pinterest.com. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  48. ^ "Iluminan el "Cristo Rey de Los Álamos"". afntijuana.info. December 11, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  49. ^ "Cristo Blanco". theonlyperuguide.com. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  50. ^ "Photo : Cristo The Yungay (Yungay Christ) Statue Atop The Cemetery, Yungay, Ancash, Peru". superstock.com. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  51. ^ "Jesus Christ Statue in Klin". Slovakia.Travel. December 27, 2023.
  52. ^ "Statue of Jesus Christ, Monte Urgull". sansebastianturismoa.eus. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  53. ^ "Mount Naranco, Oviedo, Spain". ourworldforyou.com. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  54. ^ "Mount Cristo Rey". mtcristorey.com. Retrieved August 19, 2024.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cristo Redentor (Rio de Janeiro).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)&oldid=1262273167"