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{{Hinduism}}


'''Hindu units of time''' are described in [[Hindu texts]] ranging from microseconds to trillions of years, including cycles of cosmic time that repeat general events in [[Hindu cosmology]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Gupta |author-first=S. V. |year=2010 |chapter=Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements |editor-last1=Hull |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last2=Osgood |editor-first2=Richard M. Jr. |editor-link2=Richard M. Osgood Jr. |editor-last3=Parisi |editor-first3=Jurgen |editor-last4=Warlimont |editor-first4=Hans |title=Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&pg=PA7 |series=Springer Series in Materials Science: 122 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |page=3 |isbn=9783642007378}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science—from the Babylonians to the Maya |author=Dick Teresi |page=174 |publisher=Simon & Schuster}}</ref> Time ([[Kaal|{{IAST|kāla}}]]) is described as eternal.{{sfn|Gupta|2010|p=8}} Various fragments of time are described in the [[Vedas]], ''[[Manusmriti]]'', ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'' etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Time – Vyasa Mahabharata|url=https://www.vyasaonline.com/encyclopedia/time/|access-date=2021-12-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Ravi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1WrAgAAQBAJ&dq=time+in+bhagavata+purana&pg=PA277|title=The Bhagavata Purana: Sacred Text and Living Tradition|last2=Valpey|first2=Kenneth|date=2013-03-26|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14999-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-01|title=Concept and Measurement of Time in the Vedas|url=https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/concept-measurement-time-vedas/|access-date=2021-12-31|website=Sanskriti|language=en-US}}</ref>
Hindu religious scriptures such as the [[Vedic|Vedas]] and [[Puranic|{{IAST|Purāṇas}}]] describe a massive range of units of [[time|Kāla]] measurements, spanning right from Paramāṇu (time length of about 17 [[microsecond]]s) to the Mahā-Manvantara (311.04 trillion [[years]]). According to these texts, the creation and destruction of the universe is a cyclic process, which repeats itself forever. Each cycle starts with the birth and expansion (lifetime) of the universe equaling 311.04 trillion years, followed by its complete annihilation (which also prevails for the same duration) which is done by Lord Shiv(Bholenath) .


==Sidereal metrics==
==Introduction==
{{see also | Sidereal and tropical astrology | Sidereal time }}
[[Image:HinduMeasurements.svg|thumb|200px|Hindu measurements in [[logarithm]]ic scale based on seconds]]


Sidereal astrology maintains the alignment between signs and [[constellation]]s via corrective systems of [[Hindu]] ([[Vedas|Vedic]])-origin known as [[ayanamsa]]s (Sanskrit: ''<nowiki/>'ayana'<nowiki/>'' "movement" + ''<nowiki/>'aṃśa''' "component"), to allow for the observed [[precession of equinoxes]], whereas tropical astrology ignores precession.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Vallée|first=Guylaine|date=2020-03-01|title=What's Your Vedic Astrological Sign?|url=https://www.birla.ca/en/whats-your-vedic-astrological-sign/|access-date=2020-07-29|website=Birla Vedic Center|language=en-US}}</ref> This has caused the two systems, which were aligned around 2,000 years ago, to drift apart over the centuries.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Subramanian|first=Vijaya|title=Sidereal and Tropical Zodiac – Vijaya Jyoti|url=https://vijayajyoti.com/sidereal-and-tropical-zodiac/|access-date=2020-07-29|language=en}}</ref>
Ancient Hindu units of measurement are still prevalent in the [[Hindus]] and [[Jains]] communities lifestyle. They are indigenously used as a base for doing certain type of astrological calculations, performing religious rituals, following certain practices etc.


Ayanamsa systems used in Hindu astrology (also known as [[Vedas|Vedic astrology]]) include the Lahiriayanamsa and the Raman ayanamsa.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|title=Ayanamshas in Sidereal Astrology|url=https://www.astro.com/astrology/in_ayanamsha_e.htm|access-date=2020-07-29|website=www.astro.com|language=en}}</ref> The Fagan-Bradley ayanamsa is an example of an ayanamsa system used in Western sidereal astrology.<ref name=":32" /> As of 2020, zodiacal signs calculated using the Sri Yukteswar ayanamsa were around 23 degrees behind tropical zodiacal signs.<ref name=":22" /> Per these calculations, persons born between March 12 - April 12, for instance, would have the sun sign of Pisces.<ref name=":22" /> By contrast, persons born between March 21 - April 19 would have the sun sign of Aries per tropical calculations.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Zodiac Sign Dates: What Are The Dates for Every Star Sign?|url=https://astrostyle.com/zodiac-sign-dates/|access-date=2020-07-29|website=Astrostyle: Astrology and Daily, Weekly, Monthly Horoscopes by The AstroTwins|date=28 September 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Time==


Sidereal Units:{{sfn|Gupta|2010|p=3}}{{Failed verification|date=April 2022|reason=Many of the measurements in the following table aren't found on page 3 of the book "Units of Measurements", which has a much smaller list. Also not found in the surrounding pages.}}
[[Image:HinduMeasurements.svg|thumb|right|200px|Hindu measurements in [[logarithm]]ic scale (approx.).]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
The Complete Hindu metrics of time (''[[Kaala(time)|{{IAST|Kāla}}]] Vyavahāra'') can be summarized as below.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Sidereal metrics
!colspan=2| Name !! Definition !! Equivalence !! Remarks
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Unit
! Prāna || प्राण
! scope="col" | Definition
|rowspan=2| ||rowspan=2| ca. 4 s
! scope="col" | Value in [[International System of Units|SI units]]
|rowspan=2| normal [[interval (time)|interval]] of respiration in humans<ref name="Burgess, Chapter 1, Verse 11">Burgess, Chapter 1, Verse 11</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''truti'' ({{lang|sa|त्रुटि}})
! Vipala || विपल
| [[Base unit (measurement)|base unit]]
| ≈ 300 ns
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''renu'' ({{lang|sa|रेणु}})
! {{IAST|Vighaṭi}} || विघटि
| 60 ''truti''
|rowspan=3| 6 Prāna ||rowspan=3| ca. 24 s
| ≈ 18 μs
|rowspan=3|<ref name="Burgess, Chapter 1, Verse 11"/>
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''lava'' ({{lang|sa|लव}})
! {{IAST|Vinādī}} || विनाडी
| 60 ''renu''
| ≈ 1,080 μs
|-
|-
! {{IAST|Pala}} || पल
! scope="row" | {{IAST|līkṣaka}} ({{lang|sa|लीक्षक}})
| 60 ''lava''
| ≈ 64.8 [[Millisecond|ms]]
|-
|-
! {{IAST|Ghaṭi}} || घटि
! scope="row" | {{IAST|liptā}}({{lang|sa|लिप्ता}})
|rowspan=2| 60 Vighaṭis ||rowspan=2| ca. 24 min
| rowspan="2" | 6 {{IAST|līkṣaka}}
|rowspan=2|<ref name="Burgess, Chapter 1, Verse 11"/>
| rowspan="2" | ≈ 0.3888 s
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''vipala'' ({{lang|sa|विपल}})
! {{IAST|Nādī}} || नाडी
|-
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|prāṇa}}<ref>Length of breath in [[Sukhasana]] of healthy person</ref>
! [[muhurta|{{IAST|Muhūrta}}]] || मुहूर्त
({{lang|sa|प्राण}})
| 2 Ghaṭīkā || ca. 48 min
| rowspan="1" | 10 {{IAST|liptā}}
| rowspan="1" | ≈ 3.888 s
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''pala'' ({{lang|sa|पल}})
! Nakṣatra Ahorātram || नक्षत्र अहोरात्रम्
| rowspan="3" | 60 {{IAST|liptā}} or 6 {{IAST|prāṇa}}
| 30 Muhūrta || ca. 24 h
| rowspan="3" | ≈ 24 s
| [[sidereal day]]<ref>Burgess, Chapter 1, Verse 12</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|vighaṭi}} ({{lang|sa|विघटि}})
! Sāvana Ahorātram || सावन अहोरात्रम्
|-
| || ca. 1 d
! scope="row" | {{IAST|vināḍī}} ({{lang|sa|विनाडी}})
| considered to begin from and end at sunrise<ref>Burgess, Chapter 14, Verse 18</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|ghaṭi}} ({{lang|sa|घटि}})
| rowspan="3" | 60 {{IAST|vighaṭi}}
| rowspan="3" | ≈ 1.44 ks (24 min)
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|nādī}} ({{lang|sa|नाडी}})
|-
! scope="row" | ''danda'' ({{lang|sa|दण्ड}})
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|muhūrta}} ({{lang|sa|मुहूर्त}})
| 2 {{IAST|ghaṭi}}
| ≈ 2.88 ks (48 min)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | {{IAST|nakṣhatra ahorātram}}<br/>([[sidereal day]]; {{lang|sa|नक्षत्र अहोरात्रम्}})
| 60 {{IAST|ghaṭī}}
| rowspan="2" | ≈ 86.4 ks (24 [[hour|h]])
|-
| 30 {{IAST|muhūrta}}
|}
|}


According to {{IAST|Sūrya Siddhānta}}:{{sfn|Burgess|1935|p=6}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://veda.wikidot.com/vedic-time-system|title=Vedic Time System - वेद Veda|website=veda.wikidot.com|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>
An alternate system described in the [[Vishnu Purana|{{IAST|Viṣṇu Purāṇa}}]] [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp037.htm Time measurement section of the [[Vishnu Purana|{{IAST|Viṣṇu Purāṇa}}]] Book I Chapter III] is as follows:
{| class=wikitable
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
|+ Alternate system
! scope="col" | Unit
! Name !! Definition !! Equivalence
! scope="col" | Definition
! scope="col" | Value in [[International System of Units|SI units]]
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''truti''
! Kāṣṭhās
| [[Base unit (measurement)|base unit]]
| 10 blinks of the eye || ca. 4.11 s
| ≈ 29.6 μs
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''tatpara''
! Kalā
| 100 ''truti''
| 35 Kāṣṭhās || 144 s, 2.4 min
| ≈ 2.96 ms
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''nimesha''
! Muhūrta
| 30 ''tatpara''
| 20 Kalās || 48 min
| ≈ 88.9 ms
|-
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|kāṣṭhā}}
! ''day''
| 18 ''nimesha''
| 30 Muhūrtas || 24 h
| ≈ 1.6 s
|-
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|kalā}}
! ''month''
| 30 {{IAST|kāṣṭhā}}
|colspan=2| 30 days
| ≈ 48 s
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''ghatika''
! Ayana
| 30 {{IAST|kalā}}
|colspan=2| 6 months
| ≈ 1.44 ks (24 min)
|-
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|muhūrta}} ({{IAST|kṣaṇa}})
! ''year''
| 2 ''ghatika''
|rowspan=2| 2 Ayanas ||rowspan=2| 360 days
| ≈ 2.88 ks (48 min)
|-
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|ahorātram}}<br/>([[sidereal day]])
! ''day (day + night) of the gods''
| 30 {{IAST|muhūrta}}
| ≈ 86.4 ks (24 [[hour|h]])
|}
|}


Small units of time used in the Vedas:{{sfn|Gupta|2010|p=5}}<ref>{{citation |title=MEASUREMENT UNITS OF LENGTH, MASS AND TIME IN INDIA THROUGH THE AGES |publisher=International Journal of Physical and Social Science |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316599701 |author=Shailaj Kumar Shrivastava |date=May 2017 |access-date=23 December 2020 }}</ref>
{| class=wikitable
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Small units of time used in the Vedas
! Name !! Definition !! Equivalence
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Unit
! Paramāṇu
! scope="col" | Definition
| || ca. 16.8 µs
! scope="col" | Value in [[International System of Units|SI units]]
|-
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|paramāṇu}}
! Aṇu
| [[Base unit (measurement)|base unit]]
| 2 Paramāṇu || ca. 33.7 µs
| ≈ 26.3 μs
|-
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|aṇu}}
! Trasareṇu
| 2 {{IAST|paramāṇu}}
| 3 Aṇu || ca. 101 µs
| ≈ 52.67 μs
|-
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|trasareṇu}}
! Truṭi
| 3 {{IAST|aṇu}}
| 3 Trasareṇu || ca. 1/3290 s = ca. 304 µs
| ≈ 158 μs
|-
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|truṭi}}
! Vedha
| 3 {{IAST|trasareṇu}}
| 100 Truṭi || ca. 30 ms
| ≈ 474 μs
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''vedha''
! Lava
| 100 {{IAST|truṭi}}
| 3 Vedha || ca. 91 ms
| ≈ 47.4 ms
|-
|-
! Nimeṣa (''blink'')
! scope="row" | ''lava''
| 3 ''vedha''
| 3 Lava || ca. 0.273 s
| ≈ 0.14 s
|-
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|nimeṣa}}
! Kṣaṇas
| 3 ''lava''
| 3 Nimeṣa || 0.82 s
| ≈ 0.43 s
|-
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|kṣaṇa}}
! Kāṣṭhās
| 3 {{IAST|nimeṣa}}
| 5 Kṣaṇa || ca. 4.1 s
| ≈ 1.28 s
|-
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|kāṣṭhā}}
! Laghu
| 5 {{IAST|kṣaṇa}}
| 15 Kāṣṭhā || ca. 1 min<!-- >61 s-->
| ≈ 6.4 s
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''laghu''
! Nāḍika
| 15 {{IAST|kāṣṭhā}}
|rowspan=2| 15 Laghu || ca. 15.3 min
| ≈ 96 s (1.6 min)
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''danda'' (''nadika'')
! Daṇḍa
| 15 ''laghu''
| ≈ 1.44 ks (24 min)
|-
|-
| [[muhurta|{{IAST|Muhūrta}}]]
! scope="row" | {{IAST|muhūrta}}
| 2 ''danda''
| 2 Daṇḍa || ca. 30.7 min
| ≈ 2.88 ks (48 min)
|-
|-
! [[Yaam|{{IAST|Yāma}}]]
! scope="row" | {{IAST|ahorātram}}<br/>([[sidereal day]])
| 30 {{IAST|muhūrta}}
| 6 or 7 ''[[muhurta|{{IAST|Muhūrta}}]]''<ref>According to the Bhāgavata & Brahma-Vaivarta Purāṇa. The actual number would have to be slightly less than 6 Muhūrtas per Yama for consistency (6 times 35/36ths).</ref> ||
| ≈ 86.4 ks (24 [[hour|h]])
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''masa'' (month)
! day(light)
| 30 {{IAST|ahorātram}}
|rowspan=2| 4 ''praharas'' or 4 ''yamas''<ref>http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp037.htm#fn_152</ref> ||rowspan=2|
| ≈ 2,592 ks
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''ritu'' (season)
!night
| 2 ''masa''
| ≈ 5,184 ks
|-
! scope="row" | ''ayana''
| 3 ''ritu''
| ≈ 15,552 ks (6 mth)
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''samvatsara'' (year)
! day
| rowspan="2" | 2 ''ayana''
| 1 day(light) + 1 night ||
| rowspan="2" | ≈ 31,104 ks
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|ahorātram}} of Deva
|}
|}


===Lunar metrics===
==Lunar metrics==
{{see also | Lunar distance (astronomy) | Orbit of the Moon | Ephemeris | Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar }}
*a ''[[tithi]]'' or [[lunar day]] is defined as the time it takes for the [[longitude|longitudinal]] [[angle]] between the [[moon]] and the Sun to increase by 12[[degree (angle)|°]].<ref>Burgess, Chapter 14, Verse 12</ref> Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours.<ref name="animation">
{{cite web
|title = The Astronomial Basis of the Hindu Lunisolar Calendar
|url = http://geogebratube.org/student/m21477
}}
</ref>
*a ''paksa'' (also ''[[paksha|{{IAST|Pakṣa}}]]'') or [[lunar fortnight]] consists of 15 ''tithi''s<ref name="animation" />
*a ''[[masa|{{IAST|Māsa}}]]'' or [[lunar month]] (approximately 29.5 days) is divided into 2 ''[[paksha|{{IAST|Pakṣa}}]]''s: the one between [[new moon]] and [[full moon]] (waxing) is called ''gaura'' (bright) or ''[[shukla paksha|{{IAST|Śukla Pakṣa}}]]''; the one between full moon and new moon (waning) ''Kṛṣṇa'' (dark) ''paksha''<ref name="animation" /><ref>[http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Astronomy/HinduCalendar.html Hindu calendar]</ref>
*a ''[[Ritu (Hindu calendar)|{{IAST|Ṛtu}}]]'' (or ''season'') is 2 '''[[masa|{{IAST|Māsa}}]]'''<ref>Burgess, Chapter 14, Verse 10</ref>
*an ''ayana'' is 3 '''[[rituh|{{IAST|Ṛtu}}]]'''s
*a ''year'' is 2 '''Ayana'''s [http://vedabase.net/sb/3/11/11/en1]<ref>Burgess, Chapter 14, Verse 9</ref>


The traditional lunar calendar system measures time based on the Moon's phases and its relation to the Sun. Unlike solar calendars, it uses units such as tithi (lunar day), pakṣa (lunar fortnight), māsa (lunar month), ṛitu (season), ayanam (half-year), and varsha (lunar year) to structure the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Calendars |url=https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/calendars |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=aa.usno.navy.mil}}</ref> This system was integral to ancient cultures for tracking time, planning festivals, and guiding agricultural practices. The following section provides an overview of these key time units and their relationships:{{sfn|Gupta|2010|pp=5–6}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ashwini |title=Vaastu: The Art And Science Of Living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwlmRgLt7WkC&pg=PA50 |year=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=81-207-2569-7 |page=50}}</ref>
===Tropical metrics===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
*a '''[[Yaama|{{IAST|Yāma}}]]''' (याम) is 3.75 ''[[Ghati|{{IAST| Ghaṭi}}]]''s (घटि)
|-
*8 ''Yāma''s 1 half of the day (either day or night)
! scope="col" | Unit
*16 ''Yāma''s makes an '''[[Ahoratra|{{IAST| Ahorātra }}]]''' (day + night)
! scope="col" | Definition
*an '''[[Ahoratra|{{IAST| Ahorātra }}]]''' is a [[tropical day]] (Note: A day is considered to begin and end at [[sunrise]], not midnight.)
! scope="col" | Equivalence
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[tithi]]'' ([[lunar day]])
| Time for 12[[degree (angle)|°]] increase of [[longitude|longitudinal]] angle between Moon and Sun
| ≈ 1 day (varies 19–26 hours)
|-
! scope="row" | [[paksha|{{IAST|pakṣa}}]] ([[lunar fortnight]])
| 15 ''tithis''
| ≈ 15 days
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|māsa}} ([[lunar month]])
| 2 {{IAST|pakṣas}}: ''gaura'' (bright) or {{IAST|śukla pakṣa}} during [[Lunar phase#Waxing and waning|waxing moon]]; {{IAST|kṛṣṇa}} (dark) {{IAST|pakṣa}} during [[Lunar phase#Waxing and waning|waning moon]]
| ≈ 30 days (29.5 days)
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ritu (Hindu calendar)|{{IAST|ṛitu}}]] (season)
| 2 {{IAST|māsas}}
| ≈ 60 days
|-
! scope="row" | ''ayanam''
| 3 {{IAST|ṛitus}}
| ≈ 180 days
|-
! scope="row" | ''varsha'' (lunar year)
| 2 ''ayanams''
| ≈ 360 days (354.36707 days)
|}


==Tropical metrics==
===Reckoning of time among other entities===
{{see also | Tropical year | Anomalistic year }}


Tropical metrics are time units used to measure intervals based on the tropical year and related cycles. This system includes units such as ghaṭi (base unit), yāma (a period of 7.5 ghaṭis), and ahorātram (a full day comprising 8 yāmas).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De |first=Subhadeep |date=2022-06-01 |title=Sundial to the Atomic Clock |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-022-1390-6 |journal=Resonance |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=941–959 |doi=10.1007/s12045-022-1390-6 |issn=0973-712X}}</ref> The following section explains these units and their approximate durations, offering insight into how time is organized in relation to the tropical year:{{sfn|Gupta|2010|p=6}}{{efn|Source (Gupta 2010, p. 6) has typo. 4 yāmas is 1/2 day.}}
====Reckoning of time amongst the Pitṛs (''ancestors'')====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Unit
! scope="col" | Definition
! scope="col" | Equivalence
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|ghaṭi}} ({{lang|sa|घटि}})
| [[Base unit (measurement)|base unit]]
| ≈ 24 minutes
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|yāma}} ({{lang|sa|याम}})
| 7.5 {{IAST|ghaṭis}}
| ≈ 3 hours
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|ahorātram}} ({{lang|sa|अहोरात्रम्}})
| 8 {{IAST|yāmas}}
| ≈ 24 hours (tropical day starting at sunrise)
|}


==Cosmic metrics==
* 1 human fortnight (14 days) = 1 day of the Pitṛs <ref>Time Comparison from {Khapre.org} ''[http://www.khapre.org/also/VedicTimeConverter.aspx Vedic Time Converter]</ref>
The table below contains calculations of cosmic Hindu units of time as experienced by different entities, namely [[human]]s, [[Pitrs|Pitris]] (forefathers), [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] (gods), [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] (progenitor of humanity), and [[Brahma]] (creator god). Calculations use a traditional 360-day year (twelve 30-day months) and a standard 24-hour day for all entities.
* 30 days of the Pitṛs = 1 month of the Pitṛs = (14 × 30 = 420 human days)
* 12 months of the Pitṛs = 1 year of the Pitṛs = (12 months of Pitṛs × 420 human days = 5040 human days)
* The lifespan of the Pitṛs is 100 years of the Pitṛs (= 36,000 Pitṛ days = 504,000 human days)<ref>Time Comparison from {Khapre.org} ''[http://www.khapre.org/also/VedicTimeConverter.aspx Vedic Time Converter]</ref>


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====Reckoning of time amongst the Devas====
{{table alignment}}
{{sticky table start}}
{| class="wikitable sticky-table-row1 sticky-table-col1 plainrowheaders col2left" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Cosmic units of time
! scope="col" | Unit{{efn|name=traditional year|Calculations use a traditional 360-day year (twelve 30-day months) and a standard 24-hour day for all entities:<br>* [[Brahma]]: creator god.<br>* [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]: progenitor of mankind.<br>* [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]: gods, celestials or divine.<br>* [[Pitrs|Pitris]]: forefathers or ancestors.<br>* Humans: year equals Sun's northern and southern movements in Earth's sky ({{aka}} solar or [[tropical year]]).}}
! scope="col" | Definition
! scope="col" | [[Human]]
! scope="col" | [[Pitrs|Pitri]]
! scope="col" | [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]
! scope="col" | [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]
! scope="col" | [[Brahma]]
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:bold;" | {{IAST|mahā-kalpa}}
| 36,000 ''kalpa'' & ''pralaya''
| rowspan="2" | 311,040,000,000,000&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | 10,368,000,000,000&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | 864,000,000,000&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | ~{{tooltip|2=7,200,000,000/71 yr ≈ 101,408,450 yr, 8 mo, 13 day, 12 h, 30 min, 25.352 s|101,408,450.70&nbsp;yr}}
| rowspan="2" | 100&nbsp;yr
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:bold;" | {{IAST|mahā-pralaya}}
| {{IAST|mahā-kalpa}} length
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:bold;" | {{IAST|parārdha}}
| {{frac|1|2}} {{IAST|mahā-kalpa}}
| 155,520,000,000,000&nbsp;yr
| 5,184,000,000,000&nbsp;yr
| 432,000,000,000&nbsp;yr
| ~{{tooltip|2=3,600,000,000/71 yr ≈ 50,704,225 yr, 4 mo, 6 day, 18 h, 15 min, 12.676 s|50,704,225.35&nbsp;yr}}
| 50&nbsp;yr
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:bold;" | ''[[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]''
| 14&nbsp;m + 15&nbsp;ms; 1,000&nbsp;cy
| rowspan="2" | 4,320,000,000&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | 144,000,000&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | 12,000,000&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | ~{{tooltip|2=100,000/71 yr ≈ 1,408 yr, 5 mo, 12 day, 6 h, 5 min, 4.225 s|1,408.45&nbsp;yr}}
| rowspan="2" | 12&nbsp;h
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:bold;" | ''[[pralaya]]''
| ''kalpa'' length
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:bold;" | ''[[manvantara]]'' [m]
| 71 {{IAST|catur-yuga}}
| 306,720,000&nbsp;yr
| 10,224,000&nbsp;yr
| 852,000&nbsp;yr
| 100&nbsp;yr
| {{tooltip|2=71/720,000 yr {{=}} 51 min, 7.200 s|51.12&nbsp;min}}
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:bold;" | {{IAST|manvantara-sandhyā}} [ms]
| {{IAST|Kṛta-yuga}} length
| 1,728,000&nbsp;yr
| 57,600&nbsp;yr
| 4,800&nbsp;yr
| ~{{tooltip|2=40/71 yr ≈ 6 mo, 22 day, 19 h, 36 min, 20.282 s|6.76&nbsp;mo}}
| 17.28&nbsp;s
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Yuga Cycle|{{IAST|catur-yuga}}]] [cy]
| {{IAST|Kṛta}}, {{IAST|Tretā}}, {{IAST|Dvāpara}} & ''Kali-yugas''
| 4,320,000&nbsp;yr
| 144,000&nbsp;yr
| 12,000&nbsp;yr
| ~{{tooltip|2=100/71 yr ≈ 1 yr, 4 mo, 27 day, 1 h, 0 min, 50.704 s|1.41&nbsp;yr}}
| 43.20&nbsp;s
|-
| colspan="7" | &nbsp;
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Satya Yuga|{{IAST|Kṛta-yuga}}]]
| sum total
| 1,728,000&nbsp;yr
| 57,600&nbsp;yr
| 4,800&nbsp;yr
| ~{{tooltip|2=40/71 yr ≈ 6 mo, 22 day, 19 h, 36 min, 20.282 s|6.76&nbsp;mo}}
| 17.28&nbsp;s
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|Kṛta-yuga-sandhyā}}
| rowspan="2" | {{frac|1|10}} {{IAST|Kṛta-yuga}}{{efn|name="yuga proper"}} length
| rowspan="2" | 144,000&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | 4,800&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | 400&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | ~{{tooltip|2=10/213 yr ≈ 16 day, 21 h, 38 min, 1.690 s|16.90&nbsp;day}}
| rowspan="2" | 1.44&nbsp;s
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|Kṛta-yuga-sandhyāṃśa}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|Kṛta-yuga}}{{efn|name="yuga proper"}}
| 4 ''Kali-yuga''{{efn|name="yuga proper"}} lengths
| 1,440,000&nbsp;yr
| 48,000&nbsp;yr
| 4,000&nbsp;yr
| ~{{tooltip|2=100/213 yr ≈ 5 mo, 19 day, 0 h, 20 min, 16.901 s|5.63&nbsp;mo}}
| 14.40&nbsp;s
|-
| colspan="7" | &nbsp;
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Treta Yuga|{{IAST|Tretā-yuga}}]]
| sum total
| 1,296,000&nbsp;yr
| 43,200&nbsp;yr
| 3,600&nbsp;yr
| ~{{tooltip|2=30/71 yr ≈ 5 mo, 2 day, 2 h, 42 min, 15.211 s|5.07&nbsp;mo}}
| 12.96&nbsp;s
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|Tretā-yuga-sandhyā}}
| rowspan="2" | {{frac|1|10}} {{IAST|Tretā-yuga}}{{efn|name="yuga proper"}} length
| rowspan="2" | 108,000&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | 3,600&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | 300&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | ~{{tooltip|2=10/284 yr ≈ 12 day, 16 h, 13 min, 31.268 s|12.68&nbsp;day}}
| rowspan="2" | 1.08&nbsp;s
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|Tretā-yuga-sandhyāṃśa}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|Tretā-yuga}}{{efn|name="yuga proper"}}
| 3 ''Kali-yuga''{{efn|name="yuga proper"}} lengths
| 1,080,000&nbsp;yr
| 36,000&nbsp;yr
| 3,000&nbsp;yr
| ~{{tooltip|2=100/284 yr ≈ 4 mo, 6 day, 18 h, 15 min, 12.676 s|4.23&nbsp;mo}}
| 10.80&nbsp;s
|-
| colspan="7" | &nbsp;
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[Dvapara Yuga|{{IAST|Dvāpara-yuga}}]]
| sum total
| 864,000&nbsp;yr
| 28,800&nbsp;yr
| 2,400&nbsp;yr
| ~{{tooltip|2=20/71 yr ≈ 3 mo, 11 day, 9 h, 48 min, 10.141 s|3.38&nbsp;mo}}
| 8.64&nbsp;s
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|Dvāpara-yuga-sandhyā}}
| rowspan="2" | {{frac|1|10}} {{IAST|Dvāpara-yuga}}{{efn|name="yuga proper"}} length
| rowspan="2" | 72,000&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | 2,400&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | 200&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | ~{{tooltip|2=10/426 yr ≈ 8 day, 10 h, 49 min, 0.845 s|8.45&nbsp;day}}
| rowspan="2" | 0.72&nbsp;s
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|Dvāpara-yuga-sandhyāṃśa}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|Dvāpara-yuga}}{{efn|name="yuga proper"}}
| 2 ''Kali-yuga''{{efn|name="yuga proper"}} lengths
| 720,000&nbsp;yr
| 24,000&nbsp;yr
| 2,000&nbsp;yr
| ~{{tooltip|2=100/426 yr ≈ 2 mo, 24 day, 12 h, 10 min, 8.451 s|2.82&nbsp;mo}}
| 7.20&nbsp;s
|-
| colspan="7" | &nbsp;
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:bold;" | ''[[Kali Yuga|Kali-yuga]]''
| sum total
| 432,000&nbsp;yr
| 14,400&nbsp;yr
| 1,200&nbsp;yr
| ~{{tooltip|2=10/71 yr ≈ 1 mo, 20 day, 16 h, 54 min, 5.070 s|1.69&nbsp;mo}}
| 4.32&nbsp;s
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|Kali-yuga-sandhyā}}
| rowspan="2" | {{frac|1|10}} ''Kali-yuga''{{efn|name="yuga proper"}} length
| rowspan="2" | 36,000&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | 1,200&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | 100&nbsp;yr
| rowspan="2" | ~{{tooltip|2=10/852 yr ≈ 4 day, 5 h, 24 min, 30.423 s|4.23&nbsp;day}}
| rowspan="2" | 0.36&nbsp;s
|-
! scope="row" | {{IAST|Kali-yuga-sandhyāṃśa}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''Kali-yuga''{{efn|name="yuga proper"|Main part of ''yuga'' (''yuga'' proper); occurs after its {{IAST|sandhyā}} (dawn) and before its {{IAST|sandhyāṃśa}} (dusk).}}
| 1,000 Deva years
| 360,000&nbsp;yr
| 12,000&nbsp;yr
| 1,000&nbsp;yr
| ~{{tooltip|2=100/852 yr ≈ 1 mo, 12 day, 6 h, 5 min, 4.225 s|1.41&nbsp;mo}}
| 3.60&nbsp;s
|}
{{sticky table end}}


===Lifespans===
The life span of any Hindu demi - god ar a [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]], spans nearly (or more than) 4.5 million years. Statistically, we can also look it as …
[[Hindu texts]] define lifespans differently for [[human]]s, [[Pitrs|Pitris]] (forefathers), [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] (gods), [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manus]] (progenitors of mankind), and [[Brahma]] (creator god). The division of a year for each is twelve 30-day months or 360 days, where a day is divided into a 12-hour day proper and 12-hour night.<ref>{{cite book |author-first=Buddhike Sri Harsha |author-last=Indrasena |year=2021 |orig-year=2020 |title=Resolving the Controversies of Astrology and Vedic Astronomy: Thinking Outside the Box |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTbyDwAAQBAJ |edition=Revised |publisher=[[Lulu.com|Lulu Press]] |pages=81–82 |isbn=978-1-716-75246-9 |quote=6.2.2: For all human, divine, and Brahma scales, one year equals 360 'days' of respective scale.}}</ref> A 30-day month amounts to four 7-day weeks with an extra 8th day every two weeks (48-week year). A traditional human year is measured by the sun's northern (''[[uttarayana]]'') and southern (''[[dakshinayana]]'') movements in the sky,{{efn|A human year is divided into twelve equal months, measured by the sun's six month movements in the north [https://vedabase.io/en/library/bg/8/24/ BG 8.24] and south [https://vedabase.io/en/library/bg/8/25/ BG 8.25], as indicated in ''Bhagavad-gita''.}} where the new year commences only when the sun returns to the same starting point and a pause on the commencement otherwise. Ebenezer Burgess postulates an intercalary month was inserted every five years to anciently maintain the correspondence of the 360-day years with the true solar years (~365.24-day years).{{sfn|Burgess|1935|p=41}} For this reason, a traditional 360-day year is equivalent to a modern ~365.24-day solar or [[tropical year]].
* 100 Deva Years = Life Span of Devas.
* Life span of Devas = 1 Kalp (or day of Brahma).


<div style="overflow: auto;">
The [[Vishnu Purana|{{IAST|Viṣṇu Purāṇa}}]] [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp037.htm Time measurement section of the [[Vishnu Purana|{{IAST|Viṣṇu Purāṇa}}]] Book I Chapter III] explains the above as follows:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right;"
|+
! scope="col" | Unit{{efn|name=traditional year}}
! scope="col" | [[Human]]
! scope="col" | [[Pitrs|Pitri]]
! scope="col" | [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]
! scope="col" | [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]
! scope="col" | [[Brahma]]
|-
! scope="row" | Brahma year
| 3,110,400,000,000&nbsp;yr
| 103,680,000,000&nbsp;yr
| 8,640,000,000&nbsp;yr
| ~{{tooltip|2=72,000,000/71 yr ≈ 1,014,084 yr, 6 mo, 2 day, 12 h, 50 min, 42.254 s|1,014,084.51&nbsp;yr}}
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 1&nbsp;yr
|-
! scope="row" | Manu year
| 3,067,200&nbsp;yr
| 102,240&nbsp;yr
| 8,520&nbsp;yr
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 1&nbsp;yr
| {{tooltip|2=71/72,000,000 yr {{=}} 30.672 s|30.67&nbsp;s}}
|-
! scope="row" | Deva year
| 360&nbsp;yr
| 12&nbsp;yr
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 1&nbsp;yr
| ~{{tooltip|2=1/8,520 yr ≈ 1 h, 0 min, 50.704 s|1.01&nbsp;h}}
| {{tooltip|2=1/8,640,000,000 yr|3.60&nbsp;[[Millisecond|ms]]}}
|-
! scope="row" | Pitri year
| 30&nbsp;yr
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 1&nbsp;yr
| {{tooltip|2=1/12 yr|1&nbsp;mo}}
| ~{{tooltip|2=1/102,240 yr ≈ 5 min, 4.225 s|5.07&nbsp;min}}
| {{tooltip|2=1/103,680,000,000 yr|300&nbsp;[[Microsecond|μs]]}}
|-
! scope="row" | Human year
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 1&nbsp;yr
| {{tooltip|2=1/30 yr|12&nbsp;day}}
| {{tooltip|2=1/360 yr|1&nbsp;day}}
| ~{{tooltip|2=1/3,067,200 yr ≈ 10.141 s|10.14&nbsp;s}}
| {{tooltip|2=1/3,110,400,000,000 yr|10&nbsp;[[Microsecond|μs]]}}
|}
</div>


===Cosmic date===
* 2 Ayanas (6-month periods, see above) = 1 human year or 1 day of the devas
{{See also|Kali Yuga#Start date}}
* 4,000 + 400 + 400 = 4,800 divine years (= 1,728,000 human years) = 1 Sat Yuga
* 3,000 + 300 + 300 = 3,600 divine years (= 1,296,000 human years) = 1 Tretā Yuga
* 2,000 + 200 + 200 = 2,400 divine years (= 864,000 human years) = 1 Dvāpara Yuga
* 1,000 + 100 + 100 = 1,200 divine years (= 432,000 human years) = 1 Kali Yuga
* 12,000 divine year = 4 Yugas (= 4,320,000 human years) = 1 Mahā-Yuga (also is equaled to 1200 Daiva (divine) Yuga)
*[2*12,000 = 24,000 divine year = One revolution of sun around its dual]


According to [[Purana|Puranic sources]],{{efn|The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (1.18.6),<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Skanda I, Ch. 18: Curse of the Brahmana, Sloka 6 |title=Bhagavata Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/BhagavataPuranaMotilalEnglish/page/n141/mode/1up |volume=Part I |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited]] |year=1950 |page=137 |quote=On the very day, and at the very moment the Lord [Krishna] left the earth, on that very day this Kali, the source of irreligiousness, (in this world), entered here.}}</ref> ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' (5.38.8),<ref>{{Cite book |author-last=Wilson |author-first=H. H. |author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson |year=1895 |chapter=Book V, Ch. 38: Arjuna burns the dead, etc., Sloka 8 |title=The Vishnu Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47536/page/n73/mode/1up |publisher=S.P.C.K. Press |page=61 |quote=The Parijata tree proceeded to heaven, and on the same day that Hari [Krishna] departed from the earth the dark-bodied Kali age descended.}}</ref> ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' (2.3.74.241),<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Ch. 74, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 241 |title=The Brahmanda Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12922/page/n238/mode/1up |volume=Part III |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1958 |page=950 |quote=Kali Yuga began on the day when Krsna passed on to heaven. Understand how it is calculated.}}</ref> ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' (2.37.422),<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Ch. 37, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 422 |title=The Vayu Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/the-vayu-purana-part-2-ancient-indian-tradition-and-mythology/page/824/mode/1up |volume=Part II |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1988 |page=824 | isbn=81-208-0455-4 |quote=Kali Yuga had started on the very day when Krsna passed away.}}</ref> and ''[[Brahma Purana]]'' (2.103.8)<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Ch. 103, Episode of Krsna concluded, Sloka 8 |title=Brahma Purana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98294/page/n285/mode/1up |volume=Part II |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1955 |page=515 |quote=It was on the day on which Krishna left the Earth and went to heaven that the Kali age, with time for its body set in.}}</ref> state that the day [[Krishna]] left the earth was the day that the ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' ended and the ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' began}} [[Krishna|Krishna's]] departure marks the end of the human age of ''[[Dvapara Yuga|Dvapara-yuga]]'' and the start of ''[[Kali Yuga|Kali-yuga]]'', which is dated to midnight on 17/18 February 3102{{nbsp}}[[Common Era|BCE]] of the [[proleptic Julian calendar]]. We are currently halfway through [[Brahma|Brahma's]] life (''maha-kalpa''), whose lifespan is equal to the duration of the manifested material elements, from which Brahma manifests his universe in ''[[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'' cycles:<ref name="Krishnamurthy 2019" />{{sfn|Gupta|2010|pp=7–8}}{{sfn|Godwin|2011|p=301|ps=: ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', translated by the great Sanskritist [[Horace Hayman Wilson]]: One Pararddha, or half [Brahma's] existence, has expired, terminating with the Maha Kalpa called Padma. The Kalpa (or day of Brahma) termed Varaha is the first of the second period of Brahma's existence. ... The Hindu astronomers agree that the Kali Yuga began at midnight between February 17 and 18, 3102 BCE. Consequently it is due to end about 427,000 CE, whereupon a new Golden Age will dawn.}}<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Burgess |author-first=Ebenezer |year=1860 |chapter=Ch. I, Of the Mean Motions of the Planets |title=Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendix |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpE7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10 |publisher=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |pages=10–12 (1.21–24), 17}}</ref><ref name="Blackwell Companion to Hinduism">{{cite book |author-last1=Matchett |author-first1=Freda |author-last2=Yano |author-first2=Michio |year=2003 |chapter=Part II, Ch. 6: The Puranas / Part III, Ch. 18: Calendar, Astrology, and Astronomy |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |editor-link=Gavin Flood |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C&q=yuga&pg=PA139 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |pages=139–140, 390 (Kali yuga epoch) |isbn=0631215352}}</ref>
====Reckoning of time for Brahma====
* 51st year of 100 (2nd half or ''parardha'')
* 1st month of 12
* 1st ''[[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'' (''Shveta-Varaha Kalpa'') of 30
* 7th ''[[manvantara]]'' ([[Shraddhadeva Manu|Vaivasvatha Manu]]) of 14
* 28th ''[[Yuga Cycle|chatur-yuga]]'' of 71
* 4th ''[[yuga]]'' (''[[Kali Yuga|Kali-yuga]]'') of 4


A ''maha-kalpa'' is followed by a ''[[Pralaya|maha-pralaya]]'' (full dissolution) of equal length. Each ''kalpa'' (day of Brahma) is followed by a ''[[pralaya]]'' (night of Brahma or partial dissolution) of equal length. Preceding the first and following each ''manvantara'' is a ''manvantara-sandhya'' (connection period), each with a length of ''Krita-yuga'' ({{aka}} ''[[Satya Yuga|Satya-yuga]]'').<ref name="Krishnamurthy 2019" />{{sfn|Gupta|2010|pp=7–8}}
* 1000 Mahā-Yugas = 1 Kalpa = 1 day (day only) of Brahma
(2 ''Kalpa''s constitute a day and night of Brahma, 8.64 billion human years)
* 30 days of Brahma = 1 month of Brahma (259.2 billion human years)
* 12 months of Brahma = 1 year of Brahma (3.1104 trillion human years)
* 50 years of Brahma = 1 Parārdha
* 2 parardhas = 100 years of Brahma = 1 Para = 1 Mahā-Kalpa (the lifespan of Brahma)(311.04 trillion human years)


[[Hindu texts]] specify that the start and end of each of the ''yugas'' are marked by astronomical alignments. This cycle's ''[[Treta Yuga|Treta-yuga]]'' began with 5 planets residing in the "Aries" constellation. This cycle's ''[[Dvapara Yuga|Dvapara-yuga]]'' ended with the "Saptarshi" constellation (Ursa major) residing in the "Magha" constellation. The current ''[[Kali Yuga|Kali-yuga]]'' will end with the Sun, Moon and Jupiter residing in the "Pushya" sector.<ref>[https://legendofbharatbarsha.home.blog/2019/12/07/detailed-history-of-time/ Bharatbarsha – A Living Legend].</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Cited website doesn't properly cite any works.|date=October 2020}}
One day of Brahma is divided into 10,000 parts called caraṇas. The caraṇas are divided as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
===Human===
|+ The Four Yugas
{{Main|Yuga Cycle}}

The history of humanity is divided up into [[Yuga Cycle|four ''yugas'']] ({{aka}} ''[[Dharma#Hinduism|dharmic]]'' ages or world ages)—{{IAST|Kṛta-yuga}} (pronounced ''Krita-yuga''; {{aka}} ''[[Satya Yuga|Satya-yuga]]''), [[Treta Yuga|{{IAST|Tretā-yuga}}]], [[Dvapara Yuga|{{IAST|Dvāpara-yuga}}]] and ''[[Kali Yuga|Kali-yuga]]''—each with a 25% decline in ''dharmic'' practices and length, giving proportions ({{IAST|caraṇas}}; pronounced ''charanas'') of 4:3:2:1 (e.g. ''Satya'': 100% start; ''Kali'': 25% start, 0% end), indicating a [[Devolution (biology)|de-evolution]] in spiritual consciousness and an evolution in material consciousness. ''Kali-yuga'' is followed by ''Satya-yuga'' of the next cycle, where a cycle is called a [[Yuga Cycle|{{IAST|catur-yuga}}]] (pronounced ''chatur-yuga''; {{aka}} ''mahā-yuga''). Each ''yuga'' is divided into a main period ({{aka}} ''yuga'' proper) and two ''yuga-sandhis'' ({{aka}} {{IAST|yuga-sandhyās}}; connecting periods)⁠—{{IAST|yuga-sandhyā}} (dawn) and {{IAST|yuga-sandhyāṃśa}} ({{aka}} {{IAST|yuga-sandhyānśa}}; dusk)⁠—where each ''yuga-sandhi'' lasts for 10% of the main period. Lengths are given in divine years ({{aka}} celestial or [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]] years), where a divine year lasts for 360 [[Tropical year|solar]] (human) years. A ''chatur-yuga'' lasts for 4.32 million solar (12,000 divine) years with 1,728,000 years of ''Krita-yuga'', 1,296,000 years of ''Treta-yuga'', 864,000 years of ''Dvapara-yuga'', and 432,000 years of ''Kali-yuga''.{{sfn|Gupta|2010|p=7}}<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Godwin |author-first=Joscelyn |author-link=Joscelyn Godwin |year=2011 |title=Atlantis and the Cycles of Time: Prophecies, Traditions, and Occult Revelations |url=https://archive.org/details/joscelyngodwinatlantisandthecyclesoftimepropheciestraditionsandoccultrevelations/page/n312/mode/1up |publisher=[[Inner Traditions]] |isbn=9781594778575 |pages=300–301}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Merriam-Webster |year=1999 |editor-last1=Doniger |editor-first1=Wendy |editor-link1=Wendy Doniger |editor-last2=Hawley |editor-first2=John Stratton |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration |encyclopedia=[[Merriam-Webster]] |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster, Incorporated]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/445/mode/1up 445 (Hinduism)], [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/1159/mode/1up 1159 (Yuga)] |isbn=0877790442 |quote=<br>* HINDUISM: Myths of time and eternity: ... Each yuga is preceded by an intermediate "dawn" and "dusk." The Krita yuga lasts 4,000 god-years, with a dawn and dusk of 400 god-years each, or a total of 4,800 god-years; Treta a total of 3,600 god-years; Dvapara 2,400 god-years; and Kali (the current yuga) 1,200 god-years. A mahayuga thus lasts 12,000 god-years ... Since each god-year lasts 360 human years, a mahayuga is 4,320,000 years long in human time. Two thousand mahayugas form one kalpa (eon) [and pralaya], which is itself but one day in the life of Brahma, whose full life lasts 100 years; the present is the midpoint of his life. Each kalpa is followed by an equally long period of abeyance (pralaya), in which the universe is asleep. Seemingly the universe will come to an end at the end of Brahma's life, but Brahmas too are innumerable, and a new universe is reborn with each new Brahma.<br>* YUGA: Each yuga is progressively shorter than the preceding one, corresponding to a decline in the moral and physical state of humanity. Four such yugas ... make up a mahayuga ("great yuga") ... The first yuga (Krita) was an age of perfection, lasting 1,728,000 years. The fourth and most degenerate yuga (Kali) began in 3102 BCE and will last 432,000 years. At the close of the Kali yuga, the world will be destroyed by fire and flood, to be re-created as the cycle resumes. In a partially competing vision of time, Vishnu's 10th and final Avatar, Kalki, is described as bringing the present cosmic cycle to a close by destroying the evil forces that rule the Kali yuga and ushering in an immediate return to the idyllic Krita yuga.}}</ref><ref name="Hans Kng 50">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sm0BfUKwct0C&q=4,000+%2B+400+%2B+400+%3D+4,800+divine+years+(%3D+1,728,000+human+years)&pg=PA50|title=Tracing The Way: Spiritual Dimensions of the World Religions|publisher=[[A&C Black]]|page=50|author=Hans Kng|isbn=9780826494238|date=31 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) 3.11.19 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/3/11/19/ |website=Bhaktivedanta Vedabase |access-date=2020-07-10 |quote=<br>{{transliteration|sa|catvāri trīṇi dve caikaṁ kṛtādiṣu yathā-kramam ।<br>saṅkhyātāni sahasrāṇi dvi-guṇāni śatāni ca ॥ 19 ॥|italic=no}}<br>(19) The duration of the Satya millennium equals 4,800 years of the years of the demigods; the duration of the Tretā millennium equals 3,600 years of the demigods; the duration of the Dvāpara millennium equals 2,400 years; and that of the Kali millennium is 1,200 years of the demigods. PURPORT: As aforementioned, one year of the demigods is equal to 360 years of the human beings. The duration of the Satya-yuga is therefore 4,800 × 360, or 1,728,000 years. The duration of the Tretā-yuga is 3,600 × 360, or 1,296,000 years. The duration of the Dvāpara-yuga is 2,400 × 360, or 864,000 years. And the last, the Kali-yuga, is 1,200 × 360, or 432,000 years.}}</ref>{{efn|''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', Book I, Ch. III}}

====Current ''yuga''====
''[[Kali Yuga|Kali-yuga]]'' lasts for 432,000 years and is the 4th of 4 ''[[Yuga Cycle|yugas in a cycle]]'' as well as the current ''yuga'', with two ''sandhyas'', each lasting for 36,000 years:{{efn|name=Current time math|Calculations as of midnight on 17/18 February {{CURRENTYEAR}}{{nbsp}}[[Common Era|CE]]. Note, the number of years from 1{{nbsp}}[[Common Era|BCE]] to 1{{nbsp}}[[Common Era|CE]] is 1 year and not 2 years since there is no [[year zero]].}}
* ''Kali-yuga'' started 3102{{nbsp}}BCE in past:
: = current year + ''Kali-yuga'' start year - [[year zero]]
: = {{CURRENTYEAR}} + 3102 - 1
: = {{val|{{sum
|{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|3102
|-1
}}|fmt=commas}} years
* ''Kali-yuga-sandhya'' (dawn) ends {{formatnum:{{sum|36000|-3102|1}}}}{{nbsp}}CE in future:
: = ''Kali-yuga-sandhya'' - elapsed ''Kali-yuga''
: = 36,000 - ({{CURRENTYEAR}} + 3102 - 1)
: = {{val|{{sum
|36000
|-{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|-3102
|1
}}|fmt=commas}} years
* ''Kali-yuga-sandhyamsa'' (dusk) starts {{formatnum:{{sum|432000|-36000|-3102|1}}}}{{nbsp}}CE in future:
: = ''Kali-yuga'' - ''Kali-yuga-sandhyamsa'' - elapsed ''Kali-yuga''
: = 432,000 - 36,000 - ({{CURRENTYEAR}} + 3102 - 1)
: = {{val|{{sum
|432000
|-36000
|-{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|-3102
|1
}}|fmt=commas}} years
* ''Kali-yuga'' ends {{formatnum:{{sum|432000|-3102|1}}}}{{nbsp}}CE in future:
: = ''Kali-yuga'' - elapsed ''Kali-yuga''
: = 432,000 - ({{CURRENTYEAR}} + 3102 - 1)
: = {{val|{{sum
|432000
|-{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|-3102
|1
}}|fmt=commas}} years

====Current ''chatur yuga''====
A ''[[Yuga Cycle|chatur-yuga]]'' lasts for 4.32{{nbsp}}million years, where the current is the 28th of 71:{{efn|name=Current time math}}
* Started {{formatnum:{{sum|4320000|-432000|3102}}}}{{nbsp}}BCE in past:
: = ''chatur-yuga'' - ''Kali-yuga'' + elapsed ''Kali-yuga''
: = 4,320,000 - 432,000 + ({{CURRENTYEAR}} + 3102 - 1)
: = {{val|{{sum
|4320000
|-432000
|{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|3102
|-1
}}|fmt=commas}} years
: ≈ {{round|{{multiply|{{sum
|4320000
|-432000
|{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|3102
|-1
}}|1/1,000,000|r=1|nosep=1}}|2}} million years
* Ends {{formatnum:{{sum|432000|-3102|1}}}}{{nbsp}}CE in future:
: = ''Kali-yuga'' - elapsed ''Kali-yuga''
: = 432,000 - ({{CURRENTYEAR}} + 3102 - 1)
: = {{val|{{sum
|432000
|-{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|-3102
|1
}}|fmt=commas}} years

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="border-width:0; text-align:right;"
|+ 28th ''[[Yuga Cycle|chatur-yuga]]''
|-
! scope="col" | ''Yuga''
! scope="col" | Start (– End)
! scope="col" | Length
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Satya Yuga|Krita (Satya)]]''
| 3,891,102{{nbsp}}BCE
| class="nowrap" | 1,728,000 (4,800)
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Treta Yuga|Treta]]''
| 4 caraṇas (1,728,000 [[solar year]]s) || [[Satya Yuga]]
| 2,163,102{{nbsp}}BCE
| class="nowrap" | 1,296,000 (3,600)
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dvapara Yuga|Dvapara]]''
| 3 caraṇas (1,296,000 solar years) || [[Treta Yuga]]
| 867,102{{nbsp}}BCE
| class="nowrap" | 864,000 (2,400)
|-
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kali Yuga|Kali]]*''
| 2 caraṇas (864,000 solar years) || [[Dvapara Yuga]]
| 3102{{nbsp}}BCE{{snd}}428,899{{nbsp}}CE
| class="nowrap" | 432,000 (1,200)
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff; font-weight:bold; padding-top:5px;" | Years: 4,320,000 [[Tropical year|solar]] (12,000 divine)
| 1 caraṇas (432,000 solar years) || [[Kali Yuga]]
|-
|-
| colspan=2 style="font-size: 88%" | Source: [http://vedabase.net/sb/3/11/19/en1]
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffffff; border-width:1px 0 0 0; font-size:80%; padding-top:0; text-align:left;" | {{sup|(*) Current.}}
| style="background-color:#ffffff; border-width:1px 0 0 0; padding-top:0;" | {{efn|Each ''Kali-yuga-sandhi'' lasts for 36,000 solar (100 divine) years:<br>* ''Sandhya'': 3102{{nbsp}}BCE{{snd}}32,899{{nbsp}}CE<br>* ''Sandhyamsa'': 392,899–428,899{{nbsp}}CE}}{{sfn|Godwin|2011|p=301|ps=: ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', translated by the great Sanskritist [[Horace Hayman Wilson]]: One Pararddha, or half [Brahma's] existence, has expired, terminating with the Maha Kalpa called Padma. The Kalpa (or day of Brahma) termed Varaha is the first of the second period of Brahma's existence. ... The Hindu astronomers agree that the Kali Yuga began at midnight between February 17 and 18, 3102 BCE. Consequently it is due to end about 427,000 CE, whereupon a new Golden Age will dawn.}}{{sfn|Burgess|1935|p=ix (Introduction)|ps=: Calculated date of 2163102 B.C. for "the end of the Golden Age (Krta yuga)", the start of Treta yuga, mentioned in [[Surya Siddhanta]] 1.57.}}
|}
|}


===Pitri===
The cycle repeats itself so altogether there are 1,000 cycles of Mahā-Yuga in one day of Brahma.
The lifespan of the [[Pitrs|Pitris]] (forefathers) lasts for 100 of their years.{{sfn|Gupta|2010|p=6}}
* 24 hours (1 day & night) of Pitris = 1 solar month (''masa''; Moon's two 15-day fortnights: bright and dark)
* 30 days (1 month) of Pitris = 30 solar months (2.5 solar years)
* 12 months (1 year) of Pitris = 30 solar years (1 month of [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]])
* 100 years (lifespan) of Pitris = 3,000 solar years


===Deva===
:*One cycle of the above four '''Yuga'''s is one '''Mahā-Yuga''' (4.32 million [[solar year]]s)
The lifespan of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] (gods) lasts for 100 of their years.{{sfn|Gupta|2010|p=6}}
:*as is confirmed by the Gītā Śloka 8.17 (statement) "sahasra-yuga-paryantam ahar yad brahmaṇo viduḥ rātriṁ yuga-sahasrāntāṁ te 'ho-rātra-vido janāḥ", meaning, a day of brahma is of 1000 Mahā-Yuga. Thus a day of Brahma, Kalpa, is of duration: 4.32 billion solar years. Two ''Kalpa''s constitute a day and night(Adhi Sandhi) of [[Brahma (god)|Brahma]]
* 24 hours (1 day & night) of Devas = 1 solar year (Sun's two 180-day motions: northern and southern)
:*A '''Manvatara''' consists of 71 Mahā-Yuga (306,720,000 solar years). Each Manvatara is ruled by a Manu.
* 30 days (1 month) of Devas = 30 solar years (1 year of [[Pitrs|Pitris]])
:*After each Manvatara follows one '''[[Sandhi|{{IAST|Saṃdhi}}]] Kalā''' of the same duration as a ''Kṛta Yuga'' (1,728,000 = 4 Caraṇa). (It is said that during a [[Sandhi|{{IAST|Saṃdhi}}]] Kalā, the entire earth is submerged in water.)
* 12 months (1 year) of Devas = 360 solar years
:*A '''[[Kalpa (aeon)|Kalpa]]''' consists of a period of 4.32 Billion solar years called followed by 14 Manvataras and [[Sandhi|{{IAST|Saṃdhi}}]] Kalas.
* 100 years (lifespan) of Devas = 36,000 solar years
:* A day of Brahma equals
::(14 times 71 Mahā-Yuga) + (15 × 4 Caraṇas)
::= 994 Mahā-Yuga + (15 * 4800)
::= 994 Mahā-Yuga + (72,000 years)[deva years] / 6 = 12,000[deva years] viz. one maha yuga.
::= 994 Mahā-Yuga + 6 Mahā-Yuga
::= 1,000 Mahā-Yuga


===Manu===
===The Surya Siddhanta definition of timescales===
{{Main|Manvantara}}
The [[Surya Siddhanta]] [Chapter 14 ''{{IAST|Mānādhyāyah}} (मानाध्यायः)''], documents a comprehensive model of nine divisions of time called ''{{IAST|māna}} (मान)'' which span from very small time units (''{{IAST|Prāņa}} [प्राण]'' - 4 seconds) to very large time scales (''Para [पर]'' - 311.04 Trillion solar years).<ref>[http://advanceduml.wordpress.com/category/uml-technology/surya-siddhantha-uml/ Different Types of Time in Surya Siddhanta]</ref>


The lifespan of the [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manus]] (progenitors of mankind) lasts for 100 of their years. Each Manu reigns over a period called a ''[[manvantara]]'', each lasting for 71 ''[[Yuga Cycle|chatur-yugas]]'' (306.72 million years). A total of 14 Manus reign successively in one ''[[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'' (day of [[Brahma]]). Preceding the first and following each ''manvantara'' is a ''{{IAST|sandhyā}}'' (connection period), each lasting the duration of ''[[Satya Yuga|Satya-yuga]]'' (1.728 million years). During each ''{{IAST|manvantara-sandhyā}}'' ({{aka}} ''manvantara-sandhi''), Earth (''[[Loka#Hinduism|Bhu-loka]]'') is submerged in water.<ref name="Krishnamurthy 2019">{{cite book |author-last=Krishnamurthy |author-first=V. |year=2019 |chapter=Ch. 20: The Cosmic Flow of Time as per Scriptures |title=Meet the Ancient Scriptures of Hinduism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HF2NDwAAQBAJ&q=%227th+manvantara%22+%2228th%22&pg=PT407 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781684669387 |quote=Each manvantara is preceded and followed by a period of 1,728,000 (= 4K) years when the entire earthly universe (bhu-loka) will submerge under water. The period of this deluge is known as manvantara-sandhya (sandhya meaning, twilight). ... According to the traditional time-keeping ... Thus in Brahma's calendar the present time may be coded as his 51st year - first month - first day - 7th manvantara - 28th maha-yuga - 4th yuga or kaliyuga.}}</ref>{{sfn|Gupta|2010|p=7}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Doniger |editor-first1=Wendy |editor-link1=Wendy Doniger |editor-last2=Hawley |editor-first2=John Stratton |year=1999 |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration |encyclopedia=[[Merriam-Webster]] |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster, Incorporated]] |page=691 (Manu) |isbn=0877790442 |quote=a day in the life of Brahma is divided into 14 periods called manvantaras ("Manu intervals"), each of which lasts for 306,720,000 years. In every second cycle [(new kalpa after pralaya)] the world is recreated, and a new Manu appears to become the father of the next human race. The present age is considered to be the seventh Manu cycle.}}</ref><ref name="Bryan E. Penprase 182">{{cite book |author-last=Penprase |author-first=Bryan E. |year=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQHNDgAAQBAJ |title=The Power of Stars |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |page=182 |isbn=9783319525976}}</ref>
==The current date==
* 24 hours (1 day & night) of Manu = 8,520 solar years
Currently, 50 years of Brahma have elapsed and this is the first 'day' of the 51st year.<ref>Burgess, Chapter 1, Verse 21</ref> This Brahma's day, Kalpa, is named as ShvetaVaraha Kalpa. Within this Day, six Manvantaras have already elapsed<ref name="Burgess, Chapter 1, Verse 22">Burgess, Chapter 1, Verse 22</ref> and this is the seventh Manavatara, named as – Vaivasvatha Manvantara (or Sraddhadeva Manavatara). Within the Vaivasvatha Manavantara, 27 Mahayugas<ref name="Burgess, Chapter 1, Verse 22"/> (4 Yugas together is a Mahayuga), and the Krita,<ref>Burgess, Chapter 1, Verse 23</ref> Treta and Dwapara Yugas of the 28th Mahayuga have elapsed. This Kaliyuga is in the 28th Mahayuga. This Kaliyuga began in the year 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian Calendar.<ref name="Burgess, p17">Burgess, p17</ref> Since 50 years of Brahma have already elapsed, this is the second Parardha, also called as Dvithiya Parardha.
* 30 days (1 month) of Manu = 255,600 solar years
* 12 months (1 year) of Manu = 3,067,200 solar years
* 100 years (lifespan) of Manu = 306,720,000 solar years (71 ''[[Yuga Cycle|chatur-yugas]]'')


====Current ''manvantara''====
The time elapsed since the current Brahma has taken over the task of creation can be calculated as
A ''[[manvantara]]'' lasts for 306.72{{nbsp}}million years, where the current (ruled by [[Shraddhadeva Manu|Vaivasvatha Manu]]) is the 7th of 14:{{efn|name=Current time math}}
* Started in past:
: = elapsed 28th ''chatur-yuga'' + 27 ''chatur-yugas''
: = ''chatur-yuga'' - ''Kali-yuga'' + elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' + 27 ''chatur-yugas''
: = (4,320,000 - 432,000 + ({{CURRENTYEAR}} + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 27
: = {{val|{{sum
|4320000
|-432000
|{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|3102
|-1
|{{multiply|4,320,000|27|r=1|nosep=1}}
}}|fmt=commas}} years
: ≈ {{round|{{multiply|{{sum
|4320000
|-432000
|{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|3102
|-1
|{{multiply|4,320,000|27|r=1|nosep=1}}
}}|1/1,000,000|r=1|nosep=1}}|2}} million years
* Ends in future:
: = remaining 28th ''chatur-yuga'' + 43 ''chatur-yugas''
: = ''Kali-yuga'' - elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' + 43 ''chatur-yugas''
: = (432,000 - ({{CURRENTYEAR}} + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 43
: = {{val|{{sum
|432000
|-{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|-3102
|1
|{{multiply|4,320,000|43|r=1|nosep=1}}
}}|fmt=commas}} years
: ≈ {{round|{{multiply|{{sum
|432000
|-{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|-3102
|1
|{{multiply|4,320,000|43|r=1|nosep=1}}
}}|1/1,000,000|r=1|nosep=1}}|2}} million years


===Brahma===
432000 × 10 × 1000 × 2 = 8.64 billion years (2 Kalpa (day and night) )<br />[http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Primer/yugatime.html]
{{Main|Kalpa (time)}}
8.64 × 10<sup>9</sup> × 30 × 12 = 3.1104 Trillion Years (1 year of Brahma)<br />
3.1104 × 10<sup>12</sup> × 50 = '''155.52 Trillion Years''' (50 years of Brahma)


The lifespan of [[Brahma]] (creator god) lasts for 100 of his years. His 12-hour day or ''[[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'' ({{aka}} day of Brahma) is followed by a 12-hour night or ''[[pralaya]]'' ({{aka}} night of Brahma) of equal length, each lasting for 4.32 billion years. A ''kalpa'' lasts for 1,000 ''[[Yuga Cycle|chatur-yugas]]'' and has 14 ''[[manvantara]]s'' and 15 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' occurring in it. At the start of Brahma's days, he is re-born and creates the planets and the first living entities. At the end of his days, he and his creations are unmanifest (partial dissolution). His 100-year life (311.04 trillion years) is called a {{IAST|mahā-kalpa}}, which is followed by a {{IAST|mahā-pralaya}} (full dissolution) of equal length, where the bases of the universe, ''[[Prakṛti|prakriti]]'', is manifest at the start and unmanifest at the end of a ''maha-kalpa''. His 100-year life is divided into two 50-year periods, each called a {{IAST|parārdha}}.{{sfn|Gupta|2010|pp=7–8}}<ref name="Bryan E. Penprase 182"/><ref name=Johnson2009>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=W.J.|title=A Dictionary of Hinduism|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-861025-0|page=165}}</ref> In 100 360-day years (''maha-kalpa''), there are a total of 36,000 full days: 36,000 ''kalpas'' (days proper) and 36,000 ''pralayas'' (nights).
(6 × 71 × 4320000 ) + 7 × 1.728 × 10^6
= 1852416000
years elapsed in first six Manvataras, and Sandhi Kalas in the current Kalpa


* 12 hours (1 day proper: ''kalpa'') of Brahma = 4.32&nbsp;billion solar years (1,000 ''[[Yuga Cycle|chatur-yugas]]''; 14 ''[[manvantara]]s'' + 15 ''manvantara-sandhyas'')
27 × 4320000
* 24 hours (1 day & night: ''kalpa'' + ''pralaya'') of Brahma = 8.64&nbsp;billion solar years
= 116640000
* 30 days (1 month) of Brahma = 259.2&nbsp;billion solar years
years elapsed in first 27 Mahayugas of the current Manvantara
* 12 months (1 year) of Brahma = 3.1104&nbsp;trillion solar years
* 50 years (''parardha'') of Brahma = 155.52&nbsp;trillion solar years
* 100 years (lifespan: 2 ''parardhas'') of Brahma = 311.04&nbsp;trillion solar years


====Current ''kalpa''====
1.728 × 10^6 + 1.296 × 10^6 + 864000
= 3888000
years elapsed in current Mahayuga


A ''[[kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'' (day of [[Brahma]], 12 hours) lasts for 4.32{{nbsp}}billion years, where the current (''Shveta-Varaha Kalpa'') is the 1st of 30 in his 1st month of his 51st year:{{efn|name=Current time math}}
3102 + 2013 = 5115 years elapsed in current Kaliyuga.
* Started in past:
: = elapsed 7th ''manvantara'' + 7 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 6 ''manvantaras''
: = elapsed 28th ''chatur-yuga'' + 27 ''chatur-yugas'' + 7 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 6 ''manvantaras''
: = ''chatur-yuga'' - ''Kali-yuga'' + elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' + 27 ''chatur-yugas'' + 7 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 6 ''manvantaras''
: = ((4,320,000 - 432,000 + ({{CURRENTYEAR}} + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 27) + 1,728,000 * 7 + 306,720,000 * 6
: = {{val|{{sum
|4320000
|-432000
|{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|3102
|-1
|{{multiply|4,320,000|27|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|1,728,000|7|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|306,720,000|6|r=1|nosep=1}}
}}|fmt=commas}} years
: ≈ {{round|{{multiply|{{sum
|4320000
|-432000
|{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|3102
|-1
|{{multiply|4,320,000|27|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|1,728,000|7|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|306,720,000|6|r=1|nosep=1}}
}}|1/1,000,000,000|r=1|nosep=1}}|2}} billion years
* Ends in future:
: = remaining 7th ''manvantara'' + 8 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 7 ''manvantaras''
: = remaining 28th ''chatur-yuga'' + 43 ''chatur-yugas'' + 8 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 7 ''manvantaras''
: = ''Kali-yuga'' - elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' + 43 ''chatur-yugas'' + 8 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 7 ''manvantaras''
: = ((432,000 - ({{CURRENTYEAR}} + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 43) + 1,728,000 * 8 + 306,720,000 * 7
: = {{val|{{sum
|432000
|-{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|-3102
|1
|{{multiply|4,320,000|43|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|1,728,000|8|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|306,720,000|7|r=1|nosep=1}}
}}|fmt=commas}} years
: ≈ {{round|{{multiply|{{sum
|432000
|-{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|-3102
|1
|{{multiply|4,320,000|43|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|1,728,000|8|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|306,720,000|7|r=1|nosep=1}}
}}|1/1,000,000,000|r=1|nosep=1}}|2}} billion years


====Current ''maha kalpa''====
So the total time elapsed since current Brahma is
A ''maha-kalpa'' (life of [[Brahma]]) lasts for 311.04{{nbsp}}trillion years:{{efn|name=Current time math}}
* Started in past:
: = elapsed 18,001st ''kalpa'' + 18,000 ''kalpas'' + 18,000 ''pralayas''
: = elapsed 7th ''manvantara'' + 7 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 6 ''manvantaras'' + 36,000 ''kalpas/pralayas''
: = elapsed 28th ''chatur-yuga'' + 27 ''chatur-yugas'' + 7 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 6 ''manvantaras'' + 36,000 ''kalpas/pralayas''
: = ''chatur-yuga'' - ''Kali-yuga'' + elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' + 27 ''chatur-yugas'' + 7 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 6 ''manvantaras'' + 36,000 ''kalpas/pralayas''
: = (((4,320,000 - 432,000 + ({{CURRENTYEAR}} + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 27) + 1,728,000 * 7 + 306,720,000 * 6) + 4,320,000,000 * 36,000
: = {{val|1{{sum
|4320000
|-432000
|{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|3102
|-1
|{{multiply|4,320,000|27|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|1,728,000|7|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|306,720,000|6|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|4,320,000,000|36,000|r=1|nosep=1}}
|-100000000000000
}}|fmt=commas}} years <!-- hack: subtract 100 trillion and prepend 1 to display full number -->
: ≈ {{round|{{multiply|{{sum
|4320000
|-432000
|{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|3102
|-1
|{{multiply|4,320,000|27|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|1,728,000|7|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|306,720,000|6|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|4,320,000,000|36,000|r=1|nosep=1}}
}}|1/1,000,000,000,000|r=1|nosep=1}}|2}} trillion years
* Ends in future:
: = remaining 18,001st ''kalpa'' + 17,999 ''kalpas'' + 18,000 ''pralayas''
: = remaining 7th ''manvantara'' + 8 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 7 ''manvantaras'' + 35,999 ''kalpas/pralayas''
: = remaining 28th ''chatur-yuga'' + 43 ''chatur-yugas'' + 8 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 7 ''manvantaras'' + 35,999 ''kalpas/pralayas''
: = ''Kali-yuga'' - elapsed ''Kali-yuga'' + 43 ''chatur-yugas'' + 8 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' + 7 ''manvantaras'' + 35,999 ''kalpas/pralayas''
: = (((432,000 - ({{CURRENTYEAR}} + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 43) + 1,728,000 * 8 + 306,720,000 * 7) + 4,320,000,000 * 35,999
: = {{val|1{{sum
|432000
|-{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|-3102
|1
|{{multiply|4,320,000|43|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|1,728,000|8|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|306,720,000|7|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|4,320,000,000|35,999|r=1|nosep=1}}
|-100000000000000
}}|fmt=commas}} years <!-- hack: subtract 100 trillion and prepend 1 to display full number -->
: ≈ {{round|{{multiply|{{sum
|432000
|-{{CURRENTYEAR}}
|-3102
|1
|{{multiply|4,320,000|43|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|1,728,000|8|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|306,720,000|7|r=1|nosep=1}}
|{{multiply|4,320,000,000|35,999|r=1|nosep=1}}
}}|1/1,000,000,000,000|r=1|nosep=1}}|2}} trillion years


==Hindu texts==
155520000000000 +1852416000 +116640000 +3888000 +5115
===''Mahabharata''===
= 155,521,972,949,115 years
The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (12.231.12–31) describes units of time from a wink of the eye (''nimesha'') up to the days (''[[kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'') and nights (''[[pralaya]]'') of [[Brahma]].<ref name="Dutt 1903"/>
< as of 2013 AD >


{{quote box
The current Kali Yuga began at midnight 17 February / 18 February in [[32nd century BC|3102 BC]] in the [[proleptic Julian calendar]].<ref name="Burgess, p17"/> As per the information above about Yuga periods, only 5,115 years are passed out of 432,000 years of current Kali Yuga, and hence another 426,985 years are left to complete this 28th Kali Yuga of Vaivaswatha Manvantara.
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<poem>
(12–13) The Rishis, measuring time, have given particular names to particular portions. Five and ten winks of the eye make what is called a Kashtha. Thirty Kashthas make what is called a Kala. Thirty Kalas, with the tenth part of a Kala, make a Muhurta. Thirty Muhurtas make up one day and night. Thirty days and nights form a month, and twelve months form a year.
</poem>

<poem>
(14) Persons well-read in mathematical science say that a year is made up of two solar motions, viz, the northern and the southern.
</poem>

<poem>
(15) The sun makes the day and the night for men. The night is for the sleep of all living creatures and the day is for work.
</poem>

<poem>
(16) A month of human beings is equal to a day and night of the departed manes. That division consists in this the light half of the month is their day which is for work, and the dark fortnight is their night for sleep.
</poem>

<poem>
(17) A year (of men) is equal to a day and night of the gods. This division consists in this the half year for which the sun travels from the vernal to the autumnal equinox is the day of the gods, and the half year for which the sun moves from the latter to the former is their night.
</poem>

<poem>
(18) Calculating by the days and nights of human beings about which I have told you I shall speak of the day and night of Brahman [(Brahma)] and his years also.
</poem>

<poem>
(19) I shall, in their order, tell you the number of years that are for different purposes calculated differently, in the Krita, the Treta, the Dwapara, and the Kali yugas.
</poem>

<poem>
(20) Four thousand celestial years is the duration of the first or Krita age. The morning of that cycle consists of four hundred years and its evening is of four hundred years.
</poem>

<poem>
(21) Regarding the other cycles, the duration of each gradually decreases by a quarter in respect of both the principal period with the minor portion and the conjoining portion itself.
</poem>

<poem>
(29) The learned say that these twelve thousand celestial years form what is called a cycle. A thousand such cycles form a single day of Brahman [(Brahma)].
</poem>

<poem>
(30) The same is the duration of Brahman's [(Brahma's)] night. With the beginning of Brahman's [(Brahma's)] day the universe begins to come into being. During the period of universal dissolution the Creator sleeps in Yoga meditation. When the period of sleep expires, He awakes.
</poem>

<poem>
(31) What is Brahman's [(Brahma's)] day covers a thousand such cycles. His night also covers a thousand similar cycles. They who know this are said to know the day and the night.
</poem>
|source=— ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Book 12 ([[Shanti Parva]]), Ch. 231<ref name="Dutt 1903">{{cite book |author-last=Dutt |author-first=Manmatha Nath |year=1903 |chapter=Ch. 231 (CCXXXI) |title=A Prose English Translation of The Mahabharata (Translated Literally from the Original Sanskrit text) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142208/page/n272/mode/1up |volume=Book 12 (Shanti Parva) |location=Calcutta |publisher=Elysium Press |pages=350–351 (12.231.12–21, 29–31)}}</ref>{{efn|Chapter 224 (CCXXIV) in some sources: ''Mahabharata'' 12.224.}}
}}

===''Manusmriti''===
The ''[[Manusmriti]]'' ({{aka}} ''Laws of Manu''; 1.64–80) describes units of time from a twinkling of the eye (''nimesha'') up to the days (''[[kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'') and nights (''[[pralaya]]'') of [[Brahma]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Jones |author-first=Sir William |author-link=William Jones (philologist) |year=1807 |orig-year=1st ed. 1794 |chapter=The Laws of Menu, Son of Brahma - Chapter The First: On the Creation; with a Summary of the Contents |title=The Works of Sir William Jones in thirteen volumes. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.44659/page/n109/mode/1up |volume=VII |pages=101–104}}</ref><ref name="Bühler 1886"/><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Jha |author-first=Ganganath |author-link=Ganganath Jha |year=1999 |orig-year=1st ed. 1920 |chapter=Discourse I - Origin of the Work—Creation of the World—Summary of Contents of the Book. |title=Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi in Ten Volumes |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/manusmriti-with-the-commentary-of-medhatithi |via=Wisdom Library |volume=Adhyāya 1 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.]] |isbn=8120811550}}</ref>

{{quote box
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|quote=
<poem>
{{lang|sa|निमेषा दश चाष्टौ च काष्ठा त्रिंशत् तु ताः कला ।
त्रिंशत् कला मुहूर्तः स्यादहोरात्रं तु तावतः ॥ ६४ ॥}}
{{transliteration|sa|nimeṣā daśa cāṣṭau ca kāṣṭhā triṃśat tu tāḥ kalā ।
triṃśat kalā muhūrtaḥ syādahorātraṃ tu tāvataḥ ॥ 64 ॥|italic=no}}
(64) Eighteen nimeshas (twinklings of the eye, are one kashtha), thirty kashthas one kala, thirty kalas one muhurta, and as many (muhurtas) one day and night.
</poem>

<poem>
{{lang|sa|अहोरात्रे विभजते सूर्यो मानुषदैविके ।
रात्रिः स्वप्नाय भूतानां चेष्टायै कर्मणामहः ॥ ६५ ॥}}
{{transliteration|sa|ahorātre vibhajate sūryo mānuṣadaivike ।
rātriḥ svapnāya bhūtānāṃ ceṣṭāyai karmaṇāmahaḥ ॥ 65 ॥|italic=no}}
(65) The sun divides days and nights, both human and divine, the night (being intended) for the repose of created beings and the day for exertion.
</poem>

<poem>
{{lang|sa|पित्र्ये रात्र्यहनी मासः प्रविभागस्तु पक्षयोः ।
कर्मचेष्टास्वहः कृष्णः शुक्लः स्वप्नाय शर्वरी ॥ ६६ ॥}}
{{transliteration|sa|pitrye rātryahanī māsaḥ pravibhāgastu pakṣayoḥ ।
karmaceṣṭāsvahaḥ kṛṣṇaḥ śuklaḥ svapnāya śarvarī ॥ 66 ॥|italic=no}}
(66) A month is a day and night of the manes, but the division is according to fortnights. The dark (fortnight) is their day for active exertion, the bright (fortnight) their night for sleep.
</poem>

<poem>
{{lang|sa|दैवे रात्र्यहनी वर्षं प्रविभागस्तयोः पुनः ।
अहस्तत्रोदगयनं रात्रिः स्याद् दक्षिणायनम् ॥ ६७ ॥}}
{{transliteration|sa|daive rātryahanī varṣaṃ pravibhāgastayoḥ punaḥ ।
ahastatrodagayanaṃ rātriḥ syād dakṣiṇāyanam ॥ 67 ॥|italic=no}}
(67) A year is a day and a night of the gods; their division is (as follows): the half year during which the sun progresses to the north will be the day, that during which it goes southwards the night.
</poem>

<poem>
{{lang|sa|ब्राह्मस्य तु क्षपाहस्य यत् प्रमाणं समासतः ।
एकैकशो युगानां तु क्रमशस्तन्निबोधत ॥ ६८ ॥}}
{{transliteration|sa|brāhmasya tu kṣapāhasya yat pramāṇaṃ samāsataḥ ।
ekaikaśo yugānāṃ tu kramaśastannibodhata ॥ 68 ॥|italic=no}}
(68) But hear now the brief (description of) the duration of a night and a day of Brahman [(Brahma)] and of the several ages (of the world, yuga) according to their order.
</poem>

<poem>
{{lang|sa|चत्वार्याहुः सहस्राणि वर्षाणां तत् कृतं युगम् ।
तस्य तावत्शती सन्ध्या सन्ध्यांशश्च तथाविधः ॥ ६९ ॥}}
{{transliteration|sa|catvāryāhuḥ sahasrāṇi varṣāṇāṃ tat kṛtaṃ yugam ।
tasya tāvatśatī sandhyā sandhyāṃśaśca tathāvidhaḥ ॥ 69 ॥|italic=no}}
(69) They declare that the Krita age (consists of) four thousand years (of the gods); the twilight preceding it consists of as many hundreds, and the twilight following it of the same number.
</poem>

<poem>
{{lang|sa|इतरेषु ससन्ध्येषु ससन्ध्यांशेषु च त्रिषु ।
एकापायेन वर्तन्ते सहस्राणि शतानि च ॥ ७० ॥}}
{{transliteration|sa|itareṣu sasandhyeṣu sasandhyāṃśeṣu ca triṣu ।
ekāpāyena vartante sahasrāṇi śatāni ca ॥ 70 ॥|italic=no}}
(70) In the other three ages with their twilights preceding and following, the thousands and hundreds are diminished by one (in each).
</poem>

<poem>
{{lang|sa|यदेतत् परिसङ्ख्यातमादावेव चतुर्युगम् ।
एतद् द्वादशसाहस्रं देवानां युगमुच्यते ॥ ७१ ॥}}
{{transliteration|sa|yadetat parisaṅkhyātamādāveva caturyugam ।
etad dvādaśasāhasraṃ devānāṃ yugamucyate ॥ 71 ॥|italic=no}}
(71) These twelve thousand (years) which thus have been just mentioned as the total of four (human) ages, are called one age of the gods.
</poem>

<poem>
{{lang|sa|दैविकानां युगानां तु सहस्रं परिसङ्ख्यया ।
ब्राह्ममेकमहर्ज्ञेयं तावतीं रात्रिमेव च ॥ ७२ ॥}}
{{transliteration|sa|daivikānāṃ yugānāṃ tu sahasraṃ parisaṅkhyayā ।
brāhmamekamaharjñeyaṃ tāvatīṃ rātrimeva ca ॥ 72 ॥|italic=no}}
(72) But know that the sum of one thousand ages of the gods (makes) one day of Brahman [(Brahma)], and that his night has the same length.
</poem>

<poem>
{{lang|sa|तद् वै युगसहस्रान्तं ब्राह्मं पुण्यमहर्विदुः ।
रात्रिं च तावतीमेव तेऽहोरात्रविदो जनाः ॥ ७३ ॥}}
{{transliteration|sa|tad vai yugasahasrāntaṃ brāhmaṃ puṇyamaharviduḥ ।
rātriṃ ca tāvatīmeva te'horātravido janāḥ ॥ 73 ॥|italic=no}}
(73) Those (only, who) know that the holy day of Brahman [(Brahma)], indeed, ends after (the completion of) one thousand ages (of the gods) and that his night lasts as long, (are really) men acquainted with (the length of) days and nights.
</poem>

<poem>
{{lang|sa|यद् प्राग् द्वादशसाहस्रमुदितं दैविकं युगम् ।
तदेकसप्ततिगुणं मन्वन्तरमिहोच्यते ॥ ७९ ॥}}
{{transliteration|sa|yad prāg dvādaśasāhasramuditaṃ daivikaṃ yugam ।
tadekasaptatiguṇaṃ manvantaramihocyate ॥ 79 ॥|italic=no}}
(79) The before-mentioned age of the gods, (or) twelve thousand (of their years), being multiplied by seventy-one, (constitutes what) is here named the period of a Manu (Manvantara).
</poem>

<poem>
{{lang|sa|मन्वन्तराण्यसङ्ख्यानि सर्गः संहार एव च ।
क्रीडन्निवैतत् कुरुते परमेष्ठी पुनः पुनः ॥ ८० ॥}}
{{transliteration|sa|manvantarāṇyasaṅkhyāni sargaḥ saṃhāra eva ca ।
krīḍannivaitat kurute parameṣṭhī punaḥ punaḥ ॥ 80 ॥|italic=no}}
(80) The Manvantaras, the creations and destructions (of the world, are) numberless; sporting, as it were, Brahman [(Brahma)] repeats this again and again.
</poem>
|source=— ''[[Manusmriti]]'', Ch. 1<ref name="Bühler 1886">{{cite book |author-last=Bühler |author-first=G. |author-link=Georg Bühler |year=1886 |chapter=Ch. 1, The Creation |editor-last=Müller |editor-first=F. Max |editor-link=Max Müller |title=The Laws of Manu: translated with extracts from seven commentaries |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/lawsofman00manu/page/n162/mode/1up |series=[[Sacred Books of the East]] |volume=XXV |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=19–20 (1.64–73), 22 (1.79–80)}}</ref>
}}

According to [[Patrick Olivelle]], most scholars take the table of contents (1.111–118) to be an addition, but for him the account of time and cosmology (1.61–86) to the aforementioned (1.118) are out of place redactions. He feels the narrative should have ended when the initial command to "listen" (1.4) was repeated (1.60), then transition to "learn" (2.1).{{sfn|Olivelle|2005|pp=53–54}}

[[Georg Bühler]], whose translation has remained the standard for over a century according to Olivelle, translated 1.71 as 12,000 years in a four-aged period, same as [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]]'s translation, both based on Kulluka Bhatta's commentary. [[Medhātithi|Medhatithi]] translated it as 12,000 four-aged periods in an age of the gods. Kulluka and Olivelle reject Medhatithi's interpretation based on 1.79 mentioning 12,000 without a qualifier ("''etat''" or "this") and must be assumed as years.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Olivelle |author-first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Olivelle |year=2005 |title=Manu's Code of Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA53 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=3, 241 (1.71) |isbn=0-19-517146-2}}</ref>

===''Surya Siddhanta''===
The ''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'' (1.10–21) describes units of time from a respiration (''prana''){{sfn|Burgess|1935|p=5|ps=: The manuscripts without commentary insert, as the first half of v. 11, the usual definition of the length of a respiration: "the time occupied in pronouncing ten long syllables is called a respiration." 10 long syllable (''gurvakshara'') = 1 respiration (''prana'', period of four seconds).}} up to the 100-year lifespan of [[Brahma]] (''maha-kalpa'').<ref name="Burgess 1935"/>

{{quote box
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|quote=
<poem>
{{transliteration|sa|lokānām antakṛt kālaḥ kālo 'nyaḥ kalanātmakaḥ ।
sa dvidhā sthūlasūkṣmatvān mūrtaś cāmūrta ucyate ॥ 10 ॥|italic=no}}
(10) Time is the destroyer of the worlds; another Time has for its nature to bring to pass. This latter, according as it is gross or minute, is called by two names, real (murta) and unreal (amurta).
</poem>

<poem>
{{transliteration|sa|prāṇādiḥ kathito mūrtas truṭyādyo 'mūrtasaṃjñakaḥ ।
ṣaḍbhiḥ prāṇair vināḍī syāt tatṣaṣṭyā nāḍikā smṛtā ॥ 11 ॥|italic=no}}
(11) That which begins with respirations (prana) is called real; that which begins with atoms (truti) is called unreal. Six respirations make a vinadi, sixty of these a nadi;
</poem>

<poem>
{{transliteration|sa|nāḍīṣaṣṭyā tu nākṣatram ahorātraṃ prakīrtitam ।
tattriṃśatā bhaven māsaḥ sāvano 'rkodayais tathā ॥ 12 ॥|italic=no}}
(12) And sixty nadis make a sidereal day and night. Of thirty of these sidereal days is composed a month; a civil (savana) month consists of as many sunrises;
</poem>

<poem>
{{transliteration|sa|aindavas tithibhis tadvat saṃkrāntyā saura ucyate ।
māsair dvādaśabhir varṣaṃ divyaṃ tad aha ucyate ॥ 13 ॥|italic=no}}
(13) A lunar month, of as many lunar days (tithi); a solar (saura) month is determined by the entrance of the sun into a sign of the zodiac : twelve months make a year. This is called a day of the gods.
</poem>

<poem>
{{transliteration|sa|surāsurāṇām anyonyam ahorātraṃ viparyayāt ।
tatṣaṣṭiḥ ṣaḍguṇā divyaṃ varṣam āsuram eva ca ॥ 14 ॥|italic=no}}
(14) The day and night of the gods and of the demons are mutually opposed to one another. Six times sixty [360] of them are a year of the gods, and likewise of the demons.
</poem>

<poem>
{{transliteration|sa|taddvādaśasahasrāṇi caturyugam udāhṛtam ।
sūryābdasaṃkhyayā dvitrisāgarair ayutāhataiḥ ॥ 15 ॥|italic=no}}
(15) Twelve thousand of these divine years are denominated a Quadruple Age (caturyuga); of ten thousand times four hundred and thirty-two [4,320,000] solar years
</poem>

<poem>
{{transliteration|sa|saṃdhyāsaṃdhyāṃśasahitaṃ vijñeyaṃ tac caturyugam ।
kṛtādīnāṃ vyavastheyaṃ dharmapādavyavasthayā ॥ 16 ॥|italic=no}}
(16) Is composed that Quadruple Age, with its dawn and twilight. The difference of the Golden and the other Ages, as measured by the difference in the number of the feet of Virtue in each, is as follows:
</poem>

<poem>
{{transliteration|sa|yugasya daśamo bhāgaś catustridvyekasaṃguṇaḥ ।
kramāt kṛtayugādīnāṃ ṣaṣṭhāṃśaḥ saṃdhyayoḥ svakaḥ ॥ 17 ॥|italic=no}}
(17) The tenth part of an Age, multiplied successively by four, three, two, and one, gives the length of the Golden and the other Ages, in order : the sixth part of each belongs to its dawn and twilight.
</poem>

<poem>
{{transliteration|sa|yugānāṃ saptatiḥ saikā manvantaram ihocyate ।
kṛtābdasaṃkhyās tasyānte saṃdhiḥ prokto jalaplavaḥ ॥ 18 ॥|italic=no}}
(18) One and seventy [71] Ages are styled here a Patriarchate (manvantara); at its end is said to be a twilight which has the number of years of a Golden Age, and which is a deluge.
</poem>

<poem>
{{transliteration|sa|sasaṃdhayas te manavaḥ kalpe jñeyāś caturdaśa ।
kṛtapramāṇaḥ kalpādau saṃdhiḥ pañcadaśaḥ smṛtaḥ ॥ 19 ॥|italic=no}}
(19) In an Æon (kalpa) are reckoned fourteen such Patriarchs (manu) with their respective twilights; at the commencement of the Æon is a fifteenth dawn, having the length of a Golden Age.
</poem>

<poem>
{{transliteration|sa|ittham yugasahasreṇa bhūtasaṃhārakārakaḥ ।
kalpo brāhmam ahaḥ proktaṃ śarvarī tasya tāvatī ॥ 20 ॥|italic=no}}
(20) The Æon, thus composed of a thousand Ages, and which brings about the destruction of all that exists, is styled a day of Brahma; his night is of the same length.
</poem>

<poem>
{{transliteration|sa|paramāyuḥ śataṃ tasya tayāhorātrasaṃkhyayā ।
āyuṣo 'rdhamitaṃ tasya śeṣakalpo 'yam ādimaḥ ॥ 21 ॥|italic=no}}
(21) His extreme age is a hundred, according to this valuation of a day and a night{{nbsp}}...
</poem>
|source=— ''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'', Ch. 1<ref name="Burgess 1935">{{cite book |author-last=Burgess |author-first=Rev. Ebenezer |date=1935 |orig-date=1860 |chapter=Ch. 1: Of the Mean Motions of the Planets. |editor-last=Gangooly |editor-first=Phanindralal |title=Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; With notes and an appendix |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/SuryaSiddhantaTranslation/page/n57/mode/1up |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |pages=5–12 (1.10–21)}}</ref>
}}


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Time|Astronomy|Astrology|History|Philosophy|Hinduism|Religion|Mythology|Spirituality}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|History|Philosophy|Hinduism|Religion|Mythology}}
{{columns-list|
*[[Age of the universe]]
* [[Age of the universe]]
*[[Cosmology]]
*[[Hindu astronomy]]
* [[Hindu astronomy]]
*[[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Hindu calendar]]
*[[Indian mathematics]]
* [[Hindu cosmology]]
*[[Indian science and technology]]
* [[Indian mathematics]]
* [[Indian science and technology]]
*[[Jyotish]]
* [[Indian weights and measures]]
*[[List of numbers in Hindu scriptures]]
*[[Minute]]
* [[Jyotishya]]
* [[List of numbers in Hindu scriptures]]
*[[Second]]
*[[Universe]]
* [[Tamil months]]
* [[Tamil units of measurement]]
*[[Vedanga Jyotisha]]
*[[Vedas]]
* [[Time in India]]
*[[Yojana]]
* [[Universe]]
* [[Vedanga Jyotisha]]
* [[Vedas]]
* [[Yojana]]
}}


== Explanatory notes ==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Notelist|30em}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
*Burgess, Ebenezer [http://books.google.com/books?id=jpE7AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendix''] Originally published: ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' '''6''' (1860) 141–498.
*Sastri, Bapu Deva [http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/suryaEnglish.pdf Translation of the Surya Siddhanta] (1861) ISBN 3-7648-1334-2, ISBN 978-3-7648-1334-5.
*Victor J. Katz. ''A History of Mathematics: An Introduction'', 1998.
*Dwight William Johnson. ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20070219000941/http://www.originofculture.com/Astronomical%20Cycles%20&%20Facts.htm Exegesis of Hindu Cosmological Time Cycles]'', 2007.
*Alaska Mark. ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20050320030038/http://www.thearchimedeandual.com/platonic/Eastern/surya_siddanta_commentary/surya_siddhanta.htm Surya Siddhanta, Chapter I with Commentary and Illustrations]'', 2005.
* Time Comparison from {Khapre.org} ''[http://www.khapre.org/also/VedicTimeConverter.aspx Vedic Time Converter]


==External links==
==External links==
* [https://legendofbharatbarsha.home.blog/2019/12/07/detailed-history-of-time/ Scientific Explanation of Hindu Time Units]
* [https://twitter.com/Hinduism4u Daily Hindu Calendar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050320030038/http://www.thearchimedeandual.com/platonic/Eastern/surya_siddanta_commentary/surya_siddhanta.htm Surya Siddhanta, Chapter I with Commentary and Illustrations]


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[[Category:Hindu astronomy|Units of time]]
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Latest revision as of 11:20, 8 November 2024

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Hindu units of time are described in Hindu texts ranging from microseconds to trillions of years, including cycles of cosmic time that repeat general events in Hindu cosmology.[1][2] Time (kāla) is described as eternal.[3] Various fragments of time are described in the Vedas, Manusmriti, Bhagavata Purana, Vishnu Purana, Mahabharata, Surya Siddhanta etc.[4][5][6]

Sidereal metrics

[edit]
See also: Sidereal and tropical astrology and Sidereal time
Hindu measurements in logarithmic scale based on seconds

Sidereal astrology maintains the alignment between signs and constellations via corrective systems of Hindu (Vedic)-origin known as ayanamsas (Sanskrit: 'ayana' "movement" + 'aṃśa' "component"), to allow for the observed precession of equinoxes, whereas tropical astrology ignores precession.[7] This has caused the two systems, which were aligned around 2,000 years ago, to drift apart over the centuries.[7][8]

Ayanamsa systems used in Hindu astrology (also known as Vedic astrology) include the Lahiriayanamsa and the Raman ayanamsa.[9] The Fagan-Bradley ayanamsa is an example of an ayanamsa system used in Western sidereal astrology.[9] As of 2020, zodiacal signs calculated using the Sri Yukteswar ayanamsa were around 23 degrees behind tropical zodiacal signs.[7] Per these calculations, persons born between March 12 - April 12, for instance, would have the sun sign of Pisces.[7] By contrast, persons born between March 21 - April 19 would have the sun sign of Aries per tropical calculations.[10]

Sidereal Units:[11][failed verification]

Unit Definition Value in SI units
truti (त्रुटि) base unit ≈ 300 ns
renu (रेणु) 60 truti ≈ 18 μs
lava (लव) 60 renu ≈ 1,080 μs
līkṣaka (लीक्षक) 60 lava ≈ 64.8 ms
liptā(लिप्ता) 6 līkṣaka ≈ 0.3888 s
vipala (विपल)
prāṇa[12]

(प्राण)

10 liptā ≈ 3.888 s
pala (पल) 60 liptā or 6 prāṇa ≈ 24 s
vighaṭi (विघटि)
vināḍī (विनाडी)
ghaṭi (घटि) 60 vighaṭi ≈ 1.44 ks (24 min)
nādī (नाडी)
danda (दण्ड)
muhūrta (मुहूर्त) 2 ghaṭi ≈ 2.88 ks (48 min)
nakṣhatra ahorātram
(sidereal day; नक्षत्र अहोरात्रम्) 		60 ghaṭī ≈ 86.4 ks (24 h)
30 muhūrta

According to Sūrya Siddhānta:[13][14]

Unit Definition Value in SI units
truti base unit ≈ 29.6 μs
tatpara 100 truti ≈ 2.96 ms
nimesha 30 tatpara ≈ 88.9 ms
kāṣṭhā 18 nimesha ≈ 1.6 s
kalā 30 kāṣṭhā ≈ 48 s
ghatika 30 kalā ≈ 1.44 ks (24 min)
muhūrta (kṣaṇa) 2 ghatika ≈ 2.88 ks (48 min)
ahorātram
(sidereal day) 		30 muhūrta ≈ 86.4 ks (24 h)

Small units of time used in the Vedas:[15][16]

Unit Definition Value in SI units
paramāṇu base unit ≈ 26.3 μs
aṇu 2 paramāṇu ≈ 52.67 μs
trasareṇu 3 aṇu ≈ 158 μs
truṭi 3 trasareṇu ≈ 474 μs
vedha 100 truṭi ≈ 47.4 ms
lava 3 vedha ≈ 0.14 s
nimeṣa 3 lava ≈ 0.43 s
kṣaṇa 3 nimeṣa ≈ 1.28 s
kāṣṭhā 5 kṣaṇa ≈ 6.4 s
laghu 15 kāṣṭhā ≈ 96 s (1.6 min)
danda (nadika) 15 laghu ≈ 1.44 ks (24 min)
muhūrta 2 danda ≈ 2.88 ks (48 min)
ahorātram
(sidereal day) 		30 muhūrta ≈ 86.4 ks (24 h)
masa (month) 30 ahorātram ≈ 2,592 ks
ritu (season) 2 masa ≈ 5,184 ks
ayana 3 ritu ≈ 15,552 ks (6 mth)
samvatsara (year) 2 ayana ≈ 31,104 ks
ahorātram of Deva

Lunar metrics

[edit]
See also: Lunar distance (astronomy), Orbit of the Moon, Ephemeris, and Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar

The traditional lunar calendar system measures time based on the Moon's phases and its relation to the Sun. Unlike solar calendars, it uses units such as tithi (lunar day), pakṣa (lunar fortnight), māsa (lunar month), ṛitu (season), ayanam (half-year), and varsha (lunar year) to structure the year.[17] This system was integral to ancient cultures for tracking time, planning festivals, and guiding agricultural practices. The following section provides an overview of these key time units and their relationships:[18][19]

Unit Definition Equivalence
tithi (lunar day) Time for 12° increase of longitudinal angle between Moon and Sun ≈ 1 day (varies 19–26 hours)
pakṣa (lunar fortnight) 15 tithis ≈ 15 days
māsa (lunar month) 2 pakṣas: gaura (bright) or śukla pakṣa during waxing moon; kṛṣṇa (dark) pakṣa during waning moon ≈ 30 days (29.5 days)
ṛitu (season) 2 māsas ≈ 60 days
ayanam 3 ṛitus ≈ 180 days
varsha (lunar year) 2 ayanams ≈ 360 days (354.36707 days)

Tropical metrics

[edit]
See also: Tropical year and Anomalistic year

Tropical metrics are time units used to measure intervals based on the tropical year and related cycles. This system includes units such as ghaṭi (base unit), yāma (a period of 7.5 ghaṭis), and ahorātram (a full day comprising 8 yāmas).[20] The following section explains these units and their approximate durations, offering insight into how time is organized in relation to the tropical year:[21][a]

Unit Definition Equivalence
ghaṭi (घटि) base unit ≈ 24 minutes
yāma (याम) 7.5 ghaṭis ≈ 3 hours
ahorātram (अहोरात्रम्) 8 yāmas ≈ 24 hours (tropical day starting at sunrise)

Cosmic metrics

[edit]

The table below contains calculations of cosmic Hindu units of time as experienced by different entities, namely humans, Pitris (forefathers), Devas (gods), Manu (progenitor of humanity), and Brahma (creator god). Calculations use a traditional 360-day year (twelve 30-day months) and a standard 24-hour day for all entities.

Cosmic units of time
Unit[b] Definition Human Pitri Deva Manu Brahma
mahā-kalpa 36,000 kalpa & pralaya 311,040,000,000,000 yr 10,368,000,000,000 yr 864,000,000,000 yr ~101,408,450.70 yr 100 yr
mahā-pralaya mahā-kalpa length
parārdha 1⁄2 mahā-kalpa 155,520,000,000,000 yr 5,184,000,000,000 yr 432,000,000,000 yr ~50,704,225.35 yr 50 yr
kalpa 14 m + 15 ms; 1,000 cy 4,320,000,000 yr 144,000,000 yr 12,000,000 yr ~1,408.45 yr 12 h
pralaya kalpa length
manvantara [m] 71 catur-yuga 306,720,000 yr 10,224,000 yr 852,000 yr 100 yr 51.12 min
manvantara-sandhyā [ms] Kṛta-yuga length 1,728,000 yr 57,600 yr 4,800 yr ~6.76 mo 17.28 s
catur-yuga [cy] Kṛta, Tretā, Dvāpara & Kali-yugas 4,320,000 yr 144,000 yr 12,000 yr ~1.41 yr 43.20 s
 
Kṛta-yuga sum total 1,728,000 yr 57,600 yr 4,800 yr ~6.76 mo 17.28 s
Kṛta-yuga-sandhyā 1⁄10 Kṛta-yuga[c] length 144,000 yr 4,800 yr 400 yr ~16.90 day 1.44 s
Kṛta-yuga-sandhyāṃśa
Kṛta-yuga[c] 4 Kali-yuga[c] lengths 1,440,000 yr 48,000 yr 4,000 yr ~5.63 mo 14.40 s
 
Tretā-yuga sum total 1,296,000 yr 43,200 yr 3,600 yr ~5.07 mo 12.96 s
Tretā-yuga-sandhyā 1⁄10 Tretā-yuga[c] length 108,000 yr 3,600 yr 300 yr ~12.68 day 1.08 s
Tretā-yuga-sandhyāṃśa
Tretā-yuga[c] 3 Kali-yuga[c] lengths 1,080,000 yr 36,000 yr 3,000 yr ~4.23 mo 10.80 s
 
Dvāpara-yuga sum total 864,000 yr 28,800 yr 2,400 yr ~3.38 mo 8.64 s
Dvāpara-yuga-sandhyā 1⁄10 Dvāpara-yuga[c] length 72,000 yr 2,400 yr 200 yr ~8.45 day 0.72 s
Dvāpara-yuga-sandhyāṃśa
Dvāpara-yuga[c] 2 Kali-yuga[c] lengths 720,000 yr 24,000 yr 2,000 yr ~2.82 mo 7.20 s
 
Kali-yuga sum total 432,000 yr 14,400 yr 1,200 yr ~1.69 mo 4.32 s
Kali-yuga-sandhyā 1⁄10 Kali-yuga[c] length 36,000 yr 1,200 yr 100 yr ~4.23 day 0.36 s
Kali-yuga-sandhyāṃśa
Kali-yuga[c] 1,000 Deva years 360,000 yr 12,000 yr 1,000 yr ~1.41 mo 3.60 s

Lifespans

[edit]

Hindu texts define lifespans differently for humans, Pitris (forefathers), Devas (gods), Manus (progenitors of mankind), and Brahma (creator god). The division of a year for each is twelve 30-day months or 360 days, where a day is divided into a 12-hour day proper and 12-hour night.[22] A 30-day month amounts to four 7-day weeks with an extra 8th day every two weeks (48-week year). A traditional human year is measured by the sun's northern (uttarayana) and southern (dakshinayana) movements in the sky,[d] where the new year commences only when the sun returns to the same starting point and a pause on the commencement otherwise. Ebenezer Burgess postulates an intercalary month was inserted every five years to anciently maintain the correspondence of the 360-day years with the true solar years (~365.24-day years).[23] For this reason, a traditional 360-day year is equivalent to a modern ~365.24-day solar or tropical year.

Unit[b] Human Pitri Deva Manu Brahma
Brahma year 3,110,400,000,000 yr 103,680,000,000 yr 8,640,000,000 yr ~1,014,084.51 yr 1 yr
Manu year 3,067,200 yr 102,240 yr 8,520 yr 1 yr 30.67 s
Deva year 360 yr 12 yr 1 yr ~1.01 h 3.60 ms
Pitri year 30 yr 1 yr 1 mo ~5.07 min 300 μs
Human year 1 yr 12 day 1 day ~10.14 s 10 μs

Cosmic date

[edit]
See also: Kali Yuga § Start date

According to Puranic sources,[e] Krishna's departure marks the end of the human age of Dvapara-yuga and the start of Kali-yuga, which is dated to midnight on 17/18 February 3102 BCE of the proleptic Julian calendar. We are currently halfway through Brahma's life (maha-kalpa), whose lifespan is equal to the duration of the manifested material elements, from which Brahma manifests his universe in kalpa cycles:[29][30][31][32][33]

A maha-kalpa is followed by a maha-pralaya (full dissolution) of equal length. Each kalpa (day of Brahma) is followed by a pralaya (night of Brahma or partial dissolution) of equal length. Preceding the first and following each manvantara is a manvantara-sandhya (connection period), each with a length of Krita-yuga (a.k.a. Satya-yuga).[29][30]

Hindu texts specify that the start and end of each of the yugas are marked by astronomical alignments. This cycle's Treta-yuga began with 5 planets residing in the "Aries" constellation. This cycle's Dvapara-yuga ended with the "Saptarshi" constellation (Ursa major) residing in the "Magha" constellation. The current Kali-yuga will end with the Sun, Moon and Jupiter residing in the "Pushya" sector.[34][better source needed]

Human

[edit]
Main article: Yuga Cycle

The history of humanity is divided up into four yugas (a.k.a. dharmic ages or world ages)—Kṛta-yuga (pronounced Krita-yuga; a.k.a. Satya-yuga), Tretā-yuga, Dvāpara-yuga and Kali-yuga—each with a 25% decline in dharmic practices and length, giving proportions (caraṇas; pronounced charanas) of 4:3:2:1 (e.g. Satya: 100% start; Kali: 25% start, 0% end), indicating a de-evolution in spiritual consciousness and an evolution in material consciousness. Kali-yuga is followed by Satya-yuga of the next cycle, where a cycle is called a catur-yuga (pronounced chatur-yuga; a.k.a. mahā-yuga). Each yuga is divided into a main period (a.k.a. yuga proper) and two yuga-sandhis (a.k.a. yuga-sandhyās; connecting periods)⁠—yuga-sandhyā (dawn) and yuga-sandhyāṃśa (a.k.a. yuga-sandhyānśa; dusk)⁠—where each yuga-sandhi lasts for 10% of the main period. Lengths are given in divine years (a.k.a. celestial or Deva years), where a divine year lasts for 360 solar (human) years. A chatur-yuga lasts for 4.32 million solar (12,000 divine) years with 1,728,000 years of Krita-yuga, 1,296,000 years of Treta-yuga, 864,000 years of Dvapara-yuga, and 432,000 years of Kali-yuga.[35][36][37][38][39][f]

Current yuga

[edit]

Kali-yuga lasts for 432,000 years and is the 4th of 4 yugas in a cycle as well as the current yuga, with two sandhyas, each lasting for 36,000 years:[g]

  • Kali-yuga started 3102 BCE in past:
= current year + Kali-yuga start year - year zero
= 2024 + 3102 - 1
= 5,125 years
  • Kali-yuga-sandhya (dawn) ends 32,899 CE in future:
= Kali-yuga-sandhya - elapsed Kali-yuga
= 36,000 - (2024 + 3102 - 1)
= 30,875 years
  • Kali-yuga-sandhyamsa (dusk) starts 392,899 CE in future:
= Kali-yuga - Kali-yuga-sandhyamsa - elapsed Kali-yuga
= 432,000 - 36,000 - (2024 + 3102 - 1)
= 390,875 years
  • Kali-yuga ends 428,899 CE in future:
= Kali-yuga - elapsed Kali-yuga
= 432,000 - (2024 + 3102 - 1)
= 426,875 years

Current chatur yuga

[edit]

A chatur-yuga lasts for 4.32 million years, where the current is the 28th of 71:[g]

  • Started 3,891,102 BCE in past:
= chatur-yuga - Kali-yuga + elapsed Kali-yuga
= 4,320,000 - 432,000 + (2024 + 3102 - 1)
= 3,893,125 years
≈ 3.89 million years
  • Ends 428,899 CE in future:
= Kali-yuga - elapsed Kali-yuga
= 432,000 - (2024 + 3102 - 1)
= 426,875 years
28th chatur-yuga
Yuga Start (– End) Length
Krita (Satya) 3,891,102 BCE 1,728,000 (4,800)
Treta 2,163,102 BCE 1,296,000 (3,600)
Dvapara 867,102 BCE 864,000 (2,400)
Kali* 3102 BCE – 428,899 CE 432,000 (1,200)
Years: 4,320,000 solar (12,000 divine)
(*) Current. [h][31][40]

Pitri

[edit]

The lifespan of the Pitris (forefathers) lasts for 100 of their years.[21]

  • 24 hours (1 day & night) of Pitris = 1 solar month (masa; Moon's two 15-day fortnights: bright and dark)
  • 30 days (1 month) of Pitris = 30 solar months (2.5 solar years)
  • 12 months (1 year) of Pitris = 30 solar years (1 month of Devas)
  • 100 years (lifespan) of Pitris = 3,000 solar years

Deva

[edit]

The lifespan of the Devas (gods) lasts for 100 of their years.[21]

  • 24 hours (1 day & night) of Devas = 1 solar year (Sun's two 180-day motions: northern and southern)
  • 30 days (1 month) of Devas = 30 solar years (1 year of Pitris)
  • 12 months (1 year) of Devas = 360 solar years
  • 100 years (lifespan) of Devas = 36,000 solar years

Manu

[edit]
Main article: Manvantara

The lifespan of the Manus (progenitors of mankind) lasts for 100 of their years. Each Manu reigns over a period called a manvantara, each lasting for 71 chatur-yugas (306.72 million years). A total of 14 Manus reign successively in one kalpa (day of Brahma). Preceding the first and following each manvantara is a sandhyā (connection period), each lasting the duration of Satya-yuga (1.728 million years). During each manvantara-sandhyā (a.k.a. manvantara-sandhi), Earth (Bhu-loka) is submerged in water.[29][35][41][42]

  • 24 hours (1 day & night) of Manu = 8,520 solar years
  • 30 days (1 month) of Manu = 255,600 solar years
  • 12 months (1 year) of Manu = 3,067,200 solar years
  • 100 years (lifespan) of Manu = 306,720,000 solar years (71 chatur-yugas)

Current manvantara

[edit]

A manvantara lasts for 306.72 million years, where the current (ruled by Vaivasvatha Manu) is the 7th of 14:[g]

  • Started in past:
= elapsed 28th chatur-yuga + 27 chatur-yugas
= chatur-yuga - Kali-yuga + elapsed Kali-yuga + 27 chatur-yugas
= (4,320,000 - 432,000 + (2024 + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 27
= 120,533,125 years
≈ 120.53 million years
  • Ends in future:
= remaining 28th chatur-yuga + 43 chatur-yugas
= Kali-yuga - elapsed Kali-yuga + 43 chatur-yugas
= (432,000 - (2024 + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 43
= 186,186,875 years
≈ 186.19 million years

Brahma

[edit]
Main article: Kalpa (time)

The lifespan of Brahma (creator god) lasts for 100 of his years. His 12-hour day or kalpa (a.k.a. day of Brahma) is followed by a 12-hour night or pralaya (a.k.a. night of Brahma) of equal length, each lasting for 4.32 billion years. A kalpa lasts for 1,000 chatur-yugas and has 14 manvantaras and 15 manvantara-sandhyas occurring in it. At the start of Brahma's days, he is re-born and creates the planets and the first living entities. At the end of his days, he and his creations are unmanifest (partial dissolution). His 100-year life (311.04 trillion years) is called a mahā-kalpa, which is followed by a mahā-pralaya (full dissolution) of equal length, where the bases of the universe, prakriti, is manifest at the start and unmanifest at the end of a maha-kalpa. His 100-year life is divided into two 50-year periods, each called a parārdha.[30][42][43] In 100 360-day years (maha-kalpa), there are a total of 36,000 full days: 36,000 kalpas (days proper) and 36,000 pralayas (nights).

  • 12 hours (1 day proper: kalpa) of Brahma = 4.32 billion solar years (1,000 chatur-yugas; 14 manvantaras + 15 manvantara-sandhyas)
  • 24 hours (1 day & night: kalpa + pralaya) of Brahma = 8.64 billion solar years
  • 30 days (1 month) of Brahma = 259.2 billion solar years
  • 12 months (1 year) of Brahma = 3.1104 trillion solar years
  • 50 years (parardha) of Brahma = 155.52 trillion solar years
  • 100 years (lifespan: 2 parardhas) of Brahma = 311.04 trillion solar years

Current kalpa

[edit]

A kalpa (day of Brahma, 12 hours) lasts for 4.32 billion years, where the current (Shveta-Varaha Kalpa) is the 1st of 30 in his 1st month of his 51st year:[g]

  • Started in past:
= elapsed 7th manvantara + 7 manvantara-sandhyas + 6 manvantaras
= elapsed 28th chatur-yuga + 27 chatur-yugas + 7 manvantara-sandhyas + 6 manvantaras
= chatur-yuga - Kali-yuga + elapsed Kali-yuga + 27 chatur-yugas + 7 manvantara-sandhyas + 6 manvantaras
= ((4,320,000 - 432,000 + (2024 + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 27) + 1,728,000 * 7 + 306,720,000 * 6
= 1,972,949,125 years
≈ 1.97 billion years
  • Ends in future:
= remaining 7th manvantara + 8 manvantara-sandhyas + 7 manvantaras
= remaining 28th chatur-yuga + 43 chatur-yugas + 8 manvantara-sandhyas + 7 manvantaras
= Kali-yuga - elapsed Kali-yuga + 43 chatur-yugas + 8 manvantara-sandhyas + 7 manvantaras
= ((432,000 - (2024 + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 43) + 1,728,000 * 8 + 306,720,000 * 7
= 2,347,050,875 years
≈ 2.35 billion years

Current maha kalpa

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A maha-kalpa (life of Brahma) lasts for 311.04 trillion years:[g]

  • Started in past:
= elapsed 18,001st kalpa + 18,000 kalpas + 18,000 pralayas
= elapsed 7th manvantara + 7 manvantara-sandhyas + 6 manvantaras + 36,000 kalpas/pralayas
= elapsed 28th chatur-yuga + 27 chatur-yugas + 7 manvantara-sandhyas + 6 manvantaras + 36,000 kalpas/pralayas
= chatur-yuga - Kali-yuga + elapsed Kali-yuga + 27 chatur-yugas + 7 manvantara-sandhyas + 6 manvantaras + 36,000 kalpas/pralayas
= (((4,320,000 - 432,000 + (2024 + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 27) + 1,728,000 * 7 + 306,720,000 * 6) + 4,320,000,000 * 36,000
= 155,521,972,949,125 years
≈ 155.52 trillion years
  • Ends in future:
= remaining 18,001st kalpa + 17,999 kalpas + 18,000 pralayas
= remaining 7th manvantara + 8 manvantara-sandhyas + 7 manvantaras + 35,999 kalpas/pralayas
= remaining 28th chatur-yuga + 43 chatur-yugas + 8 manvantara-sandhyas + 7 manvantaras + 35,999 kalpas/pralayas
= Kali-yuga - elapsed Kali-yuga + 43 chatur-yugas + 8 manvantara-sandhyas + 7 manvantaras + 35,999 kalpas/pralayas
= (((432,000 - (2024 + 3102 - 1)) + 4,320,000 * 43) + 1,728,000 * 8 + 306,720,000 * 7) + 4,320,000,000 * 35,999
= 155,518,027,050,875 years
≈ 155.52 trillion years

Hindu texts

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Mahabharata

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The Mahabharata (12.231.12–31) describes units of time from a wink of the eye (nimesha) up to the days (kalpa) and nights (pralaya) of Brahma.[44]

(12–13) The Rishis, measuring time, have given particular names to particular portions. Five and ten winks of the eye make what is called a Kashtha. Thirty Kashthas make what is called a Kala. Thirty Kalas, with the tenth part of a Kala, make a Muhurta. Thirty Muhurtas make up one day and night. Thirty days and nights form a month, and twelve months form a year.

(14) Persons well-read in mathematical science say that a year is made up of two solar motions, viz, the northern and the southern.

(15) The sun makes the day and the night for men. The night is for the sleep of all living creatures and the day is for work.

(16) A month of human beings is equal to a day and night of the departed manes. That division consists in this the light half of the month is their day which is for work, and the dark fortnight is their night for sleep.

(17) A year (of men) is equal to a day and night of the gods. This division consists in this the half year for which the sun travels from the vernal to the autumnal equinox is the day of the gods, and the half year for which the sun moves from the latter to the former is their night.

(18) Calculating by the days and nights of human beings about which I have told you I shall speak of the day and night of Brahman [(Brahma)] and his years also.

(19) I shall, in their order, tell you the number of years that are for different purposes calculated differently, in the Krita, the Treta, the Dwapara, and the Kali yugas.

(20) Four thousand celestial years is the duration of the first or Krita age. The morning of that cycle consists of four hundred years and its evening is of four hundred years.

(21) Regarding the other cycles, the duration of each gradually decreases by a quarter in respect of both the principal period with the minor portion and the conjoining portion itself.

(29) The learned say that these twelve thousand celestial years form what is called a cycle. A thousand such cycles form a single day of Brahman [(Brahma)].

(30) The same is the duration of Brahman's [(Brahma's)] night. With the beginning of Brahman's [(Brahma's)] day the universe begins to come into being. During the period of universal dissolution the Creator sleeps in Yoga meditation. When the period of sleep expires, He awakes.

(31) What is Brahman's [(Brahma's)] day covers a thousand such cycles. His night also covers a thousand similar cycles. They who know this are said to know the day and the night.

— Mahabharata, Book 12 (Shanti Parva), Ch. 231[44][i]

Manusmriti

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The Manusmriti (a.k.a. Laws of Manu; 1.64–80) describes units of time from a twinkling of the eye (nimesha) up to the days (kalpa) and nights (pralaya) of Brahma.[45][46][47]

निमेषा दश चाष्टौ च काष्ठा त्रिंशत् तु ताः कला ।
त्रिंशत् कला मुहूर्तः स्यादहोरात्रं तु तावतः ॥ ६४ ॥
nimeṣā daśa cāṣṭau ca kāṣṭhā triṃśat tu tāḥ kalā ।
triṃśat kalā muhūrtaḥ syādahorātraṃ tu tāvataḥ ॥ 64 ॥
(64) Eighteen nimeshas (twinklings of the eye, are one kashtha), thirty kashthas one kala, thirty kalas one muhurta, and as many (muhurtas) one day and night.

अहोरात्रे विभजते सूर्यो मानुषदैविके ।
रात्रिः स्वप्नाय भूतानां चेष्टायै कर्मणामहः ॥ ६५ ॥
ahorātre vibhajate sūryo mānuṣadaivike ।
rātriḥ svapnāya bhūtānāṃ ceṣṭāyai karmaṇāmahaḥ ॥ 65 ॥
(65) The sun divides days and nights, both human and divine, the night (being intended) for the repose of created beings and the day for exertion.

पित्र्ये रात्र्यहनी मासः प्रविभागस्तु पक्षयोः ।
कर्मचेष्टास्वहः कृष्णः शुक्लः स्वप्नाय शर्वरी ॥ ६६ ॥
pitrye rātryahanī māsaḥ pravibhāgastu pakṣayoḥ ।
karmaceṣṭāsvahaḥ kṛṣṇaḥ śuklaḥ svapnāya śarvarī ॥ 66 ॥
(66) A month is a day and night of the manes, but the division is according to fortnights. The dark (fortnight) is their day for active exertion, the bright (fortnight) their night for sleep.

दैवे रात्र्यहनी वर्षं प्रविभागस्तयोः पुनः ।
अहस्तत्रोदगयनं रात्रिः स्याद् दक्षिणायनम् ॥ ६७ ॥
daive rātryahanī varṣaṃ pravibhāgastayoḥ punaḥ ।
ahastatrodagayanaṃ rātriḥ syād dakṣiṇāyanam ॥ 67 ॥
(67) A year is a day and a night of the gods; their division is (as follows): the half year during which the sun progresses to the north will be the day, that during which it goes southwards the night.

ब्राह्मस्य तु क्षपाहस्य यत् प्रमाणं समासतः ।
एकैकशो युगानां तु क्रमशस्तन्निबोधत ॥ ६८ ॥
brāhmasya tu kṣapāhasya yat pramāṇaṃ samāsataḥ ।
ekaikaśo yugānāṃ tu kramaśastannibodhata ॥ 68 ॥
(68) But hear now the brief (description of) the duration of a night and a day of Brahman [(Brahma)] and of the several ages (of the world, yuga) according to their order.

चत्वार्याहुः सहस्राणि वर्षाणां तत् कृतं युगम् ।
तस्य तावत्शती सन्ध्या सन्ध्यांशश्च तथाविधः ॥ ६९ ॥
catvāryāhuḥ sahasrāṇi varṣāṇāṃ tat kṛtaṃ yugam ।
tasya tāvatśatī sandhyā sandhyāṃśaśca tathāvidhaḥ ॥ 69 ॥
(69) They declare that the Krita age (consists of) four thousand years (of the gods); the twilight preceding it consists of as many hundreds, and the twilight following it of the same number.

इतरेषु ससन्ध्येषु ससन्ध्यांशेषु च त्रिषु ।
एकापायेन वर्तन्ते सहस्राणि शतानि च ॥ ७० ॥
itareṣu sasandhyeṣu sasandhyāṃśeṣu ca triṣu ।
ekāpāyena vartante sahasrāṇi śatāni ca ॥ 70 ॥
(70) In the other three ages with their twilights preceding and following, the thousands and hundreds are diminished by one (in each).

यदेतत् परिसङ्ख्यातमादावेव चतुर्युगम् ।
एतद् द्वादशसाहस्रं देवानां युगमुच्यते ॥ ७१ ॥
yadetat parisaṅkhyātamādāveva caturyugam ।
etad dvādaśasāhasraṃ devānāṃ yugamucyate ॥ 71 ॥
(71) These twelve thousand (years) which thus have been just mentioned as the total of four (human) ages, are called one age of the gods.

दैविकानां युगानां तु सहस्रं परिसङ्ख्यया ।
ब्राह्ममेकमहर्ज्ञेयं तावतीं रात्रिमेव च ॥ ७२ ॥
daivikānāṃ yugānāṃ tu sahasraṃ parisaṅkhyayā ।
brāhmamekamaharjñeyaṃ tāvatīṃ rātrimeva ca ॥ 72 ॥
(72) But know that the sum of one thousand ages of the gods (makes) one day of Brahman [(Brahma)], and that his night has the same length.

तद् वै युगसहस्रान्तं ब्राह्मं पुण्यमहर्विदुः ।
रात्रिं च तावतीमेव तेऽहोरात्रविदो जनाः ॥ ७३ ॥
tad vai yugasahasrāntaṃ brāhmaṃ puṇyamaharviduḥ ।
rātriṃ ca tāvatīmeva te'horātravido janāḥ ॥ 73 ॥
(73) Those (only, who) know that the holy day of Brahman [(Brahma)], indeed, ends after (the completion of) one thousand ages (of the gods) and that his night lasts as long, (are really) men acquainted with (the length of) days and nights.

यद् प्राग् द्वादशसाहस्रमुदितं दैविकं युगम् ।
तदेकसप्ततिगुणं मन्वन्तरमिहोच्यते ॥ ७९ ॥
yad prāg dvādaśasāhasramuditaṃ daivikaṃ yugam ।
tadekasaptatiguṇaṃ manvantaramihocyate ॥ 79 ॥
(79) The before-mentioned age of the gods, (or) twelve thousand (of their years), being multiplied by seventy-one, (constitutes what) is here named the period of a Manu (Manvantara).

मन्वन्तराण्यसङ्ख्यानि सर्गः संहार एव च ।
क्रीडन्निवैतत् कुरुते परमेष्ठी पुनः पुनः ॥ ८० ॥
manvantarāṇyasaṅkhyāni sargaḥ saṃhāra eva ca ।
krīḍannivaitat kurute parameṣṭhī punaḥ punaḥ ॥ 80 ॥
(80) The Manvantaras, the creations and destructions (of the world, are) numberless; sporting, as it were, Brahman [(Brahma)] repeats this again and again.

— Manusmriti, Ch. 1[46]

According to Patrick Olivelle, most scholars take the table of contents (1.111–118) to be an addition, but for him the account of time and cosmology (1.61–86) to the aforementioned (1.118) are out of place redactions. He feels the narrative should have ended when the initial command to "listen" (1.4) was repeated (1.60), then transition to "learn" (2.1).[48]

Georg Bühler, whose translation has remained the standard for over a century according to Olivelle, translated 1.71 as 12,000 years in a four-aged period, same as Sir William Jones's translation, both based on Kulluka Bhatta's commentary. Medhatithi translated it as 12,000 four-aged periods in an age of the gods. Kulluka and Olivelle reject Medhatithi's interpretation based on 1.79 mentioning 12,000 without a qualifier ("etat" or "this") and must be assumed as years.[49]

Surya Siddhanta

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The Surya Siddhanta (1.10–21) describes units of time from a respiration (prana)[50] up to the 100-year lifespan of Brahma (maha-kalpa).[51]

lokānām antakṛt kālaḥ kālo 'nyaḥ kalanātmakaḥ ।
sa dvidhā sthūlasūkṣmatvān mūrtaś cāmūrta ucyate ॥ 10 ॥
(10) Time is the destroyer of the worlds; another Time has for its nature to bring to pass. This latter, according as it is gross or minute, is called by two names, real (murta) and unreal (amurta).

prāṇādiḥ kathito mūrtas truṭyādyo 'mūrtasaṃjñakaḥ ।
ṣaḍbhiḥ prāṇair vināḍī syāt tatṣaṣṭyā nāḍikā smṛtā ॥ 11 ॥
(11) That which begins with respirations (prana) is called real; that which begins with atoms (truti) is called unreal. Six respirations make a vinadi, sixty of these a nadi;

nāḍīṣaṣṭyā tu nākṣatram ahorātraṃ prakīrtitam ।
tattriṃśatā bhaven māsaḥ sāvano 'rkodayais tathā ॥ 12 ॥
(12) And sixty nadis make a sidereal day and night. Of thirty of these sidereal days is composed a month; a civil (savana) month consists of as many sunrises;

aindavas tithibhis tadvat saṃkrāntyā saura ucyate ।
māsair dvādaśabhir varṣaṃ divyaṃ tad aha ucyate ॥ 13 ॥
(13) A lunar month, of as many lunar days (tithi); a solar (saura) month is determined by the entrance of the sun into a sign of the zodiac : twelve months make a year. This is called a day of the gods.

surāsurāṇām anyonyam ahorātraṃ viparyayāt ।
tatṣaṣṭiḥ ṣaḍguṇā divyaṃ varṣam āsuram eva ca ॥ 14 ॥
(14) The day and night of the gods and of the demons are mutually opposed to one another. Six times sixty [360] of them are a year of the gods, and likewise of the demons.

taddvādaśasahasrāṇi caturyugam udāhṛtam ।
sūryābdasaṃkhyayā dvitrisāgarair ayutāhataiḥ ॥ 15 ॥
(15) Twelve thousand of these divine years are denominated a Quadruple Age (caturyuga); of ten thousand times four hundred and thirty-two [4,320,000] solar years

saṃdhyāsaṃdhyāṃśasahitaṃ vijñeyaṃ tac caturyugam ।
kṛtādīnāṃ vyavastheyaṃ dharmapādavyavasthayā ॥ 16 ॥
(16) Is composed that Quadruple Age, with its dawn and twilight. The difference of the Golden and the other Ages, as measured by the difference in the number of the feet of Virtue in each, is as follows:

yugasya daśamo bhāgaś catustridvyekasaṃguṇaḥ ।
kramāt kṛtayugādīnāṃ ṣaṣṭhāṃśaḥ saṃdhyayoḥ svakaḥ ॥ 17 ॥
(17) The tenth part of an Age, multiplied successively by four, three, two, and one, gives the length of the Golden and the other Ages, in order : the sixth part of each belongs to its dawn and twilight.

yugānāṃ saptatiḥ saikā manvantaram ihocyate ।
kṛtābdasaṃkhyās tasyānte saṃdhiḥ prokto jalaplavaḥ ॥ 18 ॥
(18) One and seventy [71] Ages are styled here a Patriarchate (manvantara); at its end is said to be a twilight which has the number of years of a Golden Age, and which is a deluge.

sasaṃdhayas te manavaḥ kalpe jñeyāś caturdaśa ।
kṛtapramāṇaḥ kalpādau saṃdhiḥ pañcadaśaḥ smṛtaḥ ॥ 19 ॥
(19) In an Æon (kalpa) are reckoned fourteen such Patriarchs (manu) with their respective twilights; at the commencement of the Æon is a fifteenth dawn, having the length of a Golden Age.

ittham yugasahasreṇa bhūtasaṃhārakārakaḥ ।
kalpo brāhmam ahaḥ proktaṃ śarvarī tasya tāvatī ॥ 20 ॥
(20) The Æon, thus composed of a thousand Ages, and which brings about the destruction of all that exists, is styled a day of Brahma; his night is of the same length.

paramāyuḥ śataṃ tasya tayāhorātrasaṃkhyayā ।
āyuṣo 'rdhamitaṃ tasya śeṣakalpo 'yam ādimaḥ ॥ 21 ॥
(21) His extreme age is a hundred, according to this valuation of a day and a night ...

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ Source (Gupta 2010, p. 6) has typo. 4 yāmas is 1/2 day.
  2. ^ a b Calculations use a traditional 360-day year (twelve 30-day months) and a standard 24-hour day for all entities:
    * Brahma: creator god.
    * Manu: progenitor of mankind.
    * Devas: gods, celestials or divine.
    * Pitris: forefathers or ancestors.
    * Humans: year equals Sun's northern and southern movements in Earth's sky (a.k.a. solar or tropical year).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Main part of yuga (yuga proper); occurs after its sandhyā (dawn) and before its sandhyāṃśa (dusk).
  4. ^ A human year is divided into twelve equal months, measured by the sun's six month movements in the north BG 8.24 and south BG 8.25, as indicated in Bhagavad-gita.
  5. ^ The Bhagavata Purana (1.18.6),[24] Vishnu Purana (5.38.8),[25] Brahmanda Purana (2.3.74.241),[26] Vayu Purana (2.37.422),[27] and Brahma Purana (2.103.8)[28] state that the day Krishna left the earth was the day that the Dvapara Yuga ended and the Kali Yuga began
  6. ^ Vishnu Purana, Book I, Ch. III
  7. ^ a b c d e Calculations as of midnight on 17/18 February 2024 CE. Note, the number of years from 1 BCE to 1 CE is 1 year and not 2 years since there is no year zero.
  8. ^ Each Kali-yuga-sandhi lasts for 36,000 solar (100 divine) years:
    * Sandhya: 3102 BCE – 32,899 CE
    * Sandhyamsa: 392,899–428,899 CE
  9. ^ Chapter 224 (CCXXIV) in some sources: Mahabharata 12.224.

References

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  1. ^ Gupta, S. V. (2010). "Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements". In Hull, Robert; Osgood, Richard M. Jr.; Parisi, Jurgen; Warlimont, Hans (eds.). Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units. Springer Series in Materials Science: 122. Springer. p. 3. ISBN 9783642007378.
  2. ^ Dick Teresi. Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science—from the Babylonians to the Maya. Simon & Schuster. p. 174.
  3. ^ Gupta 2010, p. 8.
  4. ^ "Time – Vyasa Mahabharata". Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  5. ^ Gupta, Ravi; Valpey, Kenneth (26 March 2013). The Bhagavata Purana: Sacred Text and Living Tradition. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14999-0.
  6. ^ "Concept and Measurement of Time in the Vedas". Sanskriti. 1 February 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d Vallée, Guylaine (1 March 2020). "What's Your Vedic Astrological Sign?". Birla Vedic Center. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  8. ^ Subramanian, Vijaya. "Sidereal and Tropical Zodiac – Vijaya Jyoti". Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  9. ^ a b "Ayanamshas in Sidereal Astrology". www.astro.com. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  10. ^ "Zodiac Sign Dates: What Are The Dates for Every Star Sign?". Astrostyle: Astrology and Daily, Weekly, Monthly Horoscopes by The AstroTwins. 28 September 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  11. ^ Gupta 2010, p. 3.
  12. ^ Length of breath in Sukhasana of healthy person
  13. ^ Burgess 1935, p. 6.
  14. ^ "Vedic Time System - वेद Veda". veda.wikidot.com. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  15. ^ Gupta 2010, p. 5.
  16. ^ Shailaj Kumar Shrivastava (May 2017), MEASUREMENT UNITS OF LENGTH, MASS AND TIME IN INDIA THROUGH THE AGES, International Journal of Physical and Social Science, retrieved 23 December 2020
  17. ^ "Introduction to Calendars". aa.usno.navy.mil. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  18. ^ Gupta 2010, pp. 5–6.
  19. ^ Kumar, Ashwini (2005). Vaastu: The Art And Science Of Living. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 50. ISBN 81-207-2569-7.
  20. ^ De, Subhadeep (1 June 2022). "Sundial to the Atomic Clock". Resonance. 27 (6): 941–959. doi:10.1007/s12045-022-1390-6. ISSN 0973-712X.
  21. ^ a b c Gupta 2010, p. 6.
  22. ^ Indrasena, Buddhike Sri Harsha (2021) [2020]. Resolving the Controversies of Astrology and Vedic Astronomy: Thinking Outside the Box (Revised ed.). Lulu Press. pp. 81–82. ISBN 978-1-716-75246-9. 6.2.2: For all human, divine, and Brahma scales, one year equals 360 'days' of respective scale.
  23. ^ Burgess 1935, p. 41.
  24. ^ "Skanda I, Ch. 18: Curse of the Brahmana, Sloka 6". Bhagavata Purana. Vol. Part I. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. 1950. p. 137. On the very day, and at the very moment the Lord [Krishna] left the earth, on that very day this Kali, the source of irreligiousness, (in this world), entered here.
  25. ^ Wilson, H. H. (1895). "Book V, Ch. 38: Arjuna burns the dead, etc., Sloka 8". The Vishnu Purana. S.P.C.K. Press. p. 61. The Parijata tree proceeded to heaven, and on the same day that Hari [Krishna] departed from the earth the dark-bodied Kali age descended.
  26. ^ "Ch. 74, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 241". The Brahmanda Purana. Vol. Part III. Motilal Banarsidass. 1958. p. 950. Kali Yuga began on the day when Krsna passed on to heaven. Understand how it is calculated.
  27. ^ "Ch. 37, Royal Dynasties, Sloka 422". The Vayu Purana. Vol. Part II. Motilal Banarsidass. 1988. p. 824. ISBN 81-208-0455-4. Kali Yuga had started on the very day when Krsna passed away.
  28. ^ "Ch. 103, Episode of Krsna concluded, Sloka 8". Brahma Purana. Vol. Part II. Motilal Banarsidass. 1955. p. 515. It was on the day on which Krishna left the Earth and went to heaven that the Kali age, with time for its body set in.
  29. ^ a b c Krishnamurthy, V. (2019). "Ch. 20: The Cosmic Flow of Time as per Scriptures". Meet the Ancient Scriptures of Hinduism. Notion Press. ISBN 9781684669387. Each manvantara is preceded and followed by a period of 1,728,000 (= 4K) years when the entire earthly universe (bhu-loka) will submerge under water. The period of this deluge is known as manvantara-sandhya (sandhya meaning, twilight). ... According to the traditional time-keeping ... Thus in Brahma's calendar the present time may be coded as his 51st year - first month - first day - 7th manvantara - 28th maha-yuga - 4th yuga or kaliyuga.
  30. ^ a b c Gupta 2010, pp. 7–8.
  31. ^ a b Godwin 2011, p. 301: Vishnu Purana, translated by the great Sanskritist Horace Hayman Wilson: One Pararddha, or half [Brahma's] existence, has expired, terminating with the Maha Kalpa called Padma. The Kalpa (or day of Brahma) termed Varaha is the first of the second period of Brahma's existence. ... The Hindu astronomers agree that the Kali Yuga began at midnight between February 17 and 18, 3102 BCE. Consequently it is due to end about 427,000 CE, whereupon a new Golden Age will dawn.
  32. ^ Burgess, Ebenezer (1860). "Ch. I, Of the Mean Motions of the Planets". Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendix. Journal of the American Oriental Society. pp. 10–12 (1.21–24), 17.
  33. ^ Matchett, Freda; Yano, Michio (2003). "Part II, Ch. 6: The Puranas / Part III, Ch. 18: Calendar, Astrology, and Astronomy". In Flood, Gavin (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 139–140, 390 (Kali yuga epoch). ISBN 0631215352.
  34. ^ Bharatbarsha – A Living Legend.
  35. ^ a b Gupta 2010, p. 7.
  36. ^ Godwin, Joscelyn (2011). Atlantis and the Cycles of Time: Prophecies, Traditions, and Occult Revelations. Inner Traditions. pp. 300–301. ISBN 9781594778575.
  37. ^ Merriam-Webster (1999). "Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions". In Doniger, Wendy; Hawley, John Stratton (eds.). Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. pp. 445 (Hinduism), 1159 (Yuga). ISBN 0877790442.
    * HINDUISM: Myths of time and eternity: ... Each yuga is preceded by an intermediate "dawn" and "dusk." The Krita yuga lasts 4,000 god-years, with a dawn and dusk of 400 god-years each, or a total of 4,800 god-years; Treta a total of 3,600 god-years; Dvapara 2,400 god-years; and Kali (the current yuga) 1,200 god-years. A mahayuga thus lasts 12,000 god-years ... Since each god-year lasts 360 human years, a mahayuga is 4,320,000 years long in human time. Two thousand mahayugas form one kalpa (eon) [and pralaya], which is itself but one day in the life of Brahma, whose full life lasts 100 years; the present is the midpoint of his life. Each kalpa is followed by an equally long period of abeyance (pralaya), in which the universe is asleep. Seemingly the universe will come to an end at the end of Brahma's life, but Brahmas too are innumerable, and a new universe is reborn with each new Brahma.
    * YUGA: Each yuga is progressively shorter than the preceding one, corresponding to a decline in the moral and physical state of humanity. Four such yugas ... make up a mahayuga ("great yuga") ... The first yuga (Krita) was an age of perfection, lasting 1,728,000 years. The fourth and most degenerate yuga (Kali) began in 3102 BCE and will last 432,000 years. At the close of the Kali yuga, the world will be destroyed by fire and flood, to be re-created as the cycle resumes. In a partially competing vision of time, Vishnu's 10th and final Avatar, Kalki, is described as bringing the present cosmic cycle to a close by destroying the evil forces that rule the Kali yuga and ushering in an immediate return to the idyllic Krita yuga.
  38. ^ Hans Kng (31 October 2006). Tracing The Way: Spiritual Dimensions of the World Religions. A&C Black. p. 50. ISBN 9780826494238.
  39. ^ "Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) 3.11.19". Bhaktivedanta Vedabase. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
    catvāri trīṇi dve caikaṁ kṛtādiṣu yathā-kramam ।
    saṅkhyātāni sahasrāṇi dvi-guṇāni śatāni ca ॥ 19 ॥
    (19) The duration of the Satya millennium equals 4,800 years of the years of the demigods; the duration of the Tretā millennium equals 3,600 years of the demigods; the duration of the Dvāpara millennium equals 2,400 years; and that of the Kali millennium is 1,200 years of the demigods. PURPORT: As aforementioned, one year of the demigods is equal to 360 years of the human beings. The duration of the Satya-yuga is therefore 4,800 × 360, or 1,728,000 years. The duration of the Tretā-yuga is 3,600 × 360, or 1,296,000 years. The duration of the Dvāpara-yuga is 2,400 × 360, or 864,000 years. And the last, the Kali-yuga, is 1,200 × 360, or 432,000 years.
  40. ^ Burgess 1935, p. ix (Introduction): Calculated date of 2163102 B.C. for "the end of the Golden Age (Krta yuga)", the start of Treta yuga, mentioned in Surya Siddhanta 1.57.
  41. ^ Doniger, Wendy; Hawley, John Stratton, eds. (1999). "Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. p. 691 (Manu). ISBN 0877790442. a day in the life of Brahma is divided into 14 periods called manvantaras ("Manu intervals"), each of which lasts for 306,720,000 years. In every second cycle [(new kalpa after pralaya)] the world is recreated, and a new Manu appears to become the father of the next human race. The present age is considered to be the seventh Manu cycle.
  42. ^ a b Penprase, Bryan E. (2017). The Power of Stars (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 182. ISBN 9783319525976.
  43. ^ Johnson, W.J. (2009). A Dictionary of Hinduism. Oxford University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-19-861025-0.
  44. ^ a b Dutt, Manmatha Nath (1903). "Ch. 231 (CCXXXI)". A Prose English Translation of The Mahabharata (Translated Literally from the Original Sanskrit text). Vol. Book 12 (Shanti Parva). Calcutta: Elysium Press. pp. 350–351 (12.231.12–21, 29–31).
  45. ^ Jones, Sir William (1807) [1st ed. 1794]. "The Laws of Menu, Son of Brahma - Chapter The First: On the Creation; with a Summary of the Contents". The Works of Sir William Jones in thirteen volumes. Vol. VII. pp. 101–104.
  46. ^ a b Bühler, G. (1886). "Ch. 1, The Creation". In Müller, F. Max (ed.). The Laws of Manu: translated with extracts from seven commentaries. Sacred Books of the East. Vol. XXV. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–20 (1.64–73), 22 (1.79–80).
  47. ^ Jha, Ganganath (1999) [1st ed. 1920]. "Discourse I - Origin of the Work—Creation of the World—Summary of Contents of the Book.". Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi in Ten Volumes. Vol. Adhyāya 1. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 8120811550 – via Wisdom Library.
  48. ^ Olivelle 2005, pp. 53–54.
  49. ^ Olivelle, Patrick (2005). Manu's Code of Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 3, 241 (1.71). ISBN 0-19-517146-2.
  50. ^ Burgess 1935, p. 5: The manuscripts without commentary insert, as the first half of v. 11, the usual definition of the length of a respiration: "the time occupied in pronouncing ten long syllables is called a respiration." 10 long syllable (gurvakshara) = 1 respiration (prana, period of four seconds).
  51. ^ a b Burgess, Rev. Ebenezer (1935) [1860]. "Ch. 1: Of the Mean Motions of the Planets.". In Gangooly, Phanindralal (ed.). Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; With notes and an appendix. University of Calcutta. pp. 5–12 (1.10–21).
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