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{{short description|Austrian-born essayist}}
{{Distinguish|John Amery}}
{{Distinguish|John Amery}}
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{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
|name =
|name = Jean Améry
|caption = Jean Améry
|caption = Portrait of Jean Améry by Félix De Boeck
|image = Jean Améry par Félix De Boeck 1951.jpg
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|birth_name = Hanns Chaim Mayer
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|birth_date = {{birth date|1912|10|31|df=y}}
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|birth_name = Hanns Chaim Mayer
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|birth_date = {{birth date|1912|10|31|mf=y}}
|birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
|birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
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|death_date = {{death date and age|1978|10|17|1912|10|31|df=y}}
|nationality = Austrian
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|death_date = {{death date|1978|10|17|1899|7|21|mf=y}}
|death_place = [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]]
|death_place = [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]]
|occupation = Author
|occupation = Author
|genre =
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|religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
|influences =
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'''Jean Améry''' (October 31, 1912 – October 17, 1978), born '''Hanns Chaim Mayer''', was an [[Austria]]n essayist whose work was often informed by his experiences during [[World War II]]. Formerly a philosophy and literature student in Vienna, Améry's participation in organized resistance against the [[Nazi]] occupation of [[Belgium]] resulted in his detainment and torture by the [[Gestapo]], and several years of imprisonment in concentration camps.
'''Jean Améry''' (31 October 1912{{spaced ndash}}17 October 1978), born '''Hanns Chaim Mayer''', was an Austrian-born essayist whose work was often informed by his experiences during [[World War II]]. His most celebrated work, ''At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities'' (1966), suggests that [[torture]] was "the essence" of the [[Third Reich]]. Other notable works included ''On Aging'' (1968) and ''On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death'' (1976). He adopted the pseudonym Jean Améry after 1945. Améry died by suicide in 1978.


Formerly a philosophy and literature student in Vienna, Améry's participation in organized resistance against the [[German occupation of Belgium during World War II|Nazi occupation of Belgium]] resulted in his detainment and torture by the German [[Gestapo]] at [[Fort Breendonk]], and several years of imprisonment in concentration camps. Améry survived internments in [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] and [[Buchenwald concentration camp|Buchenwald]], and was finally liberated at [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp|Bergen-Belsen]] in 1945. After the war he settled in Belgium.
Améry survived internments in [[Auschwitz]] and [[Buchenwald]], and was finally liberated at [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp|Bergen-Belsen]] in 1945. His most celebrated work, ''At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities'', suggests that torture was "the essence" of the [[Third Reich]]. Other notable works included ''On Aging'' and ''On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death''.

Améry committed suicide by taking an overdose of sleeping pills in 1978.


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
Jean Améry was born Hans Mayer in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]] in 1912, to a Jewish father and a Catholic mother. His father was killed in action in [[World War I]] in 1916. Améry was raised as a [[Roman Catholic]] by his mother.<ref name=bio>[http://www-english.tamu.edu/pers/fac/myers/amery.html Amery: a biographical introduction<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Eventually, Améry and his mother returned to Vienna, where he enrolled in university to study literature and philosophy, but economic necessity kept him from regular pursuit of studies there.
Jean Améry was born as Hanns Chaim Mayer in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], in 1912, to a Jewish father and a Catholic mother. His father was killed in action in [[World War I]] in 1916. Améry was raised as a [[Roman Catholic]] by his mother.<ref name=bio>[http://dgmyers.blogspot.com/p/jean-amery-biographical-introduction.html Amery: a biographical introduction<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Eventually, Améry and his mother returned to Vienna, where he enrolled in university to study literature and philosophy, but economic necessity kept him from regular pursuit of studies there.


== Religion ==
== Religion ==
While Améry's family was "estranged from its Jewish origins, assimilated and intermarried", this alienation itself, in the context of Nazi occupation, informed much of his thought: "I wanted by all means to be an anti-Nazi, that most certainly, but of my own accord."<ref name=bio />
While Améry's family was "estranged from its Jewish origins, [[Jewish assimilation|assimilated]] and intermarried", this alienation itself, in the context of Nazi occupation, informed much of his thought: "I wanted by all means to be an anti-Nazi, that most certainly, but of my own accord."<ref name=bio />


The [[Nuremberg Laws]] of 1935, the text of which he soon came to know by heart, convinced Améry that Germany had essentially passed a sentence of death on all Jews.<ref name=bio /> His ''The Necessity and Impossibility of Being a Jew'' speaks to this inner conflict as to his identity. He suggests that while his personal identity, the identity of his own childhood past, is distinctly Christian, he feels himself nonetheless a Jew in another sense, the sense of a Jewishness "without God, without history, without messianic-national hope".<ref>Améry, Jean. ''At the Mind's Limits''. 1998, page 94</ref>
The [[Nuremberg Laws]] of 1935, the text of which he soon came to know by heart, convinced Améry that Germany had essentially passed a sentence of death on all Jews, and that included himself.<ref name=bio /> His ''The Necessity and Impossibility of Being a Jew'' speaks to this inner conflict as to his identity. He suggests that while his personal identity, the identity of his own childhood past, is distinctly Christian, he feels himself nonetheless a Jew in another sense, the sense of a Jewishness "without God, without history, without [[messiah|messianic-national hope]]".<ref>Améry, Jean. ''At the Mind's Limits''. 1998, page 94</ref>


{{Quotation|[F]or me, being a Jew means feeling the tragedy of yesterday as an inner oppression. On my left forearm I bear the Auschwitz number; it reads more briefly than the [[Pentateuch]] or the [[Talmud]] and yet provides more thorough information. It is also more binding than basic formulas of Jewish existence. If to myself and the world, including the religious and nationally minded Jews, who do not regard me as one of their own, I say: I am a Jew, then I mean by that those realities and possibilities that are summed up in the Auschwitz number.|Jean Améry|At the Mind's Limits, p. 94}}
{{Quotation|[F]or me, being a Jew means feeling the tragedy of yesterday as an inner oppression. On my left forearm I bear the Auschwitz number; it reads more briefly than the [[Pentateuch]] or the [[Talmud]] and yet provides more thorough information. It is also more binding than basic formulas of Jewish existence. If to myself and the world, including the religious and nationally minded Jews, who do not regard me as one of their own, I say: I am a Jew, then I mean by that those realities and possibilities that are summed up in the Auschwitz number.|Jean Améry|At the Mind's Limits, p. 94}}
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[[File:Rail leading to Auschwitz II (Birkenau).jpg|thumb|The railway to Auschwitz]]
[[File:Rail leading to Auschwitz II (Birkenau).jpg|thumb|The railway to Auschwitz]]


In 1938, when the Nazis were welcomed into Austria and the country joined with Germany into a "Greater Reich", Améry fled to France, and then to Belgium with his Jewish wife, whom he had chosen in opposition to his mother's wishes. Ironically, he was initially deported back to France by the Belgians as a German alien, and wound up interned in the south.
In 1938, when the Nazis were [[Anschluss|welcomed into Austria]] and the country joined with Germany into a "Greater Reich", Améry fled to France, and then to Belgium with his Jewish wife, Regina, whom he had chosen in opposition to his mother's wishes.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = A&C Black| isbn = 978-1-4411-8295-1| last = Zolkos| first = Magdalena| title = Reconciling Community and Subjective Life: Trauma Testimony as Political Theorizing in the Work of Jean Améry and Imre Kertész| date = 2013-02-14}}</ref> His wife later died of heart disease while hiding in Brussels.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jean Améry (Hans Maier) (1912–1978) |url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/jean_amry_hans_maier_19121978 |website=Wollheim Memorial |access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref> Ironically, he was initially deported back to France by the Belgians as a German alien and wound up interned in the south.


After escaping from the [[Gurs internment camp|camp at Gurs]], he returned to Belgium where he joined the Resistance movement.
After escaping from the [[Gurs internment camp|camp at Gurs]], he returned to Belgium where he joined the [[Belgian Resistance|Resistance movement]].


Involved in the distribution of anti-military propaganda to the German occupying forces, Améry was captured by the Nazis in July 1943 and routinely tortured at the Belgian Gestapo center at [[Fort Breendonk]]. When it was established that there was no information to be extracted from him, he was "demoted" from political prisoner to Jew, and shipped to [[Auschwitz]].
Involved in the distribution of anti-military propaganda to the German occupying forces, Améry was captured by the Nazis in July 1943 and routinely tortured at the Belgian Gestapo center at [[Fort Breendonk]]. When it was established that there was no information to be extracted from him, he was "demoted" from political prisoner to Jew, and shipped to [[Auschwitz]].


Lacking any trade skills, he was assigned to the harshest physical labors, building the I.G. Farben factory at Auschwitz III, the Buna-Monowitz labor camp. In the face of the Soviet invasion in the following year, he was evacuated first to [[Buchenwald]] and then to [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp|Bergen-Belsen]], where he was liberated by the British army in April 1945.
Lacking any trade skills, he was assigned to the harshest physical labors, building the [[I.G. Farben]] factory at Auschwitz III, the [[Monowitz concentration camp|Buna-Monowitz]] labor camp. In the face of the Soviet invasion in the following year, he was evacuated first to [[Buchenwald]] and then to [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp|Bergen-Belsen]], where he was liberated by the British army in April 1945.


== After the war ==
== After the war ==
[[File:Jedemdasseine.jpg|thumb|The main gate of [[Buchenwald Concentration Camp]].]]
[[File:Jedemdasseine.jpg|thumb|The main gate of [[Buchenwald Concentration Camp]].]]
After the war, the former Hanns Mayer changed his name to Jean Améry (the surname being an [[anagram]] in French of his family name) in order to symbolize his dissociation from German culture and his alliance with French culture.<ref name=bio /> He lived in Brussels, working as a culture journalist for German language newspapers in Switzerland. He refused to publish in [[Germany]] or [[Austria]] for many years, publishing only in [[Switzerland]]. He did not write at all of his experiences in the death camps until 1964, when, at the urging of German poet [[Helmut Heißenbüttel]], he wrote his book ''Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne'' ("Beyond Guilt and Atonement"). It was later translated into English by Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld as ''At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and its Realities''.
After the war, the former Hanns Mayer changed his name to Jean Améry (the surname being a French-sounding [[anagram]] of his family name) in order to symbolize his dissociation from German culture and his alliance with French culture.<ref name=bio /> He lived in Brussels, working as a culture journalist for German language newspapers in Switzerland. He refused to publish in [[Germany]] or [[Austria]] for many years, publishing only in [[Switzerland]]. He did not write at all of his experiences in the death camps until 1964, when, at the urging of German poet [[Helmut Heißenbüttel]], he wrote his book ''Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne'' ("Beyond Guilt and Atonement"). It was later translated into English by Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld as ''At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and its Realities''.


In 1976 Améry published the book ''On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death.'' He took his own life by overdose of sleeping pills in 1978.<ref name="suicide">{{cite book |last1=Améry|first1=Jean|others=Translated by Stella P. Rosenfeld and Sidney Rosenfeld|title=At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2UoP_7jdn5cC|accessdate=August 30, 2009|year=1998|series=Indiana Holocaust Museum Reprint Series|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-21173-6|page=104|chapter=Afterword|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=2UoP_7jdn5cC&pg=PA104}}</ref>
He later married Marie Eschenauer, whom he was still married to at the time of his death.<ref>{{cite web |title=Suicide Notes |url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/nonfiction/jean-amery-suicide-notes/ |website=Asymptote |access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref>
== Death ==
In 1976 Améry published the book ''On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death.'' He died by suicide via an overdose of sleeping pills in 1978.<ref name="suicide">{{cite book |last1=Améry|first1=Jean|others=Translated by Stella P. Rosenfeld and Sidney Rosenfeld|title=At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UoP_7jdn5cC|access-date=August 30, 2009|year=1998|series=Indiana Holocaust Museum Reprint Series|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-21173-6|page=104|chapter=Afterword|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UoP_7jdn5cC&pg=PA104}}</ref>


== Literary and philosophical legacy ==
== Literary and philosophical legacy ==
[[File:Ehrengrab Jean Amery.jpg|right|thumb|Grave of Jean Améry at the [[Zentralfriedhof|Zentralfriedhof Vienna]].]]
The publication of ''At the Mind's Limits'', Améry's exploration of the Holocaust and the nature of the Third Reich, made him one of most highly regarded of Holocaust writers. In comparing the Nazis to a government of [[Sadomasochism|sadism]], Améry suggests that it is the sadist's nature to want "to nullify the world". For a Nazi torturer,
The publication of ''At the Mind's Limits'', Améry's exploration of the Holocaust and the nature of the Third Reich, made him one of the most highly regarded of Holocaust writers. In comparing the Nazis to a government of [[Sadomasochism|sadism]], Améry suggests that it is the sadist's nature to want "to nullify the world". For a Nazi torturer,


<blockquote>[a] slight pressure by the tool-wielding hand is enough to turn the other – along with his head, in which are perhaps stored [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] and [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], and all nine symphonies, and ''[[The World as Will and Representation]]'' – into a shrill squealing piglet at slaughter.</blockquote>
<blockquote>[a] slight pressure by the tool-wielding hand is enough to turn the other – along with his head, in which are perhaps stored [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] and [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], and all [[Beethoven symphonies|nine symphonies]], and ''[[The World as Will and Representation]]'' – into a shrill squealing piglet at slaughter.</blockquote>

⚫
Améry's efforts to preserve the memory of the Holocaust focused on the terror and horror of the events in a [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenological]] and philosophical way, with what he characterized as "a scant inclination to be conciliatory".<ref>Améry, Jean. ''At the Mind's Limits''. 1998, page 71</ref> His explorations of his experiences and the meaning and legacy of Nazi-era suffering were aimed not at resolving the events finally into "the cold storage of history",<ref name=resent>Brudholm, Thomas and Murphy, Jeffrie G. ''Resentment's Virtue''. 2008, page 72</ref> but rather keeping the subject alive so that it would not be lost to posterity, as an abstraction or mere text. As he wrote in his 1976 preface to ''Beyond Guilt and Atonement'':


⚫
Améry's efforts to preserve the memory of the Holocaust focused on the terror and horror of the events in a phenomenological and philosophical way, with what he characterized as "a scant inclination to be conciliatory".<ref>Améry, Jean. ''At the Mind's Limits''. 1998, page 71</ref> His explorations of his experiences and the meaning and legacy of Nazi-era suffering were aimed not at resolving the events finally into "the cold storage of history",<ref name=resent>Brudholm, Thomas and Murphy, Jeffrie G. ''Resentment's Virtue''. 2008, page 72</ref> but rather keeping the subject alive so that it would not be lost to posterity, as an abstraction or mere text. As he wrote in his 1976 preface to ''Beyond Guilt and Atonement'':
[[File:Ehrengrab Jean Amery.jpg|right|thumb]]
<blockquote>I do not have [clarity] today, and I hope that I never will. Clarification would amount to disposal, settlement of the case, which can then be placed in the files of history. My book is meant to prevent precisely this. For nothing is resolved, nothing is settled, no remembering has become mere memory.<ref name=resent /></blockquote>
<blockquote>I do not have [clarity] today, and I hope that I never will. Clarification would amount to disposal, settlement of the case, which can then be placed in the files of history. My book is meant to prevent precisely this. For nothing is resolved, nothing is settled, no remembering has become mere memory.<ref name=resent /></blockquote>

With the prize money that the Viennese writer [[Robert Menasse]] received for the [[Austrian State Prize]] (1999) he re-founded the “Jean Améry–Preis für Europäische Essayistik”, whose winners were [[Lothar Baier]], [[Barbara Sichtermann]] (1985), [[Mathias Greffrath]] (1988), [[Reinhard Merkel]] (1991), [[Franz Schuh (writer)|Franz Schuh]] (2000), [[Doron Rabinovici]] (2002), [[Michael Jeismann]] (2004), Journalist, [[Drago Jančar]] (2007), [[Imre Kertész]] (2009), [[Dubravka Ugrešić]] (2012), [[Adam Zagajewski]]<ref>On the occasion of Zagajewski’s award ceremony was published a conversation between [[Robert Menasse]] and [[Cathérine Hug]]: ''Warum? Das Vermächtnis des Jean Améry'', Siegburg (Buchhandlung R²) 2016. {{ISBN|978-3-945426-21-0}}</ref> (2016) and [[Karl-Markus Gauß]] (2018).

Améry was known for his opposition to antisemitism in postwar Germany and support for the state of Israel, which he said was "more important than any other" country to him. In 1969, he wrote an article in ''[[Die Zeit]]'' in which he stated: "[[Anti-Zionism]] contains antisemitism like a cloud contains a storm".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gellner |first1=Marlene |title=Like a Cloud Contains a Storm: Jean Améry's Critique of Anti-Zionism |url=https://fathomjournal.org/like-a-cloud-contains-a-storm-jean-amerys-critique-of-anti-zionism/ |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=Fathom |issue=Autumn 2016 |date=2016}}</ref> Yet the ‘admittedly sketchy’ reports of torture in Israeli prisons prompted Améry to consider the limits of his solidarity with the Jewish state: "I urgently call on all Jews who want to be human beings to join me in the radical condemnation of systematic torture. Where barbarism begins, even existential commitments must end."<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Jean Améry as a Critic of the Anti-Israel Left |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v46/n06/pankaj-mishra/the-shoah-after-gaza |website=London Review of Books |date=March 2024 |volume=46 |issue=6 |access-date=1 October 2024 |last1=Mishra |first1=Pankaj }}</ref> Still, Améry warned of "a revived antisemitism, often under the cover of anti-Zionism." He writes: "When I set about writing, and finished, there was no antisemitism in Germany, or more correctly: where it did exist, it did not dare to show itself." Alvin Rosenfeld concludes: "As he looked about him, he recognised that those days were gone, and not only in Germany. Antisemitism was no longer hidden covertly in the shadows but was, once again, a threatening presence in the public sphere."<ref>{{cite web |title=Jean Améry as a Critic of the Anti-Israel Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/jean-amery-as-a-critic-of-the-anti-israel-left/ |website=Fathom |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>


==Works==
==Works==


===In German===
===In German===
* Karrieren Und Köpfe: Bildnisse Berühmter Zeitgenossen. Zurich: Thomas, 1955.
* ''Karrieren und Köpfe: Bildnisse berühmter Zeitgenossen.'' Zurich: Thomas, 1955.
* Teenager-Stars: Idole Unserer Zeit. Vienna: Albert Müller, 1960.
* ''Teenager-Stars: Idole unserer Zeit.'' Vienna: Albert Müller, 1960.
* Im Banne Des Jazz: Bildnisse Grosser Jazz-Musiker. Vienna: Albert Müller, 1961.
* ''Im Banne des Jazz: Bildnisse großer Jazz-Musiker.'' Vienna: Albert Müller, 1961.
* Geburt Der Gegenwart: Gestalten Und Gestaltungen Der Westlichen Zivilisation Seit Kriegsende. Olten: Walter, 1961.
* ''Geburt der Gegenwart: Gestalten und Gestaltungen der westlichen Zivilisation seit Kriegsende.'' Olten: Walter, 1961.
* Gerhart Hauptmann: Der Ewige Deutsche. Stieglitz: Handle, 1963.
* ''Gerhart Hauptmann: Der ewige Deutsche.'' Stieglitz: Handle, 1963.
* Jenseits Von Schuld Und Sühne: Bewältigungsversuche Eines Überwältigen. Munich: Szczesny, 1966.
* ''Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne: Bewältigungsversuche eines Überwältigten.'' Munich: Szczesny, 1966.
* Über Das Altern: Revolte Und Resignation. Stuttgart: Klett, 1968.
* ''Über das Altern: Revolte undd Resignation.'' Stuttgart: Klett, 1968.
* Unmeisterliche Wanderjahre. Stuttgart: Klett, 1971.
* ''Unmeisterliche Wanderjahre.'' Stuttgart: Klett, 1971.
* Lefeu Oder Der Abbruch. Stuttgart: Klett, 1974.
* ''Lefeu oder der Abbruch.'' Stuttgart: Klett, 1974.
* Hand an Sich Legen. Stuttgart: Klett, 1976.
* ''Hand an sich Legen. Diskurs über den Freitod.'' Stuttgart: Klett, 1976.
* Charles Bovary, Landarzt. Stuttgart: Klett, 1978.
* ''Charles Bovary, Landarzt.'' Stuttgart: Klett, 1978.
* Bücher Aus Der Jugend Unseres Jahrhunderts. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981.
* ''Bücher aus der Jugend unseres Jahrhunderts.'' Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981.
* Der Integrale Humanismus: Zwischen Philosophie Und Literatur. Aufsätze Und Kritiken Eines Lesers, 1966–1978. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1985.
* ''Der integrale Humanismus: Zwischen Philosophie und Literatur. Aufsätze und Kritiken eines Lesers, 1966–1978.'' Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1985.
* Jean Amery, der Grenzganger: Gesprach mit Ingo Hermann in der Reihe "Zeugen des Jahrhunderts." Ed. Jürgen Voigt. Göttingen: Lamuv, 1992.
* ''Jean Améry, der Grenzgänger: Gespräch mit Ingo Hermann in der Reihe "Zeugen des Jahrhunderts."'' Ed. Jürgen Voigt. Göttingen: Lamuv, 1992.
* Cinema: Arbeiten Zum Film. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1994.
* ''Cinema: Arbeiten zum Film.'' Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1994.
* Jean Améry: Werke. 9 vols. Edited by Irène Heidelberger-Leonard. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 2002-2008. The collected works in German.
* ''Jean Améry: Werke.'' 9 vols. Edited by Irène Heidelberger-Leonard. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 2002–2008. The collected works in German.


===Translations into French===
===Translations into French===
* Charles Bovary, médecin de campagne: portrait d'un homme simple. Roman/essai traduit de l'allemand par Françoise Wuilmart. Actes Sud : Arles, 1991.
* ''Charles Bovary, médecin de campagne: portrait d'un homme simple.'' Roman/essai traduit de l'allemand par Françoise Wuilmart. Actes Sud : Arles, 1991.
* Par-delà le crime et le châtiment : essai pour surmonter l'insurmontable. traduit de l'allemand par Francoise Wuilmart. Actes Sud : Arles, 1995.
* ''Par-delà le crime et le châtiment : essai pour surmonter l'insurmontable.'' traduit de l'allemand par Francoise Wuilmart. Actes Sud : Arles, 1995.
* Du vieillissement. [[Payot]] : Paris, 1991 [1968] ; rééd. Petite Bibliothèque Payot 2009
* ''Du vieillissement.'' [[Payot]] : Paris, 1991 [1968] ; rééd. Petite Bibliothèque Payot 2009
* Le feu ou la démolition. Actes Sud : Arles, 1996 [1974]
* ''Le feu ou la démolition.'' Actes Sud : Arles, 1996 [1974]
* Porter la main sur soi - Du suicide. Actes Sud : Arles, 1999 [1976]
* ''Porter la main sur soi – Du suicide.'' Actes Sud : Arles, 1999 [1976]
* Les Naufragés. Actes Sud: Arles, 2010 [1935]
* ''Les Naufragés.'' Actes Sud: Arles, 2010 [1935]


===Translations into English===
===Translations into English===
* Preface to the Future: Culture in a Consumer Society. Trans. Palmer Hilty. London: Constable, 1964.
* ''Preface to the Future: Culture in a Consumer Society.'' Trans. Palmer Hilty. London: Constable, 1964.
* At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor of Auschwitz and Its Realities. Trans. Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980.
* ''At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor of Auschwitz and Its Realities.'' Trans. Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980.
* Radical Humanism: Selected Essays. Trans. Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.
* ''Radical Humanism: Selected Essays.'' Trans. Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.
* On Aging: Revolt and Resignation. Trans. John D. Barlow. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
* ''On Aging: Revolt and Resignation.'' Trans. John D. Barlow. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
* On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death. Trans. John D. Barlow. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
* ''On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death.'' Trans. John D. Barlow. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
*''Charles Bovary, Country Doctor: Portrait of a Simple Man''. Trans. Adrian Nathan West. New York: [[New York Review Books]], 2018.


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|1}}
{{Reflist}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* Christopher Bigsby, ''Remembering and Imagining the Holocaust: The Chain of Memory'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006), Ch. 7.
* [[Irène Heidelberger-Leonard]], [http://www.ibtauris.com/Books/Humanities/History/History%20specific%20events%20%20topics/Genocide%20%20ethnic%20cleansing/The%20Holocaust/The%20Philosopher%20of%20Auschwitz%20Jean%20Amery%20and%20Living%20with%20the%20Holocaust.aspx?menuitem=%7B6D00AE6F-976D-4418-ACF0-B75CB610346A%7D The Philosopher of Auschwitz: Jean Améry and Living with the Holocaust]. Translated by Anthea Bell. London: I. B. Tauris, 2010. First published in German as ''Jean Améry: Revolte in der Resignation'' (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 2004). Also published in French as ''Jean Améry'' (Arles: Actes Sud, 2007) and Spanish as ''Jean Améry: Revuelta en la resignación'' (Valencia: Universitat di Valencia, 2010).
* [[Irène Heidelberger-Leonard]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927042711/http://www.ibtauris.com/Books/Humanities/History/History%20specific%20events%20%20topics/Genocide%20%20ethnic%20cleansing/The%20Holocaust/The%20Philosopher%20of%20Auschwitz%20Jean%20Amery%20and%20Living%20with%20the%20Holocaust.aspx?menuitem=%7B6D00AE6F-976D-4418-ACF0-B75CB610346A%7D The Philosopher of Auschwitz: Jean Améry and Living with the Holocaust]. Translated by Anthea Bell. London: I. B. Tauris, 2010.
* G. Risari, "Jean Améry. Il risentimento come morale", Milano: Franco Angeli, 2002
* [[Guia Risari]], "La paradossale condizione di un non-non ebreo", "Qol", n. 64, lug.-sett.1996
* [[Guia Risari]], "Jean Améry, la morale del risentimento - La Shoah e gli storici", "Golem L'Indispensabile", n. 12, dic. 2003
* [[Guia Risari]], "Il risentimento come principio creativo","Materiali di Estetica", n. 8, gen. 2003
* [[Guia Risari]],"Jean Améry. Il risentimento come morale", Franco Angeli, Milano, 2002 [monography]; Jean Améry : il risentimento come morale, Roma, Castelvecchi, 2016, {{ISBN|9788869446078}}.
* [[W. G. Sebald]], "Against the Irreversible" in ''[[On the Natural History of Destruction]]'', Penguin, 2003, pp.&nbsp;147–72.
* [[W. G. Sebald]], "Against the Irreversible" in ''[[On the Natural History of Destruction]]'', Penguin, 2003, pp.&nbsp;147–72.
*{{cite journal |last1=Alford |first1=C. Fred |title=Jean Améry: Resentment as Ethic and Ontology |journal=Topoi |date=2012 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=229–240 |doi=10.1007/s11245-012-9131-1 |s2cid=144154423 |language=en |issn=1572-8749}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Assmann |first1=Aleida |title=Two Forms of Resentment: Jean Améry, Martin Walser and German Memorial Culture |journal=New German Critique |date=2003 |issue=90 |pages=123–133 |doi=10.2307/3211112 |jstor=3211112 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3211112 |issn=0094-033X}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Ataria |editor1-first=Yochai |editor2-last=Kravitz |editor2-first=Amit |editor3-last=Pitcovski |editor3-first=Eli |title=Jean Améry: Beyond the Mind's Limits |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-28095-6 |language=en-gb}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Brudholm |first1=Thomas |title=Revisiting Resentments: Jean Améry and the Dark Side of Forgiveness and Reconciliation |journal=Journal of Human Rights |date=2006 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=7–26 |doi=10.1080/14754830500519714|s2cid=144822596 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Brudholm |first1=Thomas |title=Resentment's Virtue: Jean Amery and the Refusal to Forgive |date=2008 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-59213-568-4 |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Fareld |first1=Victoria |title=Entangled memories of violence: Jean Améry and Frantz Fanon |journal=Memory Studies |date=2021 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=58–67 |doi=10.1177/1750698020976460|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ferber |first1=Ilit |title=Pain as Yardstick: Jean Améry |journal=Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy |date=2016 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=3–16 |doi=10.5195/jffp.2016.784 |url=https://jffp.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jffp/article/view/784 |language=en |issn=2155-1162|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hückmann |first1=Dania |title=Beyond Law and Justice: Revenge in Jean Améry |journal=The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory |date=2014 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=233–248 |doi=10.1080/00168890.2014.919200|s2cid=143572971 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Jean-Marie |first1=Vivaldi |title=Reflections on Jean Améry: Torture, Resentment, and Homelessness as the Mind's Limits |date=2018 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-02345-4 |pages=29–66 |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Shai |first1=Roy Ben |title=Reductio ad Moralem: On Victim Morality in the Work of Jean Améry |journal=The European Legacy |date=December 2007 |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=835–851 |doi=10.1080/10848770701671359|s2cid=144717815 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Shai |first1=Roy Ben |title=Metacide: In the Pursuit of Excellence |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-420-2854-8 |language=en |chapter=To Reverse the Irreversible: on Time Disorder in the Work of Jean Améry}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Shuster |first1=Martin |title=A Phenomenology of Home: Jean Améry on Homesickness |journal=Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy |date=2016 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=117–127 |doi=10.5195/jffp.2016.790 |url=https://www.jffp.org/ojs/index.php/jffp/article/view/790 |language=en |issn=2155-1162|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Dennis |title=Emotions in Politics: The Affect Dimension in Political Tension |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-02566-1 |pages=60–83 |language=en |chapter=Inside Stories: Oscar Wilde, Jean Améry, Nelson Mandela and Aung San Suu Kyi}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Vetlesen |first1=Arne Johan |title=A Case for Resentment: Jean Améry versus Primo Levi |journal=Journal of Human Rights |date=2006 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=27–44 |doi=10.1080/14754830500485908|s2cid=143483308 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Weber |first1=Elisabeth |title=Speaking about Torture |date=2012 |publisher=Fordham University Press |isbn=978-0-8232-4227-6 |language=en |chapter=“Torture Was the Essence of National Socialism”: Reading Jean Améry Today}}
*{{cite book |last1=Zolkos |first1=Magdalena |title=Reconciling Community and Subjective Life: Trauma Testimony as Political Theorizing in the Work of Jean Améry and Imre Kertész |date=2010 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-3114-1 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Zolkos |editor1-first=Magdalena |title=On Jean Améry: Philosophy of Catastrophe |date=2011 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-4767-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Zolkos |first1=Magdalena |title=Aporias of belonging: Jean Améry on 'being a Jew without Judaism' and the tradition of conscious pariah |journal=Journal of European Studies |date=2014 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=362–377 |doi=10.1177/0047244114536825|s2cid=154806286 }}
* Ankita Chakraborty, "Did the Modern Novel Kill Charles Bovary?" /https://longreads.com/2018/12/06/did-the-modern-novel-kill-charles-bovary/
== External links ==
== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www-english.tamu.edu/pers/fac/myers/amery.html Jean Amery biography]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=9490 Jean Améry's Gravesite]
* [http://dgmyers.blogspot.com/p/jean-amery-biographical-introduction.html Jean Amery biography]
* [http://www.guiarisari.com/ITALIANO/amery_info.html An essay on Jean Améry]
* [http://www.guiarisari.com/ITALIANO/amery_info.html An essay on Jean Améry]
* [http://asymptotejournal.com/article.php?cat=Special_Feature&id=81&curr_index=28&curPage=current Essay on Jean Améry's suicide]
* [http://asymptotejournal.com/article.php?cat=Special_Feature&id=81&curr_index=28&curPage=current Essay on Jean Améry's suicide]


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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Amery, Jean
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = October 31, 1912
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Vienna, Austria]]
| DATE OF DEATH = October 17, 1978
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Salzburg, Austria]]
}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Amery, Jean}}
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[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:1978 suicides]]
[[Category:Writers from Vienna]]
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[[Category:People from Uccle]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss]]
[[Category:Austrian Jews]]
[[Category:Austrian male writers]]
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[[Category:Drug-related suicides in Austria]]
[[Category:Drug-related suicides in Austria]]
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[[Category:Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery]]
[[Category:Writers who committed suicide]]
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[[Category:Works about the Holocaust]]
[[Category:Victims of human rights abuses]]
[[Category:Holocaust historiography]]
[[Category:Holocaust historiography]]
[[Category:Auschwitz concentration camp survivors]]
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[[Category:Buchenwald concentration camp survivors]]
[[Category:Buchenwald concentration camp survivors]]
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[[Category:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors]]
[[Category:Austrian philosophers]]
[[Category:Breendonk prison camp survivors]]
[[Category:Jewish philosophers]]
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[[Category:Belgian resistance members]]
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[[Category:Jewish resistance members during the Holocaust]]
[[Category:Belgian people of Austrian descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian philosophers]]
[[Category:Gurs internment camp survivors]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Austrian torture victims]]

Latest revision as of 20:59, 30 December 2024

Not to be confused with John Amery.
Jean Améry
Portrait of Jean Améry by Félix De Boeck
Portrait of Jean Améry by Félix De Boeck
BornHanns Chaim Mayer
(1912-10-31)31 October 1912
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Died17 October 1978(1978-10-17) (aged 65)
Salzburg, Austria
OccupationAuthor

Jean Améry (31 October 1912 – 17 October 1978), born Hanns Chaim Mayer, was an Austrian-born essayist whose work was often informed by his experiences during World War II. His most celebrated work, At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities (1966), suggests that torture was "the essence" of the Third Reich. Other notable works included On Aging (1968) and On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death (1976). He adopted the pseudonym Jean Améry after 1945. Améry died by suicide in 1978.

Formerly a philosophy and literature student in Vienna, Améry's participation in organized resistance against the Nazi occupation of Belgium resulted in his detainment and torture by the German Gestapo at Fort Breendonk, and several years of imprisonment in concentration camps. Améry survived internments in Auschwitz and Buchenwald, and was finally liberated at Bergen-Belsen in 1945. After the war he settled in Belgium.

Early life

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Jean Améry was born as Hanns Chaim Mayer in Vienna, Austria, in 1912, to a Jewish father and a Catholic mother. His father was killed in action in World War I in 1916. Améry was raised as a Roman Catholic by his mother.[1] Eventually, Améry and his mother returned to Vienna, where he enrolled in university to study literature and philosophy, but economic necessity kept him from regular pursuit of studies there.

Religion

[edit]

While Améry's family was "estranged from its Jewish origins, assimilated and intermarried", this alienation itself, in the context of Nazi occupation, informed much of his thought: "I wanted by all means to be an anti-Nazi, that most certainly, but of my own accord."[1]

The Nuremberg Laws of 1935, the text of which he soon came to know by heart, convinced Améry that Germany had essentially passed a sentence of death on all Jews, and that included himself.[1] His The Necessity and Impossibility of Being a Jew speaks to this inner conflict as to his identity. He suggests that while his personal identity, the identity of his own childhood past, is distinctly Christian, he feels himself nonetheless a Jew in another sense, the sense of a Jewishness "without God, without history, without messianic-national hope".[2]

[F]or me, being a Jew means feeling the tragedy of yesterday as an inner oppression. On my left forearm I bear the Auschwitz number; it reads more briefly than the Pentateuch or the Talmud and yet provides more thorough information. It is also more binding than basic formulas of Jewish existence. If to myself and the world, including the religious and nationally minded Jews, who do not regard me as one of their own, I say: I am a Jew, then I mean by that those realities and possibilities that are summed up in the Auschwitz number.

— Jean Améry, At the Mind's Limits, p. 94

During Nazi rule

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The railway to Auschwitz

In 1938, when the Nazis were welcomed into Austria and the country joined with Germany into a "Greater Reich", Améry fled to France, and then to Belgium with his Jewish wife, Regina, whom he had chosen in opposition to his mother's wishes.[3] His wife later died of heart disease while hiding in Brussels.[4] Ironically, he was initially deported back to France by the Belgians as a German alien and wound up interned in the south.

After escaping from the camp at Gurs, he returned to Belgium where he joined the Resistance movement.

Involved in the distribution of anti-military propaganda to the German occupying forces, Améry was captured by the Nazis in July 1943 and routinely tortured at the Belgian Gestapo center at Fort Breendonk. When it was established that there was no information to be extracted from him, he was "demoted" from political prisoner to Jew, and shipped to Auschwitz.

Lacking any trade skills, he was assigned to the harshest physical labors, building the I.G. Farben factory at Auschwitz III, the Buna-Monowitz labor camp. In the face of the Soviet invasion in the following year, he was evacuated first to Buchenwald and then to Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated by the British army in April 1945.

After the war

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The main gate of Buchenwald Concentration Camp.

After the war, the former Hanns Mayer changed his name to Jean Améry (the surname being a French-sounding anagram of his family name) in order to symbolize his dissociation from German culture and his alliance with French culture.[1] He lived in Brussels, working as a culture journalist for German language newspapers in Switzerland. He refused to publish in Germany or Austria for many years, publishing only in Switzerland. He did not write at all of his experiences in the death camps until 1964, when, at the urging of German poet Helmut Heißenbüttel, he wrote his book Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne ("Beyond Guilt and Atonement"). It was later translated into English by Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld as At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and its Realities.

He later married Marie Eschenauer, whom he was still married to at the time of his death.[5]

Death

[edit]

In 1976 Améry published the book On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death. He died by suicide via an overdose of sleeping pills in 1978.[6]

Literary and philosophical legacy

[edit]
Grave of Jean Améry at the Zentralfriedhof Vienna.

The publication of At the Mind's Limits, Améry's exploration of the Holocaust and the nature of the Third Reich, made him one of the most highly regarded of Holocaust writers. In comparing the Nazis to a government of sadism, Améry suggests that it is the sadist's nature to want "to nullify the world". For a Nazi torturer,

[a] slight pressure by the tool-wielding hand is enough to turn the other – along with his head, in which are perhaps stored Kant and Hegel, and all nine symphonies, and The World as Will and Representation – into a shrill squealing piglet at slaughter.

Améry's efforts to preserve the memory of the Holocaust focused on the terror and horror of the events in a phenomenological and philosophical way, with what he characterized as "a scant inclination to be conciliatory".[7] His explorations of his experiences and the meaning and legacy of Nazi-era suffering were aimed not at resolving the events finally into "the cold storage of history",[8] but rather keeping the subject alive so that it would not be lost to posterity, as an abstraction or mere text. As he wrote in his 1976 preface to Beyond Guilt and Atonement:

I do not have [clarity] today, and I hope that I never will. Clarification would amount to disposal, settlement of the case, which can then be placed in the files of history. My book is meant to prevent precisely this. For nothing is resolved, nothing is settled, no remembering has become mere memory.[8]

With the prize money that the Viennese writer Robert Menasse received for the Austrian State Prize (1999) he re-founded the “Jean Améry–Preis für Europäische Essayistik”, whose winners were Lothar Baier, Barbara Sichtermann (1985), Mathias Greffrath (1988), Reinhard Merkel (1991), Franz Schuh (2000), Doron Rabinovici (2002), Michael Jeismann (2004), Journalist, Drago Jančar (2007), Imre Kertész (2009), Dubravka Ugrešić (2012), Adam Zagajewski[9] (2016) and Karl-Markus Gauß (2018).

Améry was known for his opposition to antisemitism in postwar Germany and support for the state of Israel, which he said was "more important than any other" country to him. In 1969, he wrote an article in Die Zeit in which he stated: "Anti-Zionism contains antisemitism like a cloud contains a storm".[10] Yet the ‘admittedly sketchy’ reports of torture in Israeli prisons prompted Améry to consider the limits of his solidarity with the Jewish state: "I urgently call on all Jews who want to be human beings to join me in the radical condemnation of systematic torture. Where barbarism begins, even existential commitments must end."[11] Still, Améry warned of "a revived antisemitism, often under the cover of anti-Zionism." He writes: "When I set about writing, and finished, there was no antisemitism in Germany, or more correctly: where it did exist, it did not dare to show itself." Alvin Rosenfeld concludes: "As he looked about him, he recognised that those days were gone, and not only in Germany. Antisemitism was no longer hidden covertly in the shadows but was, once again, a threatening presence in the public sphere."[12]

Works

[edit]

In German

[edit]
  • Karrieren und Köpfe: Bildnisse berühmter Zeitgenossen. Zurich: Thomas, 1955.
  • Teenager-Stars: Idole unserer Zeit. Vienna: Albert Müller, 1960.
  • Im Banne des Jazz: Bildnisse großer Jazz-Musiker. Vienna: Albert Müller, 1961.
  • Geburt der Gegenwart: Gestalten und Gestaltungen der westlichen Zivilisation seit Kriegsende. Olten: Walter, 1961.
  • Gerhart Hauptmann: Der ewige Deutsche. Stieglitz: Handle, 1963.
  • Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne: Bewältigungsversuche eines Überwältigten. Munich: Szczesny, 1966.
  • Über das Altern: Revolte undd Resignation. Stuttgart: Klett, 1968.
  • Unmeisterliche Wanderjahre. Stuttgart: Klett, 1971.
  • Lefeu oder der Abbruch. Stuttgart: Klett, 1974.
  • Hand an sich Legen. Diskurs über den Freitod. Stuttgart: Klett, 1976.
  • Charles Bovary, Landarzt. Stuttgart: Klett, 1978.
  • Bücher aus der Jugend unseres Jahrhunderts. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981.
  • Der integrale Humanismus: Zwischen Philosophie und Literatur. Aufsätze und Kritiken eines Lesers, 1966–1978. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1985.
  • Jean Améry, der Grenzgänger: Gespräch mit Ingo Hermann in der Reihe "Zeugen des Jahrhunderts." Ed. Jürgen Voigt. Göttingen: Lamuv, 1992.
  • Cinema: Arbeiten zum Film. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1994.
  • Jean Améry: Werke. 9 vols. Edited by Irène Heidelberger-Leonard. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 2002–2008. The collected works in German.

Translations into French

[edit]
  • Charles Bovary, médecin de campagne: portrait d'un homme simple. Roman/essai traduit de l'allemand par Françoise Wuilmart. Actes Sud : Arles, 1991.
  • Par-delà le crime et le châtiment : essai pour surmonter l'insurmontable. traduit de l'allemand par Francoise Wuilmart. Actes Sud : Arles, 1995.
  • Du vieillissement. Payot : Paris, 1991 [1968] ; rééd. Petite Bibliothèque Payot 2009
  • Le feu ou la démolition. Actes Sud : Arles, 1996 [1974]
  • Porter la main sur soi – Du suicide. Actes Sud : Arles, 1999 [1976]
  • Les Naufragés. Actes Sud: Arles, 2010 [1935]

Translations into English

[edit]
  • Preface to the Future: Culture in a Consumer Society. Trans. Palmer Hilty. London: Constable, 1964.
  • At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor of Auschwitz and Its Realities. Trans. Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980.
  • Radical Humanism: Selected Essays. Trans. Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.
  • On Aging: Revolt and Resignation. Trans. John D. Barlow. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
  • On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death. Trans. John D. Barlow. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
  • Charles Bovary, Country Doctor: Portrait of a Simple Man. Trans. Adrian Nathan West. New York: New York Review Books, 2018.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Amery: a biographical introduction
  2. ^ Améry, Jean. At the Mind's Limits. 1998, page 94
  3. ^ Zolkos, Magdalena (2013-02-14). Reconciling Community and Subjective Life: Trauma Testimony as Political Theorizing in the Work of Jean Améry and Imre Kertész. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-8295-1.
  4. ^ "Jean Améry (Hans Maier) (1912–1978)". Wollheim Memorial. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  5. ^ "Suicide Notes". Asymptote. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  6. ^ Améry, Jean (1998). "Afterword". At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities. Indiana Holocaust Museum Reprint Series. Translated by Stella P. Rosenfeld and Sidney Rosenfeld. Indiana University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-253-21173-6. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
  7. ^ Améry, Jean. At the Mind's Limits. 1998, page 71
  8. ^ a b Brudholm, Thomas and Murphy, Jeffrie G. Resentment's Virtue. 2008, page 72
  9. ^ On the occasion of Zagajewski’s award ceremony was published a conversation between Robert Menasse and Cathérine Hug: Warum? Das Vermächtnis des Jean Améry, Siegburg (Buchhandlung R²) 2016. ISBN 978-3-945426-21-0
  10. ^ Gellner, Marlene (2016). "Like a Cloud Contains a Storm: Jean Améry's Critique of Anti-Zionism". Fathom. No. Autumn 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  11. ^ Mishra, Pankaj (March 2024). "Jean Améry as a Critic of the Anti-Israel Left". London Review of Books. Vol. 46, no. 6. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  12. ^ "Jean Améry as a Critic of the Anti-Israel Left". Fathom. Retrieved 1 October 2024.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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